TANDBERG Border Controller User Manual
Environmental Issues
Thank you for buying a product which contributes to a reduction in pollution, and thereby helps
save the environment. Our products reduce the need for travel and transport and thereby reduce
pollution. Our products have either none or few consumable parts (chemicals, toner, gas, paper).
Our products are low energy consuming products.
TANDBERG’s Environmental Policy
• TANDBERG’s Research and Development is continuously improving TANDBERG’s prod-
ucts towards less use of environmentally hazardous components and substances as well
as to make the products easier to recycle.
• TANDBERG’s products are Communication Solutions. The idea of these solutions is to
reduce the need for expensive, time demanding and polluting transport of people. Through
people’s use of TANDBERG’s products, the environment will benefit from less use of
polluting transport.
• TANDBERG’s wide use of the concepts of outsourcing makes the company itself a company
with a low rate of emissions and effects on the environment.
• TANDBERG’s policy is to make sure our partners produce our products with minimal
influence on the environment and to demand and audit their compatibility according to
applicable agreements and laws (national and international).
Environmental Considerations
Like other electronic equipment, the TANDBERG Border Controller contains components that
may have a detrimental effect on the environment. TANDBERG works continuously towards
eliminating these substances in our products.
• Printed-wiring boards made of plastic, with flame-retardants like Chloride or Bromide.
• Component soldering that contains lead.
• Smaller components containing substances with possible environmental effect.
After the product’s end of life cycle, it should be returned to authorized waste handling and should
be treated according to National and International Regulations for waste of electronic equipment.
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Operator Safety Summary
For your protection, please read these safety instructions completely before operating the
equipment and keep this manual for future reference. The information in this summary is
intended for operators. Carefully observe all warnings, precautions and instructions both on the
apparatus and in the operating instructions.
Warnings
• Water and moisture - Do not operate the equipment under or near water - for example near
a bathtub, kitchen sink, or laundry tub, in a wet basement, or near a swimming pool or in
areas with high humidity.
• Cleaning - Unplug the apparatus from the wall outlet before cleaning or polishing. Do not
use liquid cleaners or aerosol cleaners. Use a lint-free cloth lightly moistened with water for
cleaning the exterior of the apparatus.
• Ventilation - Do not block any of the ventilation openings of the apparatus. Install in
accordance with the installation instructions. Never cover the slots and openings with a
cloth or other material. Never install the apparatus near heat sources such as radiators,
heat registers, stoves, or other apparatus (including amplifiers) that produce heat.
• Grounding or Polarization - Do not defeat the safety purpose of the polarized or grounding-
type plug. A polarized plug has two blades with one wider than the other. A grounding type
plug has two blades and a third grounding prong. The wide blade or third prong is provided
for your safety. If the provided plug does not fit into your outlet, consult an electrician.
• Power-Cord Protection - Route the power cord so as to avoid it being walked on or pinched
by items placed upon or against it, paying particular attention to the plugs, receptacles, and
the point where the cord exits from the apparatus.
• Attachments - Only use attachments as recommended by the manufacturer.
• Accessories - Use only with a cart, stand, tripod, bracket, or table specified by the manu-
facturer, or sold with the apparatus. When a cart is used, use caution when moving the
cart/apparatus combination to avoid injury from tip-over.
• Lightning - Unplug this apparatus during lightning storms or when unused for long periods
of time.
• Servicing - Do not attempt to service the apparatus yourself as opening or removing covers
may expose you to dangerous voltages or other hazards, and will void the warranty. Refer
all servicing to qualified service personnel.
• Damaged Equipment - Unplug the apparatus from the outlet and refer servicing to qualified
personnel under the following conditions:
– When the power cord or plug is damaged or frayed
– If liquid has been spilled or objects have fallen into the apparatus
– If the apparatus has been exposed to rain or moisture
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– If the apparatus has been subjected to excessive shock by being dropped, or the
cabinet has been damaged
– If the apparatus fails to operate in accordance with the operating instructions.
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Contents
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3
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2.3 Mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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TANDBERG Border Controller User Manual
1 Introduction
This User Manual is provided to help you make the best use of your TANDBERG Border
Controller.
A Border Controller is a key component of TANDBERG’s ExpresswayTMfirewall traversal solution.
