Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
GS-1224L
User's Manual
Release 1.01
© 2007, RubyTech Corporation. All rights reserved. All brand and product names are trademarks or
registered trademarks of their respective companies.
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Unless the explicit written permission of RubyTech Corporation, this document in
whole or in part shall not be replicated or modified or amended or transmitted, in any from, or by any means manual, electric, electronic, electromagnetic,
mechanical, optical or otherwise for any purpose.
DURATION OF HARDWARE WARRANTY
HARDWARE: In accordance with the provisions described under, RubyTech Corporation (hereinafter called “RubyTech”) warrants its hardware products
(hereinafter referred to as "Product") specified herein to be for a period of twelve (12) months from the date of shipment.
Should a Product fail to perform during the effective warranty period as described above, RubyTech shall replace the defective Product or part, or delivering
a functionally equivalent Product or part in receipt of customer’s request, provided that the customer complies with the return material authorization (RMA)
procedures and returns all defective Product prior to installation of the replacements to RubyTech.
All defective Products must be returned to RubyTech with issuance of a Return Material Authorization number (RMA number) assigned to the reseller from
whom the end customer originally purchased the Product. The reseller is responsible for ensuring the shipments are insured, with the transportation
charges prepaid and the RMA number clearly marked on the outside of the package. RubyTech will not accept collect shipments or those returned without
an RMA number.
RubyTech shall not be responsible for any software, firmware, information or memory data contained in, stored on or integrated with any Product returned to
RubyTech pursuant to any warranty.
EXCLUSIONS. The warranty as mentioned above does not apply to the following conditions, in RubyTech’s judgment, it contains (1) customer does not
comply with the manual instructions offered by RubyTech in installation, operation, repair or maintenance, (2) Product fails due to damage from unusual
external or electrical stress, shipment, storage, accident, abuse or misuse, (3) Product is used in an extra hazardous environment or activities, (4) any serial
number on the Product has been removed or defaced, (5) this warranty will be of no effect if the repair is via anyone other than RubyTech or the approved
agents, or (6) In the event of any failures or delays by either party hereto in the performance of all or any part of this agreement due to acts of God, war, riot,
insurrection, national emergency, strike, embargo, storm, earthquake, or other natural forces, or by the acts of anyone not a party to this agreement, or by
the inability to secure materials or transportation, then the party so affected shall be executed from any further performance for a period of time after the
occurrence as may reasonably be necessary to remedy the effects of that occurrence, but in no event more than sixty (60) days. If any of the stated events
should occur, Party A shall promptly notify Party B in writing as soon as commercially practicable, but in no event more than twenty (20) business days and
provide documentation evidencing such occurrence. In no event shall the maximum liability of RubyTech under this warranty exceed the purchase price of
the Product covered by this warranty.
DISCLAIMER. EXCEPT AS SPECIFICALLY PROVIDED ABOVE AS REQUIRED “AS IS” AND THE WARRANTIES AND REMEDIES STATED ABOVE ARE
EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHERS, ORAL OR WRITTEN, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. ANY AND ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, INCLUDING IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR THIRD PARTY RIGHTS ARE
EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED.
RUBYTECH SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT
NOTICE: Please carefully read this Software License Agreement (hereinafter referred to as this “Agreement”) before copying or using the accompanying
software or installing the hardware unit with pre-enabled software or firmware (each of which is referred to as “Software” in this Agreement). BY COPYING
OR USING THE SOFTWARE, YOU ACCEPT ALL OF THE PROVISIONS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT. THE PROVISIONS EXPRESSED IN
THIS AGREEMENT ARE THE ONLY PROVISION UNDER WHICH RUBYTECH WILL PERMIT YOU TO USE THE SOFTWARE. If you do not accept these
provisions and conditions, please immediately return the unused software, manual and the related product. Written approval is NOT a prerequisite to the
validity or enforceability of this Agreement and no solicitation of any such written approval by or on behalf of RubyTech shall be deemed as an inference to
the contrary.
LICENSE GRANT. The end user (hereinafter referred to as “Licensee”) of the Software is granted a personal, non-sublicensable, nonexclusive,
nontransferable license by RubyTech Corporation (“RubyTech”): (1) To use the RubyTech’s software (“Software”) in object code form solely on a single
central processing unit owned or leased by Licensee or otherwise embedded in the equipment offered by RubyTech. (2) To copy the Software only for
backup purposes in support of authorized use of the Software. (3) To use and copy the documentation related to the Software solely in support of authorized
use of the Software by Licensee. The License applies to the Software only except other RubyTech’s software or hardware products. Without the prior written
consent of RubyTech, Licensee has no right to receive any source code or design documentation with respect to the Software.
RESTRICTIONS ON USE; RESERVATION OF RIGHTS. The Software and related documentation are protected under copyright laws. RubyTech and/or its
licensors retain all title and ownership in both the Software and its related documentation, including any revisions made by RubyTech. The copyright notice
must be reproduced and included with any copy of any portion of the Software or related documentation. Except as expressly authorized above, Licensee
shall not copy or transfer the Software or related documentation, in whole or in part. Licensee also shall not modify, translate, decompile, disassemble, use
for any competitive analysis, reverse compile or reverse assemble all or any portion of the Software, related documentation or any copy. The Software and
related documentation embody RubyTech’s confidential and proprietary intellectual property. Licensee is not allowed to disclose the Software, or any
information about the operation, design, performance or implementation of the Software and related documentation that is confidential to RubyTech to any
third party. Software and related documentation may be delivered to you subject to export authorization required by governments of Taiwan and other
countries. You agree that you will not export or re-export any Software or related documentation without the proper export licenses required by the
governments of affected countries.
LIMITED SOFTWARE WARRANTY. RubyTech warrants that any media on which the Software is recorded will be free from defects in materials under
normal use for a period of twelve (12) months from date of shipment. If a defect in any such media should occur during the effective warranty period, the
media may be returned to RubyTech, then RubyTech will replace the media. RubyTech shall not be responsible for the replacement of media if the failure of
the media results from accident, abuse or misapplication of the media.
EXCLUSIONS. The warranty as mentioned above does not apply to the Software, which (1) customer does not comply with the manual instructions offered
by RubyTech in installation, operation, or maintenance, (2) Product fails due to damage from unusual external or electrical stress, shipment, storage,
accident, abuse or misuse, (3) Product is used in an extra hazardous environment or activities, (4) any serial number on the Product has been removed or
defaced, or (5) this warranty will be of no effect if the repair is via anyone other than RubyTech or the authorized agents. The maximum liability of RubyTech
under this warranty is confined to the purchase price of the Product covered by this warranty.
ii
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
DISCLAIMER. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED ABOVE, THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS ” AND RUBYTECH AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO
WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH REPSECT TO THE SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENTAITON. RUBYTECH AND ITS LICENSORS DISCLAIM
ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, INCLUSIVE OF WITHOUT LIMITATION, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. FURTHER, RUBYTECH DOES NOT WARRANT, GUARANTEE, OR MAKE ANY REPRESENTATIONS
REGARDING THE USE, OR THE RESULTS OF THE USE, OF THE SOFTWARE OR RELATED WRITTEN DOCUMENTAITON IN TERMS OF
CORRECTNESS, ACCURACY, RELIABILITY, OR OTHERWISE.
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES. IN NO EVENT SHALL RUBYTECH OR ITS AUTHORIZED RESELLER BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY THIRD
PARTY FOR (A) ANY MATTER BEYOND ITS REASONABLE CONTROL OR (B) ANY CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR INCIDENTAL
DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS LICENSE OR USE OF THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED BY RUBYTECH, EVEN IF RUBYTECH HAS BEEN NOTIFIED
OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES IN ADVANCE. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE LIABILITY OF RUBYTECH IN CONNECTION WITH THE
SOFTWARE OR THIS AGREEMENT EXCEED THE PRICE PAID TO RUBYTECH FOR THE LICENSE.
TERM AND TERMINATION. The License is effective until terminated; however, all of the restrictions in regard to RubyTech’s copyright in the Software and
related documentation will cease being effective at the date of expiration; Notwithstanding the termination or expiration of the term of this agreement, it is
acknowledged and agreed that those obligations relating to use and disclosure of RubyTech’s confidential information shall survive. Licensee may terminate
this License at any time by destroying the software together with all copies thereof. This License will be immediately terminated if Licensee fails to comply
with any term and condition of the Agreement. Upon any termination of this License for any reason, Licensee shall discontinue to use the Software and shall
destroy or return all copies of the Software and the related documentation.
GENERAL. This License shall be governed by and construed pursuant to the laws of Taiwan. If any portion hereof is held to be invalid or unenforceable,
the remaining provisions of this License shall remain in full force and effect. Neither the License nor this Agreement is assignable or transferable by
Licensee without RubyTech’s prior written consent; any attempt to do so shall be void. This License constitutes the entire License between the parties with
respect to the use of the Software.
LICENSEE ACKNOWLEDGES THAT LICENSEE HAS READ THIS AGREEMENT, UNDERSTANDS IT, AND AGREES TO BE BOUND BY ITS TERMS AND
CONDITIONS. LICENSEE FURTHER AGREES THAT THIS AGREEMENT IS THE ENTIRE AND EXCLUSIVE AGREEMENT BETWEEN RUBYTECH AND
LICENSEE.
iii
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
Table of Contents
Caution ................................................................................................................................viii
Electronic Emission Notices................................................................................................viii
1.
Introduction .......................................................................................................................2
1-1. Overview of 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch ................................................................2
1-2. Checklist.........................................................................................................................3
1-3. Features .........................................................................................................................3
1-4. View of 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch........................................................................5
1-4-1. User Interfaces on the Front Panel (Button, LEDs and Plugs)...............................5
1-4-2. User Interfaces on the Rear Panel.........................................................................6
1-5. View of the Optional Modules ........................................................................................7
2.
3.
Installation.........................................................................................................................8
2-1. Starting 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch Up..................................................................8
2-1-1. Hardware and Cable Installation ............................................................................8
2-1-2. Cabling Requirements............................................................................................9
2-1-3. Configuring the Management Agent of 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch.............14
2-1-4. IP Address Assignment.........................................................................................16
2-2. Typical Applications......................................................................................................21
Basic Concept and Management....................................................................................23
3-1. What’s the Ethernet......................................................................................................23
3-2. Media Access Control (MAC).......................................................................................26
3-3. Flow Control.................................................................................................................32
3-4. How does a switch work?.............................................................................................35
3-5. Virtual LAN ...................................................................................................................39
3-6. Link Aggregation ..........................................................................................................45
4. Operation of Web-based Management .............................................................................47
4-1. Web Management Home Overview.............................................................................48
4-2. Configuration................................................................................................................50
4-2-1. System Configuration ...........................................................................................51
4-2-2. Ports Configuration...............................................................................................54
4-2-3. VLAN Mode Configuration....................................................................................55
4-2-4. VLAN Group Configuration...................................................................................57
4-2-5. Aggregation...........................................................................................................60
4-2-6. LACP ....................................................................................................................61
4-2-7. RSTP ....................................................................................................................62
4-2-8. 802.1X ..................................................................................................................64
4-2-9 IGMP Snooping .....................................................................................................71
4-2-10. Mirror Configuration............................................................................................72
4-2-11. QoS(Quality of Service) Configuration ...............................................................73
4-2-12 Filter.....................................................................................................................76
4-2-13 Rate Limit.............................................................................................................78
4-2-14 Storm Control.......................................................................................................79
4-2-15 SNMP ..................................................................................................................81
4-3. Monitoring ....................................................................................................................83
4-3-1. Statistics Overview ...............................................................................................83
4-3-2. Detailed Statistics .................................................................................................85
4-3-3. LACP Status .........................................................................................................88
4-3-4. RSTP Status .........................................................................................................89
iv
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
4-3-5. IGMP Status..........................................................................................................91
4-3-6. Ping Status............................................................................................................92
4-4. Maintenance.................................................................................................................94
4-4-1. Warm Restart........................................................................................................95
4-4-2. Factory Default .....................................................................................................96
4-4-3. Software Upgrade.................................................................................................97
4-4-4. Configuration File Transfer ...................................................................................98
4-4-5. Logout...................................................................................................................99
5. Maintenace .......................................................................................................................100
5-1. Resolving No Link Condition......................................................................................100
5-2. Q&A............................................................................................................................100
Appendix A Technical Specifications.....................................................................................101
Appendix B MIB Specifications..............................................................................................105
v
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
Revision History
Release
1.00
Date
02/10/2007
Revision
A1
1.01
03/13/2007
A1
vi
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
vii
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
Caution
Circuit devices are sensitive to static electricity, which can damage their delicate
electronics. Dry weather conditions or walking across a carpeted floor may cause you to
acquire a static electrical charge.
To protect your device, always:
•
Touch the metal chassis of your computer to ground the static electrical charge before
you pick up the circuit device.
•
Pick up the device by holding it on the left and right edges only.
Electronic Emission Notices
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Statement
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a class A
computing device pursuant to Subpart J of part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to
provide reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial
environment.
European Community (CE) Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the protection requirements
of European Emission Standard EN55022/EN60555-2 and the Generic European Immunity
Standard EN50082-1.
EMC:
EN55022(1988)/CISPR-22(1985) class A
EN60555-2(1995)
EN60555-3
class A
IEC1000-4-2(1995)
IEC1000-4-3(1995)
IEC1000-4-4(1995)
4K V CD, 8KV, AD
3V/m
1KV – (power line), 0.5KV – (signal line)
viii
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
About this user’s manual
In this user’s manual, it will not only tell you how to install and connect your
network system but configure and monitor the 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch
through the Ethernet ports step-by-step. Many explanation in detail of hardware and
software functions are shown as well as the examples of the operation for web-
based interface.
Overview of this user’s manual
ꢀ
Chapter 1 “Introduction” describes the features of 24 Gigabit Web
Smart Switch
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
Chapter 2 “Installation”
Chapter 3 “Operating Concept and Management”
Chapter 4 “Operation of Web-based Management”
Chapter 5 “Maintenance”
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
1
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
1. Introduction
1-1. Overview of 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch
24-port Gigabit Web Smart Switch is a standard switch that meets all IEEE
802.3/u/x/z Gigabit, Fast Ethernet specifications. The switch included 20-Port
10/100/1000Mbps TP and 4-Port Gigabit TP/SFP Fiber Web Smart management
Ethernet Switch. The switch can be managed through Ethernet port using Web-
based management unit, associated with web-based management, the network
administrator can logon the switch to monitor, configure and control each port’s
activity. In addition, the switch implements the QoS (Quality of Service), VLAN, and
Trunking. It is suitable for office application.
In this switch, Port 21, 22, 23, 24 includes two types of media --- TP and SFP
Fiber (LC, BiDi-SC…); this port supports 10/100/1000Mbps TP or 1000Mbps SFP
Fiber with auto-detected function. 1000Mbps SFP Fiber transceiver is used for high-
speed connection expansion.
⎯
⎯
⎯
⎯
⎯
1000Mbps LC, Multi-Mode, SFP Fiber transceiver
1000Mbps LC, 10km, SFP Fiber transceiver
1000Mbps LC, 30km, SFP Fiber transceiver
1000Mbps LC, 50km, SFP Fiber transceiver
1000Mbps BiDi-SC, 20km, 1550nm SFP Fiber WDM transceiver
1000Mbps BiDi-SC, 20km, 1310nm SFP Fiber WDM transceiver
10/100/1000Mbps TP is a standard Ethernet port that meets all IEEE
802.3/u/x/z Gigabit, Fast Ethernet specifications. 1000Mbps SFP Fiber transceiver
is a Gigabit Ethernet port that fully complies with all IEEE 802.3z and 1000Base-
SX/LX standards.
