II Morrow Inc GPS Receiver 920 GPS User Manual

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Important Notice

The Apollo handheld GPS receiver is intended for use as a

navigation aid. In aviation applications, the receiver should

be used to complement certified navigation instruments

already installed in the aircraft. This device is not

intended for use as a primary or sole source of

navigation information in aviation applications. Never

fly the aircraft without other available means of navigation.

For maximum safety and to minimize distraction in the

cockpit, place the receiver in an easily visible location,

within convenient view of other avionics.

This device emits a small amount of electromagnetic

energy. Do not place the receiver closer than 190mm

(approx. 7.5") to the wet compass in the cockpit.

Due to implementation of Selective Availability by the

United States Department of Defense, all GPS receivers

may suffer degradation of position accuracy by as much as

100 meters.

The following guidance has been issued by the FAA,

Seattle Aircraft Certification Office and Seattle Aircraft

Evaluation Group on December 12, 1994. It is relevant

to the use of portable GPS navigation systems in

aircraft:

The information contained in FAA Flight

Standards Notice No. 8310.171, dated October

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19, 1992, is still applicable.

The use of portable GPS receivers in aircraft falls

under FAR 91.21 for Portable Electronic Devices

for operations conducted under FAR part 91

Operating Rules Only. It is the responsibility of

the aircraft operator to ensure that the device does

not interfere with other systems in the aircraft.

The GPS system must not be used for primary

navigation and can only be used for comparison

purposes during flight(s).

Official Notifications to the User

U.S.

This device complies with Part 15 of the F.C.C. Rules.

Operation is subject to the following two conditions:

(1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and

(2) this device must accept any interference received,

including interference that may cause undesired operation.

Canada

This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class B limits

for radio noise emissions from digital apparatus as set out

in the Radio Interference Regulations of the Canadian

Department of Communications.

Le présent appareil numérique n’émet pas de bruits

radioélectriques depassant les limites applicables aux

appareils numériques de classe B prescrites dans le

reglement sur le brouillage radioelectrique public par le

ministère des communications du Canada.

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Germany

It is hereby certified that the Model 920 GPS handheld has

been suppressed in accordance with the provisions for the

BMPT-AmtsblVfg 243/1991. The correct operation of some

equipment (for example, test transmitters) in accordance

with the regulations may be subject to certain restrictions.

Please refer to the notes in the operating instructions.

The Bundesamt für Zulassungen in Der Telekommunikation

has been notified of the placing on the market of this

equipment and the right has been granted to test the series for

compliance with the regulations.

Hiermet wird bescheinigt, daß das Model 920 GPS handheld

in Übereinstimmung mit den Bestimmungen der

BMPT-AmtsblVfg

243/1991

funkenstört

ist.

Der

vorschriftsmäßige Betrieb mancher Geräte (z. B. Meßsender)

kann allerdings gewissen Einschränkungen unterllegen.

Beachen Sie deshalb die Hinweise in der Bedienungsanleiung.

Dem

Bundesamt

für

Zulassungen

Der

Telekommunikation wurde das Inverkenhrbringan dieses

Gerätes angezeigt und die Berechtigung zur Überprüfung

der Serie auf Einhaltung der Bestimmungen eingeräumt.

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Table of Contents

Page

Section A - Introduction to Satellite Navigation . A-1

What is GPS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

What Does the GPS Receiver Do?. . . . . . . . . . A-1

How Does GPS Work?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

Section B - Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

Switching the GPS Receiver On and Off . . . . . B-1

Switching the Display Backlight On and Off. . B-2

The Function Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2

The MENU/PWR Key. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2

The NEW WPT Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3

The INFO Key. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3

The GOTO/NRST Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3

The ARROW Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4

The ENTER Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4

Calling the Navigation Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4

Helpful Instructions on the Display . . . . . . . . . B-5

Entering a Seed Position. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-6

Entering a Destination Waypoint . . . . . . . . . . . B-8

Searching for Nearest Waypoints. . . . . . . . . . . B-9

Navigating to a Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-10

The Navigation Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-10

Numeric Navigation Screens. . . . . . . . . . . B-11

Moving Map Screens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-13

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Zooming In or Out. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-14

Auto Zoom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-16

Orthographic Navigation Screen . . . . . . . . . . B-17

Other Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-17

Creating Waypoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-18

Entering Present Position as a Waypoint. . B-18

Creating User Waypoints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-19

Using the Navigation Simulator. . . . . . . . . . . B-20

Section C - The Waypoint Database. . . . . . . . . . . C-1

Available Waypoint Information . . . . . . . . . . . C-2

ARPT Waypoint Information . . . . . . . . . . . C-2

VOR Waypoint Information . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2

NDB Waypoint Information . . . . . . . . . . . . C-3

INT Waypoint Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-3

CITY Waypoint Information. . . . . . . . . . . . C-3

USER Waypoint Information . . . . . . . . . . . C-3

Viewing Waypoint Information . . . . . . . . . . . . C-4

“GOTO” Waypoint Information . . . . . . . . . C-4

Nearest Waypoint Information . . . . . . . . . . C-5

Scanning Waypoints for Information . . . . . C-6

Section D - Advanced Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

The Main Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

Calling the Main Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

Main Menu Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-2

Return to Nav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3

Operation Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3

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Time and Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-4

Screen and Beeper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-5

Map Setups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-6

Declutter Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-7

Track Point History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-8

Arrival Alerts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-10

Airspace Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-10

CDI Scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-12

Parallel Track. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-13

Magnetic Var. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-14

Countdown Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-15

Display Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-15

Serial Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-16

Battery Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-18

User Waypoint Management. . . . . . . . . . . D-19

System Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-21

Setting Up Multiple Leg Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . D-21

The Route Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-21

Creating a Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-22

Changing a Route Waypoint . . . . . . . . . . . D-23

Adding a Route Waypoint. . . . . . . . . . . . . D-24

Deleting Route Waypoints . . . . . . . . . . . . D-25

Starting a Route. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-26

Stopping or Holding a Route. . . . . . . . . . . D-26

Resuming a Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-27

Route “Direct To” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-28

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iii

Entering GPS Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-29

GPS Overlay Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-29

Approach Waypoint Identifiers. . . . . . . . . D-29

Runway Centerline Extensions . . . . . . . . . D-31

Runway Centerline Waypoint Identifiers . D-32

Inserting Approaches Into Routes . . . . . . . D-32

Checking Satellite Signal Strength. . . . . . . . . D-35

Managing Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-36

Airspace Alert Message. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-37

Arrival Alert Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-37

Low Battery Alert Message. . . . . . . . . . . . D-38

No Position Alert Message . . . . . . . . . . . . D-38

Parallel Track Alert Message . . . . . . . . . . D-39

Course Deviation Alert Message. . . . . . . . D-39

Current Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-40

External Electrical Connections. . . . . . . . . . . D-40

Section E - Differential GPS Operation . . . . . . . . E-1

What is Differential GPS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1

How Does Differential GPS Work? . . . . . . . . . E-1

Using Differential GPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-2

Where is Differential GPS Data Available? . . . E-2

Section F - Care of the GPS Receiver . . . . . . . . . . F-1

Replacing the Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1

Cleaning the GPS Receiver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-2

Section G - Glossary of Navigation Terms. . . . . . G-1

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Section H - Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-1

Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Back Cover

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Notes:

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Section A - Introduction to Satellite Navigation

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a What

constellation of 24 satellites in six orbit lanes is GPS?