Used in conjunction with a TANDBERG Gatekeeper or TANDBERG traversal enabled endpoints
it allows calls to be made into and out of a secured private network.
The main features of the TANDBERG Border Controller are:
• IPv4 and IPv6 support
• Registration of traversal enabled endpoints.
• Supports up to 500 registered TANDBERG traversal endpoints.
• Secure firewall traversal of any firewall or NAT.
• Up to 100 traversal calls.
• Supports up to 100 neighboring zones.
• Flexible zone configuration with prefix and suffix support.
• URI dialing with DNS enabling global connectivity.
• Can function as a standalone Border Controller or be neighbored with other Border Con-
trollers and Gatekeepers.
• Can be used to control the amount of bandwidth used both within the Border Controller
zone and to neighboring Border Controllers and Gatekeepers.
• Can limit total bandwidth usage and set maximum per call bandwidth usage with automatic
down-speeding if call exceeds per-call maximum.
• Can be managed with TANDBERG Management Suite 11.0 or newer, or as a standalone
system with RS-232, Telnet, SSH, HTTP and HTTPS.
• Embedded setup wizard on serial port for initial configuration.
Note that features may vary depending on software package.
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1.1 TANDBERG Border Controller Overview
On the front of the Border Controller there are three LAN interfaces, a serial port (Data 1) and
an LED showing the power status of the system. The LAN 1 interface is used for connecting
the system to your network, LAN interface 2 and 3 are disabled. The serial port (Data 1) is for
connection to a PC, and power on is indicated by the Light Emitting Diode (Power) being lit.
The back of the Border Controller has a power connector, a power switch, and a serial port (Data
2) for connecting to a PC.
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2 Installation
2.1 Precautions
• Never install communication equipment during a lightning storm.
• Never install jacks for communication cables in wet locations unless the jack is specifically
designed for wet locations.
• Never touch uninstalled communication wires or terminals unless the communication line
has been disconnected at the network interface.
• Use caution when installing or modifying communication lines.
• Avoid using communication equipment (other than a cordless type) during an electrical
storm.
• There may be a remote risk of electrical shock from lightning.
• Do not use communication equipment to report a gas leak in the vicinity of the leak.
• The socket outlet shall be installed near to the equipment and shall be easily accessible.
• Never install cables without first switching the power OFF.
• This product complies with directives: LVD 73/23/EC and EMC 89/366/EEC.
• Power must be switched off before power supplies can be removed from or installed into
the unit.
2.2 Unpacking
The TANDBERG Border Controller is delivered in a special shipping box which should contain
the following components:
• Border Controller unit
• Installation sheet
• User manual and other documentation on CD
• Rack-ears and screws
• Kit with 4 rubber feet
• Cables:
– Power cables
– One Ethernet cable
– One null-modem RS-232 cable
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2.2.1 Installation site preparations
• Make sure that the Border Controller is accessible and that all cables can be easily
connected.
• For ventilation: Leave a space of at least 10cm (4 inches) behind the Border Controller’s
rear and 5cm (2 inches) on the sides.
• The room in which you install the Border Controller should have an ambient temperature
between 0◦C and 35◦C (32◦F and 95◦F) and between 10% and 90% non-condensing
relative humidity.
• Do not place heavy objects directly on top of the Border Controller.
• Do not place hot objects directly on top, or directly beneath the Border Controller.
• Use a grounded AC power outlet for the Border Controller.
2.3 Mounting
The Border Controller comes with brackets for mounting in standard 19” racks.
Before starting the rack mounting, please make sure the TANDBERG Border Controller is placed
securely on a hard, flat surface.
1. Disconnect the AC power cable.
2. Make sure that the mounting space is according to the ‘Installation site preparations’ in
section 2.2.1.
3. Attach the brackets to the chassis on both sides of the unit.
4. Insert the unit into a 19” rack, and secure it with screws.
2.4 Connecting Cables
Power cable Connect the system power cable to an electrical distribution socket.
LAN cable Connect a LAN cable from the LAN 1 connector on the front of the unit to your
network.
Null-modem RS-232 cable Connect the supplied null-modem RS-232 cable between the Bor-
der Controller’s Data 1 connector and the COM port on a PC.