1000Mbps Single Fiber WDM (BiDi) transceiver is designed with an optic
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology that transports bi-directional
full duplex signal over a single fiber simultaneously.
• Key Features in the Device
QoS:
The switch offers powerful QoS function. This function supports 802.1p
VLAN tag priority and DSCP on Layer 3 of network framework.
VLAN:
Supports Port-based VLAN, IEEE802.1Q Tag VLAN. And supports 24 active
VLANs and VLAN ID 1~4094.
Port Trunking:
Allows one or more links to be aggregated together to form a Link
Aggregation Group by the static setting.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
2
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
1-2. Checklist
Before you start installing the switch, verify that the package contains the
following:
⎯
⎯
⎯
⎯
⎯
A 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch
Modules (optional)
Mounting Accessory (for 19” Rack Shelf)
This User's Manual in CD-ROM
AC Power Cord
Please notify your sales representative immediately if any of the aforementioned
items is missing or damaged.
1-3. Features
The 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch, a standalone off-the-shelf switch,
provides the comprehensive features listed below for users to perform system
network administration and efficiently and securely serve your network.
• Hardware
• 20 10/100/1000Mbps Auto-negotiation Gigabit Ethernet TP ports
• 4 10/100/1000Mbps TP or 1000Mbps SFP Fiber dual media auto sense
• 400KB on-chip frame buffer
• Jumbo frame support
• Programmable classifier for QoS (Layer 2/Layer 3)
• 8K MAC address and support VLAN ID (1~4094)
• Per-port shaping, policing, and Broadcast Storm Control
• IEEE802.1Q-in-Q nested VLAN support
• Full-duplex flow control (IEEE802.3x) and half-duplex backpressure
• Extensive front-panel diagnostic LEDs; System: Power, TP Port1-24: LINK/ACT,
10/100/1000Mbps, SFP Port 21, 22, 23,24: SFP(LINK/ACT)
• Management
• Supports concisely the status of port and easily port configuration
• Supports per port traffic monitoring counters
• Supports a snapshot of the system Information when you login
• Supports port mirror function
• Supports the static trunk function
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
3
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
• Supports 802.1Q VLAN
• Supports user management and limits one user to login
• Maximal packet length can be up to 9600 bytes for jumbo frame application
• Supports Broadcasting Suppression to avoid network suspended or crashed
• Supports to send the trap event while monitored events happened
• Supports default configuration which can be restored to overwrite the current
configuration which is working on via Web UI and Reset button of the switch
• Supports on-line plug/unplug SFP modules
• Supports Quality of Service (QoS) for real time applications based on the
information taken from Layer 2 to Layer 3.
• Built-in web-based management instead of using CLI interface, providing a more
convenient GUI for the user
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
4
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
1-4. View of 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch
Fig. 1-1 Full View of 24-PORT GBE WEB SMART SWITCH
1-4-1. User Interfaces on the Front Panel (Button, LEDs and Plugs)
There are 24 TP Gigabit Ethernet ports and 4 SFP fiber ports for optional
removable modules on the front panel of the switch. LED display area, locating on
the left side of the panel, contains a Power LED, which indicates the power status
and 24 ports working status of the switch.
SFP Fiber Port
TP Port Status Indication LEDs
Gigabit Ethernet Port
RESET Button:
RESET button is used to
restore the system default
setting.
Power Indication LED
Fiber Port Status Indication LEDs
Fig. 1-2 Front View of 24-PORT GBE WEB SMART
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
5
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
• LED Indicators
LED
Color
Function
System LED
Lit when +3.3V power is coming up
POWER
Green
10/100/1000Ethernet TP Port 1 to 24 LED
Lit when connection with remote device is good
LINK/ACT
Green
Blinks when any traffic is present
Lit Green when TP link on 1000Mbps speed
Green/ Lit Amber when TP link on 100Mbps speed
10/100/1000Mbps Amber
Off when 10Mbps or no link occur
Blinks when any traffic is present
1000SX/LX Gigabit Fiber Port 21, 22, 23, 24 LED
Lit when SFP connection with remote device is
SFP(LINK/ACT) Green
good
Blinks when any traffic is present
Table1-1
1-4-2. User Interfaces on the Rear Panel
AC Line 100-240V 50/60 Hz
Fig. 1-3 Rear View of 24-PORT GBE WEB SMART SWITCH
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
6
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
1-5. View of the Optional Modules
In the switch, Port 21~24 includes two types of media --- TP and SFP Fiber
(LC, BiDi-SC…); this port supports 10/100/1000Mbps TP or 1000Mbps SFP Fiber
with auto-detected function. 1000Mbps SFP Fiber transceiver is used for high-
speed connection expansion; nine optional SFP types provided for the switch are
listed below:
⎯
⎯
⎯
⎯
⎯
⎯
⎯
1000Mbps LC, MM, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.202)
1000Mbps LC, SM 10km, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.212.10)
1000Mbps LC, SM 30km, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.212.30)
1000Mbps LC, SM 50km, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.212.50)
1000Mbps LC, SM 70km, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.212.70)
1000Mbps LC, SM 110km, SFP Fiber transceiver (SFP.0LC.212.B0)
1000Mbps BiDi SC, type 1, SM 20km, SFP Fiber WDM transceiver
(SFP.0BS.621.201)
⎯
⎯
1000Mbps BiDi SC, type 2, SM 20km, SFP Fiber WDM transceiver
(SFP.0BS.621.202)
1000Mbps LC, SM 10km, SFP Fiber transceiver with DDM
(SFP.DLC.212.10)
Fig. 1-4 Front View of 1000Base-SX/LX LC, SFP Fiber Transceiver
Fig. 1-5 Front View of 1000Base-LX BiDi SC SFP Fiber Transceiver
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
7
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
2. Installation
2-1. Starting 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch Up
This section will give users a quick start for:
- Hardware and Cable Installation
- Management Station Installation
- Software booting and configuration
2-1-1. Hardware and Cable Installation
At the beginning, please do first:
⇒ Wear a grounding device to avoid the damage from electrostatic discharge
⇒ Be sure that power switch is OFF before you insert the power cord to power
source
• Installing Optional SFP Fiber Transceivers to the 24-Port GbE Web Smart
Switch
Note: If you have no modules, please skip this section.
Fig. 2-1 Installation of Optional SFP Fiber Transceiver
•Connecting the SFP Module to the Chassis:
The optional SFP modules are hot swappable, so you can plug or unplug it
before or after powering on.
1. Verify that the SFP module is the right model and conforms to the chassis
2. Slide the module along the slot. Also be sure that the module is properly
seated against the slot socket/connector
3. Install the media cable for network connection
4. Repeat the above steps, as needed, for each module to be installed into
slot(s)
5. Have the power ON after the above procedures are done
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
8
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
•
TP Port and Cable Installation
⇒ In the switch, TP port supports MDI/MDI-X auto-crossover, so both types of
cable, straight-through (Cable pin-outs for RJ-45 jack 1, 2, 3, 6 to 1, 2, 3, 6 in
10/100M TP; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 in Gigabit TP) and
crossed-over (Cable pin-outs for RJ-45 jack 1, 2, 3, 6 to 3, 6, 1, 2) can be used.
It means you do not have to tell from them, just plug it.
⇒ Use Cat. 5 grade RJ-45 TP cable to connect to a TP port of the switch and the
other end is connected to a network-aware device such as a workstation or a
server.
⇒ Repeat the above steps, as needed, for each RJ-45 port to be connected to a
Gigabit 10/100/1000 TP device.
Now, you can start having the switch in operation.
• Power On
The switch supports 100-240 VAC, 50-60 Hz power supply. The power
supply will automatically convert the local AC power source to DC power. It does not
matter whether any connection plugged into the switch or not when power on, even
modules as well. After the power is on, all LED indicators will light up and then all off
except the power LED still keeps on. This represents a reset of the system.
• Firmware Loading
After resetting, the bootloader will load the firmware into the memory. It will
take about 30 seconds, after that, the switch will flash all the LED once and
automatically performs self-test and is in ready state.
2-1-2. Cabling Requirements
To help ensure a successful installation and keep the network performance
good, please take a care on the cabling requirement. Cables with worse
specification will render the LAN to work poorly.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
9
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
2-1-2-1. Cabling Requirements for TP Ports
⇒ For Fast Ethernet TP network connection
⎯ The grade of the cable must be Cat. 5 or Cat. 5e with a maximum length of
100 meters.
⇒ Gigabit Ethernet TP network connection
⎯ The grade of the cable must be Cat. 5 or Cat. 5e with a maximum length of
100 meters. Cat. 5e is recommended.
2-1-2-2. Cabling Requirements for 1000SX/LX SFP Module
It is more complex and comprehensive contrast to TP cabling in the fiber
media. Basically, there are two categories of fiber, multi mode (MM) and single
mode (SM). The later is categorized into several classes by the distance it supports.
They are SX, LX, LHX, XD, and ZX. From the viewpoint of connector type, there
mainly are LC and BIDI SC.
⎯
⎯
⎯
⎯
Gigabit Fiber with multi-mode LC SFP module
Gigabit Fiber with single-mode LC SFP module
Gigabit Fiber with BiDi SC 1310nm SFP module
Gigabit Fiber with BiDi SC 1550nm SFP module
The following table lists the types of fiber that we support and those else not
listed here are available upon request.
Multi-mode Fiber Cable and Modal Bandwidth
Multi-mode 62.5/125μm
Multi-mode 50/125μm
IEEE 802.3z
Gigabit Ethernet
1000SX 850nm
Modal
Modal
Distance
Bandwidth
Distance
Bandwidth
160MHz-Km
200MHz-Km
220m
275m
400MHz-Km
500m
550m
500MHz-Km
Single-mode Fiber 9/125μm
1000Base-
LX/LHX/XD/ZX
Single-mode transceiver 1310nm 10Km
Single-mode transceiver 1550nm 30, 50Km
TX(Transmit) 1310nm
RX(Receive) 1550nm
TX(Transmit) 1550nm
RX(Receive) 1310nm
Single-Mode
*20Km
1000Base-LX
Single Fiber
(BIDI SC)
Single-Mode
*20Km
Table2-1
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
10
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
2-1-2-3. Switch Cascading in Topology
• Takes the Delay Time into Account
Theoretically, the switch partitions the collision domain for each port in switch
cascading that you may up-link the switches unlimitedly. In practice, the network
extension (cascading levels & overall diameter) must follow the constraint of the
IEEE 802.3/802.3u/802.3z and other 802.1 series protocol specifications, in which
the limitations are the timing requirement from physical signals defined by 802.3
series specification of Media Access Control (MAC) and PHY, and timer from some
OSI layer 2 protocols such as 802.1d, 802.1q, LACP and so on.
The fiber, TP cables and devices’ bit-time delay (round trip) are as follows:
1000Base-X TP, Fiber
100Base-TX TP
100Base-FX Fiber
Round trip Delay: 4096
Round trip Delay: 512
Cat. 5 TP Wire:
Fiber Cable
11.12/m
10.10/m
Cat. 5 TP Wire: 1.12/m
TP to fiber Converter: 56
Fiber Cable:
1.0/m
:
Bit Time unit : 1ns (1sec./1000 Mega bit)
Bit Time unit: 0.01μs (1sec./100 Mega bit)
Table 2-2
Sum up all elements’ bit-time delay and the overall bit-time delay of
wires/devices must be within Round Trip Delay (bit times) in a half-duplex network
segment (collision domain). For full-duplex operation, this will not be applied. You
may use the TP-Fiber module to extend the TP node distance over fiber optic and
provide the long haul connection.
• Typical Network Topology in Deployment
A hierarchical network with minimum levels of switch may reduce the timing
delay between server and client station. Basically, with this approach, it will
minimize the number of switches in any one path; will lower the possibility of
network loop and will improve network efficiency. If more than two switches are
connected in the same network, select one switch as Level 1 switch and connect all
other switches to it at Level 2. Server/Host is recommended to connect to the Level
1 switch. This is general if no VLAN or other special requirements are applied.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
11
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Case1: All switch ports are in the same local area network. Every port can access
each other (See Fig. 2-2).
Fig. 2-2 No VLAN Configuration Diagram
If VLAN is enabled and configured, each node in the network that can
communicate each other directly is bounded in the same VLAN area.
Here VLAN area is defined by what VLAN you are using. The switch
supports both port-based VLAN and tag-based VLAN. They are different in practical
deployment, especially in physical location. The following diagram shows how it
works and what the difference they are.
Case2a: Port-based VLAN (See Fig.2-3).
Fig. 2-3 Port-based VLAN Diagram
1. The same VLAN members could not be in different switches.
2. Every VLAN members could not access VLAN members each other.
3. The switch manager has to assign different names for each VLAN groups
at one switch.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
12
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Case 2b: Port-based VLAN (See Fig.2-4).
Fig. 2-4 Port-based VLAN Diagram
1. VLAN1 members could not access VLAN2, VLAN3 and VLAN4 members.
2. VLAN2 members could not access VLAN1 and VLAN3 members, but they could
access VLAN4 members.
3. VLAN3 members could not access VLAN1, VLAN2 and VLAN4.
4. VLAN4 members could not access VLAN1 and VLAN3 members, but they could
access VLAN2 members.
Case3a: The same VLAN members can be at different switches with the same VID
(See Fig. 2-5).
Fig. 2-5 Attribute-based VLAN Diagram
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
13
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
2-1-3. Configuring the Management Agent of 24-Port GbE Web Smart
Switch
In the way of web, user is allowed to startup the switch management function.
Users can use any one of them to monitor and configure the switch. You can touch
them through the following procedures.
Section 2-1-3-1: Configuring Management Agent of 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch
through Ethernet Port
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
14
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
2-1-3-1. Configuring Management Agent of 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch
through Ethernet Port
There are two ways to configure and monitor the switch through the switch’s
Ethernet port. They are Web browser and SNMP manager. The user interface for
the last one is RubyView dependent and does not cover here. We just introduce the
first type of management interface. Web-based UI for the switch is an interface in a
highly friendly way.
24-PORT GBE WEB SMART SWITCH
Default IP Setting:
IP = 192.168.1.1
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway = 192.168.1.254
Assign a reasonable IP address,
For example:
IP = 192.168.1.100
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0
Ethernet LAN
Default Gateway = 192.168.1.254
Fig. 2-6
• Managing 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch through Ethernet Port
Before you communicate with the switch, you have to finish first the
configuration of the IP address or to know the IP address of the switch. Then,
follow the procedures listed below.
1. Set up a physical path between the configured the switch and a PC
by a qualified UTP Cat. 5 cable with RJ-45 connector.
Note: If PC directly connects to the switch, you have to setup the
same subnet mask between them. But, subnet mask may be
different for the PC in the remote site. Please refer to Fig. 2-6 about
the 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch default IP address information.
2. Run web browser and follow the menu. Please refer to Chapter 4.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
15
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Fig. 2-7 the Login Screen for Web
2-1-4. IP Address Assignment
For IP address configuration, there are three parameters needed to be filled
in. They are IP address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway and DNS.
IP address:
The address of the network device in the network is used for internetworking
communication. Its address structure looks is shown in the Fig. 2-8. It is “classful”
because it is split into predefined address classes or categories.
Each class has its own network range between the network identifier and
host identifier in the 32 bits address. Each IP address comprises two parts: network
identifier (address) and host identifier (address). The former indicates the network
where the addressed host resides, and the latter indicates the individual host in the
network which the address of host refers to. And the host identifier must be unique
in the same LAN. Here the term of IP address we used is version 4, known as IPv4.