10,898nm above the earth. Each satellite orbits

the earth twice in 24 hours.

The Apollo handheld GPS receiver is a What

portable position sensor and computer which Does the

receives signals from the GPS satellites to GPS

provide highly accurate position information. Receiver

With an extensive database of waypoint Do?

information and the ability to allow the user to

create up to 2,000 “customized” waypoints, the

Apollo handheld GPS receiver gives you the

ability to navigate to any point in the world

with unsurpassed accuracy.

GPS satellites transmit complex streams of data How Does

the GPS receiver uses to find the satellite’s GPS

position, the current time, and other Work?

information. With signals from three or more

satellites, the receiver can calculate latitude and

longitude; with four or more satellites, altitude

can also be calculated. For optimal access to

satellite signals, the GPS antenna should have

an unobstructed view of the entire sky. The

internal antenna is located in the top portion of

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the Apollo handheld GPS receiver.

Depending on the relative position of the

satellites to one another, their elevation above

the horizon, and other factors, the accuracy of

the position fix can change. Under ideal

conditions, the position can be accurate to

within 10 meters. In general, a GPS receiver

position fix is accurate to within 100 meters.

GPS altitude is based on a mathematical

model of the sphere of the earth. Including

intentional

degradation

introduced

Selective Availability, GPS altitude may differ

from barometric altitude by several hundred

feet.

Unlike land-based position sensors, a GPS

receiver can provide an accurate position fix

over land, sea, or in the air anywhere in the

world. Also, position accuracy of the GPS

receiver is unaffected by atmospheric conditions.

Intended for use in aviation, marine, and general

terrestrial applications, the Apollo handheld GPS

receiver is an advanced navigation device built

with quality and pride. We at II Morrow Inc. are

certain you will find it to be a versatile and

valuable travel companion.

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Section B - Getting Started

This section explains how to get started using

the Apollo handheld GPS receiver.

Information in this section explains how to:

understand the keys on the keypad

enter a destination waypoint

navigate to a destination

save your present position in memory

create user waypoints

use the navigation simulator

The Apollo handheld GPS receiver is easy to

use. Install the batteries included or connect

the receiver to an external power source. Then,

spend a few minutes to read the instructions in

this section and you will be on your way to

navigating with precise accuracy.

To switch the

receiver on, press

Switching

the GPS

the

key.

MENU/PWR

Receiver

On and Off

To switch the

receiver off, press

and

hold

the

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MENU/PWR key.

Switching

the Display

Backlight

On and Off

The Apollo handheld GPS receiver is

equipped with a display backlight, allowing

you to view the display in low light

conditions.

Press the MENU/

PWR key to access

the main menu. A

symbol in the

upper right of the

screen

indicates

battery capacity.

Press the MENU/

PWR key several

times to switch the

display backlight

from off to low

intensity, then high

intensity, then off.

The

The MENU/PWR Key

Function

Keys

Use the MENU/

PWR key to switch

the receiver on and

off, and to access

to the main menu

options

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anytime.

The NEW WPT Key

Use the NEW WPT key to

create a new waypoint at

anytime.

The

created

waypoint can be the present

position or enter latitude

and longitude coordinates

to create a “customized”

user waypoint.

The INFO Key

Use the INFO key to view

information about any

waypoint in memory,

whether user created or

from the included database.

The GOTO/NRST Key

Use the GOTO/NRST key

to assign

destination

waypoint, either user

created or from the

included database. You

can also use this key to

select the nearest waypoint

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as a destination.

The ARROW Keys

The ENTER Key

Use the ARROW keys to

move around the display,

select menu items, and

make changes.

Use the ENTER key to

“tell” the receiver to accept

a selection from any menu

acknowledge

messages on the display.

Calling the

Navigation

Screens

You can quickly call the navigation screens to

view navigation progress anytime. This can be

helpful if you accidentally select an option from a

menu, or if you decide to abandon making

changes.

Press the MENU/ PWR key

to access the main menu.

The “Return to Nav” option

is automatically selected.

Press the ENTER key to

return to the navigation

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screens.

When selecting options from menus or Helpful

acknowledging messages, the Apollo Instructions

handheld GPS receiver shows you what to do. on the

Helpful instructions typically appear on the Display

top and bottom lines of the display.

highlighted, or

darkened word in an

instruction advises

you of which key to

press to select an

option.

An up/down or left/

right arrow symbol

may appear at the

lower right corner

of the display to

advise you that

additional options

are available by

using the ARROW

keys.

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Entering a

Seed

Position

The first time the Apollo handheld GPS

receiver is switched on, it must locate

satellites in the sky from which to acquire

signals before determining a position fix. This

is a slow process, involving complex, lengthy

mathematical operations and can take 30

minutes or more to complete. To enable the

receiver to quickly locate and track available

satellites, you must enter a seed position and

the current time.

Press the MENU/

PWR key to access

the main menu.

Select the “Time and

Place” option and

press the ENTER

key.

Use the ARROW

keys to select and

change latitude and

longitude values.

Set the latitude and

longitude coordinates

near

your

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position.

It is not necessary to enter minutes or

hundredths of a minute values.

Set the date. Use

the ARROW keys

to select and set

the current month,

day and year.

Set the time. Use

the ARROW keys

to select and set

local time.

Set the difference

between local time

and UTC time.

Deduct one hour

UTC differential for

daylight saving time.

For example, if UTC time is noon and it is

7:00 A.M. the same day in your time zone, the

UTC time differential would be +05.00.

Press the ENTER

key to enter the time

and place and return

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to the main menu.

Entering a

Destination

Waypoint

Press the GOTO/

NRST key to select

destination

waypoint.

The

destination

waypoint screen

shows on the

display.

Use the ARROW

keys to select and

change

each

character of the

destination

waypoint identifier.

You can also select and change the type of

destination waypoint: airport, NDB, VOR,

INT, or user created.

To view information

about any waypoint,

press the INFO key.

Section C contains important details about

available waypoint information.

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When the desired

waypoint shows on the

display, press the

ENTER key to set the

waypoint as the

destination.

To search for the

Searching

for Nearest

Waypoints

nearest waypoints to

your present position,

press the GOTO/

NRST key twice.

A list of the

nearest 30 waypoints

with their bearings and

distances from your

present position shows on

the display.

Use the UP or DOWN

ARROW keys to select

a waypoint in the list as

a destination.

View information about

any waypoint by

pressing the INFO key.

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When the desired

waypoint is selected,

press the ENTER

key to set the

waypoint as the

destination.

Navigating

to a

Destination

Once a destination waypoint is entered, view

your navigation progress using the navigation

screens. These screens contain all the

information you need to navigate to

destination.

The

Navigation

Screens

The navigation screens show on the display

whenever you finish using one of the function

keys (MENU/PWR, NEW WPT, INFO, or

GOTO/NRST). Three different types of

navigation screens are available:

numeric navigation screens

moving map navigation screens

an orthographic navigation screen

(for marine application only)

Select the navigation

screens by pressing

the UP or DOWN

ARROW keys.

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Numeric Navigation Screens

The numeric navigation screens contain precise

navigation information in number form.

