CWP-905
Wireless-N PCI Adapter
User Manual
Version: 1.0
(July, 2007)
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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 About CWP-905
Thank you for purchasing this high-speed 802.11 b/g/n (Draft 2.0) wireless adapter. The
Wireless-N PCI Adapter can be installed in most desktops and provides true flexibility by
allowing the computer to be positioned almost anywhere in the building without the cost and
hassle of running network cables. Using the wireless PCI adapter, you don't have to worry
about drilling holes in your walls and climbing through the attic or cellar to get connected to the
network. Once installed and connected, you can keep in touch with friends and work through
e-mail, instant messaging and chat rooms as well as sharing files and other network resources
such as printers and network storage with other computers.
The Wireless-N PCI Adapter connects to 802.11n networks at an incredible speed of 300Mbps!
And for added versatility, it also interoperates with all Wireless-G and B products found at
homes, businesses, and public wireless hotspots around the country.
1.2 Main Features
The following lists the main features of the Wireless-N PCI Adapter.
• Complies with IEEE 802.11n Draft 2.0 and IEEE 802.11g/b standards
• 6 times faster speeds than Wireless-G
• Interoperates with existing Wireless-G/B equipments
• Advanced WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) encryption, 64/128-bit WEP and AES/TKIP
provide maximum wireless security
• Cisco CCX V1.0, V2.0 and V3.0 compliance
• Supports operating system: Windows 2000/XP/XP64/Windows Vista
• Ease of Installation and Use
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1.3 System Requirements
• An empty PCI slot
• Windows 2000, XP, or Vista operating system
• CD-ROM drive
• At least 100MB of available disk space
1.4 Getting to Know CWP-905
1. PCI Interface
2. Antennas
3. ‘Link’ LED
4. ‘Tx/Rx’ LED
LED Name
Link
Light Status
On
Description
Linked to a wireless access point
Not linked to any wireless access point
Transferring / receiving data
No wireless activity
Off
Tx/Rx
Blinking
Off
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Chapter 2: Driver Installation and Configuration
2.1 Network Card Installation
Please follow the following instructions to install your new wireless network card:
1. SWITCH THE COMPUTER OFF, remove the cover and insert the wireless network card
into an empty PCI slot of your computer.
2. Install all three antennas on the wireless network card, and make sure the antennas are
securely installed. To improve radio reception, please adjust antennas to the position
shown in the picture.
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3. Switch the computer on, the following message will appear on your computer, please click
‘Cancel’.
4. Insert the Auto-Install CD into your CD-ROM drive. Unless you have disabled the auto-run
feature of Windows, the AutoPlay Menu should appear automatically. If not, you can
manually access the installation by clicking the Start button and choosing Run. In the
drop-down box type D:\ AUTORUN.EXE (where D: is the drive letter for your CD-ROM
drive).
Alternately, double-click My Computer and double-click on the CD drive icon.
Click on CWP-905 to install driver and utility for your wireless network card.
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5. Please read the end user license agreement and click ‘Yes’ to accept license agreement.
6. You can choose the configuration tool used to configure the wireless network card here.
It’s recommended to select ‘Ralink Configuration Tool’, which provides fully access to all
function of this wireless network card. If you prefer to use the wireless configuration tool
provided by Windows XP or Vista, please select ‘Microsoft Zero Configuration Tool’, then
click ‘Next’.
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7. There are two wireless performance mode you can select here:
Optimize for WiFi mode
or
Optimize for performance mode
If you want to enhance wireless performance, please select ‘Optimize for performance
mode’. However, wireless compatibility is not guaranteed in this mode. If you want to use
this mode, you may not be able to communicate with older wireless devices and wireless
access point, such as 802.11b devices, but the data transfer rate will be enhanced in this
mode. You can select this mode when you only plan to communicate with 802.11 Draft-N
devices.
If you want to keep compatibility and communicate with older wireless devices, please
select ‘Optimize for WiFi Mode’.
When you select one mode, please click ‘Next>’ to continue. If you see ‘Found New
Hardware’ message again, please ignore it and wait.
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8. Please click ‘Install’ to run the driver installation process.
9. When you see this message, please click ‘Finish’ to complete the driver installation
process.
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10. A new icon will appear at lower-right corner of your computer desktop, you can put the
mouse cursor on the icon, and the status of wireless card will be displayed as a popup
balloon.
HERE!
11. When you want to configure your wireless connection, please right click on this icon, and a
popup menu will appear. You can click ‘Launch Config Utilities’ to start configuration
program.
If you want to close configuration utility, please click ‘Exit’.
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2.2 Connect to Wireless Access Point
There are two ways you can configure your wireless network card to connect to wireless
access point: using the Ralink configuration utility which comes with wireless card driver, and
using built-in windows zero configuration utility.
2-2-1Using Ralink Utility
Please follow the following instructions to use Ralink configuration utility to connect to wireless
access point.
1. Right-click the Ralink configuration utility icon located at lower-right corner of computer
desktop, then click ‘Launch Config Utilities’.
2. Configuration utility will scan for all wireless access points automatically. Scan results will
be displayed here, please check if the wireless access point with the SSID (the name of
wireless access point) you preferred is shown here.
If the wireless access point you wish to connect does not show here, please click ‘Rescan’
to try again, until the one you preferred is displayed. You may have to click ‘Rescan’ for
more than two times before you can see the access point you wish to use here sometimes.
If you still can not see the access point you wish to use after clicking ‘Rescan’ for more
than five times, please move your computer closer to the location where the wireless
access point is.
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Here are descriptions of every setup item:
SSID:
The Service Set IDentifier of wireless access point
or other network device. You can think it as the
name of access point of wireless device.
BSSID:
The MAC address of wireless access point or other network device.