32 bits
Network identifier
Host identifier
Fig. 2-8 IP address structure
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
16
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
With the classful addressing, it divides IP address into three classes, class A,
class B and class C. The rest of IP addresses are for multicast and broadcast. The
bit length of the network prefix is the same as that of the subnet mask and is
denoted as IP address/X, for example, 192.168.1.0/24. Each class has its address
range described below.
Class A:
Address is less than 126.255.255.255. There are a total of 126 networks can
be defined because the address 0.0.0.0 is reserved for default route and
127.0.0.0/8 is reserved for loopback function.
Bit #
0 1
7 8
31
0
Network address
Host address
Class B:
IP address range between 128.0.0.0 and 191.255.255.255. Each class B
network has a 16-bit network prefix followed 16-bit host address. There are 16,384
(2^14)/16 networks able to be defined with a maximum of 65534 (2^16 –2) hosts
per network.
Bit #
01 2
15 16
31
10
Network address
Host address
Class C:
IP address range between 192.0.0.0 and 223.255.255.255. Each class C
network has a 24-bit network prefix followed 8-bit host address. There are
2,097,152 (2^21)/24 networks able to be defined with a maximum of 254 (2^8 –2)
hosts per network.
Bit # 0 1 2 3
23 24
31
110
Network address
Host address
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
17
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Class D and E:
Class D is a class with first 4 MSB (Most significance bit) set to 1-1-1-0 and
is used for IP Multicast. See also RFC 1112. Class E is a class with first 4 MSB set
to 1-1-1-1 and is used for IP broadcast.
According to IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), there are three
specific IP address blocks reserved and able to be used for extending internal
network. We call it Private IP address and list below:
Class A
Class B
Class C
10.0.0.0 --- 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 --- 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 --- 192.168.255.255
Please refer to RFC 1597 and RFC 1466 for more information.
Subnet mask:
It means the sub-division of a class-based network or a CIDR block. The
subnet is used to determine how to split an IP address to the network prefix and the
host address in bitwise basis. It is designed to utilize IP address more efficiently and
ease to manage IP network.
For a class B network, 128.1.2.3, it may have a subnet mask 255.255.0.0 in
default, in which the first two bytes is with all 1s. This means more than 60
thousands of nodes in flat IP address will be at the same network. It’s too large to
manage practically. Now if we divide it into smaller network by extending network
prefix from 16 bits to, say 24 bits, that’s using its third byte to subnet this class B
network. Now it has a subnet mask 255.255.255.0, in which each bit of the first
three bytes is 1. It’s now clear that the first two bytes is used to identify the class B
network, the third byte is used to identify the subnet within this class B network and,
of course, the last byte is the host number.
Not all IP address is available in the sub-netted network. Two special
addresses are reserved. They are the addresses with all zero’s and all one’s host
number. For example, an IP address 128.1.2.128, what IP address reserved will be
looked like? All 0s mean the network itself, and all 1s mean IP broadcast.
Network
Subnet
10000000.00000001.00000010.1 0000000
25 bits
All 0s = 128.1.2.128
All 1s= 128.1.2.255
1 0000000
1 1111111
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
18
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
In this diagram, you can see the subnet mask with 25-bit long,
255.255.255.128, contains 126 members in the sub-netted network. Another is that
the length of network prefix equals the number of the bit with 1s in that subnet mask.
With this, you can easily count the number of IP addresses matched. The following
table shows the result.
Prefix Length No. of IP matched No. of Addressable IP
1
2
-
-
/32
/31
/30
/29
/28
/27
/26
/25
/24
/23
/22
/21
/20
/19
/18
/17
4
2
8
6
16
14
32
30
64
62
128
256
512
1024
2048
4096
8192
16384
32768
126
254
510
1022
2046
4094
8190
16382
32766
65536
65534
/16
Table 2-3
According to the scheme above, a subnet mask 255.255.255.0 will partition a
network with the class C. It means there will have a maximum of 254 effective
nodes existed in this sub-netted network and is considered a physical network in an
autonomous network. So it owns a network IP address which may looks like
168.1.2.0.
With the subnet mask, a bigger network can be cut into small pieces of
network. If we want to have more than two independent networks in a worknet, a
partition to the network must be performed. In this case, subnet mask must be
applied.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
19
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
For different network applications, the subnet mask may look like
255.255.255.240. This means it is a small network accommodating a maximum of
15 nodes in the network.
Default gateway:
For the routed packet, if the destination is not in the routing table, all the
traffic is put into the device with the designated IP address, known as default router.
Basically, it is a routing policy.
For assigning an IP address to the switch, you just have to check what the IP
address of the network will be connected with the switch. Use the same network
address and append your host address to it.
Fig. 2-9
First, IP Address: as shown in the Fig. 2-9, enter “192.168.1.1”, for instance.
For sure, an IP address such as 192.168.1.x must be set on your PC.
Second, Subnet Mask: as shown in the Fig. 2-9, enter “255.255.255.0”. Any
subnet mask such as 255.255.255.x is allowable in this case.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
20
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
2-2. Typical Applications
The 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch implements 24 Gigabit Ethernet TP
ports with auto MDIX and four slots for the removable module supporting
comprehensive fiber types of connection, including LC and BiDi-LC SFP modules.
For more details on the specification of the switch, please refer to Appendix A.
The switch is suitable for the following applications.
⎯
⎯
⎯
Central Site/Remote site application is used in carrier or ISP (See Fig. 2-10)
Peer-to-peer application is used in two remote offices (See Fig. 2-11)
Office network(See Fig. 2-12)
Central Site
Fig. 2-10 Network Connection between Remote Site and Central Site
Fig. 2-10 is a system wide basic reference connection diagram. This diagram
demonstrates how the switch connects with other network devices and hosts.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
21
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Fig. 2-11 Peer-to-peer Network Connection
Fig. 2-12 Office Network Connection
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
22
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
3. Basic Concept and
Management
This chapter will tell you the basic concept of features to manage this switch
and how they work.
3-1. What’s the Ethernet
Ethernet originated and was implemented at Xerox in Palo Alto, CA in 1973
and was successfully commercialized by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Intel
and Xerox (DIX) in 1980. In 1992, Grand Junction Networks unveiled a new high
speed Ethernet with the same characteristic of the original Ethernet but operated at
100Mbps, called Fast Ethernet now. This means Fast Ethernet inherits the same
frame format, CSMA/CD, software interface. In 1998, Gigabit Ethernet was rolled
out and provided 1000Mbps. Now 10G/s Ethernet is under approving. Although
these Ethernet have different speed, they still use the same basic functions. So they
are compatible in software and can connect each other almost without limitation.
The transmission media may be the only problem.
Fig. 3-1 IEEE 802.3 reference model vs. OSI reference mode
In Fig. 3-1, we can see that Ethernet locates at the Data Link layer and
Physical layer and comprises three portions, including logical link control (LLC),
media access control (MAC), and physical layer. The first two comprises Data link
layer, which performs splitting data into frame for transmitting, receiving
acknowledge frame, error checking and re-transmitting when not received correctly
as well as provides an error-free channel upward to network layer.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
23
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
IEEE 802.2 LLC
Data
Link
Layer
IEEE802.3 CSMA/CD MAC
CS
IEEE 802.3 PLS
Physical
Layer
MII
ANSI X3T9.5 PMD
Fiber
IEEE 802.3
MAU
Coaxial/STP/UTP
This above diagram shows the Ethernet architecture, LLC sub-layer and
MAC sub-layer, which are responded to the Data Link layer, and transceivers, which
are responded to the Physical layer in OSI model. In this section, we are mainly
describing the MAC sub-layer.
Logical Link Control (LLC)
Data link layer is composed of both the sub-layers of MAC and MAC-client.
Here MAC client may be logical link control or bridge relay entity.
Logical link control supports the interface between the Ethernet MAC and
upper layers in the protocol stack, usually Network layer, which is nothing to do with
the nature of the LAN. So it can operate over other different LAN technology such
as Token Ring, FDDI and so on. Likewise, for the interface to the MAC layer, LLC
defines the services with the interface independent of the medium access
technology and with some of the nature of the medium itself.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
24
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Table 3-1 LLC Format
The table 3-1 is the format of LLC PDU. It comprises four fields, DSAP, SSAP,
Control and Information. The DSAP address field identifies the one or more service
access points, in which the I/G bit indicates it is individual or group address. If all bit
of DSAP is 1s, it’s a global address. The SSAP address field identifies the specific
services indicated by C/R bit (command or response). The DSAP and SSAP pair
with some reserved values indicates some well-known services listed in the table
below.
0xAAAA
0xE0E0
0xF0F0
0xFEFE
0xFFFF
0x4242
0x0606
0x9898
SNAP
Novell IPX
NetBios
IOS network layer PDU
Novell IPX 802.3 RAW packet
STP BPDU
IP
ARP
Table 3-2
LLC type 1 connectionless service, LLC type 2 connection-oriented service
and LLC type 3 acknowledge connectionless service are three types of LLC frame
for all classes of service. In Fig 3-2, it shows the format of Service Access Point
(SAP). Please refer to IEEE802.2 for more details.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
25
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Fig. 3-2 SAP Format
3-2. Media Access Control (MAC)
MAC Addressing
Because LAN is composed of many nodes, for the data exchanged among
these nodes, each node must have its own unique address to identify who should
send the data or should receive the data. In OSI model, each layer provides its own
mean to identify the unique address in some form, for example, IP address in
network layer.
The MAC is belonged to Data Link Layer (Layer 2), the address is defined to
be a 48-bit long and locally unique address. Since this type of address is applied
only to the Ethernet LAN media access control (MAC), they are referred to as MAC
addresses.
The first three bytes are Organizational Unique Identifier (OUI) code
assigned by IEEE. The last three bytes are the serial number assigned by the
vendor of the network device. All these six bytes are stored in a non-volatile
memory in the device. Their format is as the following table and normally written in
the form as aa-bb-cc-dd-ee-ff, a 12 hexadecimal digits separated by hyphens, in
which the aa-bb-cc is the OUI code and the dd-ee-ff is the serial number assigned
by manufacturer.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
26
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Bit 47
1st byte
bit 0
6th byte
2nd byte
OUI code
3rd byte
4th byte
5th byte
Serial number
Table 3-3 Ethernet MAC address
The first bit of the first byte in the Destination address (DA) determines the
address to be a Unicast (0) or Multicast frame (1), known as I/G bit indicating
individual (0) or group (1). So the 48-bit address space is divided into two portions,
Unicast and Multicast. The second bit is for global-unique (0) or locally-unique
address. The former is assigned by the device manufacturer, and the later is usually
assigned by the administrator. In practice, global-unique addresses are always
applied.
A unicast address is identified with a single network interface. With this
nature of MAC address, a frame transmitted can exactly be received by the target
an interface the destination MAC points to.
A multicast address is identified with a group of network devices or network
interfaces. In Ethernet, a many-to-many connectivity in the LANs is provided. It
provides a mean to send a frame to many network devices at a time. When all bit of
DA is 1s, it is a broadcast, which means all network device except the sender itself
can receive the frame and response.
Ethernet Frame Format
There are two major forms of Ethernet frame, type encapsulation and length
encapsulation, both of which are categorized as four frame formats 802.3/802.2
SNAP, 802.3/802.2, Ethernet II and Netware 802.3 RAW. We will introduce the
basic Ethernet frame format defined by the IEEE 802.3 standard required for all
MAC implementations. It contains seven fields explained below.
PRE
7
SFD
7
DA
6
SA
6
Type/Length
2
Data Pad bit if any FCS
46-1500
4
Fig. 3-3 Ethernet frame structure
-
-
Preamble (PRE) —The PRE is 7-byte long with alternating pattern of
ones and zeros used to tell the receiving node that a frame is coming,
and to synchronize the physical receiver with the incoming bit stream.
The preamble pattern is:
10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010
Start-of-frame delimiter (SFD) — The SFD is one-byte long with
alternating pattern of ones and zeros, ending with two consecutive
1-bits. It immediately follows the preamble and uses the last two
consecutive 1s bit to indicate that the next bit is the start of the data
packet and the left-most bit in the left-most byte of the destination
address. The SFD pattern is 10101011.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
27
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
-
-
-
Destination address (DA) — The DA field is used to identify which
network device(s) should receive the packet. It is a unique address.
Please see the section of MAC addressing.
Source addresses (SA) — The SA field indicates the source node.
The SA is always an individual address and the left-most bit in the SA
field is always 0.
Length/Type — This field indicates either the number of the data
bytes contained in the data field of the frame, or the Ethernet type of
data. If the value of first two bytes is less than or equal to 1500 in
decimal, the number of bytes in the data field is equal to the
Length/Type value, i.e. this field acts as Length indicator at this
moment. When this field acts as Length, the frame has optional fields
for 802.3/802.2 SNAP encapsulation, 802.3/802.2 encapsulation and
Netware 802.3 RAW encapsulation. Each of them has different fields
following the Length field.
-
If the Length/Type value is greater than 1500, it means the
Length/Type acts as Type. Different type value means the frames
with different protocols running over Ethernet being sent or received.
For example,
0x0800
0x0806
0x0835
0x8137
0x86DD
IP datagram
ARP
RARP
IPX datagram
IPv6
-
-
Data — Less than or equal to 1500 bytes and greater or equal to 46
bytes. If data is less than 46 bytes, the MAC will automatically extend
the padding bits and have the payload be equal to 46 bytes. The
length of data field must equal the value of the Length field when the
Length/Type acts as Length.
Frame check sequence (FCS) — This field contains a 32-bit cyclic
redundancy check (CRC) value, and is a check sum computed with
DA, SA, through the end of the data field with the following
polynomial.
-
It is created by the sending MAC and recalculated by the receiving
MAC to check if the packet is damaged or not.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
28
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
How does a MAC work?
The MAC sub-layer has two primary jobs to do:
1. Receiving and transmitting data. When receiving data, it parses frame to
detect error; when transmitting data, it performs frame assembly.
2. Performing Media access control. It prepares the initiation jobs for a
frame transmission and makes recovery from transmission failure.
Frame transmission
As Ethernet adopted Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect
(CSMA/CD), it detects if there is any carrier signal from another network device
running over the physical medium when a frame is ready for transmission. This is
referred to as sensing carrier, also “Listen”. If there is signal on the medium, the
MAC defers the traffic to avoid a transmission collision and waits for a random
period of time, called backoff time, then sends the traffic again.
After the frame is assembled, when transmitting the frame, the preamble
(PRE) bytes are inserted and sent first, then the next, Start of frame Delimiter (SFD),
DA, SA and through the data field and FCS field in turn. The followings summarize
what a MAC does before transmitting a frame.
1.
MAC will assemble the frame. First, the preamble and Start-of-
Frame delimiter will be put in the fields of PRE and SFD, followed
DA, SA, tag ID if tagged VLAN is applied, Ethertype or the value
of the data length, and payload data field, and finally put the FCS
data in order into the responded fields.
2.
3.
Listen if there is any traffic running over the medium. If yes, wait.
If the medium is quiet, and no longer senses any carrier, the
MAC waits for a period of time, i.e. inter-frame gap time to have
the MAC ready with enough time and then start transmitting the
frame.
4.
During the transmission, MAC keeps monitoring the status of the
medium. If no collision happens until the end of the frame, it
transmits successfully. If there is a collision happened, the MAC
will send the patterned jamming bit to guarantee the collision
event propagated to all involved network devices, then wait for a
random period of time, i.e. backoff time. When backoff time
expires, the MAC goes back to the beginning state and attempts
to transmit again. After a collision happens, MAC increases the
transmission attempts. If the count of the transmission attempt
reaches 16 times, the frame in MAC’s queue will be discarded.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
29
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Ethernet MAC transmits frames in half-duplex and full-duplex ways. In half-
duplex operation mode, the MAC can either transmit or receive frame at a moment,
but cannot do both jobs at the same time.