This is a numeric

navigation screen.

It shows:

the destination waypoint

distance to the destination waypoint (RNG)

bearing to the destination waypoint (BRG)

current ground speed (GS)

estimated time en route (ETE)

ground track (TRK)

course deviation left or right (indicated in

the rectangle at the bottom of the display)

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This numeric screen

is similar to the

previous screen with

the

following

exceptions:

desired track (DTK) replaces ground

speed

estimated time of arrival (ETA) replaces

range

UTC (or LOC if local time offset is

entered), in 24 hour format, replaces

estimated time en route.

This numeric screen

shows still more

information.

Displayed information includes:

present latitude/longitude position (degrees,

minutes, and thousandths of a minute)

current GPS altitude

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Moving Map Screens

One of the most attractive features of the

Apollo handheld GPS receiver is its ability to

show moving map navigation screens. The

moving map screens graphically show your

navigation progress against a map of nearest

waypoints. You can select from several

different moving map screens.

This moving map

screen

with

navigation data is

actually

two

screens in one.

Navigation data includes:

destination waypoint

bearing to the destination waypoint

distance to the destination waypoint

ground speed

ground track (TK)

course deviation left or right

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This moving map

screen shows the

navigation data in

each corner.

This screen includes:

the destination waypoint (upper left

corner)

bearing to the destination waypoint

(upper right corner)

distance to the destination waypoint

(lower right corner)

map zoom scale (lower left corner)

Zooming In or Out

You can zoom in or out to enhance the view of

navigation progress on any moving map

screen. Zooming in or out changes the map

scale shown in the lower left corner of the

screen.

Zoom in or out by

using the LEFT or

RIGHT ARROW

keys.

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Here are some examples of how zooming

works:

This screen shows

a 20 nautical mile

scale selection.

A distance of 20 nautical miles exists from the

airplane icon (near waypoint SLE) to the top

of the screen.

Selecting

smaller map scale

reveals additional

detail, such as

runways.

This can be helpful when approaching the

destination waypoint.

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Auto Zoom

The auto zoom feature changes the moving

map scale automatically. While navigating,

auto zoom adjusts the map scale to zoom in

closer and closer as you approach the

destination waypoint. When traveling away

from a waypoint, auto zoom adjusts the map

scale to zoom out as the distance from the

waypoint increases.

Use the LEFT or

RIGHT ARROW

keys to select auto

zoom.

The screen shows

“Auto” for the map

scale, meaning auto

zoom is selected.

In this case, the

map scale is the

distance to the

active waypoint.

You can use the auto zoom feature with any of

the moving map screens.

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When the Apollo handheld GPS receiver is set Orthographic

for use in marine applications, the Navigation

orthographic navigation screen is available. Screen

This screen shows the destination waypoint

ahead and clearly indicates course deviation

left or right.

The same navigation

information available

in the moving map

screens shows in the

box at the right side

of the screen.

Section D contains information on how to set

up the navigation screens to your preference,

and how to select operating modes for

different applications.

Other screens are available that contain Other

information important to navigation. These are: Screens

the GPS signal strength screen

the route screen

the current messages screen

Section D contains a description of how to use

these screens.

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Creating

Waypoints

In addition to the included database of

waypoints, the Apollo handheld GPS receiver

allows you to create and store up to 2,000 of

your own waypoints. You can use your

present position as a waypoint, or create

waypoints based upon latitude and longitude

coordinates.

Entering Present Position as a Waypoint

Press the NEW

WPT key. Then,

press the ENTER

key. The position is

entered as waypoint

#0001.

Up to 1,999 more waypoints can be created this

way while navigating. Each entry is automatically

incremented. After repeating this process, the

next entry would be waypoint #0002.

To quickly enter

new waypoint as

destination, press these keys: (1) NEW WPT,

(2) GOTO/NRST, and (3) ENTER.

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Creating User Waypoints

Press the NEW

WPT key.

The

creating

waypoint

screen

shows on the

display.

Use the ARROW

keys to select and

change

the

waypoint

identifier and/or

position.

Press the ENTER

key to save the

waypoint

information.

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Using the

Navigation

Simulator

Once you have become comfortable with basic

operation of the receiver, you may wish to use

the built in navigation simulator to practice

navigating without actually traveling. As you

practice, you may wish to refer to Section D

which contains information about additional

features of the Apollo handheld GPS receiver.

Try these features as you use the simulator to

become familiar with them. In this way, you

will gain maximum benefit from this powerful

navigation device.

Press the MENU/

PWR key to call

the main menu.

Use the UP and

DOWN ARROW

keys to select

“Operation Mode”

and press the

ENTER key.

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Use the LEFT or

RIGHT ARROW

keys to select

“Simulator.” Then

press the ENTER

key.

You can select the

speed of simulated

travel from 0 to

900 units.

All receiver options are available while using

the simulator.

When you finish using the simulator, change

the operation mode to a different setting to use

the receiver for actual navigation. Or, simply

switch the receiver off. The previously used

non-simulator mode will be active when you

next switch the receiver on.

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Section D contains information about other

available operation modes.

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Section C - The Waypoint Database

To aid the navigator, extensive databases of

information are available for the Apollo

handheld GPS receiver.

Aviation databases provide waypoint

information for airports (ARPT),

non-directional beacons (NDB), very

high frequency omnirange (VOR), GPS

overlay approaches, and enroute and

terminal intersections (INT).

The city database (CITY) provides

waypoint information for cities and

townships.

The user database (USER) provides

access to information for all user created

waypoints.

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Available

Waypoint

Information

The following information is available for

each waypoint category.

ARPT Waypoint Information

geographic location

airport type

airport elevation

fuel availability by type

runway length(s) and surface type

radio communication frequencies (an

asterisk at the frequency indicates

part-time availability)

latitude/longitude coordinates

navigation beacon light

IFR capability

landing fee

VOR Waypoint Information

geographic location

operating frequency

distance from present position

bearing from present position

latitude/longitude coordinates

DME available

class (high/low/terminal)

weather broadcasts

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NDB Waypoint Information

geographic location

operating frequency

distance from present position

bearing from present position

latitude/longitude coordinates

DME available

class (high/low/terminal)

INT Waypoint Information

country

distance from present position

bearing from present position

latitude/longitude coordinates

CITY Waypoint Information

geographic location

population

distance from present position

bearing from present position

latitude/longitude coordinates

USER Waypoint Information

bearing from present position

distance from present position

latitude/longitude coordinates

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Viewing

Waypoint

Information

Waypoint information is always available

when you press the INFO key. Unless you

choose differently, information shows for the

current destination waypoint. However, you

can easily view information for other

waypoints. Follow these examples.

“GOTO” Waypoint Information

You can view information about a waypoint

before selecting it as a destination.

Press the GOTO/

NRST key. Then,

use the ARROW

keys to select the

waypoint

identifier

category.

and

Press the INFO key

to view waypoint

information.

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Nearest Waypoint Information

You can view information about the nearest

waypoints.

Press the GOTO/

NRST key twice

to search for the

nearest waypoints.

Use the UP or

DOWN ARROW

keys to select a

waypoint.

Press the INFO

key

view

waypoint

information.

It is not necessary to enter the waypoint as a

destination to view information.