2.5 Switching on the System
To start the TANDBERG Border Controller, make sure that the following has been done:
• The power cable is connected.
• The LAN cable is connected.
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Then switch the power switch button on the back of the unit to ‘1’.
On the front of the chassis you will see the Power LED being lit.
2.6 Border Controller Initial Configuration
The TANDBERG Border Controller requires some configuration before it can be used. This must
be done using a PC connected to the serial port (Data 1) or by connecting to the system’s default
IP address: 192.168.0.100.
The IP address, subnet mask and gateway must be configured before use. The Border Controller
has to be configured with a static IP address. Consult your network administrator for information
on which addresses to use.
To set the initial configuration, do the following:
1. Connect the supplied null-modem RS-232 cable from Data 1 to a PC running a terminal
program.
2. Start a terminal program and configure it to use the serial port with baud rate 115200, 8
data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no flow control.
3. Power on the unit if it is not already on.
4. You should see the unit display start up information.
5. After approximately 2 minutes you will get a login prompt.
6. Enter username admin and your password. The default password is TANDBERG.
7. You will be prompted if you want to run the install wizard. Type y and press Enter.
(none) login: admin
Password:
Run install wizard [n]:
y
8. Specify the following:
(b) The IP address of the system.
(c) The IP subnet mask of the system.
(d) The IP default gateway of the system.
(e) The Ethernet speed.
(f) The local zone prefix, if any, you want to use for the zone controlled by this system.
(g) Whether you want to use SSH to administer the system.
(h) Whether you want to use Telnet to administer the system.
9. You will be prompted to login again. You should see a welcome message like this:
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Welcome to
TANDBERG Border Controller Release Q3.0
SW Release Date: 2006-01-02
OK
10. Login with username admin and your password.
11. Review other system settings. You may want to set the following:
(a) The name of the Border Controller. This is used to identify the Border Controller by the
TANDBERG Management Suite. See the xConfiguration SystemUnit command in
(b) Automatic discovery. If you have multiple Border Controllers in the same network you
may want to disable automatic discovery on some of them. See the xConfiguration
Gatekeeper AutoDiscovery command in section 11.2.4.
(c) The DNS server address and the domain name if the Border Controller will be
configured with hostnames instead of IP address or if URI dialing is required. See the
12. Reboot the Border Controller by typing the command xCommand boot to make your new
settings take effect.
13. Disconnect the serial cable.
NOTE To securely manage the Border Controller you should disable HTTP and Telnet, using the
encrypted HTTPS and SSH protocols instead. For increased security, disable HTTPS and SSH
as well, using the serial port to manage the system.
NOTE If you do not have an IP gateway, configure the Border Controller with an unused IP
address that is valid in your subnet.
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3 Getting started
3.1 System Administration
To configure and monitor the TANDBERG Border Controller you can either use the web interface
or a command line interface. The command line interface is available over SSH and Telnet, or
through the serial port. The interface is the same using all three access methods. By default
administration sessions remain active until you logout. Session timeouts may be enabled using
the xConfiguration Session TimeOut command.
To enter commands you should start a session and login with user name admin and your
password.
The interface groups information in different commands:
xstatus Provides a read only interface to determine the current status of the system. Information
such as current calls and registrations is available through this command group.
xconfiguration A read/write interface to set system configuration data such as IP address and
subnet.
xcommand A miscellaneous group of commands for setting information or obtaining it.
xhistory Provides historical information about calls and registrations.
xfeedback An event interface, providing information about calls and registrations.
A command reference is given in section 11
3.1.1 Administrator Account
All administration requires you to log in to the administration account with a user name admin
and a password. The default password is TANDBERG, which you are recommended to change
as soon as possible. Choose a strong password, particularly if administraion over IP is en-
abled. Changing the password can only be done through the command line interface using the
command:
xconfiguration systemunit password: new password
If you forget your password, it is possible to set a new password using the following procedure:
• Reboot the Border Controller.
• Connect to the Border Controller over the serial interface once it has restarted.
• Login with the user name pwrec. No password is required.
• You will be prompted for a new password.
The pwrec account is only active for one minute following a restart. Beyond that time you will
have to restart the system again to change the password. Because access to the serial port
allows the password to be reset, it is recommended that you install the Border Controller in a
physically secure environment.