As the transmission of a MAC frame with the half-duplex operation exists
only in the same collision domain, the carrier signal needs to spend time to travel to
reach the targeted device. For two most-distant devices in the same collision
domain, when one sends the frame first, and the second sends the frame, in worst-
case, just before the frame from the first device arrives. The collision happens and
will be detected by the second device immediately. Because of the medium delay,
this corrupted signal needs to spend some time to propagate back to the first device.
The maximum time to detect a collision is approximately twice the signal
propagation time between the two most-distant devices. This maximum time is
traded-off by the collision recovery time and the diameter of the LAN.
In the original 802.3 specification, Ethernet operates in half duplex only.
Under this condition, when in 10Mbps LAN, it’s 2500 meters, in 100Mbps LAN, it’s
approximately 200 meters and in 1000Mbps, 200 meters. According to the theory, it
should be 20 meters. But it’s not practical, so the LAN diameter is kept by using to
increase the minimum frame size with a variable-length non-data extension bit field
which is removed at the receiving MAC. The following tables are the frame format
suitable for 10M, 100M and 1000M Ethernet, and some parameter values that shall
be applied to all of these three types of Ethernet.
Actually, the practice Gigabit Ethernet chips do not feature this so far. They
all have their chips supported full-duplex mode only, as well as all network vendors’
devices. So this criterion should not exist at the present time and in the future.
The switch’s Gigabit module supports only full-duplex mode.
64 bytes
Fig. 3-4 Gigabit Ethernet Frame
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
30
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Parameter
value/LAN
10Base
100Base
1000Base
Max. collision
domain DTE to
DTE
100 meters for UTP 100 meters for UTP
412 meters for fiber 316 meters for fiber
100 meters
Max. collision
domain with
repeater
2500 meters
205 meters
200 meters
Slot time
512 bit times
512 bit times
512 bit times
0.096us
16
Interframe Gap
AttemptLimit
BackoffLimit
JamSize
MaxFrameSize
MinFrameSize
BurstLimit
9.6us
16
10
32 bits
1518
64
0.96us
16
10
32 bits
1518
64
10
32 bits
1518
64
Not applicable
Not applicable
65536 bits
Table 3-4 Ethernet parameters for half duplex mode
In full-duplex operation mode, both transmitting and receiving frames are
processed simultaneously. This doubles the total bandwidth. Full duplex is much
easier than half duplex because it does not involve media contention, collision,
retransmission schedule, padding bits for short frame. The rest functions follow the
specification of IEEE802.3. For example, it must meet the requirement of minimum
inter-frame gap between successive frames and frame format the same as that in
the half-duplex operation.
Because no collision will happen in full-duplex operation, for sure, there is no
mechanism to tell all the involved devices. What will it be if receiving device is busy
and a frame is coming at the same time? Can it use “backpressure” to tell the
source device? A function flow control is introduced in the full-duplex operation.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
31
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
3-3. Flow Control
Flow control is a mechanism to tell the source device stopping sending frame
for a specified period of time designated by target device until the PAUSE time
expires. This is accomplished by sending a PAUSE frame from target device to
source device. When the target is not busy and the PAUSE time is expired, it will
send another PAUSE frame with zero time-to-wait to source device. After the
source device receives the PAUSE frame, it will again transmit frames immediately.
PAUSE frame is identical in the form of the MAC frame with a pause-time value and
with a special destination MAC address 01-80-C2-00-00-01. As per the specification,
PAUSE operation can not be used to inhibit the transmission of MAC control frame.
Normally, in 10Mbps and 100Mbps Ethernet, only symmetric flow control is
supported. However, some switches (e.g. 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch) support
not only symmetric but asymmetric flow controls for the special application. In
Gigabit Ethernet, both symmetric flow control and asymmetric flow control are
supported. Asymmetric flow control only allows transmitting PAUSE frame in one
way from one side, the other side is not but receipt-and-discard the flow control
information. Symmetric flow control allows both two ports to transmit PASUE frames
each other simultaneously.
Inter-frame Gap time
After the end of a transmission, if a network node is ready to transmit data
out and if there is no carrier signal on the medium at that time, the device will wait
for a period of time known as an inter-frame gap time to have the medium clear and
stabilized as well as to have the jobs ready, such as adjusting buffer counter,
updating counter and so on, in the receiver site. Once the inter-frame gap time
expires after the de-assertion of carrier sense, the MAC transmits data. In
IEEE802.3 specification, this is 96-bit time or more.
Collision
Collision happens only in half-duplex operation. When two or more network
nodes transmit frames at approximately the same time, a collision always occurs
and interferes with each other. This results the carrier signal distorted and un-
discriminated. MAC can afford detecting, through the physical layer, the distortion of
the carrier signal. When a collision is detected during a frame transmission, the
transmission will not stop immediately but, instead, continues transmitting until the
rest bits specified by jamSize are completely transmitted. This guarantees the
duration of collision is enough to have all involved devices able to detect the
collision. This is referred to as Jamming. After jamming pattern is sent, MAC stops
transmitting the rest data queued in the buffer and waits for a random period of time,
known as backoff time with the following formula. When backoff time expires, the
device goes back to the state of attempting to transmit frame. The backoff time is
determined by the formula below. When the times of collision is increased, the
backoff time is getting long until the collision times excess 16. If this happens, the
frame will be discarded and backoff time will also be reset.
where
k = min (n, 10)
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
32
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Frame Reception
In essence, the frame reception is the same in both operations of half duplex
and full duplex, except that full-duplex operation uses two buffers to transmit and
receive the frame independently. The receiving node always “listens” if there is
traffic running over the medium when it is not receiving a frame. When a frame
destined for the target device comes, the receiver of the target device begins
receiving the bit stream, and looks for the PRE (Preamble) pattern and Start-of-
Frame Delimiter (SFD) that indicates the next bit is the starting point of the MAC
frame until all bit of the frame is received.
For a received frame, the MAC will check:
1.
If it is less than one slotTime in length, i.e. short packet, and if
yes, it will be discarded by MAC because, by definition, the valid
frame must be longer than the slotTime. If the length of the frame
is less than one slotTime, it means there may be a collision
happened somewhere or an interface malfunctioned in the LAN.
When detecting the case, the MAC drops the packet and goes
back to the ready state.
2.
If the DA of the received frame exactly matches the physical
address that the receiving MAC owns or the multicast address
designated to recognize. If not, discards it and the MAC passes
the frame to its client and goes back to the ready state.
3.
4.
If the frame is too long. If yes, throws it away and reports frame
Too Long.
If the FCS of the received frame is valid. If not, for 10M and 100M
Ethernet, discards the frame. For Gigabit Ethernet or higher
speed Ethernet, MAC has to check one more field, i.e. extra bit
field, if FCS is invalid. If there is any extra bits existed, which
must meet the specification of IEEE802.3. When both FCS and
extra bits are valid, the received frame will be accepted,
otherwise discards the received frame and reports
frameCheckError if no extra bits appended or alignmentError if
extra bits appended.
5.
6.
If the length/type is valid. If not, discards the packet and reports
lengthError.
If all five procedures above are ok, then the MAC treats the frame
as good and de-assembles the frame.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
33
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
What if a VLAN tagging is applied?
VLAN tagging is a 4-byte long data immediately following the MAC source
address. When tagged VLAN is applied, the Ethernet frame structure will have a
little change shown as follows.
Only two fields, VLAN ID and Tag control information are different in
comparison with the basic Ethernet frame. The rest fields are the same.
The first two bytes is VLAN type ID with the value of 0x8100 indicating the
received frame is tagged VLAN and the next two bytes are Tag Control Information
(TCI) used to provide user priority and VLAN ID, which are explained respectively in
the following table.
Bits 15-13
Bit 12
User Priority 7-0, 0 is lowest priority
CFI (Canonical Format Indicator)
1: RIF field is present in the tag header
0: No RIF field is present
VID (VLAN Identifier)
0x000: Null VID. No VID is present and only user
priority is present.
Bits 11-0
0x001: Default VID
0xFFF: Reserved
Table 3-5
Note: RIF is used in Token Ring network to provide source routing and comprises
two fields, Routing Control and Route Descriptor.
When MAC parses the received frame and finds a reserved special value
0x8100 at the location of the Length/Type field of the normal non-VLAN frame, it will
interpret the received frame as a tagged VLAN frame. If this happens in a switch,
the MAC will forward it, according to its priority and egress rule, to all the ports that
is associated with that VID. If it happens in a network interface card, MAC will
deprive of the tag header and process it in the same way as a basic normal frame.
For a VLAN-enabled LAN, all involved devices must be equipped with VLAN
optional function.
At operating speeds above 100 Mbps, the slotTime employed at slower
speeds is inadequate to accommodate network topologies of the desired physical
extent. Carrier Extension provides a means by which the slotTime can be increased
to a sufficient value for the desired topologies, without increasing the minFrameSize
parameter, as this would have deleterious effects. Nondata bits, referred to as
extension bits, are appended to frames that are less than slotTime bits in length so
that the resulting transmission is at least one slotTime in duration. Carrier Extension
can be performed only if the underlying physical layer is capable of sending and
receiving symbols that are readily distinguished from data symbols, as is the case in
most physical layers that use a block encoding/decoding scheme.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
34
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
The maximum length of the extension is equal to the quantity (slotTime -
minFrameSize). The MAC continues to monitor the medium for collisions while it is
transmitting extension bits, and it will treat any collision that occurs after the
threshold (slotTime) as a late collision.
3-4. How does a switch work?
The switch is a layer 2 Ethernet Switch equipped with 24 Fast Ethernet ports
and 2 optional modules which support Gigabit Ethernet or 100M Ethernet. Each port
on it is an independent LAN segment and thus has 26 LAN segments and 26
collision domains, contrast to the traditional shared Ethernet HUB in which all ports
share the same media and use the same collision domain and thus limit the
bandwidth utilization. With switch’s separated collision domain, it can extend the
LAN diameter farther than the shared HUB does and highly improve the efficiency
of the traffic transmission.
Due to the architecture, the switch can provide full-duplex operation to
double the bandwidth per port and many other features, such as VLAN, bandwidth
aggregation and so on, not able to be supported in a shared hub.
Terminology
Separate Access Domains:
As per the description in the section of “What’s the Ethernet”, Ethernet
utilizes CSMA/CD to arbitrate who can transmit data to the station(s) attached in the
LAN. When more than one station transmits data within the same slot time, the
signals will collide, referred to as collision. The arbitrator will arbitrate who should
gain the media. The arbitrator is a distributed mechanism in which all stations
contend to gain the media. Please refer to “What’s the Ethernet” for more details.
In Fig.3-5, assumed in half duplex, you will see some ports of the switch are
linked to a shared HUB, which connects many hosts, and some ports just are
individually linked to a single host. The hosts attached to a shared hub will be in the
same collision domain, separated by the switch, and use CSMA/CD rule. For the
host directly attached to the switch, because no other host(s) joins the traffic
contention, hence it will not be affected by CSMA/CD. These LAN segments are
separated in different access domains by the switch.
Micro-segmentation:
To have a port of the switch connected to a single host is referred to as
micro-segmentation. It has the following interesting characteristics.
-
There is no need the access contention (e.g.Collision). They
have their own access domain. But, collision still could happen
between the host and the switch port.
-
-
When performing the full duplex, the collision vanishes.
The host owns a dedicated bandwidth of the port.
The switch port can run at different speed, such as 10Mbps, 100Mbps or
1000Mbps. A shared hub cannot afford this.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
35
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Fig.3-5 Collision Domain
Extended Distance Limitations:
The diameter of a half-duplex LAN segment is determined by its maximum
propagation delay time. For example, in 10M LAN, the most distance of a LAN
segment using yellow cable is 2500 meters and 185 meters when using coaxial
cable. The switch with its per port per collision domain can extend the distance like
a bridge does. And what’s more, when operating in full-duplex mode, the distance
can reach farther than half duplex because it is not limited by the maximum
propagation delay time (512 bits time). If fiber media is applied, the distance can be
up to tens of kilometers.
Traffic Aggregation:
Traffic aggregation is to aggregate the bandwidth of more than one port and
treat it as a single port in the LAN. This single port possesses the features of a
normal port but loading balance. This is a great feature for the port needing more
bandwidth but cannot afford paying much cost for high bandwidth port.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
36
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Fig. 3-6
How does a switch operate?
A Layer 2 switch uses some features of the Data Link layer in OSI model to
forward the packet to the destination port(s). Here we introduce some important
features of a switch and how they work.
MAC address table
When a packet is received on a port of switch, the switch first checks if the
packet good or bad and extracts the source MAC address (SA) and destination
MAC address (DA) to find 1) if SA is existed in the MAC address table, if no, puts it
in the MAC address table, if yes, 2) looks up DA and its associated port to which the
traffic is forwarded. If DA does not exist, have the packet broadcasted.
Due to the size of the MAC address limited, MAC address aging function is
applied. When the MAC address has resided and keeps no update in the table for a
long time, this means the traffic using that entry has yet come for a while. If this time
period is more than the aging time, the entry will be marked invalid. The vacancy is
now available for other new MAC.
Both learning and forwarding are the most important functions in a switch.
Besides that, VLAN can be one of the rules to forward the packet. There are ingress
rule and egress rule applied. The ingress rule is used to filter the incoming packet
by VLAN ID and so on and to decide whether the packet is allowed to enter the
switch or not. The egress rule is used to forward the packet to the proper port.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
37
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Mac address aging
There is a field in MAC address table used to put the entry’s Age time which
determines how long a MAC entry can reside in a switch. The age time is refreshed
when a packet with that SA. Usually, the age time is programmable.
Transmission schedule
In most layer 2 switches, the QoS is supported. QoS in a switch must
associate a transmission schedule to transmit the packet. This function is much to
do with the priority level a packet has. With the given priority, the scheduler will do
the proper action on it. The scheduler has many ways to implement, and different
chips may support different schedule algorithms. Most common schedulers are:
FCFS: First Come First Service.
Strictly Priority: All High before Low.
Weighted Round Robin:
Set a weight figure to the packet with a priority level, say 5-7, and next, set
another weight to the packet with a priority level, say 2-4 and so on. The WRR will
transmit the packet with the weight. So the packet of each priority level can be
allocated a fixed bandwidth.
Bandwidth rating
Bandwidth rating is the limitation set by administrator, and it can be applied
to those with SLA. Bandwidth rating can be total bandwidth, types of service of a
port with many steps. The switch supports by-port Ingress and Egress total
bandwidth rate control capacity. The bandwidth rate resolution is 0.1 Mbps
(100Kbps) and ranges from 0 to 100Mbps.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
38
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
3-5. Virtual LAN
What is a VLAN?
It is a subset of a LAN. Before we discuss VLAN, we must understand what
LAN is. In general, a LAN is composed of different physical network segments
bridged by switches or bridges which attach to end stations in the same broadcast
domain. The traffic can reach any station on the same LAN. Beyond this domain,
the traffic cannot go without router’s help. This also implies that a LAN is limited. If
you need to communicate with the station outside the LAN, a router is needed
which always lies on the edge of the LAN.
For a layer 2 VLAN, it assumes it is a logical subset of a physical LAN
separated by specific rules such as tag, port, MAC address and so on. In other
words, they can communicate with each other between separated small physical
LANs within a LAN but can not be between any two separated logical LANs.