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Scanning Waypoints for Information

While navigating using the moving map

screens, you can easily scan nearby waypoints

for information.

Press the ENTER key repeatedly to select any

waypoint on the screen.

The

waypoint

selected

identifier shows as

highlighted,

darkened.

Press the INFO key

to view

information about

the

selected

waypoint.

Section D contains information on how to set

up the moving map screens and nearest

waypoint search list to your preference. The

way these are set up affects which waypoints

show on the moving maps or in the waypoint

search list.

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Section D - Advanced Features

This section explains how to use advanced

features of the Apollo handheld GPS receiver

to enable you to gain maximum benefit of its

powerful capabilities. Information in this

section explains how to:

enter multiple leg trips in memory

check GPS satellite signal strength

customize moving map displays

manage user created waypoints

manage messages

use the countdown timer

setup multiple leg trips

customize display of navigation information

setup the receiver for different types of

use

Many features of the Apollo handheld GPS The

receiver are accessible from the main menu. Main Menu

Options on the main menu allow you to set up

the receiver to your preference and manage the

information it gives you.

Call the main menu

for display at any

time by pressing

the MENU/ PWR

Calling the

Main Menu

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key.

Navigation is not interrupted while accessing

menu options.

Use the UP or DOWN ARROW keys to select

menu options. The arrow marker shows the

currently selected option.

Main Menu

Options

Available options on the main menu are:

return to navigation screen

operation mode

time and place

screen and beeper

map setups

declutter maps

track point history

arrival alerts

airspace alerts

CDI scale

parallel track

magnetic variation

countdown timer

display units

serial outputs

battery check

user waypoint management

system information

A description of each option follows.

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Return to Nav

The "Return to Nav" option is automatically

selected when the main menu is called,

allowing you to conveniently return to the

navigation screen previously in use. Select this

option when you finish using the main menu,

or anytime you wish to return to the

navigation screen in use before the main menu

was called.

Operation Mode

Select your intended type of use for the

receiver with this option. Position accuracy is

optimized for each operating mode. Available

operation modes are:

aviation

hiking

land mobile

marine

survey

simulator

This option also allows you to select the map

datum for each mode except simulator.

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WGS 1984 is the most recent datum and

should normally be used unless you plan to

navigate with a chart that was created using an

older datum. In this case, you may wish to

select the datum used to create the chart.

Change

Settings

The simulator mode allows you to practice

navigating without actually traveling. All

options are available in simulator mode. You

can select the speed of simulated travel from 0

to 900 units. After simulator use, the receiver

will return to the previously used non-

simulator operation mode the next time you

switch the receiver on.

Time and Place

Use this option to enter your present position

and set UTC and local times as Section B

describes in “Entering a Seed Position.” It is

necessary to enter the time and place the first

time the receiver is switched on. It is also

necessary to enter this information if the

receiver is switched off and moved a distance

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of several hundred miles or more.

Time information is lost in about 10 minutes if

power is removed from the receiver. Replace

weak batteries promptly or connect the

receiver to external power to avoid losing and

having to re-enter this information.

Screen and Beeper

This option controls operation of the built-in

beeper and display backlight, and allows you

to adjust display contrast.

Change

Settings

The beeper setting controls when the beeper

sounds: MSG -beeps for messages, KEY -

beeps each time you press a key, MSG &

KEY - beeps for both, and OFF - beeper does

not sound.

Use the backlight to view the display in low

light or darkness. You can select low or high

intensity backlight settings from this screen.

(You may also change the backlight setting by

pressing the MENU/PWR key several times.

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See page B-2.)

The backlight requires extra power to operate.

To extend battery life, keep the display

backlight off or use the “lo” setting.

The contrast setting changes the contrast of

the display. Use the left and right arrow keys

to adjust the contrast. The best setting is

determined by available light conditions and

the visual angle at which you view the display

when you use the receiver. (You may also

change the contrast by pressing the

MENU/PWR key and the right or left arrow.

See the inside front cover.)

Map Setups

This option controls what and how

information shows on the moving map

navigation screens.

Change

Settings

You can select whether or not to show a route

path or airspaces in the vicinity. You can also

select orientation of the moving maps, with

the top of the screen representing current

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track, desired track, or true north.

This

shows

example

moving

map screen with

the route path and

airspaces selected

to show.

Zoomed in on the

moving map, the

route

clearly

function

shows

course deviation.

Personal preference dictates how to use these

options to their best advantage.

Declutter Maps

This option controls which waypoints show on

the moving map navigation screens. A type of

waypoint set to “On” will show on the moving

map screens. Other waypoints will not show.

You can also select whether or not waypoint

identifiers show on the screens. With

identifiers not selected to show, small boxes

represent waypoints. The destination waypoint

always shows with identifier, regardless of

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this setting.

Change

Settings

Whether or not the identifiers show, you can

scan waypoints on the moving map screens for

information as Section C describes.

This option also controls which types of

waypoints appear in the list after a search for

nearest waypoints. These settings are

important! Only the types of waypoints you

choose will show in the nearest waypoint list.

Track Point History

This option allows you to store a record of

navigation progress. The stored record is a

series of track points, each containing your

position at the time the point was stored. You

can choose whether or not to store track

points, how often to store them, and manage

the storage process using this option.

Each stored track point consumes space in

memory. You can store up to 2000 track

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points.

Change

Settings

When track history is “on,” points are stored

in memory.

Your track history

is displayed on the

moving

map

screens as a series

of dots indicating

the stored point.

You can select the track point storage strategy.

Select “forever” to continuously store points,

starting over when memory becomes full, or

select “Until Full” and stop storing points

when memory becomes full.

You can also control the storage interval for

track points. Saving points by “distance”

allows you to select a distance interval at

which each track point is stored. Similarly,

saving points by “time” allows you to select a

time interval for storage of each track point.

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The screen shows you how much memory

space is used for track point storage. If you

wish to empty the memory of track points,

select “clear?” and choose “yes.”

Arrival Alerts

This option controls whether or not and when

the receiver should alert you of arrival at a

destination waypoint.

If you choose arrival alert messages, the

beeper will sound and a message will show on

the display advising you of arrival at a

destination waypoint. You can set the radius

distance around the destination waypoint at

which the receiver alerts you.

Change

Settings

Airspace Alerts

Use this option to control if and when the

receiver should alert you when approaching a

class B TCA, class C ARSA, or special use

airspace.

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Change

Settings

If you choose airspace alerts, you can select:

whether or not alert messages are issued

the type of message - Class B and C,

Special Use (Restricted, Danger), or All

the radius distance from the airspace

border at which to be alerted

the travel time (based upon current track

and speed) from the airspace border at

which to be alerted

Special Note: The type of message selected

here also controls the type of airspaces

displayed on the map screens and on the

message page.

If the receiver is computing a 3D position fix,

the GPS altitude will be used to avoid an alert

message when above or below the airspace

ceiling or floor. To compensate for the

inaccuracies of GPS altitude, a buffer of 1,000

feet is added to the ceiling and subtracted from

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the floor. For example, if the published ceiling

of an airspace you are flying over is 4,000

feet, an airspace message (if selected) occurs

when the GPS altitude is at or below 5,000

feet.