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3.1.2 Root Account
The Border Controller provides a root account with the same password as the admin account.
This account should not be used in normal operation, and in particular system configuration
should not be conducted using this account: use the admin account instead.
3.2 Registration
Before an endpoint can use the Border Controller it must first register with it. There are two ways
an endpoint can register:
• Automatically.
• Manually by specifying the IP address of the Border Controller.
You can disable automatic registration on the Border Controller. See auto discovery in section
11.2 for more information.
When registering, the endpoint registers with one or more of the following:
• One or more H.323 IDs.
• One or more E.164 aliases.
Users of other registered endpoints can then call the endpoint by using either the H.323 ID, a
URI, an E.164 alias, or one of the services.
You should choose H.323 aliases which do not reveal sensitive information. Like e-mail addresses,
they are passed unencrypted when a call is made.
Consult the endpoint documentation for information on how to configure it with a Gatekeeper.
NOTE Only traversal enabled endpoints can register with a TANDBERG Border Controller. All
other registration requests will be rejected. Traversal enabled endpoints include all TANDBERG
Expressway endpoints and third party endpoints which support the ITU H.460.18 and H.460.19
standards.
NOTE When URI dialing is used to discover an endpoint, the URI used is based on either the
H.323 ID or the E.164 alias that the endpoint registered with. The local domain is then added to
this. See section 6
3.3 Neighbor Gatekeepers
As you start deploying more than one Gatekeeper or Border Controller, it is useful to neighbor
the systems together so that they can exchange information about registered endpoints. Each
Gatekeeper or Border Controller forms an H.323 zone and is responsible for the endpoints within
that zone.
The simplest approach is to assign each endpoint a unique alias and divide the endpoint
registrations between the Gatekeepers and Border Controllers. Each Gatekeeper or Border
Controller is then configured with the addresses of all other Gatekeepers and Border Controllers.
When a system receives a call for an endpoint which is not registered with, it will send out a
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Location Request to all the other Gatekeepers and Border Controllers on the system. Whilst
conceptually simple, this sort of flat dial plan does not scale very well: adding or moving a
Gatekeeper requires changing the configuration of every Gatekeeper and Border Controller;
one call attempt can result in a flood of location requests. With 3 interconnected systems, an
unknown alias can result in 28 LRQs, with 4 systems some 50,000 LRQs will be generated.
An alternative deployment would use a structured dial plan: endpoints are assigned an alias
based on the system they are registering with. Using E.164 aliases, each Gatekeeper or Border
Controller would be assigned an area code. When the Gatekeepers and Border Controllers are
neighbored together, each neighbor is configured with its corresponding area code as a prefix.
That neighbor will now will only be queried for calls to numbers which begin with its prefix. In a
URI based dial plan, similar behaviour may be obtained by configuring neighbors with a suffix to
match the desired domain name.
It may be desirable to have endpoints register with just the subscriber number — the last part
of the E.164 number. In that case, the Border Controller should be configured to strip prefixes
before placing the Location Request.
A structured dial plan will minimize the number of location requests issued when a call is
attempted, but, as described above, still requires a fully connected mesh of all Gatekeepers
and Border Controllers in your deployment. A hierarchical dial plan can simplify this. One
Gatekeeper is nominated as the directory gatekeeper for the deployment. All Border Controllers
and public Gatekeepers are neighbored with it and vice versa. There is no need to neighbor the
Border Controllers and public Gatekeepers with each other. Adding a new Border Controller or
public Gatekeeper now only requires changing configuration on that system and the Directory
Gatekeeper.
Failure of the directory gatekeeper could cause significant disruption to communications. Con-
resilience.
Neighbors are added and zones configured through the command line interface using the
xconfiguration zones family of command, xCommand ZoneAdd or through the web interface:
described above are formed using patterns: each zone may have up to 5 patterns assigned,
each of which may be defined as a prefix or a suffix.
3.3.1 Search Order
If a called alias matches a prefix or suffix zone a strong match is achieved. A weak match is
achieved if a zone is to be queried only because it has no pattern matching configured.