Fig. 3-7
In the figure above, all stations are within the same broadcast domain. For
these stations, it is obviously that the traffic is getting congested while adding more
stations on it. With the more and more users joining the LAN, broadcast traffic will
rapidly decrease the performance of the network. Finally, the network may get down.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
39
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Fig. 3-8
Now we apply VLAN technology to configure the system shown as the figure
above. We can partition the users into the different logical networks which have their
own broadcast domain. The traffic will not disturb among these logical networks.
The users 1x (x denotes a ~ d) are members of VLAN 1. Any traffic within VLAN 1
does not flow to VLAN 2 and others. This helps us configure the network easily
according to the criteria needed, for example, financial, accounting, R&D and
whatever you think it necessary. You can also easily move a user to a different
location or join a new user somewhere in the building to VLAN. Without VLAN, it is
very hard to do. Basically, VLAN can afford offering at least 3 benefits: move and
change users, reduce broadcast traffic and increase performance, Security.
Besides, VLAN can highly reduce the traffic congestion and increase total
performance because there are no more too many users in the same broadcast
domain.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
40
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
There are many types of VLAN applied. Most popular is port-based VLAN,
tag-based VLAN and protocol-based VLAN.
‚ Port-based VLAN
Some physical ports are configured as members of a VLAN. All stations
attached on these ports can communicate with each other.
‚ Tag-based VLAN
It identifies the membership by VLAN ID, no matter where the packet
comes from. It is also referred to as 802.1Q VLAN.
‚ Protocol-based VLAN
It identifies the VLAN membership by layer 3 protocol types, for example
IPX, Appletalk, IP, etc.
Other VLAN technologies not mentioned above are MAC-based VLAN, IP-
based VLAN and so on.
Terminology
Tagged Frame:
A frame, carrying a tag field following the source MAC address, is four bytes
long and contains VLAN protocol ID and tag control information composed of user
priority, Canonical Format Indicator (CFI) and optional VLAN identifier (VID).
Normally, the maximal length of a tagged frame is 1522 bytes.
802.1Q VLAN-tagged Ethernet frame
6
6
2
2
2
VLAN Protocol Tag Control Length
DA SA
ID
Information
/Type
VLAN Protocol ID =
0x8100
User Priority
CFI
VLAN identifier
Fig.3-9 Tag Format
VLAN Protocol ID: 8100 is reserved for VLAN-tagged frame.
User Priority: 3 bits long. User priority is defined to 7 – 0. 0 is the lowest
priority.
CFI: Canonical Format Indicator. 1 bit long. It is used to encapsulate a
token ring packet to let it travel across the Ethernet. Usually, it is
set to 0.
VLAN ID: 12 bits long. 0 means no VLAN ID is present. 1 means default VLAN,
4095 reserved.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
41
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
VLAN-tagged frame:
An Ethernet frame, carrying VLAN tag field, contains VLAN identification
without the value of 0 and 4095, and priority information.
Priority-tagged frame:
An Ethernet frame, carrying VLAN tag field, contains VLAN identification with
the value of 0 and priority information.
Untagged frame:
An Ethernet frame carries no VLAN tag information.
VLAN Identifier:
Also referred to as VID. It is used to identify a member whether it belongs to
the VLAN group with the VID. The assignable number is 1- 4094. If VID=0, the
tagged frame is a priority packet. Both the value of 0 and 4095 also cannot be
assigned in VLAN management.
Port VLAN Identifier:
VLAN identifier of a port. It also can be referred to as PVID. When an
untagged frame or a priority-tagged frame is received, the frame will be inserted the
PVID of that port in the VLAN tag field. The frame with VID assigned by a port is
called PVID. Each port can only be assigned a PVID. The default value for PVID is
1, the same as VID.
Ingress filtering:
The process to check a received packet and compare its VID to the VLAN
membership of the ingress port. The ingress filtering can be set by per port. When
receiving a packet, VLAN bridge examines if the VID in the frame’s header presents.
If the VID of the received packet presents, the VID of the packet is used. And
VLAN bridge will check its MAC address table to see if the destination ports are
members of the same VLAN. If both are members of the tagged VLAN, then the
packet will be forwarded.
If the packet is an untagged or a null tag packet, the ingress port’s PVID is
applied to the packet. VLAN bridge will then look up the MAC address table and
determine to which ports the packet should be forwarded. Next, it will check to see if
the destination ports belong to the same VLAN with that PVID. If the destination
ports are members of the VLAN used by ingress port, the packet will be forwarded.
Note: VID can not be 0 or 4095.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
42
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Ingress Rule:
Each packet received by a VLAN-aware bridge will be classified to a VLAN.
The classification rule is described as follows.
1. If the VID of the packet is null VID (VID=0)or this packet is an untagged packet:
a. If there are still some other ways(e.g. protocol, MAC address, application,
IP-subnet, etc.) to classify the incoming packets beside port-based
classification in implement and these approaches can offer non-zero VID,
then, use the value of VID offered by other classifications for VLAN’s
classification.
b. If there is only port-based classification in implement or other classification
approaches cannot offer non-zero VID for the incoming packets, then
assign the PVID to the incoming packets as VID for the classification of
the VLAN group.
2. If the VID is not a null VID (VID≠0), then use the value to classify the VLAN group.
Egress Rule:
An egress list is used to make the tagging and forwarding decision on an
outgoing port. It specifies the VLANs whose packets can be transmitted out and
specifies if the packet should be tagged or not. It can be configured for port’s VLAN
membership, and tagged or untagged for a transmitted packet. When a packet is
transmitted out, the VLAN bridge checks the port’s egress list. If the VLAN of the
packet is on the egress list of the port on which the packet transmits out, the packet
will be transmitted with the priority accordingly. If enabled, an egress port will
transmit out a tagged packet if the port is connected to a 802.1Q-compliant device.
If an egress port is connected to a non-802.1Q device or an end station, VLAN
bridge must transmit out an untagged packet, i.e. the tag has been stripped off in an
egress port. Egress rule can be set by per port.
Independent VLAN Learning (IVL):
It specifies the mode how to learn MAC address. For a specified VLAN, it will
use an independent filtering database (FID) to learn or look up the membership
information of the VLAN and decide where to go.
Shared VLAN Learning (SVL):
It specifies the mode how to learn MAC address. In this mode, some VLAN
or all VLANs use the same filtering database storing the membership information of
the VLAN to learn or look up the membership information of the VLAN. In 24-Port
GbE Web Smart Switch, you can choose a VID for sharing filtering database in
Shared VID field if you wish to use the existed filtering database. For a specified
VLAN, when a MAC address is learned by a switch, VLAN will use this formation to
make forwarding decision.
Filtering Database:
Referred to as FID. It can provide the information where the packet will be
sent to. Filtering database will supply the outgoing port according to the request
from forwarding process with VID and DA. When a packet is received, if it has a
non-zero VID, then FID will offer the associated outgoing ports information to the
packet.
In SVL, VLANs use the same Filtering Database. In IVL, VLANs use different
FIDs. Any VID can be assigned to the same FID by administrator.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
43
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
How does a Tagged VLAN work?
If the ingress filtering is enabled and when a packet is received, VLAN bridge
will first check if the VID of the packet presents.
1). If the packet has a non-zero VID, VLAN bridge will apply this VID as the VLAN
ID of the packet in the network.
2). For a packet with null tag or no VLAN tag, if VLAN bridge provides rules to
decide its VID, then apply this VID to the packet.
If VLAN bridge does not support any rule for VID, then apply the PVID of the
port to the packet which came from that port. VLAN bridge checks to see if the
ingress port and the received packet are on the same VLAN. If not, drops it. If yes,
forwards it to the associated ports. Meanwhile, this VLAN must be applied to the
egress port, or the packet will be dropped.
If ingress filtering is disabled, VLAN bridge will only check the MAC address
table to see if the destination VLAN exists. If VLAN does not exist, then drop the
packet, and if both DA and VLAN do not exist, forwards the packet. If just knows
VLAN existed, then floods the packet to all the ports the VLAN covers.
If we plan to deploy four VLANs in an office and use a switch to partition
them, we should check which ports belong to which VLAN first. Assuming a 24-port
switch is applied.
Name
Marketing
Service
VID
2
3
Port Members
1,2,3,4,5
6,7,20,21,22
Sales
Administration
4
1
8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16
17,18,19,23,24
Table 3-6
Next, assigns IP address to each VLAN. Usually, we use 10.x.x.x as internal
IP block. Because there are total four VLANs in the network, we must assign 4 IP
blocks to each of them.
Name
Marketing
VID
2
Network Address
10.1.2.0/24
Service
3
10.1.3.0/24
Sales
4
10.1.4.0/24
Administration
1
10.1.1.0/24
Table 3-7
Here we apply the subnet mask 255.255.255, and each VLAN is capable of
supporting 254 nodes.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
44
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
3-6. Link Aggregation
Basically, Link Aggregation is to aggregate the bandwidth of more than one
port to an assigned logical link. This highly increases total bandwidth to the targeted
device. There is more than one Link Aggregation technology in many vendors’
switch products already, which may cause the problem of interoperability. This is the
reason why now we have 802.3ad Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP).
Why 802.3ad (LACP)?
Network is varying. For example, if a port malfunctioned or unplugged
accidentally in a static trunk port, administrator has to reconfigure it, or the network
will get trouble. Therefore, offering a tool with automatic recovery capability is
necessary for an administrator. LACP is a protocol that allows a switch able to know
whether its partner has the capability to co-setup a trunk between them.
Usually, if administrator wishes to increase the bandwidth of a specific link,
he may:
1. Buy new network equipments with higher throughput, or
2. Aggregate the bandwidth of more than one port to a logical link.
If the item 1 is the case, you will pay much more cost beyond your budget,
and the solution caused by the limitation of hardware performance may not be
scalable.
If the item 2 is the case, now you do not have to pay much more extra cost
and can keep flexible according to the demand of bandwidth because all
equipments are there already. And what’s more, you can avoid worrying about the
interoperability issue. Applying LACP in your network, you will not only gain benefits
below to improve the performance of your network but also have these investments
usable to future new products.
1. Public standardized specification
2. No interoperability issue
3. No change to IEEE 802.3 frame format, no change in software and
management.
4. Increased bandwidth and availability
5. Load sharing and redundancy
6. Automatic configuration
7. Rapid configuration and reconfiguration
8. Deterministic behavior
9. Low risk of duplication or mis-ordering
10. Support existing IEEE 802.3 MAC Clients
11. Backwards compatibility with aggregation-unaware devices
There are also some constraints when applying LACP.
1. LACP does not support inter-switch bandwidth aggregation.
2. The ports aggregated must operate in full-duplex mode.
3. The ports in the same Link Aggregation Group must have the same
speed, for example, all with 100Mbps or all 1000Mbps. You cannot
aggregate a 1000Mbps and two 100Mbps for a 1.2Gbps trunk port.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
45
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Terminology
Link Aggregation:
It is a method to have multiple physical links with the same media and speed
bundled to be a logical link forming a Link Aggregation Group with a group ID. With
the viewpoint of MAC client, each Link Aggregation Group is an independent link.
There are three cases of link used in the network, which are switch to switch,
switch to station and station to station. Here station may be a host or a router.
Link Aggregation, called port trunking sometimes, has two types of link
configuration, including static port trunk and dynamic port trunk.
‚ Static Port Trunk:
When physical links are changed, administrator needs to manually
configure the switches one by one.
‚ Dynamic Port Trunk:
When physical links are changed, LACP takes over and automatically
reconfigure. Administrator does not have to do anything and may see the
trap message of LACP changed in NMS.
Fig. 3-10 Example of Link Aggregation Application
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
46
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4. Operation of
Web-based Management
This chapter instructs you how to configure and manage the 24-Port GbE
Web Smart Switch through the web user interface it supports, to access and
manage 20 10/100/1000Mbps TP Port and 4 Gigabit TP/SFP Fiber dual media port.
The switch provides 20 fixed Gigabit Ethernet TP ports and four optional Gigabit
dual media ports supporting either fiber or TP media. With this facility, you can
easily access and monitor through any one port of the switch all the status of the
switch, including MIBs status, each port activity, multicast traffic, and so on.
The default values of 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch are listed in the table
below:
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Default Gateway
Password
192.168.1.1
255.255.255.0
192.168.1.254
admin
Table 4-1
After the 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch has been finished configuration,
you can browse it by using the IP address you set up. For instance, type
http://192.168.1.1 in the address row in a browser, it will show the following screen
(see Fig.4-1) and ask you inputting password in order to login and access
authentication. The default password is “admin”. For the first time to use, please
enter the default password, then click the <Apply> button. The login process now is
completed.
In the switch, it supports a simple user management function allowing only
one administrator to configure the system at the same time.
To optimize the display effect, we recommend you use Microsoft IE and have
the resolution 1024x768.
Here is the whole function tree with web user interface and we will travel it
through this chapter.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
47
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Fig. 4-1
4-1. Web Management Home Overview
After you login, the switch shows you the system status information as
Fig. 4-2. This page is default and tells you the basic information of the system,
including “Switch Status”, “TP Port Status”, “Fiber Port Status”, “Aggregation”,
“VLAN”, “Mirror”, “SNMP”, and “Maximum Packet Length”. With this information, you
will know the software version used, MAC address, how many ports good and so on.
This is helpful while malfunctioning. For more details, please refer to Section 4-4-1.
Fig. 4-2
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
48
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
• The Information of Page Layout
⎯
On the top side, it shows the front panel of the switch. In the front panel, the
linked ports will display green; as to the ports, which are link off, they will be
dark. For the optional modules, the slot will show only a cover plate if no module
exists and will show a module if a module is present. The image of module
depends on the one you inserted. The same, if disconnected, the port will show
just dark, if linked, green.
⎯
On the left side, the main menu tree for web is listed in the page. According to
the function name in boldface, all functions can be divided into three parts,
including “Configuration”, “Monitoring” and “Maintenance”. The functions of each
folder are described in its corresponded section respectively. As to the function
names in normal type are the sub-functions. When clicking it, the function is
performed. The following list is the main function tree for web user interface.
Root
Configuration
Monitoring
Maintenance
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
49
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-2. Configuration
Fifteen functions, including System Configuration, Ports Configuration, VLAN
Mode Configuration, VLAN Group Configuration, Aggregation, LACP, RSTP, 802.1X,
IGMP Snooping, Mirror, QoS, Filter, Rate Limit, Storm Control and SNMP are contained in
this function folder for system and network management. Each of them will be
described in detail orderly in the following sections.
Configuration
System Configuration
Ports Configuration
VLAN Mode Configuration
VLAN Group Configuration
Aggregation
LACP
RSTP
802.1X
IGMP Snooping
Mirror
QoS
Filter
Rate Limit
Storm Control
SNMP
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
50
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-2-1. System Configuration
System configuration is one of the most important configurations in the
switch. Without the proper setting, network manager will not be able to manage or
view the device. The switch supports manual IP address setting.
Fig. 4-3
Function name:
System Configuration
Function description:
Show system description, firmware version, hardware version, MAC address,
serial number, active IP address, active subnet mask, active gateway, DHCP
server and Lease time left.
Set device name, DHCP enable, fallback IP address, fallback subnet mask,
fallback gateway, management VLAN, password and inactivity timeout.
Parameter description:
System Description:
The simple description of this switch.
Firmware Version:
The firmware version of this switch.
Hardware Version:
The hardware version of this switch.
MAC Address:
It is the Ethernet MAC address of the management agent in this switch.
Serial Number:
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
51
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
The serial number is assigned by the manufacturer.
Active IP Address:
Show the active IP address of this switch.