Unlike SSID, BSSID of every access point or network device is
unique, and will not be the same with others. So you can identify a
single access point or wireless device from others by BSSID, if they
all have the same SSID.
Signal:
Shows the signal strength of access point or wireless device.
Larger number means better radio strength, which often means
you’re not too far from that access point or wireless device.
Channel:
Shows the channel number that access point or wireless device
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uses.
Encryption:
Shows the encryption method that access point or wireless device
uses. If the wireless access point does not enable encryption, you’ll
see ‘None’ displayed here.
Authentication:
Network Type:
Shows the authentication mode that access point or wireless
device uses. If the wireless access point does not require
authentication, you’ll see ‘Unknown’ displayed here.
Shows the type of wireless connection. If it’s a wireless access
point, ‘Infrastructure’ will be displayed here; if it’s a computer or
network device, ‘AdHoc’ will be displayed here.
Tips:
Wireless access point (Infrastructure) is a network device which acts as
a bridge, to let wired and wireless network devices communicate with
each other.
AdHoc is another connection type. A computer or network device can
establish a direct wireless link with other computer or network device
directly, without the help of wireless access point.
3. Click the wireless access point or network device you wish to connect, it will be highlighted,
then click ‘Connect’.
Note: There is no Connect button in Window Vista. You have to use the Add Profile
feature to build the wireless connection with the selected network. Please refer to the
Profile information.
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If the access point you selected does not enable encryption (The content of ‘Encryption’
field of the access point you selected is ‘None’, you’ll be connected to this wireless access
point within one minute. Please jump to step 6.
If the access point you selected enables encryption, please proceed to next step.
4. If the wireless access point does not have SSID, you’ll be prompted to input it here. Please
ask the owner of wireless access point and input the exact SSID here, then click ‘OK’ when
ready. If the SSID you provided here is wrong, you’ll not be able to connect to this access
point.
If the wireless access point you selected have SSID, please skip this step.
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5. If the wireless access point uses encryption, you have to input WEP passphrase or WPA
preshared key. Please ask the owner of the wireless access point you want to connect,
and input the correct passphrase / preshared key here, then click ‘OK’. If the value you
inputted here is wrong, you will not be able to connect to this wireless access point.
Authentication type is selected automatically, please don’t change it.
If the access point you selected does not enable encryption and does not require
authentication, please skip this step.
6. You’ll see ‘Connected <-> SSID’ (‘SSID’ is the SSID of the wireless access point or
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wireless device you connected to) message displayed at lower-left corner of configuration
utility, congratulations, you’re successfully connected to the access point or wireless
device you selected!
7. You can put the mouse cursor over the Ralink configuration utility icon, and the brief
information about link status and signal strength of current wireless connection will be
shown as a popup balloon.
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2-2-2Using Windows Zero Configuration
Windows XP and Vista has a built-in wireless network configuration utility, called as ‘Windows
Zero Configuration’ (WZC). You can also use WZC to configure your wireless network
parameter:
1. Right-click Ralink configuration utility icon and select ‘Use Zero Configuration as
Configuration utility.
2. Click ‘Start’ button (should be located at the bottom-left corner of windows desktop), click
‘Control Panel’, then click ‘Network and Internet Connections’ in Control Panel.
3. Click ‘Connect to a network’ under ‘Network and Sharing Center’
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4. Right-click ‘Wireless Network Connection’ (it may have a number as suffix if you have
more than one wireless network card, please make sure you right-click the ‘Ralink 802.11n
Wireless LAN Card), then select ‘View Available Wireless Networks’.
5. All wireless access points in proximity will be displayed here. If the access point you want
to use is not displayed here, please try to move your computer closer to the access point,
or you can click ‘Refresh network list’ to rescan access points. Click the access point you
want to use if it’s shown, then click ‘Connect’.
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6. If the access point is protected by encryption, you have to input its security key or
passphrase here. It must match the encryption setting on the access point.
If the access point you selected does not use encryption, you’ll not be prompted for
security key or passphrase.
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7. If you can see ‘Connected’ message, the connection between your computer and wireless
access point is successfully established.
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2.3 Connection Profile Management
If you need to connect to different wireless access points at different time, like of access point
of your home, office, cybercafe, or public wireless service, you can store the connection
parameters (encryption, passphrase, security etc, etc.) as a profile for every access point, so
you don’t have in input these parameters every time you want to connect to a specific wireless
access point.
2-3-1Make a profile for an access point or wireless device
1. Right-click the Ralink configuration utility icon located at lower-right corner of computer
desktop, then click ‘Launch Config Utilities’.
2. There are two ways to add a new connection profile:
Create a new profile,
or
Add a profile from an existing wireless access point or wireless device
If you want to click new profile, click ‘Profile’ tab, then click ‘Add’ button:
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Or, you can add a connected wireless access point or wireless device to a profile by
clicking ‘Site Survey’ tab, then click ‘Add to Profile’ button:
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You can set the parameter for this connection here:
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Here are descriptions of every setup items:
Profile Name Please give this profile a name, up to 32
alphanumerical characters and symbols are allowed, but space is
not allowed.
SSID
The SSID of the wireless access point or wireless device you
selected will be displayed here. But if the SSID of access point or
wireless device is not available, you have to input it here manually.
PSM:
Please select CAM (constantly awake mode, keep
the wireless radio activity when not transferring
data), or PSM (Power saving mode, switches radio off when not
transferring data).
(Power Saving
Mode)
It’s recommended to choose ‘PSM’ if you’re using this network card
with notebook computer to help the battery live longer.
Network Type
TX Power
Select network type (‘Ad Hoc’ or ‘Infrastructure’). If you’re adding a
profile from an existing access point or wireless device, it’s
automatically selected and you don’t have to change it.
You can select the radio output power of wireless network card.
You may not need full radio power if you’re not far from wireless
access point, and only use a high setting here if you found that
radio reception is bad.