CDI Scale

This option controls operation of the course

deviation alert and allows you to set the CDI

scale units to your preference.

You can select the CDI scale maximum course

deviation left or right.

The “Alert Message” controls whether or not the

receiver will alert you with the beeper and a

message on the display indicating a course deviation

left or right in excess of the value on the scale.

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Parallel Track

With this option, you can set a parallel track

course to a destination. Useful in aviation

applications where busy air corridors may

dictate a parallel track, this option sets the

receiver to navigate a course with a selectable

course deviation distance left or right.

You can select whether or not the receiver will

alert you with the beeper and a message on the

display indicating that this option is in use and

reminding you of the course deviation.

The left or right offset distance you select

represents CDI mid-scale when “Parallel

Track On” is set to “Yes.”

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Magnetic Variation

This option allows you to override automatic

magnetic variation and manually enter

variation value. This is normally not required

for navigation anywhere in the world except

near the poles, where magnetic variation is the

greatest.

If manual entry of magnetic variation is

necessary, obtain the correct value from a

reliable chart or other source. Select “Manual”

and enter the variation value east or west.

To disable magnetic variation, select “True.”

All course headings will show referenced to

true north.

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Countdown Time

The Apollo handheld GPS receiver includes a

countdown timer. Use this option to enter a

time of up to 60 minutes. After starting the

timer, the receiver will sound the beeper and

show a message on the display when the

entered time has elapsed.

Display Units

This option allows you to change the way

navigation units of measure show on the display.

You can select the units shown for each

navigation parameter:

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distance: nm/kts; sm/mph; km/kph

altitude: feet; meters

LAT/LON: d-m.mmm; d-m-S. (where

d=degrees, m=minutes, and s=seconds

of latitude or longitude)

Serial Outputs

The Apollo handheld GPS receiver is

equipped with serial data port for

communication with external serial devices.

This option controls the outbound data

function of the port. Using this option with an

appropriate cable connection, you can:

send serial data to an external moving

map display

send serial data matching the NMEA

formats to any serial device capable of

accepting it

disable the serial data port

Before attempting to send serial data to an

external device, use the optional serial data

cable to connect the receiver to the desired

device. The cable is equipped with a standard

DB9 connector to fit most device serial ports.

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If the device has a serial port with a different

connector, you need to purchase the correct

connector and attach it to the cable. See

“Making External Connections” at the back of

this section for information on properly

connecting the serial cable.

Use this option to select:

"None" - disable the serial port

“NMEA 0183 v1.50" - output NMEA

sentences GPBWC, GPGLL, GPRMB,

GPRMC, GPR00, GPWPL, GPXTE

“NMEA 0183 v2.00" - output NMEA

sentences GPBWC, GPGLL, GPRMB,

GPRMC, GPRTE, GPWPL, GPXTE

“Moving Map” - output moving map

data using Apollo NMC2001 format

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Battery Check

This option provides a graphic indication of

battery condition on a scale from “Low” to

“Full.” The combined voltage of the six AA

batteries is indicated at the bottom center of

the screen. Also, a small battery symbol is

shown at the top of the main menu indicating

the battery capacity.

For

receiver operation,

battery voltage

satisfactory

should be between

6 and 9 volts.

You will receive a warning message on the

display if battery voltage falls below 6 volts.

After the warning message shows on the

display, the receiver will continue to operate

for 20 to 30 minutes. Switch the display

backlight off to conserve power. Replace the

batteries promptly to avoid loss of time, user

waypoints, routes, and system setup

information stored in memory.

Do not allow low or discharged batteries to

remain installed in the receiver as leakage

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could damage internal components.

User Waypoint Management

This option allows you to manage the database

of user waypoints. You can edit or delete

waypoints as your area of travel or other

requirements change.

It is important to manage user waypoints

wisely. With the capacity to store up to 2,000

user waypoints in memory, the Apollo

handheld GPS receiver can retain an immense

amount of information. When you edit, use

intuitive identifiers for waypoints you have

created. This will help you find waypoints

more easily when you need to navigate to

them.

Select “User Wpt Mgmt” from the main menu.

Use the LEFT or RIGHT ARROW keys to

select “Edit” or “Del.”

Select “Edit” and press the ENTER key to edit

existing waypoints.

Use the ARROW keys to select and change

the waypoint identifier and/or position.

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Edit the waypoint

information

required.

Press the ENTER key to save the waypoint

information.

Select “Del” to delete

waypoint from

memory. Use the UP or DOWN ARROW

keys to select the waypoint to delete.

Press the ENTER key to delete the waypoint.

When you have

finished using this

option,

“Quit.”

select

Press the ENTER key to return to the main

menu.

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System Information

This option shows the current operating software

version number and indicates the waypoint

database region, date, and version number.

No settings can be

changed.

The Apollo handheld GPS receiver has the Setting Up

ability to store up to 20 reversible trip plans or Multiple

“routes” in memory. Each route can consist of Leg Trips

up to 30 waypoints, either user created or from

the built in database.

After routes are created, any route can be

called from memory for navigation. While

navigating a route, the destination waypoint

updates as you arrive at each route waypoint.

The Route Screen

Select the route

screen from any

navigation

screen

using the UP or

DOWN ARROW

keys.

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The route screen shows the status and up to

the first four waypoints of each route, as well

as the desired track and distance between

consecutive waypoints. With “NXT RTE”

highlighted, use the ENTER key to view each

route. Routes not in use are “Off.”

Creating a Route

Select “Edit” from the route menu to begin

creating route 01. Then, select “Ins” to insert

waypoints into the route.

Insert waypoints along the route as you plan

the trip. Begin with the waypoint of origin and

work toward the destination waypoint. If you

desire, you can later change, add, or delete

route waypoints.

Use the ARROW

keys to select the

first waypoint to

insert. Then, press

the ENTER key.

Repeat

this

process to add

more waypoints to

the route.

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As you add waypoints, the route screen shows

the bearing to each waypoint and the distance

between them.

When you finish

inserting waypoints

into the route, select

“Done” and press

the ENTER key to

save the route in

memory.

Changing a Route Waypoint

You may change any waypoint along a route.

Select the route to change from the route

menu. Then, select “Edit” as if creating a

route.

Select a waypoint to change.

When the marker

arrow points to the

desired waypoint,

select “CHG” to

change it.

Make changes to the waypoints in the route as

desired. When changes are complete, select

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“Done” to enter the changes into memory.

Adding a Route Waypoint

You may add waypoints to any route. Add

waypoints to a route by inserting them into the

route.

Select the route from the route menu into

which you wish to insert waypoints. Then,

select “Edit” as if creating a route.

Use the UP or

DOWN ARROW

keys to move the

marker arrow to

the

waypoint

before which the

inserted waypoint

should be placed.

Select “Ins” to

insert the waypoint

into the route.

When desired waypoints are inserted into the

route, select “Done” and press the ENTER key to

enter the inserted route waypoints into memory.

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Deleting Route Waypoints

To delete waypoints from a route, select the

route from the route menu from which you

wish to delete waypoints. Then, select “Edit”

as if creating a route.

Use the UP or DOWN ARROW keys to move

the marker arrow to the waypoint you wish to

delete.

Select “Del” to

delete the waypoint

from the route.