When an incoming call request is received a Border Controller will first search all of its registered
endpoints. If no match is found, all strongly matching neighbor and traversal zones will be queried
concurrently. If the target is not found in any of the strongly matching zones, all weakly matching
neighbor zones will be queried, then all weakly matching traversal zones. Finally, if a match has
still not been found, a DNS query may be attempted as described in section 6.
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Figure 1: Adding a new zone
3.4 Alternate Border Controllers
Alternate Border Controller support is provided to increase the reliability of your deployment. If
one Border Controller becomes unavailable, perhaps due to a network or power outage, another
will be used as an Alternate. Alternates share responsibility for their endpoint community: an
individual endpoint may be registered with any one of the Alternates. You should configure
Alternates identically for all registration and call features such as authentication, bandwidth
control and policy. If you do not do this, endpoint behavior will vary unpredictably depending on
which Alternate it is currently registered with. Alternates should also be deployed on the same
LAN as each other so that they may be configured with the same routing information such as
local domain names and local domain subnet masks.
Each Border Controller may be configured with the IP addresses of up to five Alternates. When
an endpoint registers with the Border Controller, it is presented with the IP addresses of all the
Alternates. If the endpoint loses contact with its initial Border Controller, it will seek to register
with one of the Alternates. This may result in your endpoint community’s registrations being
spread over all the Alternates.
Enterprise Gatekeepers which register with the Border Controller may also be given a list of
Alternate Border Controllers to use.
When a Border Controller receives a Location Request, if it cannot respond from its own
registration database, it will query all of its Alternates before responding. This allows the pool of
registrations to be treated as if they were registered with a single Border Controller.
The Alternate Border Controllers can be configured within the web interface of the Border
Controller by navigating to Border Controller Configuration → Gatekeeper. Up to five different
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Figure 2: Alternate Border Controller configuration
3.5 Call Control
When an endpoint wants to call another endpoint it presents the address it wants to call to
the Border Controller using a protocol knows as RAS. The Border Controller tries to resolve
this address and supplies the calling endpoint with information about the called endpoint. The
destination address can take several forms: IP address, H.323 ID, E.164 alias or a full H.323
URI.
When an H.323 ID or E.164 alias is used, the Border Controller looks for a match between the
dialed address and the aliases registered by its endpoints. If no match is found, it may query
other Gatekeepers and Border Controllers.
When dialing by H.323 URI, the destination address resembles an email address. The Border
Controller first follows the procedure for matching H.323 IDs. If that fails it looks for a Gatekeeper
or Border Controller responsible for the domain (the part of the URI following the @ symbol) and
queries that device.
Dialing by IP address is necessary when the destination endpoint is not registered with a
Gatekeeper or Border Controller. If it is registered, then one of the other addressing schemes
should be used instead as they are more flexible. From your registered endpoint, dial the
IP address of the endpoint you wish to call. This requires that the Border Controller has
xConfiguration Gatekeeper CallToUnknownIPAddresses correctly configured.
It is not possible to dial endpoints behind a Border Controller by IP address. Calls should be
made using an E.164 or H.323 alias.
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3.6 Firewall Traversal
The Border Controller works with the TANDBERG Gatekeeper, TANDBERG Expressway end-
points and other endpoints which support the ITU H.460.18 and H.460.19 standards. In order
to successfully traverse a firewall, the firewall is required to allow initial outbound traffic to des-
ignated ports on the border controller and return traffic from those ports. The ports used are
configurablea and by default are:
• UDP/1719
• TCP/1720
• TCP/2776
• TCP/2777
• UDP/2776
• UDP/2777
Non traversal calls — calls to the public internet — send traffic to ports determined by the
receiving endpoint and from ports. Traffic is sent from UDP ports 1719 and 50,000–51,000 and
TCP ports 15,000–24,000
Having the firewall only accept incoming data from the IP address and port to which data has
already been sent allows you to maintain a secure network behind the firewall: unsolicited
incoming data will not be accepted.
You are recommended to turn off any H.323 traversal features on the firewall: these are not
needed in conjunction with the Expressway solution and may interfere with its operation.
The Gatekeeper identifies itself to the Border Controller with its Traversal Zone Name which may
be determined with the command:
xConfiguration Zones TraversalZone Name
or using the Gatekeeper’s web interface on the System Configuration → Misc page.