If you don’t know which one to use, select ‘Auto’.
Preamble
This option is only available when the network type is ‘Ad hoc’. You
can select ‘Auto’ or ‘Long Preamble’. Please select ‘Auto’ if you
don’t know what it is.
RTS Threshold
Check the box and you can set RTS threshold manually here. Do
not modify default setting unless you know what it is.
Fragment
Threshold
Check the box and you can set fragment threshold
manually here. Do not modify default setting unless you know what
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it is.
Now click ‘Authentication and Security’ tab, and set the encryption and authentication settings.
Here are descriptions of every setup items:
Authentication
Type
Select the authentication type of the wireless access
point or wireless device you wish to connect. If you’re adding a
profile from an existing access point or wireless device, the value
will be selected automatically, and please do not modify it.
If you select ‘LEAP’, the following message will be displayed.
Please input LEAP identity, password, domain name, and select
encryption type. You can check ‘Show Password’ box so the
password you inputted will be displayed as you type, but not
replace by asterisk.
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Encryption:
Select the encryption type of the wireless access point or wireless
device you wish to connect. If you’re adding a profile from an
existing access point or wireless device, the value will be selected
automatically, and please do not modify it.
WPA
Input WPA preshared key here. If encryption is not
enabled, or you select ‘WEP’ as encryption type, this field will be
disabled and grayed out.
Preshared Key
WEP Key
You can select key type (Hex or ASCII) and input WEP key here. If
encryption is not enabled, or you select ‘WPA’ as encryption type,
this field will be disabled and grayed out.
Show Password
Check this box and all passphrases or security keys you inputted
will be displayed as you type, but not replace your input with
asterisk.
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Use 802.1x
Enable 802.1x wireless authentication. Please click ‘802.1x Setting’
button to set 802.1x parameters. (See next section).
After you finish all settings, click ‘OK’ to save settings and exit. The profile you just created will
be displayed:
Select the profile you wish to use, and click ‘Activate’ to use the profile you selected. You can
only activate a profile a time, and the profile which is activated currently will have a green
check (
) before its name. If the wireless access point is not reachable, a red check (
)
will be displayed before its name.
If you want to change the connection parameters of a specific profile, just select it and click
‘Edit’ button, you’ll be prompted to input the connection parameters, just like you’re creating a
new profile.
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If you no longer need a profile, select the profile then click ‘Delete’.
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2-3-2 Using 802.1x – Certification
After you click ‘802.1x Setting’, a new window will appear:
Here are descriptions of every setup items:
Authentication
Type
Please select an 802.1x authentication type here.
The type you select here must be identical to the
type of the 802.1x authentication type you’re using.
Session
You can enable or disable session resumption here.
If you don’t know if you should enable session resumption or not,
please ask your 802.1x authentication administrator.
Resumption
Identity
Please input 802.1x identity here.
Password
Please input the password of 802.1x identity here.
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Domain Name
Use Client
Please input the domain name of 802.1x authentication here. This
field will be grayed out when authentication type is not ‘EAP-FAST’.
If the authentication type you use is ‘PEAP’ or ‘TTLS’, you can use
the certificate stored on your computer. If the authentication type
you use is ‘TLS/Smart Card’, this box is always checked.
More..
After you clicked this button, you’ll be prompted to select a
certificate on your computer.
Allow
This box is always checked and can not be modified.
unauthenticated
provision mode
Use protected
authentication
credential
If the authentication type you use is ‘EAP-FAST’
you can use protected authentication credential
by check this box.
Remove
Import
Remove the credential you imported previously.
Import the authentication credential file (PAC or al file format), you’ll
be prompted to select a credential file from your computer.
Protocol
You can select the protocol of tunneled authentication here. This
pulldown menu is only available when authentication type you use
is ‘PEAP’ or ‘TTLS’. When you use ‘EAP-FAST’ as authentication
type, the protocol setting is always ‘Generic Token Card’ and can
not be changed.
Identity
Please input the identity of tunneled authentication
here.
(of tunneled
authentication)
Password
Please input the password of tunneled authentication
here.
(of tunneled
authentication)
Password Mode
Please select the password mode of ‘EAP-FAST’ authentication
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mode. This setting is hidden when the authentication type is not
‘EAP-FAST’.
After you finish all settings, click ‘OK’ to save settings and exit.
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2-3-3 Using 802.1x - CA Server
If you want to use CA server, please click ‘CA Server’ tab. And the following message will be
displayed:
Here are descriptions of every setup items:
Use certificate
chain
Check this box to enable the use of certificate chain.
Certificate
Issuer
Please select the issuer of certificate from this
dropdown menui.
Allow
Check this box if you wish to allow intermediate
certificates.
intermediate
certificates
Server name
Input the server name of CA server here.
Server name
must match
exactly
Check this box and the wireless configuration
utility will check if the server name of CA server
you set here is exactly matched with the CA server connected to. If
they don’t match, connection will be
dropped.
Domain name
must end
Check this box and the wireless configuration utility
will check the end of domain name. If there’s
anything wrong, connection will be dropped.
in specified name
After you finish all settings, click ‘OK’ to save settings and exit.
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2.4 View Network Statistics and Link Status
The configuration utility provides information about network statistics and link status. If you
want to know how your wireless network card works, you can use these functions to get
detailed information about the wireless connection you’re using.
2-4-1 Network Statistics
Please follow the following instructions to check network statistics:
1. Right-click the Ralink configuration utility icon located at lower-right corner of computer
desktop, then click ‘Launch Config Utilities’.
2. Click ‘Statistics’ tab, and the statistics of wireless connection will be displayed:
All connection-related statistics is displayed here. You can click ‘Reset Counter’ to reset
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the statistics of all items back to 0.
Click ‘OK’ to close the window.