When desired waypoints are deleted from the

route, select “Done” and press the ENTER key

to remove the deleted route waypoints from

memory.

Deleting waypoints from routes will not

remove them from the waypoint database.

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Starting a Route

When you are ready to navigate a route, it

must be started. Only one route may be started

at any time.

Select the route you wish to start from the

route menu. Select “Start” to start the route.

You may choose to

navigate the route

in either direction.

Select “Normal” to navigate the route the way

it was created, or select “Reverse” to navigate

the route from the destination waypoint to the

point of origin. After a route is started, (route

“On”) you can view other routes or edit them.

From the route screen, you can quickly return

to the active route by pressing and holding the

ENTER key.

Stopping or Holding a Route

A route on “hold” can be resumed from a

waypoint along the route, whereas a stopped

route must be restarted from the waypoint of

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origin.

“Holding” a route leaves the route active, but

stops destination waypoint updating.

Stop or hold the active route by selecting it

from the route menu. Press and hold the

ENTER key to quickly select the active route.

Select “Stop” to

stop or hold the

route.

Select whether to

“Stop” or “Hold”

the route.

Resuming a Route

Select “Resume”

to resume a route

on hold.

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Route “Direct To”

During navigation of a route, you may wish to

bypass one or more waypoints and proceed

directly to a destination waypoint. The route

“Direct To” option allows you to do this.

Select the active route from the route menu.

Then, select “Edit” as if creating a route.

Use the UP or DOWN ARROW keys to move

the marker arrow to the waypoint to which

you wish to navigate. Then, press the

GOTO/NRST key to enter the waypoint as the

destination.

The route screen

shows

status

“direct”

to the

waypoint.

You can now navigate directly to the desired

destination waypoint.

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GPS Approaches and Extended Runway Entering

Centerlines are available with software GPS

version 3.0 or greater. This feature allows Approaches

pilots to select an approach and automatically

insert approach waypoints into the route.

GPS Overlay Approaches

Software version 3.0 or greater includes all

published GPS overlay approaches in the U.S.

and Canada. These approaches are designed to

fit over existing NDB and VOR non-precision

approaches and allow you to monitor your

progress while flying non-precision

approach using your approved IFR equipment.

The GPS overlay approaches MUST NOT be

flown using the Apollo handheld GPS alone.

You MUST use your IFR approved sensors

(NDB or VOR) and charts to fly the approach.

Approach Waypoint Identifiers

The approaches use published waypoints if

available, but when published waypoints are

not available, special waypoints and identifiers

are created. These created names include a

two character prefix usually followed by the

runway number (e.g., CF23L). If the approach

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does not apply to a particular runway, then the

course to the way point is used (e.g., FF323).

These are also the same identifiers that appear

on approach charts modified for GPS overlay

approach use.

Each GPS overlay approach consists of two or

more waypoints. These waypoints are:

CF*** - final approach course fix

(e.g., CF17 or CF02L; about half of the

approaches have this waypoint)

FF*** - final approach fix

(e.g., FF22 or FF183; this waypoint is

always in the approach)

MA*** - missed approach point not at a

runway end (e.g., MA12 or MA21R)

RW*** - missed approach point at a

runway end (e.g., RW23L or RW 02)

A missed approach waypoint, either MA***

or RW***, is always in the approach.

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NOT included in the overlay approaches are:

initial approach fixes (may be inserted

manually)

procedure turns or holding points

altitude step down fixes

missed approach holding point (may be

inserted manually)

Runway Centerline Extensions

The Apollo handheld GPS receiver includes

an automatic procedure to insert the runway

end point and a point four nautical miles out

on the runway centerline extension into any

route. These two points can be used to line up

the airplane with the runway centerline and

give distance information to the runway end.

These are NOT published approaches and do

not take into consideration any terrain or

obstacle clearance. These extensions are

provided for many runways around the world.

RW 31

4 nm

EX 31

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Runway Centerline Waypoint Identifiers

Each runway centerline extension consists of

two waypoints. These waypoints are:

EX*** - extended runway centerline

waypoint four miles from the runway

end (e.g., EX04 or EX21L)

RW*** - missed approach point at a

runway end (e.g., RW23L or RW 02)

A RW*** waypoint may appear in either a

published GPS overlay approach or a runway

centerline extension.

Inserting Approaches Into Routes

To insert a GPS overlay approach or a runway

extended centerline into a route, use the

following procedure:

In the NAV mode, go to the Route page (use

the UP and DOWN ARROW keys). Press

ENTER until the desired route is displayed.

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Press the RIGHT

ARROW key to

highlight EDIT,

then

press

ENTER.

The destination airport must be the last

waypoint in the route.

Press the DOWN

ARROW key until

the arrow cursor is

at the blank line

past the airport.

Press the RIGHT

ARROW key to

highlight

APPROACH, then

press ENTER.

Press the UP or DOWN ARROW keys to

select the approach. The waypoints to be

inserted are displayed at the bottom. For

runway centerline extensions, the approach

identifier is EXT (e.g. EXT RWY 16). These

appear after any overlay approaches.

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Press ENTER to

insert

the

waypoints.

The destination airport is deleted and the

approach waypoints take its place. Now you

can delete any unwanted waypoints, or add

waypoints such as an Initial Approach Fix.

With

DONE

highlighted, press

ENTER and then

you can start the

route.

If you want to see routelines on the map, make

sure the Route Path is turned on in the Map

Setups under the Main Menu. After the

approach is completed, the added waypoints

can be deleted from the route and the airport

inserted back into the route.

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The satellite signal strength screen shows Checking

information about signals being received from Satellite

the GPS satellites. Information shown on the Signal

screen includes:

Strength

the number of satellite signals

currently being received

the number of the satellite

transmitting each received signal

the strength of each received signal

whether or not the receiver is able

to calculate a 3D position

the azimuth and elevation angle of

each satellite from which a signal is

being received

Access the signal strength screen from any

navigation screen by pressing the UP or

DOWN ARROW keys.

This

example

shows information

about the signal

received

from

satellite 6.

The screen shows that six satellite signals are

being received. Hence, a 3D position fix is

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currently being calculated by the receiver.

The screen also shows that the signal from satellite 6 is the

weakest received. The satellite is currently located at an

elevation of 41° from a horizon azimuth of 341° and is

being tracked by the receiver.

Use the LEFT or RIGHT ARROW keys to check

signal strengths from other received satellites.

Important: When signals from fewer than

four satellites are being received, a 3D position

fix is not possible. GPS altitude cannot be

accurately calculated by the receiver.

Managing

Messages

The Apollo handheld GPS receiver helps you

navigate by informing you of important events.

These events are announced by alert messages

which show on the display anytime the receiver is

operating. An audible beep sounds and continues

until you press the ENTER key to acknowledge

the alert message.

Alert messages may alert you of:

airspace penetration

arrival at the destination

excessive course deviation

low battery power

parallel track navigation

loss of position fix

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expiration of countdown timer

Airspace Alert Message

The airspace alert

message shows on

the display when

you approach or

penetrate

airspace.

To disable airspace alert messages, use the

Airspace Alert option in the Main Menu.

Arrival Alert Message

The arrival alert

message shows on

the display when

you are within the

arrival radius of

the

destination

waypoint.