Up to 50 Gatekeepers may register with the Border Controller. Each is identified with a unique
Traversal Zone Name which is set with the command:
xConfiguration Zones TraversalZone [1..50 ] Name: name
or using the Border Controller’s web interface on the Border Controller Configuration → Traver-
salZones page.
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4 Bandwidth Control
The TANDBERG Border Controller allows you to control endpoints’ use of bandwidth on your
calls are acceptable, a pipe to the internet with restricted bandwidth, and two satellite offices,
each with their own restricted pipes. In order to utilize the available bandwidth efficiently, the
TANDBERG Border Controller allows you to model your network, and bandwidth controls on
individual components of the network. Bandwidth controls may be set on a call by call basis and
on a total concurrent usage basis.
Figure 4: Typical network deployment
All endpoints registered with your Border Controller are part of its local zone. As shown in Figure
order to model this, the local zone is made up of one or more subzones. When an endpoint
registers with the Border Controller it is assigned to a subzone, based on its IP address.
By default all endpoints registering with the Border Controller are assigned to the default subzone.
This is suitable if you have uniform bandwidth available between all your endpoints. When you
pool of endpoints.
Subzones are added and configured through the web interface on the Border Controller Configu-
xConfiguration SubZones SubZone [1..100] Name
xConfiguration SubZones SubZone [1..100] Subnet IP Prefixlength
xConfiguration SubZones SubZone [1..100] Subnet IP Address
Subzones may be configured with links joining them to each other and to other zones. These links
are used to calculate how a call is routed over the network and so which zones and subzones
are involved. If multiple routes are possible, your Border Controller will select the one with the
fewest links.
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Figure 5: Configuring a SubZone
Links may be configured through the web interface on the Border Controller Configuration →
Links page, or through the command line using the following commands:
xConfiguration Links Link [1..100] Name
xConfiguration Links Link [1..100] Node1 Name
xConfiguration Links Link [1..100] Node2 Name
xConfiguration Links Link [1..100] Pipe1 Name
xConfiguration Links Link [1..100] Pipe2 Name
Each subzone may be configured with its own bandwidth limits. Calls placed between two
endpoints in the same subzone consume resource from the subzone’s allocation. Subzone
bandwidths are configured on the Border Controller Configuration → SubZones page (see Figure
6 for a screenshot of the configuration) or using the following command line commands:
xConfiguration SubZones SubZone [1..100] Bandwidth Total Mode
xConfiguration SubZones SubZone [1..100] Bandwidth Total Limit
xConfiguration SubZones SubZone [1..100] Bandwidth PerCall Mode
xConfiguration SubZones SubZone [1..100] Bandwidth PerCall Limit
When calls are placed between endpoints in different subzones, it is possible to control the
bandwidth used on the link between them. To do this, create a pipe and configure it with the
required bandwidth characteristics. This pipe is then assigned to a link. Calls traversing the link
will now take the pipe’s bandwidth allocation into consideration. Pipes are created and configured
line commands:
Figure 6: Configuring a pipe
xConfiguration Pipes Pipe [1..100] Name
xConfiguration Pipes Pipe [1..100] Bandwidth Total Mode
xConfiguration Pipes Pipe [1..100] Bandwidth Total Limit
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xConfiguration Pipes Pipe [1..100] Bandwidth PerCall Mode
xConfiguration Pipes Pipe [1..100] Bandwidth PerCall Limit
Pipes may be shared between one or more links. This is used to model the situation where a
site communicates with several other sites over the same broadband connection to the Internet.
Each link may have up to two pipes associated with it. This is useful for modeling two sites, each
with their own broadband connection to the Internet backbone. Calls between zones or subzones
consume bandwidth from each zone and any pipes on the link between them.
When a Border Controller is neighbored with another Gatekeeper or a Border Controller, the
neighbor is placed in its own zone. This allows you to control the bandwidth used by calls to
and from endpoints controlled by the other Gatekeeper. Sometimes you may place and receive
unregistered endpoints reached by dialing their IP address, are placed in the Default Zone.