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2-4-2 Link Status
Please follow the following instructions to check network statistics:
1. Right-click the Ralink configuration utility icon located at lower-right corner of computer
desktop, then click ‘Launch Config Utilities’.
2. Click ‘Link Status’ tab, and information about current wireless connection will be displayed:
These information displayed here are updated every second, and here are descriptions of
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every item:
Status
Display the SSID and BSSID of connected wireless access point or
wireless device (displayed as SSID <-> BSSID as shown in above
picture. If there’s no active connection currently, ‘Disconnected’
will be displayed here.
Extra Info
Displays the link status (‘Link is up’ or Link is down’, and the radio
transmitting power of your network card.
Channel
Displays the radio channel being used now.
Link Speed
Displays the link speed of data transmitting (Tx, in Mbps) and
receiving (Rx, in Mbps). Link speed is the maximum available data
transfer speed of the wireless connection, and depends on the
radio signal quality of wireless connection.
Throughput
Link Quality
Displays the rate of data transmitting (Tx, in Kbps) and receiving
(Rx, in Kbps).
Displays link quality (radio signal quality). When the link quality is
better, the wireless link speed will be better, too. Link quality is
displayed by percentage and a descriptive word (Good, normal,
weak, and low).
Signal Strength 1
Signal Strength 2
Noise Level
Displays the radio signal strength of built-in antenna 1.
Displays the radio signal strength of built-in antenna 2.
Displays the percentage or level of noise (unusable) signal. If the
value of this item is high, data transfer rate will drop.
dBm
Check this box and the value of signal strength and noise level will
be displayed in dBm level instead of percentage.
There are several wireless statuses available at the bottom of this window.
For their explanations, please see chapter 4-3 ‘Glossary’.
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2.5 Advance Settings
This wireless network card provides several advanced settings for experienced wireless users.
You can change these settings to increase data transfer performance, or change operation
mode.
Please follow the following instructions to set advanced wireless settings:
1. Right-click the Ralink configuration utility icon located at lower-right corner of computer
desktop, then click ‘Launch Config Utilities’.
2. Click ‘Advanced’ tab, and the following settings will appear:
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Here are descriptions of every setup items:
Wireless mode
Select wireless operation mode, available options are 802.11 B/G
mix, 802.11 B only, and 802.11 B/G/N mix. You can select 802.11
B/G/N mix to maximize wireless compatibility with wireless access
points and other wireless devices. Anyway, you can set this setting
to ‘802.11 B only’ when you’re going to communicate with old
802.11b wireless devices and you got problem using other two
modes.
Wireless
This setting helps your network card to avoid
Protection
interference with other wireless devices when there are both
802.11b and 802.11g wireless devices in the same place. It’s
recommended to set this setting to ‘Auto’ , since enabling this
setting will slightly reduce the data transfer performance.
TX Rate
Normally, the wireless network card will adjust transfer rate
automatically according to wireless signal quality. However, you
can fix the data transfer rate to a lower fixed rate if you think there’s
some problem about data transfer, or you’re too far from wireless
access point. It’s recommended to set this setting to ‘Auto’, unless
you really know the meaning of this setting.
Tx BURST
Check this box to accelerate the data transmit rate. It may not work
with all wireless access point and wireless devices.
Enable TCP
Window Size
Check this box and the configuration utility will
adjust TCP window size automatically, to get better performance. It
should be safe for most of wireless environments, but if you found
some problem on data transfer, uncheck this box.
Fast Roaming at
Check this box and you can adjust the threshold of
when this wireless network card should switch to another wireless
access point with better signal quality. Only adjust value when you
understand what it means.
Turn off RF
Click this button to switch wireless radio off, click it
again switch wireless radio on.
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Select Your
Country Region
Code
Select the country / region code of the place you’re
living. Different country / region has different
regulations on wireless devices, and it’s forbidden
to use certain channel (radio frequency) in some
countries or regions. Please select the country and region code
according to the place you live.
Show
When your computer is being authenticated by
Authentication
Status Dialog
wireless authentication server, a dialog window
with the process of authentication will appear.
This function is helpful to find out the problem when you can not be
authenticated, and you can provide this information to
authentication server’s administrator for debugging purpose.
Enable CCX
Enable Cisco Compatible eXtensions. CCX is a wireless feature
developed by Cisco used to improve the wireless performance with
CCX compatible wireless devices. Check this box if you need to
connect to CCX-compatible wireless devices.
Turn on CCKM
Check this box to enable CCKM (Cisco Centralized Key
Management), which enables wireless clients to roam between
CCKM-enabled access points in very short time.
Enable Radio
Measurement
When you’re connecting to CCX-compatible
access point, check this box to enable radio measurement function
to improve wireless connectivity.
Non-Serving
Channel
When you’re connecting to CCX-compatible
access point, check this box to enable measurement
on unused radio channels to improve wireless connectivity.
Measurements
Limit ---
Limit the time used for said measurement to a
certain time. Default value is 250.
milliseconds
After you finish the settings, click ‘Apply’ to apply new settings, and click ‘OK’ to close
configuration utility.
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2.6 QoS Settings
This wireless network card provides QoS (Quality of Service) function, which can improve the
performance of certain network applications, like audio / video streaming, network telephony
(VoIP), and others. When you enable WMM (Wi-Fi MultiMedia) function of this network card,
you can define the priority of different kinds of data, to give higher priority to applications which
require instant responding. Therefore you can improve the performance of such network
applications.
Please follow the following instructions to set advanced wireless settings:
3. Right-click the Ralink configuration utility icon located at lower-right corner of computer
desktop, then click ‘Launch Config Utilities’.
Click ‘QoS’ tab, and the following settings will appear:
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Here are descriptions of every setup items:
WMM Enable
Check this box to enable WMM function. Please click ‘Apply’ button
on the right of this check box after you check or uncheck this box,
so corresponding settings in this window will be activated or
deactivated respectively.