Active Subnet Mask:
Show the active subnet mask of this switch.
Active Gateway:
Show the active gateway of this switch.
DHCP Server:
Show the IP address of the DHCP server.
Default: 0.0.0.0
Lease Time Left:
Show the lease time left of DHCP client.
Device Name:
Set a special name for this switch. Up to 16 characters are allowed in
this parameter. Any alphanumeric character and null are acceptable.
Default: Giga Switch
DHCP Enabled:
Enable DHCP snooping, Just tick the check box (ꢁ) to enable it.
Default: disable
Fallback IP Address:
Users can configure the IP settings and fill in new values. Then, click
<Apply> button to update.
Default: 192.168.1.1
Fallback Subnet Mask:
Subnet mask is made for the purpose to get more network address
because any IP device in a network must own its IP address, composed
of Network address and Host address, otherwise can’t communicate with
other devices each other. But unfortunately, the network classes A, B,
and C are all too large to fit for almost all networks, hence, subnet mask
is introduced to solve this problem. Subnet mask uses some bits from
host address and makes an IP address looked Network address, Subnet
mask number and host address. It is shown in the following figure. This
reduces the total IP number of a network able to support, by the amount
of 2 power of the bit number of subnet number (2^(bit number of subnet
number)).
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
52
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
32 bits
Host ID
Network ID
Network ID
Host ID
Subnet number
Subnet mask is used to set the subnet mask value, which should be the
same value as that of the other devices resided in the same network it
attaches.
For more information, please also see the Section 2-1-4 “IP Address
Assignment” in this manual.
Default: 255.255.255.0
Fallback Gateway:
Set an IP address for a gateway to handle those packets that do not
meet the routing rules predefined in the device. If a packet does not meet
the criteria for other pre-defined path, it must be forwarded to a default
router on a default path. This means any packet with undefined IP
address in the routing table will be sent to this device unconditionally.
Default: 192.168.1.254
Management VLAN:
Show the management VLAN number.
Password:
Set a password for this switch. Up to 16 characters are allowed in this
parameter. Any alphanumeric character is acceptable.
Default: admin
Inactivity Timeout(secs):
Set the auto-logout timer. The valid value is 0 ~ 60 in the unit of minute
and a decimal point is not allowed. The value 0 means auto-logout timer
is disabled.
Default: 0
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
53
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-2-2. Ports Configuration
Function name:
Ports Configuration
Function description:
Ports Configuration is applied to change the setting of each port. In this
configuration function, you can set/reset the following parameters, Mode and
Flow Control. All of them are described in detail below.
Parameter description:
Enable Jumbo Frames:
This function support jumbo frames of up to 9600 bytes, Just tick the
check box (ꢁ) to enable it.
Default: disable
Link:
Show link status of this port.
Mode:
Set the speed and duplex of the port. If the media is 1Gbps fiber, there
are three modes to choose: Auto Speed, 1000 Full and Disable. If the
media is TP, the Speed/Duplex is comprised of the combination of speed
mode, 10/100/1000Mbps, and duplex mode, full duplex and half duplex.
The following table summarized the function the media supports.
Media type
NWay
Speed
Duplex
1000M TP
1000M Fiber ON/OFF
ON/OFF
10/100/1000M
1000M
Full for all, Half for 10/100
Full
In Auto Speed mode, no default value. In Forced mode, default value
depends on your setting.
Flow Control:
You can Just tick the check box (ꢁ) to enable flow control. If flow control
is set Enable, both parties can send PAUSE frame to the transmitting
device(s) if the receiving port is too busy to handle. When it is set
Disable, there will be no flow control in the port. It drops the packet if too
much to handle.
Default: Disable
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
54
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Fig. 4-4 Port Configuration
4-2-3. VLAN Mode Configuration
The switch supports Port-based VLAN and Tag-based VLAN (802.1q).
Support 24 active VLANs and VLAN ID 1~4094. VLAN configuration is used to
partition your LAN into small ones as your demand. Properly configuring it, you can
gain not only improving security and increasing performance but greatly reducing
VLAN management.
Function name:
VLAN Mode Setting
Function description:
The VLAN Mode Selection function includes four modes: Port-based, Tag-
based, Metro mode or Disable, you can choose one of them by pulling down
list and pressing the <Downward> arrow key. Then, click <Apply> button, the
settings will take affect immediately.
Parameter description:
VLAN Mode:
Port-based:
Port-based VLAN is defined by port. Any packet coming in or
outgoing from any one port of a port-based VLAN will be accepted.
No filtering criterion applies in port-based VLAN. The only criterion
is the physical port you connect to. For example, for a port-based
VLAN named PVLAN-1 contains port members Port 1&2&3&4. If
you are on the port 1, you can communicate with port 2&3&4. If you
are on the port 5, then you cannot talk to them. Each port-based
VLAN you built up must be assigned a group name. This switch can
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
55
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
support up to maximal 24 port-based VLAN groups.
Tag-based:
Tag-based VLAN identifies its member by VID. This is quite
different from port-based VLAN. If there are any more rules in
ingress filtering list or egress filtering list, the packet will be
screened with more filtering criteria to determine if it can be
forwarded. The switch supports supplement of 802.1q. For more
details, please see the section VLAN in Chapter 3.
Each tag-based VLAN you built up must be assigned VLAN name
and VLAN ID. Valid VLAN ID is 1-4094. User can create total up to
24 Tag VLAN groups.
Double-tag:
Double-tag mode belongs to the tag-based mode, however, it would
treat all frames as the untagged ones, which means that tag with
PVID will be added into all packets. Then, these packets will be
forwarded as Tag-based VLAN. So, the incoming packets with tag
will become the double-tag ones.
Metro Mode:
The Metro Mode is a quick configuration VLAN environment
method on Port-based VLAN. It will create 21, 22, 23 or 24 Port-
based VLAN groups.
Fig. 4-5 Select VLAN Mode
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
56
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Fig. 4-6 Metro mode
4-2-4. VLAN Group Configuration
Function name:
VLAN Group Configuration
Function description:
It shows the existed information of VLAN Groups List and maintains them, i.e.
modify and delete one of them. User also can add a new VLAN group by
inputting a new VLAN name and VLAN ID.
If you are in port-based VLAN, it will just show the ID、Member of the existed
port-based VLAN group. If you are in tag-based VLAN, it will show the ID、
VID、Member of the existed tag-based VLAN group. The switch can store the
configuration of port-based VLAN and tag-based VLAN separately. When you
choose one of VLAN mode, the switch will bring you the responded VLAN
configuration which keeps the default data. You can easily create and delete a
VLAN group by pressing <Add> and <Delete> function buttons, or click the
Group ID directly to edit it.
Parameter description:
ID (Group ID):
When you want to edit a VLAN group, you must select the Group ID field.
Then, you will enter Tag Base VLAN Group Setting or Port Base VLAN
Group Setting page, which depends on your VLAN mode selection.
VID:
VLAN identifier. Each tag-based VLAN group has a unique VID. It
appears only in tag-based mode.
Member:
In modify function this is used to enable or disable if a port is a member
of the new added VLAN, “Enable” means it is a member of the VLAN.
Just tick the check box (ꢁ) beside the port x to enable it.
Fig. 4-7 Port-Based VLAN Configuration
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
57
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Add Group:
Create a new port-based VLAN or tag-based VLAN, which depends on
the VLAN mode you choose in VLAN mode function.
Fig. 4-8 Add or Remove VLAN Member
Delete Group:
Just tick the check box (ꢁ) beside the ID, then press the <Delete>
button to delete the group.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
58
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Fig. 4-9 Port-Based VLAN Configuration
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
59
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-2-5. Aggregation
The Aggregation (Port Trunking) Configuration is used to configure the
settings of Link Aggregation. You can bundle more than one port with the same
speed, full duplex and the same MAC to be a single logical port, thus the logical port
aggregates the bandwidth of these ports. This means you can apply your current
Ethernet equipments to build the bandwidth aggregation. For example, if there are
three Fast Ethernet ports aggregated in a logical port, then this logical port has
bandwidth three times as high as a single Fast Ethernet port has.
Function name:
Aggregation Configuration
Function description:
Display the current setup of Aggregation Trunking. With this function, user is
allowed to add a new trunking group or modify the members of an existed
trunking group.
Parameter description:
Normal:
Set up the ports that do not join any aggregation trunking group.
Group 1~8:
Group the ports you choose together. Up to 12 ports can be selected for
each group.
Fig. 4-10 Aggregation/Trunking Configuration
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
60
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-2-6. LACP
The switch supports the link aggregation IEEE802.3ad standard. This
standard describes the Link Aggregate Control Protocol (LACP), which is a protocol
that dynamically creates and manages trunk groups.
When you enable LACP link aggregation on a port, the port can automatically
negotiate with the ports at the remote end of a link to establish trunk groups. LACP
also allows port redundancy, that is, if an operational port fails, then one of the
“standby” ports become operational without user intervention.
Function name:
LACP Port Configuration
Function description:
Enable or disable LACP protocol, user is allowed to set the aggregation key
value.
Parameter description:
Protocol Enabled:
Just tick the check box (ꢁ) to enable LACP protocol then press the
<Apply> button to apply.
Key Value:
It’s key for an aggregation. This must be an integer value between 1 and
255 or auto select by switch.
Fig. 4-11 LACP Port Configuration
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
61
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-2-7. RSTP
RSTP detects and breaks network loops and provides backup links between
switches, bridges or routers. It allows a switch to interact with other RSTP –
compliant switches in your network to ensure that only one path exists between any
two stations on the network.
The switch allows you to create multiple STP configurations and assign ports
to a specific tree.
Function name:
RSTP System Configuration
Function description:
This screen is used to display the RSTP system configuration and set the
need of parameters.
Parameter description:
System Priority:
System priority is used in determining the root switch, root port and
designated port. The switch with the highest priority (lowest numeric
value) becomes the STP root switch. If all switches have the same
priority, the switch with the lowest MAC address will then become the
root switch. Select a vale from the drop-down list box.
The lower the numeric value you assign, the higher the priority for this
system.
Default: 32768
Hello Time:
This is the time interval in seconds between BPDU configuration
message generations by the root switch. The allowed range is 1 to 10
seconds.
Default: 2
Max Age:
This is the maximum time a switch can wait without receiving a BPDU
before attempting to reconfigure. The allowed range is 6 to 40 seconds.
Default: 20
Forward Delay:
This is the maximum time (in seconds) a switch will wait before changing
states. The general rule: 2 * (Forward Delay – 1) >= Max Age >= 2 *
(Hello Time + 1)
Default: 15
Force version:
Select RSTP or STP protocol from the drop-down list box.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
62
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Function name:
RSTP Port Configuration
Function description:
Enable or disable RSTP protocol on the port which being selected and set
path cost.
Parameter description:
Protocol Enabled:
Just tick the check box (ꢁ) beside the port x to enable RSTP protocol,
then press the <Apply> button to apply.
Edge:
Just tick the check box (ꢁ) beside the port x to enable edge function.
Path Cost:
Path cost is the cost of transmitting a frame on to a LAN through that port.
It is assigned according to the speed of the bridge. The slower the media,
the higher the cost, user can select auto or set the rage from 1 to
200000000.
---------------- continue -----------------
Fig. 4-12 RSTP Configuration
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
63
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-2-8. 802.1X
802.1x port-based network access control provides a method to restrict users
to access network resources via authenticating user’s information. This restricts
users from gaining access to the network resources through a 802.1x-enabled port
without authentication. If a user wishes to touch the network through a port under
802.1x control, he (she) must firstly input his (her) account name for authentication
and waits for gaining authorization before sending or receiving any packets from a
802.1x-enabled port.
Before the devices or end stations can access the network resources through
the ports under 802.1x control, the devices or end stations connected to a controlled
port send the authentication request to the authenticator, the authenticator pass the
request to the authentication server to authenticate and verify, and the server tell
the authenticator if the request get the grant of authorization for the ports.
According to IEEE802.1x, there are three components implemented. They
are Authenticator, Supplicant and Authentication server shown in Fig. 4-13.
Supplicant:
It is an entity being authenticated by an authenticator. It is used to
communicate with the Authenticator PAE (Port Access Entity) by
exchanging the authentication message when the Authenticator PAE
request to it.
Authenticator:
An entity facilitates the authentication of the supplicant entity. It controls
the state of the port, authorized or unauthorized, according to the result
of authentication message exchanged between it and a supplicant PAE.
The authenticator may request the supplicant to re-authenticate itself at a
configured time period. Once start re-authenticating the supplicant, the
controlled port keeps in the authorized state until re-authentication fails.
A port acting as an authenticator is thought to be two logical ports, a
controlled port and an uncontrolled port. A controlled port can only pass
the packets when the authenticator PAE is authorized, and otherwise, an
uncontrolled port will unconditionally pass the packets with PAE group
MAC address, which has the value of 01-80-c2-00-00-03 and will not be
forwarded by MAC bridge, at any time.
Authentication server:
A device provides authentication service, through EAP, to an
authenticator by using authentication credentials supplied by the
supplicant to determine if the supplicant is authorized to access the
network resource.
The overview of operation flow for the Fig. 4-13 is quite simple. When
Supplicant PAE issues a request to Authenticator PAE, Authenticator and
Supplicant exchanges authentication message. Then, Authenticator
passes the request to RADIUS server to verify. Finally, RADIUS server
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
64
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
replies if the request is granted or denied.
While in the authentication process, the message packets, encapsulated
by Extensible Authentication Protocol over LAN (EAPOL), are exchanged
between an authenticator PAE and a supplicant PAE. The Authenticator
exchanges the message to authentication server using EAP
encapsulation. Before successfully authenticating, the supplicant can
only touch the authenticator to perform authentication message
exchange or access the network from the uncontrolled port.
Fig. 4-13
In the Fig. 4-14, this is the typical configuration, a single supplicant, an
authenticator and an authentication server. B and C is in the internal network, D is
Authentication server running RADIUS, switch at the central location acts
Authenticator connecting to PC A and A is a PC outside the controlled port, running
Supplicant PAE. In this case, PC A wants to access the services on device B and C,
first, it must exchange the authentication message with the authenticator on the port
it connected via EAPOL packet. The authenticator transfers the supplicant’s
credentials to Authentication server for verification. If success, the authentication
server will notice the authenticator the grant. PC A, then, is allowed to access B and
C via the switch. If there are two switches directly connected together instead of
single one, for the link connecting two switches, it may have to act two port roles at
the end of the link: authenticator and supplicant, because the traffic is bi-directional.
D
Fig. 4-14
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
65
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
The Fig. 4-15 shows the procedure of 802.1x authentication. There are steps
for the login based on 802.1x port access control management. The protocol used
in the right side is EAPOL and the left side is EAP.
1.
2.
At the initial stage, the supplicant A is unauthenticated and a port
on switch acting as an authenticator is in unauthorized state. So the
access is blocked in this stage.
Initiating a session. Either authenticator or supplicant can initiate
the message exchange. If supplicant initiates the process, it sends
EAPOL-start packet to the authenticator PAE and authenticator will
immediately respond EAP-Request/Identity packet.
3.
4.
5.
The authenticator always periodically sends EAP-Request/Identity
to the supplicant for requesting the identity it wants to be
authenticated.
If the authenticator doesn’t send EAP-Request/Identity, the
supplicant will initiate EAPOL-Start the process by sending to the
authenticator.
And next, the Supplicant replies an EAP-Response/Identity to the
authenticator. The authenticator will embed the user ID into Radius-
Access-Request command and send it to the authentication server
for confirming its identity.
6.
7.