To disable arrival alert messages, use the

Arrival Alert option in the Main Menu.

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Low Battery Alert Message

The low battery

alert message

shows

the

display

when

battery voltage falls

below 6 volts.

The low battery alert message cannot be

disabled.

No Position Alert Message

The no position

alert

message

shows

display

the

position fix is lost

or cannot be

calculated for any

reason.

The no position alert message cannot be

disabled.

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Parallel Track Alert Message

The parallel track

alert

shows

message

on the

display to remind

you that the parallel

track option is

enabled.

To disable the parallel track alert message, use

the Parallel Track option in the Main Menu.

Course Deviation Alert Message

The

deviation

course

alert

message shows on

the display when

you exceed the

deviation distance

on the CDI scale.

To disable the course deviation alert message,

use the CDI Scale option in the Main Menu.

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Current

Messages

The current messages screen shows alert

messages that remain valid after being

acknowledged. You can review these

messages from any navigation screen by

pressing the UP or DOWN ARROW keys to

display the current messages screen. To view

all messages, press the ENTER key. The

current messages screen also shows the

nearest airspaces (up to five) as you press the

ENTER key. These airspaces are not shown in

any particular order.

This

deviation

message shows an

updated deviation

distance.

course

alert

External

Electrical

Connections

The Apollo handheld GPS receiver is

equipped with electrical connectors on the

back of the case, allowing you to connect an

external power source, a serial data cable,

and/or an external GPS antenna.

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External Power Serial Data

Connection

External GPS

Antenna

Port

Back of Case

To connect the unit to an external power

source, plug the included power cable into the

connector labeled “Power.” Connect the cable

to a 6VDC to 32VDC power source. Note that

the unit will use external power if the voltage

from the external source is higher than the

internal battery voltage.

6VDC to

Ground

32VDC

Electrical Connector

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To connect the unit to an external serial

device, use the optional serial data cable.

Make connections as shown.

Serial Data

Output

(Blue)

Differential

GPS Serial Data

Input (Green)

Serial Data

Input

(Red)

Ground

(Black w/Shield)

Serial Data Port

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Section E - Differential GPS Operation

Differential GPS, or DGPS, is a method by What is

which the inherent degree of error in a GPS Differential

position fix may be greatly reduced. DGPS is GPS?

used in marine applications only. Developed

largely by the United States Coast Guard and

scheduled for completion in 1996, DGPS

helps to overcome intentional position fix

inaccuracies

introduced

Selective

Availability. Using DGPS, the navigational

accuracy of a GPS receiver can be increased

from approximately 100 meters to as little as

10 meters. The Apollo handheld GPS receiver

has the capability to operate using DGPS.

DGPS relies on reference stations operated by How Does

the Coast Guard. Each reference station serves Differential

GPS users in a particular area and contains GPS

highly accurate and sophisticated equipment Work?

to calculate and measure the navigational error

in received GPS signals. Navigational error is

determined by comparing the known location

of the reference station with the calculated

location using uncorrected GPS data. Once the

error is known and measured, correctional

data is made available to GPS users to

increase the navigational accuracy of their

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receivers.

Using

Differential

GPS

In order to use DGPS, you must purchase a

marine DGPS receiver capable of transmitting

RTCM-104 differential GPS data at 9600 bits

per second. The data should conform to RS-232

specifications. Use the optional serial data cable

connected to the serial data port on the back of

the Apollo handheld GPS receiver for the

purpose of transferring this information. Make

connections as Section D describes. Follow

instructions provided with the DGPS receiver.

Once the DGPS data is transferred to the

handheld GPS receiver, position accuracy will

automatically be improved.

Where is

Contact the United States Coast Guard for

information on location of reference stations.

The DGPS system is not scheduled for

completion until 1996, so DGPS may not yet

be available in your area.

Differential

GPS Data

Available?

For more information on DGPS, refer to

RTCM Paper #134-89/SC 104-68, RTCM

Recommended Standards for Differential

Navstar GPS Service available from the Radio

Technical Commission for Maritime Services,

PO Box 19087, Washington, D.C. 20036.

You may also contact the nearest office of the

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United States Coast Guard.

Section F - Care of the GPS Receiver

Very little effort is required to care for the

Apollo handheld GPS receiver. Its rugged

construction and quality design will yield

years of trouble-free use.

Treat the receiver as you would any piece of

electronic equipment. Avoid exposing the

receiver to temperature extremes. High

temperatures

can

damage

internal

components. Do not store or operate the

receiver in below freezing temperatures.

Although the receiver is housed in a water

resistant case, avoid submersing the unit in

water. Also avoid subjecting the receiver to

severe shock, as internal damage could occur.

When not connected to an external power Replacing

source, the receiver is powered by six AA the

batteries. Replace the batteries by removing Batteries

the battery compartment cover located on the

rear side of the receiver. Observe polarity

markings inside the compartment when

replacing batteries.

Avoid leaving weak or discharged batteries

installed in the receiver as leakage could

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damage internal components.

Battery

Compartment

4 5

For the best service life, use nickel cadmium

rechargeable or alkaline batteries in the

receiver.

Cleaning

the GPS

Receiver

Use a soft cloth and a mild soap solution to

clean the case exterior if it should become

soiled. Dry with a soft cloth. Avoid use of

harsh solvents or abrasive cleaners. Also avoid

excessive pressure when cleaning the display.

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Section G - Glossary of Terms Used in this Guide

ALT (GPS Altitude): Altitude, as calculated by the

GPS receiver, based upon a mathematical model of the

earth’s surface curvature.

substantial difference

between this altitude value and altitude referenced to sea

level may exist.

ATIS (Automatic Terminal Information Service):

Recorded information about weather and other

conditions at an airport, periodically updated when

conditions change.

ARSA: Airport Radar Service Area

Azimuth: Bearing, as measured clockwise from true or

magnetic north.

BRG (Bearing): The direction to any point, usually

measured in 360 degrees relative to true or magnetic

north.

Constellation: A group of fixed stars or objects, such as

GPS satellites, in the heavens.

Coordinates: Latitudes and longitudes determining a

given geographical point on the surface of the earth.

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Course: The planned direction of travel in a horizontal

plane.

Course Deviation: A measurement of distance left or

right from the desired course of travel.

CDI (Course Deviation Indicator): A graphic indicator

of course deviation typically shown as a graduated

horizontal bar with an icon indicating the deviation

distance left or right of course.

CTAF: Common Traffic Advisory Frequency

Database: A collection of data structured in such a way

as to allow quick and convenient access to any particular

record or records. The Apollo handheld GPS receiver

contains a built in database of waypoints and waypoint

information to which the user may add waypoints.

Degree: 1/360th of a circle.

Distance: A measure of interval in space or time. Also

referred to as range.

DME: Distance Measuring Equipment

Drift: Displacement from the intended course of travel.

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DTK (Desired Track): The desired course of

navigation between a point of origin and a destination

waypoint.

Elevation: The altitude above ground.

Fix: A geographical location determined by either visual

reference or by electronic navigation aids.

GPS (Global Positioning System): Also known as

NAVSTAR. A constellation of satellites launched by the

U.S. Department of Defense into six orbit lanes (four

satellites per plane) at an altitude of 10,898nm above the

earth. The GPS constellation currently consists of 25

orbiting satellites.