WMM - Power
Save Enable
Enable WMM power saving mode to save energy
and lets your battery live longer.
Setting...
Click this button to select the WMM data type which will suppress
the function of power saving. When this kind of data is transferring,
power saving function will be disabled. Available data types are
AC_BK (Background / Low Priority), AC_BE (Best Effort), AC_VI
(Video First), and AC_VO (Voice First).
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Direct Link
Enable or disable direct link setup (DLS) function.
This function will greatly improve the data transfer rate between
WMM-enabled wireless devices. Please click ‘Apply’ button on the
right of this check box after you check or uncheck this box, so
corresponding settings in this window will be activated or
deactivated respectively.
Setup Enable
MAC Address
Timeout Value
Tear Down
Input the MAC address of another WMM-enabled
wireless device you wish to establish a direct link here, then click
‘Apply’ to add this MAC address to DLS address table.
Input the timeout value of this WMM-enabled direct link wireless
device. If the wireless device is not responding after this time, it will
be removed from DLS table.
If you want to remove a specific wireless device from DLS table,
select the device and click this button to remove it.
After you finish the settings, click ‘OK’ to close configuration utility.
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2.7 WPS Configuration
Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) is the latest wireless network technology which makes wireless
network setup become very simple. If you have WPS-enabled wireless access point, and you
want to establish a secure connection to it, you don’t have to configure the wireless access
point and setup data encryption. All you have to do is go to the WPS setup page of this
wireless card, click a button, and then press a specific button on the wireless access point you
wish to establish a secure connection - just three simple steps!
For older wireless access points, it’s possible to perform a firmware upgrade to become a
WPS-enabled access point. Since they may not have a hardware button to press for WPS
setup, you can use an alternative WPS setup method – input the pin code. Every
WPS-compatible wireless network card comes with a unique WPS pin code; you can just input
the code to wireless access point, and the wireless access point and wireless network card will
do the rest for you.
This wireless network card is compatible with WPS. To use this function, the wireless access
point you wish to connect to must support WPS function too. Now, please follow the following
instructions to establish secure connection between WPS-enabled wireless access point and
your wireless network card:
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2-7-1 WPS Setup - PBC (Push-Button Configuration)
1. Right-click the Ralink configuration utility icon located at lower-right corner of computer
desktop, then click ‘Launch Config Utilities’.
2. Click ‘WPS Configuration’ tab, and the following settings will appear:
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3. Push the ‘WPS’ button on your wireless access point (the button used to activate WPS
standby mode may have another name), or use other way to start WPS standby mode as the
instruction given by your wireless access point’s user manual.
4. Before you start to establish the wireless connection by using WPS, you can click ‘Rescan’
button to search for WPS-enabled access points near you, to make sure the WPS function of
your access point is activated.
All access points found will be displayed. Please make sure the access point you wish to
connect is displayed. If not, please click ‘Rescan’ few more times. You can also click
‘Information’ button to see the detailed information about selected access point.
5. Click ‘PBC’ button now to start to establish wireless connection by WPS, and please be
patient (This may require several seconds to one minute to complete). When you see ‘WPS
status is connected successfully’ message, means the connection between your wireless
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network card and access point is successfully connected by WPS, and the information about
access point you connected to will be displayed.
Sometime WPS may fail, and you can click ‘PBC’ button few more times to try again. When an
access point is connected, you can click ‘Disconnect’ to disconnect your wireless network card
from a connected access point, or select another WPS-enabled wireless access point, then
click ‘Connect’ to establish connection to selected access point, if there are more than one
WPS-enabled access point found. You can also click ‘Rotate’ button, and next access point on
the list will be selected to establish connection.
If you want to delete a found access point from the list, select it and click ‘Delete’ button.
2-7-2 WPS Setup - PIN
If the wireless access point you wish to connect supports PIN, please follow the following
instructions to establish connection to it:
1. Right-click the Ralink configuration utility icon located at lower-right corner of computer
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desktop, then click ‘Launch Config Utilities’.
2. Click ‘WPS Configuration’ tab, and the following settings will appear:
The PIN number of your wireless network card is an eight-digit number located at the
upper-right position of configuration utility. Remember it, and input the number to your wireless
access point as the WPS PIN code (Please refer to the user manual of your wireless access
point for instructions about how to do this).
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3. Click ‘PIN’ button now, and wait for few seconds to one minute. If a wireless access point
with correct PIN code is found, you’ll be connected to that access point:
You may have to click ‘PIN’ for few more times to try again. If you still can not connect to
access point by this way, please make sure the PIN code you provided to access point is
correct.
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2.8 About
The ‘About’ tab provides you the information about version numbers of configuration utility,
firmware, and other important information about your wireless network card.
Please follow the following instructions to see these information:
1. Right-click the Ralink configuration utility icon located at lower-right corner of computer
desktop, then click ‘Launch Config Utilities’.
2. Click ‘About’ tab, and the following settings will appear:
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The About screen shows release dates as well as driver/utility versions and the MAC/IP
address of the card.
Please click ‘OK’ to close configuration utility.
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Chapter 3: Soft-AP Function
Excepting become a wireless client of other wireless access points, this wireless card can act
as a wireless service provider also! You can switch this wireless card’s operating mode to ‘AP’
mode to simulate the function of a real wireless access point by software, and all other
computers and wireless devices can connect to your computer wirelessly, even share the
internet connection you have!
Please follow the instructions in following chapters to use the AP function of your wireless card.
3.1 Switch to AP Mode and Basic Configuration
The operating mode of the wireless card is ‘Station Mode’ (becoming a client of other wireless
access points) by default. If you want to switch to AP mode, please right-click Ralink utility icon,
and select ‘Switch to AP Mode’.