After receiving the Radius-Access-Request, the authentication
server sends Radius-Access-Challenge to the supplicant for asking
for inputting user password via the authenticator PAE.
The supplicant will convert user password into the credential
information, perhaps, in MD5 format and replies an EAP-Response
with this credential information as well as the specified
authentication algorithm (MD5 or OTP) to Authentication server via
the authenticator PAE. As per the value of the type field in message
PDU, the authentication server knows which algorithm should be
applied to authenticate the credential information, EAP-MD5
(Message Digest 5) or EAP-OTP (One Time Password) or other
else algorithm.
8.
9.
If user ID and password is correct, the authentication server will
send a Radius-Access-Accept to the authenticator. If not correct,
the authentication server will send a Radius-Access-Reject.
When the authenticator PAE receives a Radius-Access-Accept, it
will send an EAP-Success to the supplicant. At this time, the
supplicant is authorized and the port connected to the supplicant
and under 802.1x control is in the authorized state. The supplicant
and other devices connected to this port can access the network. If
the authenticator receives a Radius-Access-Reject, it will send an
EAP-Failure to the supplicant. This means the supplicant is failed to
authenticate. The port it connected is in the unauthorized state, the
supplicant and the devices connected to this port won’t be allowed
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
66
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
to access the network.
10. When the supplicant issue an EAP-Logoff message to
Authentication server, the port you are using is set to be
unauthorized.
Fig. 4-15
The 802.1X “Enabled” is the type of authentication supported in the switch. In
this mode, for the devices connected to this port, once a supplicant is authorized,
the devices connected to this port can access the network resource through this
port.
802.1x Port-based Network Access Control function supported by the switch
is little bit complex, for it just support basic “Enabled” mode, which can distinguish
the device’s MAC address and its VID. The following table is the summary of the
combination of the authentication status and the port status versus the status of port
mode, set in 802.1x Port mode, port control state, set in 802.1x port setting. Here
Entry Authorized means MAC entry is authorized.
Port Mode
Port Control
Don’t Care
Auto
Auto
ForceUnauthorized Don’t Care
ForceAuthorized Don’t Care
Authentication
Port Status
Disable
Enabled
Enabled
Enabled
Enabled
Don’t Care
Successful
Failure
Port Uncontrolled
Port Authorized
Port Unauthorized
Port Unauthorized
Port Authorized
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
67
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Function name:
802.1X Configuration
Function description:
This function is used to configure the global parameters for RADIUS
authentication in 802.1x port security application.Parameter description:
Mode:
Enable or disable 802.1X function.
RADIUS IP:
RADIUS server IP address for authentication.
Default: 0.0.0.0
RADIUS UDP Port:
The port number to communicate with RADIUS server for the
authentication service. The valid value ranges 1-65535.
Default port number is 1812.
RADIUS Secret:
The secret key between authentication server and authenticator. It is a
string with the length 1 – 15 characters. The character string may contain
upper case, lower case and 0-9. It is character sense. It is not allowed for
putting a blank between any two characters.
Default: None
Admin State:
This is used to set the operation mode of authorization. There are three
type of operation mode supported, Force Unauthorized, Force
Authorized, Auto.
y Force Unauthorized:
The controlled port is forced to hold in the unauthorized state.
y Force Authorized:
The controlled port is forced to hold in the authorized state.
y Auto:
The controlled port is set to be in authorized state or unauthorized
state depends on the result of the authentication exchange between
the authentication server and the supplicant.
Default: Force Authorized
Port State:
Show the port status of authorization.
Re-authenticate:
Specify if subscriber has to periodically re-enter his or her username and
password to stay connected to the port.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
68
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Re-authenticate All:
Re-authenticate for all ports in at once.
Force Reinitialize:
Force the subscriber has to reinitialize connected to the port.
Force Reinitialize All:
Force Reinitialize for all ports in at once.
---------------- continue -----------------
Fig. 4-16 802.1X Configuration
Statistics:
Choose the port which you want to show of 802.1X statistics, the screen
include Authenticator counters, backend Authenticator counters, dot1x
MIB counters and Other statistics.
Press the <Refresh> button will fresh the screen and see the newer
counters.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
69
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Fig. 4-17 802.1X Statistics
Function name:
802.1x Parameters
Function description:
In here, user can enable or disable Reauthentication function and specify how
often a client has to re-enter his or her username and password to stay
connected to the port.
Parameter description:
Reauthentication Enabled:
Choose whether regular authentication will take place in this port.
Default: disable
Reauthentication Period (1-65535 s):
A non-zero number seconds between the periodic re-authentication of
the supplicant.
Default: 3600
EAP timeout ((1-255 s):
A timeout condition in the exchange between the authenticator and the
supplicant. The valid range: 1 –255.
Default: 30 seconds
Fig. 4-18 802.1X Parameters
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
70
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-2-9 IGMP Snooping
Function name:
IGMP Snooping Configuration
Function description:
IGMP snooping enable group multicast traffic to be only forwarded to ports
that are members of that group; thus allowing you to significantly reduce
multicast traffic passing through the switch. All the functions should press
<Apply> button to start up after you tick the check box.
Parameter description:
IGMP Enabled:
Just tick the check box (ꢁ) to enable this function.
Default: disable
Router Ports:
Just tick the check box (ꢁ) beside the port x to enable router ports, then
press the <Apply> button to start up.
Default: none
Unregistered IGMP Flooding enabled:
Just tick the check box (ꢁ) to enable this function.
Default: enable
VLAN ID:
At the IGMP Enable mode being selected, it will list the VLAN ID number.
IGMP Snooping Enabled:
After IGMP Enabled function start up then user can tick the check box (ꢁ) to
enable this function.
Default: enable
IGMP Querying Enabled:
After IGMP Enabled function start up then user can tick the check box (ꢁ) to
enable this function.
Default: enable
Fig. 4-19 IGMP Configuration
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
71
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-2-10. Mirror Configuration
Function name:
Mirror Configuration
Function description:
Mirror Configuration is to monitor the traffic of the network, this switch support
one port mirror multi ports. For example, we assume that Port A and Port B
are Source Ports and Port C is Mirror Port respectively, thus, the traffic passed
by Port A and Port B will be copied to Port C for monitoring.
Parameter description:
Source Port:
Set up the port for being monitored. Just tick the check box (ꢁ) beside the
port x and valid port is Port 1~24.
Mirror Port:
Use the drop-down menu to select a mirror port.
Fig. 4-20 Mirror ports configuration
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
72
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-2-11. QoS(Quality of Service) Configuration
The switch offers powerful QoS function. This function supports VLAN-tagged
priority that can make precedence of 8 priorities, and DSCP(Differentiated Services
Code Point) on Layer 3 of network framework.
Fig. 4-21 QoS Configuration
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
73
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Function name:
QoS Configuration
Function description:
When you want to use QoS function, please select QoS Mode by use drop-
down menu in advance. Then you can use 802.1p Priority and DSCP Priority
functions to take effect. In this function, you can disable QoS Mode and
choose any of Priority Control and enable it, such as 802.1p, DSCP. The
switch only support Strict Priority, and high priority queue is always passed first.
Function name:
Prioritize Traffic
Function description:
Five kinds of default value. The user can select custom, or all low priority, or
all normal priority, or all medium priority, or all high priority for QoS default
value.
Function name:
802.1p Setting
Function description:
This function will affect the priority of VLAN tag. Based on priority of VLAN tag,
it can arrange 0~7 priorities, priorities can map to 4 queues of the switch (low,
normal, medium, high) and possess different bandwidth distribution according
to your weight setting.
Parameter description:
802.1p Priority Mapping:
Each Priority can select any of Queue. In Default, Priority 0 is mapping to
Queue normal, Priority 1 is mapping to Queue low, Priority 2 is mapping
to Queue low, Priority 3 is mapping to Queue normal, Priority 4 is
mapping to Queue medium, Priority 5 is mapping to Queue medium,
Priority 6 is mapping to Queue high, and Priority 0 is mapping to Queue
high.
Fig. 4-22 802.1p Setting
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
74
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Function name:
DSCP Setting
Function description:
In the late 1990s, the IETF redefined the meaning of the 8-bit SERVICE TYPE
field to accommodate a set of differentiated services (DS). Under the
differentiated services interpretation, the first six bits comprise a codepoint,
which is sometimes abbreviated DSCP, and the last two bits are left unused.
DSCP can form total 64 (0~63) kinds of Traffic Class based on the
arrangement of 6-bit field in DSCP of the IP packet. In the switch, user is
allowed to set up these 64 kinds of Class that belong to any of queue (low,
normal, medium, high).
Parameter description:
DSCP Priority Mapping:
64 kinds of priority traffic as mentioned above, user can set up any of
Queue (low, normal, medium, high). In default, Priority 0~63 are mapping
to Queue high.
Fig. 4-23 DSCP Setting
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
75
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-2-12 Filter
Function name:
Filter Configuration
Function description:
This function can set management’s source IP Address to each port, simple
and raise safety. After completing the function’s setting, press <Apply> button to
have this function taken effect.
Parameter description:
Source IP Filter:
Mode:
There are three types of mode in this drop-down menu. Default is
disabled.
Disabled:
Allow all IP Address login to this switch and manage it.
Static:
Just allow the IP Address which set by administrator to login to this
switch and manage it..
DHCP:
Allow the IP Address get from DHCP server can login to this switch
and manage it.
IP Address:
Setting up the IP Address, it can be one IP Address or a LAN.
IP Mask:
Setting up the IP Subnet Mask related with the IP Address.
DHCP Server Allowed:
Just tick the check box (ꢁ) under the port x to allow the DHCP Server
on this port and valid port is Port 1~24.
Default: enable
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
76
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Fig. 4-24 Filter Configuration
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
77
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-2-13 Rate Limit
Function name:
Ingress and Egress Bandwidth Setting
Function description:
Ingress and Egress Bandwidth Setting function are used to set up the limit of
Ingress or Egress bandwidth for each port.
Parameter description:
Ingress:
Set up the limit of Ingress bandwidth for the port you choose. Incoming
traffic will be discarded if the rate exceeds the value you set up in Data
Rate field. Pause frames are also generated if flow control is enabled.
The format of the packet limits to unicast, broadcast and multicast. Valid
value of Port 1~24 ranges from 128~3968 kbps.
Default: No Limit
Egress:
Set up the limit of Egress bandwidth for the port you choose. Outgoing
traffic will be discarded if the rate exceeds the value you set up in Data
Rate field. Pause frames are also generated if flow control is enabled.
The format of the packet limits to unicast, broadcast and multicast. Valid
value of Port 1~24 ranges from 128~3968 kbps.
Default: No Limit
Fig. 4-25 Rate Limit Configuration
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
78
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-2-14 Storm Control
Function name:
Storm Control
Function description:
Storm Control is used to block unnecessary frames of the multicast and
broadcast reducing the switch’s performance. When the frames of the
multicast or broadcast are over the rate and Strom Control enables, they
could be determined to drop the frames of exceeded rate.
Fig.4-26 Storm Control Configuration
Parameter description:
ICMP Rate:
To enable the ICMP Storm capability. User can use drop-down menu to
select number of frames. Default is No Limit. The setting range is
1k~1024k per second.
Learn Frames Rate:
To enable the Learn Frames Storm capability. User can use drop-down
menu to select number of frames. Default is No Limit. The setting range
is 1k~1024k per second.
Broadcast Rate:
To enable the Broadcast Storm capability. User can use drop-down menu
to select number of frames. Default is No Limit. The setting range is
1k~1024k per second.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
79
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Multicast Rate:
To enable the Multicast Storm capability. User can use drop-down menu
to select number of frames. Default is No Limit. The setting range is
1k~1024k per second.
Flooded unicast Rate:
To enable the Flooded unicast Storm capability. User can use drop-down
menu to select number of frames. Default is No Limit. The setting range
is 1k~1024k per second.
NOTE:
After completing the function’s setting, press <Apply> button to have this
function taken effect.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
80
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-2-15 SNMP
Any Network Management System (NMS) running the Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP) can manage the Managed devices equipped with
SNMP agent, provided that the Management Information Base (MIB) is installed
correctly on the managed devices. The SNMP is a protocol that is used to govern
the transfer of information between SNMP manager and agent and traverses the
Object Identity (OID) of the management Information Base (MIB), described in the
form of SMI syntax. SNMP agent is running on the switch to response the request
issued by SNMP manager.
Basically, it is passive except issuing the trap information. The switch
supports a switch to turn on or off the SNMP agent. If you set the field SNMP
“Enable”, SNMP agent will be started up. All supported MIB OIDs, including RMON
MIB, can be accessed via SNMP manager. If the field SNMP is set “Disable”, SNMP
agent will be de-activated, the related Community Name, Trap Host IP Address,
Trap and all MIB counters will be ignored.
Function name:
SNMP Configuration
Function description:
This function is used to configure SNMP settings, community name, trap host
and public traps as well as the throttle of SNMP. A SNMP manager must pass the
authentication by identifying both community names, then it can access the MIB
information of the target device. So, both parties must have the same community
name. Once completing the setting, click <Apply> button, the setting takes effect.
Parameters description:
SNMP enable:
The term SNMP enable here is used for the activation or de-activation of
SNMP. Default is Disable.
Get/Set/Trap Community:
Community name is used as password for authenticating if the
requesting network management unit belongs to the same community
group. If they both don’t have the same community name, they don’t
belong to the same group. Hence, the requesting network management
unit can not access the device with different community name via SNMP
protocol; If they both have the same community name, they can talk each
other.
Community name is user-definable with a maximum length of 15
characters and is case sensitive. There is not allowed to put any blank in
the community name string. Any printable character is allowable.
The community name for each function works independently. Each
function has its own community name. Say, the community name for
Read only works for Read function and can’t be applied to other function
such as Write and Trap.
Default SNMP function: Disable
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
81
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Default community name for Get: public
Default community name for Set: private
Default community name for Trap: public
Fig. 4-27 SNMP Configuration
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
82
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-3. Monitoring
There are six functions contained in the monitoring function.
Monitoring
Statistics Overview
Detailed Statistics
LACP Status
RSTP Status
IGMP Status
Ping
4-3-1. Statistics Overview
The function of Statistics Overview collects any information and provides the
counting summary about the traffic of the port, no matter the packet is good or bad.
In the Fig. 4-25, the window can show all ports’ counter information at the
same time. If the counting is overflow, the counter will be reset and restart counting.
Function name:
Statistics Overview
Function description:
Display the summary counting of each port’s traffic, including Tx Bytes, Tx
Frames, Rx Bytes, Rx Frames, Tx Errors and Rx Errors.
Parameters description:
Tx Bytes:
Total transmitted bytes.
Tx Frames:
The counting number of the packet transmitted.
Rx Bytes:
Total received bytes.
Rx Frames:
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
83
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
The counting number of the packet received.
Tx Errors:
Number of bad packets transmitted.
Rx Errors:
Number of bad packets received.
Fig. 4-28 Statistics Overview for all ports
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
84
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-3-2. Detailed Statistics
Function name:
Detailed Statistics
Function description:
Display the detailed counting number of each port’s traffic. In the Fig. 4-26, the
window can show all counter information each port at one time.
Parameter description:
Rx Packets:
The counting number of the packet received.
RX Octets:
Total received bytes.
Rx High Priority Packets:
Number of Rx packets classified as high priority.
Rx Low Priority Packets:
Number of Rx packets classified as low priority.
Rx Broadcast:
Show the counting number of the received broadcast packet.
Rx Multicast:
Show the counting number of the received multicast packet.
Rx Broad- and Multicast:
Show the counting number of the received broadcast with multicast
packet.
Rx Error Packets:
Show the counting number of the received error packets.