GPD Overlay Approach: A non-precision approach

(such as a VOR or NDB approach) that has been

approved for use with an IFR approved GPS.

GRND (Ground): Ground communication frequency

GS (Ground Speed): Speed of travel across the ground.

In aviation, the relation between ground speed and air

speed is affected by the prevailing winds.

Icon: A symbol shown on the display depicting present

position. The icon may be an airplane, boat, land

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vehicle, a human stick figure, or an “X” depending on

the selected operation mode.

Identifier: A name, typically abbreviated, assigned to a

waypoint. The identifier may consist of numbers and

alpha characters, up to six in length. For example, the

airport identifier for Los Angeles International Airport is

LAX.

IFR: Instrument Flight Rules

INT (Intersection):

point defined by any

combination of courses, radials, or bearings of two or

more navigational aids.

Kt (Knot): A unit of speed equal to one nautical mile

per hour.

LAT (Latitude): Any line circling the earth parallel to

the equator, measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds

north and south of the equator.

LON (Longitude): Any line from the north to the south

pole, measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds of a

circle, east or west of the Prime Meridian, which runs

approximately through Greenwich, England.

Magnetic North: The region, some distance from the

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geographic north pole where the earth’s magnetic lines

concentrate. A magnetic compass points to the magnetic

north.

Mag Var (Magnetic Variation): The angle between the

magnetic and true north. It differs at various points on

the earth due to local magnetic disturbances. It is shown

on charts as isogonic lines marked with degrees of

variation, either east or west, degrees which must be

added to or subtracted from the true course to get the

magnetic course. Easterly variations are deducted, and

westerly variations are added.

Map Datum: A mathematical model of the earth used

for the purpose of creating navigation charts and maps.

Meter (m): A metric distance measurement equal to

39.37 inches.

Minute: 1/60th of a degree of a circle.

Nautical Mile (nm): A distance measurement equal to

6,076 feet, or 1.15 statute mile. One nautical mile is also

equal to one minute of latitude.

NDB

(Non-directional

Beacon):

low

frequency/medium frequency navigation aid sending

non-directional signals which can be used for

navigation.

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NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association):

The group responsible for defining and maintaining

serial data format standards for marine electronic

navigation devices.

PDOP (Position Dilution of Precision): A merit value

for the calculated position based on the geometrical

configuration of the satellites used; 3 is considered

good, greater than 7 is considered poor.

Radial: Any of the 360 magnetic courses from a VOR

or similar navigational aid, starting with zero at the

magnetic

(90 degrees

north

and

increasing

clockwise

South;

East; 180 degrees

270 degrees = West; 360 or zero degrees = North).

RNG (Range): The distance from the present position

to a destination waypoint.

SA (Selective Availability): The degradation of

accuracy of GPS position fix data by the United States

Department of Defense for civilian use.

Second: 1/60th of a minute of a circle.

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Seed Position: A latitude and longitude position fix

approximately equal to the present position which the

GPS receiver uses to determine the location of available

satellites from which signals may be received.

Statute Mile: A distance measurement equal to 5,280

feet or 0.87 of a nautical mile.

TCA: Terminal Control Area

Three-dimensional (3D) Position Fix : A position fix

defined by latitude, longitude, and altitude.

(TRK) Track: The imaginary line which the flight path

of an airplane makes over the earth.

True North: Geographic north, at the earth’s north pole.

TWR (Tower): Airport tower communication

frequency

UNICOM: The radio frequencies assigned to

aeronautical advisory stations for communication with

aircraft. Unicoms may provide such airport information

as active runway, wind direction and velocity and other

conditions of importance to pilots.

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UTC (Universal Coordinated Time): Greenwich Mean

Time, or the time at the Prime Meridian in Greenwich,

England. Also referred to as Zulu time.

UTC Differential: The difference in time between that

at the present position and UTC.

VOR (Very High Frequency Omnirange):

navigational aid which transmits signals such that a

receiver can indicate its current radial or bearing from

the transmitter.

Waypoint: A navigational fix used in area navigation

and defined by latitude and longitude coordinates.

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Index

Airspace, showing on display D-6

Airspaces, nearest D-40

Alert messages D-36

Alert, acknowledgement of D-36

Alert, airspace D-37

Alert, arrival D-37

Alert, countdown time expired D-15

Alert, countdown timer expiration D-36

Alert, course deviation D-36, D-39

Alert, low battery D-36, D-38

Alert, parallel track D-13, D-36, D-39

Alert, position loss D-36, D-38

Alerts, airspace D-2, D-10, D-36

Alerts, arrival D-2, D-10, D-36

Altitude B-12

Altitude, GPS A-2, D-36

Antenna, external connection D-40

Approach waypoints D-29

Approaches, inserting into routes D-32

ARPT waypoint C-2

Auto zoom B-16

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Backlight settings D-5

Batteries, recommended types F-2

Batteries, replacing D-5, F-1

Battery check D-2, D-18

Battery level B-2

Beeper, message D-5, D-36

BRG B-11

Care, GPS receiver F-1

CDI scale D-2, D-12

CDI scale, center reference D-13

CITY waypoint C-3

Cleaning the receiver F-2

Contrast, display D-5 - D-6

Countdown timer D-1 - D-2

Countdown timer, setting the D-15

Course deviation B-11, B-13, D-12

Course deviation, excess of CDI scale D-12

Current messages B-17, D-40

Current messages, reviewing D-40

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Database B-3, B-18, C-1, D-19, D-21

Database categories C-2, C-4

Date, setting the B-7

Datum, map D-3 - D-4

Declutter maps D-2, D-7

Desired track B-12

Destination waypoint C-4

Destination waypoint, bearing to B-11, B-13

Destination waypoint, distance to B-11, B-13,

B-15 - B-16

Destination waypoint, entering a B-8

Differential GPS operation E-1

Display backlight B-2, D-5

Display units D-2, D-15

Display, cleaning the F-2

DTK B-12

Edit waypoints D-19

Electrical connections, external D-40

Estimated time enroute B-11

Estimated time of arrival B-12

ETA B-12

ETE B-11

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Function keys B-10

Glossary of terms G-A

GOTO waypoint C-4

GPS A-1

GPS altitude A-2

GPS approaches D-29

GPS overlay approach D-29

Ground speed B-11, B-13

GS B-11

Icon B-15

Identifier, waypoint B-8, C-6, D-7, D-19

INFO B-3, B-8 - B-9, C-4 - C-6

Information, loss if batteries removed D-5

Information, system D-2, D-21

INT waypoint C-3

LOC B-12

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Magnetic variation D-2, D-14

Magnetic variation, manual setting D-14

Main menu B-2, B-4, B-6, D-1

Main menu options B-5, D-2

Main menu, calling the D-1

Maintenance, GPS receiver F-1 - F-2

Map setups D-2, D-6

Message acknowledgement D-40

Messages B-4 - B-5, B-17

Messages, managing D-1, D-36

Moving map navigation screen B-16

Moving map navigation screens B-10, B-13, C-6, D-1,

D-6

Moving map navigation screens, zoom in or out

B-14 - B-15, D-7

Moving map screen orientation D-6

Multiple leg trips D-21