After you select ‘Switch to AP Mode’, the Ralink utility icon will change:
Which indicated the wireless card is operating in AP mode now. If you want to switch the
wireless card back to station mode (become a client of other wireless access points), click
‘Switch to Station Mode’.
A configuration window will appear after you switch the operation mode to ‘AP’ or click ‘Launch
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Config Utilities’ after you right-click the Ralink configuration utility, which asks you to assign an
existing network card with internet connection:
If your computer has another network card which is connected to Internet, please select it from
‘Name’ dropdown menu, and click ‘Enable ICS’; if your computer does not have another
network card with Internet connection, please click ‘Not enable ICS’.
After you click ‘Enable ICS’ or ‘Not enable ICS’, you’ll see the basic configuration menu of the
AP function:
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Here are descriptions of every setup items:
SSID
Please input the SSID (the name used to identify
this wireless access point) here. Up to 32 numerical characters can
be accepted here, excepting space.
TX Rate
Please select the data transfer rate here. The maximum TX rate
you can select here depends on the wireless mode you’re using.
It’s safe to select ‘Auto’ to let wireless card select a proper TX rate
according to the strength and quality of radio signal. When the
wireless mode is set to ‘802.11 B/G/N Mix’, TX Rate will be set to
‘Auto’ and cannot be changed.
Channel
Please select the wireless channel you wish to use. The number of
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channels available here will vary depends on the setting of
‘Country Region Code’.
Wireless Mode
Please select the wireless operating mode. You can limit the type
of wireless client to 802.11b or 802.11g only, or allow 802.11b/g,
and 802.11b/g/n clients. It’s safe to select ‘802.11 B/G/N mix’ to
allow all kinds of wireless client to connect to your computer, unless
you want to limit the type of wireless client allowed to connect to
your computer.
Use Mac
Address
Click this button to use the MAC address of the
wireless card as SSID. A prefix of ‘AP’ will be added.
Security
Setting
Set the security options (wireless data encryption)
Please refer to chapter 3-2 ‘Security Settings’ for details.
Country
Please select the country code of the country or
region you live. Available options are 0-7, which will affect the
available wireless channels you can use:
Region Code
0: FCC (US, Canada, and other countries uses FCC radio
communication standards)
1: ETSI (Europe)
2: SPAIN
3: FRANCE
4: MKK
5: MKKI (TELEC)
6: ISERAL (Channel 3 to 9)
7: ISERAL (Channel 5 to 13)
Wireless
Wireless protection will prevent data collision when
there are both 802.11b and 802.11g clients. You can select ‘Auto’ to
let configuration utility to decide to use wireless protection or not.
You can also select ‘ON’ or ‘OFF’ to force the use of wireless
protection or not.
Protection
Beacon(ms)
You can define the time interval that a beacon signal should be
send. Default value is 100. Do not modify this value unless you
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know what will be affected.
TX Power
Idle Time
You can select the wireless output power here.
Please select a proper output power setting according to your
actual needs. You may not need 100% of output power if other
wireless clients are not far from you.
Select the idle time of your wireless network card. Default value is
300. Do not modify this value unless you know what will be
affected.
No forwarding
among wireless
clients
Check this box and wireless clients will not be able
to share data with each other.
Hide SSID
Check this box and the SSID will not be broadcasted to the public.
Your wireless clients must know the exact SSID to be able to
connect to your computer.
This option is useful to enhance security level.
Allow BW
40 MHz
Check this box to allow BW 40MHz capability.
Default
Apply
Click this button to restore all settings in this page back to default
value.
Click this button to activate current settings.
To exit, click ‘X’ button at the upper-right corner of configuration
window.
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3.2 Security Settings
This wireless card supports wireless encryption in AP mode, which will encrypt the data being
transferred over the air to enhance data security level. It’s recommended to enable data
encryption unless you wish to open your computer (and its internet connection) to the public.
When you click ‘Security Setting’ in Ralink configuration utility, the following window will
appear:
Here are descriptions of every setup items:
Authentication
Type
Please select a wireless authentication type you
wish to use. Available options are ‘Open’, ‘Shared’,
‘WPA-PSK’, ‘WPA2-PSK’, and ‘WPA-PSK / WPA2-PSK’. If you
want to disable wireless data encryption, you must select ‘Open’ or
‘Shared’.
Encryption
Type
Please select an encryption mode. The available
options in this setting item will vary depending on the
authentication type you select. If you select ‘Not Use’, data will not
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be encrypted and people with some networking knowledge will be
able to read the data you transfer with proper tool.
NOTE: WPA encryption is safer than WEP, however, some older
wireless clients don’t support WPA encryption.
WPA Pre-shared
Key
Please input the WPA pre-shared key here. Only
clients with the same pre-shared key you inputted
here will be able to connect to your computer. This setting is only
available when you select one of WPA encryptions.
Group Rekey
Interval
You can specify the time interval to re-issue the key
to your wireless clients here. You can click the button ’10 seconds’
or ‘Kpackets’ to change the unit of time interval. (every 10 seconds
or a thousand data packets times the value you specified in ‘Group
Rekey Interval’ field)
Wep Key
#1 ~ #4
Please input the WEP encryption key here when you
select ‘WEP’ as encryption type. There are 2 types of WEP key:
Hex (number 0 to 9, and ASCII characters A to F) and ASCII (all
alphanumerical characters plus symbols). Please select the type of
WEP key first, and then input the WEP key according to the type of
WEP key you selected.
If you want to use WEP 64 bits encryption, please input 10
characters if you select HEX, or input 5 characters if you select
ASCII; If you want to use WEP 128bits encryption, please input 26
characters if you select HEX, or input 13 characters if you select
ASCII. 128 bits encryption is safer then 64 bits, but the data
transfer speed will be slightly reduced.
Show Password
Check this box and the WPA pre-shared key orWEP key you
inputted will be shown, but not replaced by asterisk (*).