Tx Packets:
The counting number of the packet transmitted.
TX Octets:
Total transmitted bytes.
Tx High Priority Packets:
Number of Tx packets classified as high priority.
Tx Low Priority Packets:
Number of Tx packets classified as low priority.
Tx Broadcast:
Show the counting number of the transmitted broadcast packet.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
85
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Tx Multicast:
Show the counting number of the transmitted multicast packet.
Tx Broad- and Multicast:
Show the counting number of the transmitted broadcast with multicast
packet.
Tx Error Packets:
Show the counting number of the received error packets.
Rx 64 Bytes:
Number of 64-byte frames in good and bad packets received.
Rx 65-127 Bytes:
Number of 65 ~ 126-byte frames in good and bad packets received.
Rx 128-255 Bytes:
Number of 127 ~ 255-byte frames in good and bad packets received.
Rx 256-511 Bytes:
Number of 256 ~ 511-byte frames in good and bad packets received.
Rx 512-1023 Bytes:
Number of 512 ~ 1023-byte frames in good and bad packets received.
Rx 1024-Bytes:
Number of 1024-max_length-byte frames in good and bad packets
received.
Tx 64 Bytes:
Number of 64-byte frames in good and bad packets transmitted.
Tx 65-127 Bytes:
Number of 65 ~ 126-byte frames in good and bad packets transmitted.
Tx 128-255 Bytes:
Number of 127 ~ 255-byte frames in good and bad packets transmitted.
Tx 256-511 Bytes:
Number of 256 ~ 511-byte frames in good and bad packets transmitted.
Tx 512-1023 Bytes:
Number of 512 ~ 1023-byte frames in good and bad packets transmitted.
Tx 1024-Bytes:
Number of 1024-max_length-byte frames in good and bad packets
transmitted.
Rx CRC/Alignment:
Number of Alignment errors and CRC error packets received.
Rx Undersize:
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
86
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Number of short frames (<64 Bytes) with valid CRC.
Rx Oversize:
Number of long frames(according to max_length register) with valid CRC.
Rx Fragments:
Number of short frames (< 64 bytes) with invalid CRC.
Rx Jabber:
Number of long frames(according tomax_length register) with invalid
CRC.
Rx Drops:
Frames dropped due to the lack of receiving buffer.
Tx Collisions:
Number of collisions transmitting frames experienced.
Tx Drops:
Number of frames dropped due to excessive collision, late collision, or
frame aging.
Tx Overflow:
Number of frames dropped due to the lack of transmitting buffer.
Fig. 4-29 Detailed Statistics for each port
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
87
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-3-3. LACP Status
Function name:
LACP Status
Function description:
Display the LACP status. In the Fig. 4-30, the window can show LACP
information and status each port at one time.
Parameter description:
LACP Aggregation Overview:
Show the group/port status. Default will set to red sign for port link down,
user can check legend table below for all reference.
LACP Port Status:
Group/Port:
Show the port number.
Normal : as Legend.
Fig. 4-30 LACP Status
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
88
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-3-4. RSTP Status
Function name:
RSTP Status
Function description:
Display the RSTP status. In the Fig. 4-28, the window can show the VLAN
bridge information and status of 1~24 ports.
Parameter description:
RSTP VLAN Bridge Overview:
VLAN Id:
Show the VLAN Id.
Bridge Id:
Show this switch’s current bridge priority setting and bridge ID
which stands for the MAC address of this switch.
Hello Time:
Show the current hello time of the root bridge. Hello time is a time
interval specified by root bridge, used to request all other bridges
periodically sending hello message every “hello time” seconds to
the bridge attached to its designated port.
Max Age:
Show the root bridge’s current max age time.
Fwd Delay:
Show the root bridge’s forward delay time.
Topology:
Show the root bridge’s spanning tree topology.
Root Id:
Show root bridge ID of this network segment. If this switch is a root
bridge, the “This switch is Root” will show this switch’s bridge ID.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
89
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Fig. 4-31 RSTP Status
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
90
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-3-5. IGMP Status
Function name:
IGMP Status
Function description:
Display the IGMP status. In the Fig. 4-29, the window can show VLAN ID for each
multicast group.
Parameter description:
VLAN Id:
Show VLAN Id for each multicast group.
Querier:
Show the group membership queries status.
Queries transmitted:
To count the group membership queries transmitted.
Queries received:
To count the group membership queries received.
V1 Reports:
When a host receives a group membership query, it identifies the groups
associated with the query and determines to which groups it belongs.
The host then sets a timer, with a value less than the Max Response
Time field in the query, for each group to which it belongs. It Calculate
the number of times of IGMPV1 report.
V2 Reports:
When a host receives a group membership query, it identifies the groups
associated with the query and determines to which groups it belongs.
The host then sets a timer, with a value less than the Max Response
Time field in the query, for each group to which it belongs. It Calculate
the number of times of IGMPV2 report.
V3 Reports:
When a host receives a group membership query, it identifies the groups
associated with the query and determines to which groups it belongs.
The host then sets a timer, with a value less than the Max Response
Time field in the query, for each group to which it belongs. It Calculate
the number of times of IGMPV3 report.
V2 Leaves:
When a host leaves a group, it sends a leave group membership
message to multicast routers on the network, it show the leaves number.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
91
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Fig. 4-32 IGMP Status
4-3-6. Ping Status
Function name:
Ping Status
Function description:
To setting up the target IP address for ping function of ICMP protocol and
display the pinging status. In the Fig. 4-30, the window can show the pinging
information.
Parameter description:
Ping Parameters:
Target IP address:
Set up a Target IP address to ping.
Count:
Use drop-down menu to set number of echo requests to send.
Four type of number can choose, there are 1, 5, 10 and 20.
Default: 1
Time Out (in secs):
Use drop-down menu to set number of echo requests time out in
second. Four type numbers can choose, there are 1,5,10 and 20.
Default: 1
NOTE: All the functions should press <Apply> button to start up
after you set up the parameters.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
92
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Ping Results:
Target IP address:
Show the active target IP address.
Status:
Show the result of the ping status.
Received replies:
Show the received replies number of times.
Request timeouts:
Show the timeout of request.
Average Response times (In ms):
Show the average response time in milliseconds.
Fig. 4-33 Ping
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
93
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-4. Maintenance
There are five functions contained in the maintenance function.
Maintenance
Warm Restart
Factory Default
Software Upgrade
Configuration File Transfer
Logout
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
94
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-4-1. Warm Restart
We offer you many ways to reboot the switch, including power up, hardware
reset and software reset. You can press the RESET button in the front panel to
reset the switch and to retrieve default setting. After upgrading software, then you
must reboot to have the new configuration taken effect. Here we are discussing is
software reset for the “reboot” in the main menu.
Function name:
Warm Restart
Function description:
Reboot the switch. Reboot takes the same effect as the RESET button on the
front panel of the switch. Press <Yes> button to confirm warm restart function,
and it will take around thirty (30) seconds to complete the system boot.
Fig. 4-34 Warm Restart
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
95
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-4-2. Factory Default
Function name:
Factory Default
Function description:
Factory Default Configuration function can retrieve default setting to replace
the working configuration.
Fig. 4-35
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
96
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-4-3. Software Upgrade
Function name:
Software Upgrade
Function description:
You can use the browser button to select the newer version file in your system
to update your device.
Fig. 4-36 Software Upgrade
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
97
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-4-4. Configuration File Transfer
Function name:
Configuration File Transfer
Function description:
You can backup the switch configuration file into your computer folder in
accident. On the other hand, upload the backup configuration file into the
crash or new switch can save much time and avoid mistakes to happen.
Fig. 4-37 Configuration Upload/Download
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
98
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
4-4-5. Logout
Besides the auto logout function as we mentioned above in the section of
system configuration, the switch also allows the user to logout manually by
performing the Logout function.
Function name:
Logout
Function description:
The switch allows you to logout the system to prevent other users from the
system without the permission. If you do not logout and exit the browser, the
switch will automatically have you logout. Besides this manually logout and
implicit logout, you can set up the parameter of Auto Logout Timer in system
configuration function to explicitly ON/OFF this logout function.
Parameter description:
Auto/Manual Logout:
If no action and no key is stroke as well in any function screen more than
the minutes you set up in Auto Logout Timer, the switch will have you
logout automatically. Or press the <Logout> button in Logout function to
exit the system manually.
Fig. 4-38
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
99
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
5. Maintenace
5-1. Resolving No Link Condition
The possible causes for a no link LED status are as follows:
ꢂ
ꢂ
ꢂ
ꢂ
The attached device is not powered on
The cable may not be the correct type or is faulty
The installed building premise cable is faulty
The port may be faulty
5-2. Q&A
1. Computer A can connect to Computer B, but cannot connect to Computer C
through the 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch.
ꢃ
The network device of Computer C may fail to work. Please check the
link/act status of Computer C on the LED indicator. Try another network
device on this connection.
ꢃ
The network configuration of Computer C may be something wrong. Please
verify the network configuration on Computer C.
2. The uplink connection function fails to work.
ꢃ
The connection ports on another must be connection ports. Please check if
connection ports are used on that 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch.
Please check the uplink setup of the 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch to
verify the uplink function is enabled.
ꢃ
3. The console interface cannot appear on the console port connection.
ꢃ
24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch has no console port, so you cannot use
console interface to connect with 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch.
4. How to configure the 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch.
ꢃ
User can use IE browser program in window series of computer to control
the web smart functions in 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch. First, choose
any port in 24-Port GbE Web Smart Switch. Then, use IE and type default IP
address, 192.168.1.1, to connect to 24 Gigabit with RJ45 network line.
Finally, the login screen will appear at once.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
100
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Appendix A
Technical Specifications
Features
•
20 (10/100/1000Mbps) Gigabit Ethernet (TP) switching ports are compliant with
IEEE802.3, 802.3u, 802.3z and 802.3ab.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
4 Gigabit TP/SFP fiber are dual media ports with auto detected function.
Non-blocking store-and-forward shared-memory Web-Smart switched.
Supports auto-negotiation for configuring speed, duplex mode.
Supports 802.3x flow control for full-duplex ports.
Supports collision-based and carrier-based backpressure for half-duplex ports.
Any ports can be in disable mode, force mode or auto-polling mode.
Supports Head of Line (HOL) blocking prevention.
Supports broadcast storm filtering.
Web-based management provides the ability to completely manage the switch
from any web browser.
•
•
•
•
Supports Port-based VLAN and Tag-based (IEEE802.1Q) VLAN.
Auto-aging with programmable inter-age time.
Supports 802.1p Class of Service with 2-level priority queuing.
Supports port trunking with flexible load distribution and failover
function.
•
•
Supports port sniffer function
Programmable maximum Ethernet frame length of range from 1518 to 9600
bytes jumbo frame.
•
•
Supports port-based VLAN, 802.1Q tag-based VLAN.
Efficient self-learning and address recognition mechanism enables forwarding
rate at wire speed.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
101
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Hardware Specifications
ꢄStandard Compliance: IEEE802.3/802.3ab / 802.3z / 802.3u / 802.3x
ꢄNetwork Interface:
Configuration
Mode
NWay
Connector
Port
1 - 24
10/100/1000Mbps Gigabit TP
TP (RJ-45)
21,22,23,24
(Option)
1000 FDX *SFP
1000Base-SX Gigabit Fiber
21,22,23,24
(Option)
1000 FDX *SFP
1000Base-LX Gigabit Fiber
21,22,23,24
(Option)
1000 FDX
*SFP
1000Base-LX Single Fiber WDM (BiDi)
*Port 21,22,23, 24 are TP/SFP fiber dual media ports with auto detected function
*Optional SFP module supports LC or BiDi SC transceiver
ꢄTransmission Mode: 10/100Mbps support full or half duplex
1000Mbps support full duplex only
ꢄTransmission Speed: 10/100/1000Mbps for TP
1000Mbps for Fiber
ꢄFull Forwarding/Filtering Packet Rate: PPS (packets per second)
Forwarding Rate
1,488,000PPS
148,800PPS
Speed
1000Mbps
100Mbps
10Mbps
14,880PPS
ꢄMAC Address and Self-learning: 8K MAC address
ꢄBuffer Memory: Embedded 400 KB frame buffer
ꢄFlow Control: IEEE802.3x compliant for full duplex
Backpressure flow control for half duplex
ꢄCable and Maximum Length:
TP
Cat. 5 UTP cable, up to 100m
Up to 220/275/500/550m,
1000Base-SX
which depends on Multi-Mode Fiber type
Single-Mode Fiber, up to10/30/50Km
Single-Mode Single Fiber, up to 20Km
1000Base-LX
1000Base-LX WDM (BiDi)
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
102
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
ꢄDiagnostic LED:
System LED :
Per Port LED:
Power
10/100/1000M TP Port 1 to 24
1000M SFP Fiber Port 21,22,23,24
: LINK/ACT, 10/100/1000Mbps
: SFP(LINK/ACT)
ꢄPower Requirement
:
AC Line
Voltage
Frequency
Consumption
:
:
:
100∼240 V
50∼60 Hz
30W
ꢄAmbient Temperature
ꢄHumidity
ꢄDimensions
ꢄComply with FCC Part 15 Class A & CE Mark Approval
:
:
:
0° to 50°C
5% to 90%
44(H) × 442(W) × 209(D) mm
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
103
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Management Software Specifications
Auto-negotiation support on 10/100Base-TX
ports, Web browser can set transmission speed
(10/100Mbps) and operation mode (Full/Half
duplex) on each port, enable/disable any port,
set VLAN group, set Trunk Connection.
Port-Base / 802.1Q-Tagged, allowed up to 24
active VLANs in one switch.
System Configuration
VLAN Function
Ports trunk connections allowed
Trunk Function
Supports by-port Egress/Ingress rate control
Bandwidth Control
Referred as Class of Service (CoS) by the
IEEE 802.1P standard
Two queues per port
Quality of Service (QoS)
Web browser support based on HTTP Server
Network Management
Note: Any specification is subject to change without notice.
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
104
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
User Manual
Appendix B
MIB Specifications
MIB II Enterprise MIB brief description is listed as below. A MIB file in a readable
electronic media (floppy disk or CD-ROM) is packed with the product box. For
technical support or the latest version of MIB download, please visit our web site
http://www.rubytech.com.tw.
PRIVATE-GS1224L-MIB DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN
IMPORTS
mib-2, DisplayString,ifIndex
enterprises,Counter, TimeTicks, Gauge,IpAddress
OBJECT-TYPE
FROM RFC1213-MIB
FROM RFC1155-SMI
FROM RFC-1212
TRAP-TYPE
FROM RFC-1215;
privatetech
switch
OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { enterprises 5205 }
OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { privatetech 2 }
gs1224LProductId
gs1224LProduces
OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { switch 7 }
OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { gs1224LProductId 1 }
gs1224LIllegalLogin TRAP-TYPE
ENTERPRISE gs1224LProductId
DESCRIPTION
"Send this trap when the illegal user try to login the Web management UI. "
::= 1
gs1224LRxErrorThreshold TRAP-TYPE
ENTERPRISE gs1224LProductId
VARIABLES { ifIndex }
DESCRIPTION
"Send this trap when the number of the Rx bad packet over the Rx Error
Threshold. The OID value means the port number. "
::= 2
gs1224LTxErrorThreshold TRAP-TYPE
ENTERPRISE gs1224LProductId
VARIABLES { ifIndex }
DESCRIPTION
"Send this trap when the number of the Tx bad packet over the Tx Error
Threshold.
The OID value means the port number. "
::= 3
END
Publication date: March, 2007
Revision A1
105
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
|