OK
Click this button to save changes you made in this page.
Cancel
Click this button to discard all changes you made in this window.
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3.3 Access Control
If you’re not going to open your computer and wireless resources to the public, you can use
MAC address filtering function to enforce your access control policy, so only wireless clients
with MAC address you defined by this function can be connected to your software access
point.
Please follow the following instructions to set access control based on MAC address:
1. Right-Click Ralink configuration utility icon, and select ‘Launch Config Utilities’
2. Click ‘Access Control’ tab, and the following messages will appear:
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Here are descriptions of every setup items:
Access Policy Select the policy type of your access rule:
Disable: Allow any wireless client with proper
authentication settings to connect to this access point.
Allow All: Only allow wireless clients with MAC address listed here
to connect to this access point.
Reject All: Reject wireless clients with MAC address listed here to
be connected to this access point.
MAC address
Input the MAC address of the wireless client you
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you wish to allow or reject here. No colon (:) or hyphen (-) required.
Add
Add the MAC address you inputted in ‘MAC
address’ field to the list.
Delete
Please select a MAC address from the list, then click
‘Delete’ button to remove it.
Remove All
Apply
Delete all MAC addresses in the list.
Save and apply changes you made.
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3.4 Connection table
If you want to see the list of all wireless clients connected to this access point, please follow the
following instructions:
1. Right-Click Ralink configuration utility icon, and select ‘Launch Config Utilities’
2. Click ‘Mac Table’ tab, and a list containing all connected wireless clients will appear:
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Here are descriptions of every fields:
MAC Address
Displays the MAC address of this wireless client.
AID
The serial number of this wireless connection.
Power Saving
Mode
Displays the capability of power-saving function of
this wireless client.
Status
Displays additional information of this wireless
Connection, like current wireless operating mode
and data transfer rate.
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3.5 Event Log
This software access point will log all wireless-related activities as a log. You can follow the
following instructions to view the content of the event log:
1. Right-Click Ralink configuration utility icon, and select ‘Launch Config Utilities’
2. Click ‘Event Log’ tab, and the event log will be displayed:
You can click ‘Clear’ to remove all entries in the log.
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3.6 Statistics
If you want to know detailed information about how your software access point works, you can
follow the following instructions to view the statistics of the access point:
1. Right-Click Ralink configuration utility icon, and select ‘Launch Config Utilities’
2. Click ‘Statistics’ tab, and the event log will be displayed:
You can click ‘RESET COUNTERS’ button to reset all counters to zero.
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Chapter 4: APPENDIX
4.1 Troubleshooting
If you encounter any problem when you’re using this wireless network card, don’t panic! Before
you call your dealer of purchase for help, please check this troubleshooting table, the solution
of your problem could be very simple, and you can solve the problem by yourself!
Scenario
Solution
I can’t find any wireless access
point / wireless device in ‘Site
Survey’ function.
1. Click ‘Rescan’ for few more times and see if you can
find any wireless access point or wireless device.
2. Please move closer to any known wireless access
point.
3. ‘Ad hoc’ function must be enabled for the wireless
device you wish to establish a direct wireless link.
4. Please adjust the position of network card (you may
have to move your computer if you’re using a
notebook computer) and click ‘Rescan’ button for
few more times. If you can find the wireless access
point or wireless device you want to connect by
doing this, try to move closer to the place where the
wireless access point or wireless device is located.
1. Please make sure the wireless network card is firmly
inserted into your computer’s PCI slot. If the Ralink
configuration utility’s icon is black, the network card
is not detected by your computer. Switch the
computer off and insert the card again. If this doesn’t
work, contact the dealer of purchase for help.
2. Reboot the computer and try again.
Nothing happens when I click
‘Launch config utilities’
3. Remove the driver and re-install.
4. Contact the dealer of purchase for help.
1. Click ‘Connect’ for few more times.
I can not establish connection
with a certain wireless access
point
2. If the SSID of access point you wish to connect is
hidden (nothing displayed in ‘SSID’ field in ‘Site
Survey’ function), you have to input correct SSID of
the access point you wish to connect. Please
contact the owner of access point to ask for correct
SSID.
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3. You have to input correct passphrase / security key to
connect an access point with encryption. Please
contact the owner of access point to ask for correct
passphrase / security key.
4. The access point you wish to connect only allows
network cards with specific MAC address to
establish connection. Please go to ‘About’ tab and
write the value of ‘Phy_Addess’ down, then present
this value to the owner of access point so he / she
can add the MAC address of your network card to
his / her access point’s list.
The network is slow / having
problem when transferring large
files
1. Move closer to the place where access point is
located.
2. Enable ‘Wireless Protection’ in ‘Advanced’ tab.
3. Try a lower TX Rate in ‘Advanced’ tab.
4. Disable ‘Tx Burst’ in ‘Advanced’ tab.
5. Enable ‘WMM’ in ‘QoS’ tab if you need to use
multimedia / telephony related applications.
6. Disable ‘WMM – Power Save Enable’ in ‘QoS’ tab.
7. There could be too much people using the same
radio channel. Ask the owner of the access point to
change the channel number.
Please try one or more solutions listed above.
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4.2 Glossary
1. What is the IEEE 802.11g standard?
802.11g is the new IEEE standard for high-speed wireless LAN communications that
provides for up to 54 Mbps data rate in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11g is quickly becoming
the next mainstream wireless LAN technology for the home, office and public networks.
802.11g defines the use of the same OFDM modulation technique specified in IEEE
802.11a for the 5 GHz frequency band and applies it in the same 2.4 GHz frequency
band as IEEE 802.11b. The 802.11g standard requires backward compatibility with
802.11b.
The standard specifically calls for:
A. A new physical layer for the 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) in the 2.4 GHz
frequency band, known as the extended rate PHY (ERP). The ERP adds OFDM as a
mandatory new coding scheme for 6, 12 and 24 Mbps (mandatory speeds), and 18,
36, 48 and 54 Mbps (optional speeds). The ERP includes the modulation schemes
found in 802.11b including CCK for 11 and 5.5 Mbps and Barker code modulation for
2 and 1 Mbps.
B. A protection mechanism called RTS/CTS that governs how 802.11g devices and
802.11b devices interoperate.
2. What is the IEEE 802.11b standard?
The IEEE 802.11b Wireless LAN standard subcommittee, which formulates the
standard for the industry. The objective is to enable wireless LAN hardware from
different manufactures to communicate.
3. What does IEEE 802.11 feature support?
The product supports the following IEEE 802.11 functions:
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
CSMA/CA plus Acknowledge Protocol
Multi-Channel Roaming
Automatic Rate Selection
RTS/CTS Feature
Fragmentation
Power Management
4. What is Ad-hoc?
An Ad-hoc integrated wireless LAN is a group of computers, each has a Wireless LAN
card, Connected as an independent wireless LAN. Ad hoc wireless LAN is applicable at
a departmental scale for a branch or SOHO operation.
5. What is Infrastructure?
An integrated wireless and wireless and wired LAN is called an Infrastructure
configuration. Infrastructure is applicable to enterprise scale for wireless access to
central database, or wireless application for mobile workers.
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6. What is BSS ID?
A specific Ad hoc LAN is called a Basic Service Set (BSS). Computers in a BSS must be
configured with the same BSS ID.
7. What is WEP?
WEP is Wired Equivalent Privacy, a data privacy mechanism based on a 40 bit shared
key algorithm, as described in the IEEE 802 .11 standard.
8. What is TKIP?
TKIP is a quick-fix method to quickly overcome the inherent weaknesses in WEP
security, especially the reuse of encryption keys. TKIP is involved in the IEEE 802.11i
WLAN security standard, and the specification might be officially released by early
2003.
9. What is AES?
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), a chip-based security, has been developed to
ensure the highest degree of security and authenticity for digital information, wherever
and however communicated or stored, while making more efficient use of hardware
and/or software than previous encryption standards. It is also included in IEEE 802.11i
standard. Compare with AES, TKIP is a temporary protocol for replacing WEP security
until manufacturers implement AES at the hardware level.
10. Can Wireless products support printer sharing?
Wireless products perform the same function as LAN products. Therefore, Wireless
products can work with Netware, Windows 2000, or other LAN operating systems to
support printer or file sharing.
11. Would the information be intercepted while transmitting on air?
WLAN features two-fold protection in security. On the hardware side, as with Direct
Sequence Spread Spectrum technology, it has the inherent security feature of
scrambling. On the software side, WLAN series offer the encryption function (WEP) to
enhance security and Access Control. Users can set it up depending upon their needs.
12. What is DSSS? What is FHSS? And what are their differences?
Frequency-hopping spread-spectrum (FHSS) uses a narrowband carrier that changes
frequency in a pattern that is known to both transmitter and receiver. Properly
synchronized, the net effect is to maintain a single logical channel. To an unintended
receiver, FHSS appears to be short-duration impulse noise. Direct-sequence
spread-spectrum (DSSS) generates a redundant bit pattern for each bit to be
transmitted. This bit pattern is called a chip (or chipping code). The longer the chip is,
the greater the probability that the original data can be recovered. Even if one or more
bits in the chip are damaged during transmission, statistical techniques embedded in the
radio can recover the original data without-the need for retransmission. To an
unintended receiver, DSSS appears as low power wideband noise and is rejected
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(ignored) by most narrowband receivers.
13. What is Spread Spectrum?
Spread Spectrum technology is a wideband radio frequency technique developed by the
military for use in reliable, secure, mission-critical communication systems. It is
designed to trade off bandwidth efficiency for reliability, integrity, and security. In other
words, more bandwidth is consumed than in the case of narrowband transmission, but
the trade off produces a signal that is, in effect, louder and thus easier to detect,
provided that the receiver knows the parameters of the spread-spectrum signal being
broadcast. If a receiver is not tuned to the right frequency, a spread –spectrum signal
looks like background noise. There are two main alternatives, Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum (DSSS) and Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS).
14. What is WMM?
Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM), a group of features for wireless networks that improve the
user experience for audio, video and voice applications. WMM is based on a subset of
the IEEE 802.11e WLAN QoS draft standard. WMM adds prioritized capabilities to Wi-Fi
networks and optimizes their performance when multiple concurring applications, each
with different latency and throughput requirements, compete for network resources. By
using WMM, end-user satisfaction is maintained in a wider variety of environments and
traffic conditions. WMM makes it possible for home network users and enterprise
network managers to decide which data streams are most important and assign them a
higher traffic priority.
15. What is WMM Power Save?
WMM Power Save is a set of features for Wi-Fi networks that increase the efficiency
and flexibility of data transmission in order to conserve power. WMM Power Save has
been optimized for mobile devices running latency-sensitive applications such as voice,
audio, or video, but can benefit any Wi-Fi device. WMM Power Save uses mechanisms
included in the IEEE 802.11e standard and is an enhancement of IEEE 802.11 legacy
power save. With WMM Power Save, the same amount of data can be transmitted in a
shorter time while allowing the Wi-Fi device to remain longer in a low-power “dozing”
state.
16. What is GI?
GI stands for Guard Interval. It’s a measure to protect wireless devices from cross-
interference. If there are two wireless devices using the same or near channel, and they
are close enough, radio interference will occur and reduce the radio resource usability.
17. What is STBC?
STBC stands for Space-Time Block Coding, which is a technique used to transfer
multiple copies of data by multiple antenna, to improve data transfer performance. By
using multiple antennas, not only data transfer rate is improved, but also the wireless
stability.
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