If bandwidth control is in use, there are two possible behaviors when a call cannot be placed
at the bandwidth requested. By default the call will be connected at a reduced bandwidth
(down-speeding), assuming that there is some bandwidth still available. Optionally the call may
be rejected if it cannot be placed at the requested bandwidth. This option is controlled through
the web interface of the Border Controller by navigating to Border Controller Configuration →
Figure 7: Configuring down-speeding options
xConfiguration Gatekeeper Downspeed PerCall Mode: <On/Off>
xConfiguration Gatekeeper Downspeed Total Mode: <On/Off>
4.1 Bandwidth Control and Firewall Traversal
When a Border Controller and Gatekeeper are being used to traverse a firewall, an additional
zone and subzone come into use.
The traversal zone is used to represent the zone containing the Gatekeeper Controller this
Border Controller is paired with. This zone is automatically added for you. The traversal subzone
represents the Border Controller itself. The traversal subzone allows you to control total and per
call bandwidths passing through the Border Controller. Unlike other subzones, no endpoints will
ever be registered in this subzone.
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4.2 Bandwidth Control Examples
offices is represented as a separate subzone, with bandwidth configured according to local policy.
The enterprise’s leased line connection to the Internet, and the DSL connections to the remote
offices, are modelled as separate pipes.
Figure 8: Bandwidth control example
between each of the offices. Each link is then assigned two pipes, representing the Internet
connections of the offices at each end of the link. A call placed between the Home Office and
Branch Office will consume bandwidth in the home and branch subzones and on the home and
branch pipe. The enterprise’s bandwidth budget will be unaffected by the call.
If we now modify our deployment to include firewalls between the offices, we can use the firewall
traversal capability of the TANDBERG Gatekeeper and Border Controller to maintain connectivity.
branch and home office register with the Border Controller.
The introduction of the firewalls means that there is no longer any direct connectivity between
the Branch and Home offices. All traffic must be routed through the Border Controller. This is
shown by the absence of a link between the Home and Branch subzones.
will consume bandwidth from the Traversal Zone for all calls placed to endpoints managed by the
Enterprise Gatekeeper. In this example we have assumed that there is no bottleneck on the link
between the Border Controller and the Enterprise network, so have not placed a pipe on this link.
If you want to limit the amount of traffic flowing through your firewall, you could provision a pipe
on this link.
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Figure 9: Network Deployment with firewalls
Figure 10: Border Controller example configuration
the Border Controller itself.
Because the Gatekeeper is only managing endpoints on the LAN, its configuration is simpler as
shown in Figure 11.
All of the endpoints in the enterprise will be assigned to the default subzone. The Traversal
subzone controls traversal traffic flowing through the Gatekeeper, whilst the Traversal Zone
controls all traffic traversing the enterprise firewall and passing on to the Border Controller. Both
subzones and the Traversal zone are linked: the link between the default subzone and the
Traversal zone is used by endpoints which can send media directly to the Border Controller. The
other two links are used by endpoints using the Gatekeeper to traverse the firewall.
The Border Controller is shipped with Default Zone and Default and Traversal subzones already
configured. They are also preconfigured with the links between these zones to allow calls to
be placed. You may delete or amend the default links if you need to model restrictions of your
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5 Registration Control
The TANDBERG Border Controller can control which endpoints are allowed to register with it. Two
separate mechanisms are provided: a simple Registration Restriction Policy and an authentication
process based on user names and passwords. It is possible to use both mechanisms at once:
authentication to verify an endpoint’s identity from a corporate directory and registration restriction
to control which of those authenticated endpoints may register with a particular Border Controller.
5.1 Registration Restriction Policy
When an endpoint registers with your Border Controller it presents a list of aliases. By default,
registration restriction policy is set to None. In this state, any endpoint may register. The
registration restriction policy can be configured using the following command:
xConfiguration Gatekeeper Registration RestrictionPolicy [None|AllowList|DenyList
]
or by using the web interface, on the Border Controller Configuration → Restrictions page (see
to AllowList, only those endpoints with an alias which matches an entry in the AllowList may
register. Conversely, if the policy is set to DenyList, all endpoints may register, unless they match
an entry on the DenyList. Allow lists and Deny lists are mutually exclusive: only one may be in
use at any given time.
Figure 12: Configuring registration restrictions
Matching uses a simple form of wild card expansion:
12345678
1234567?
123*
Exact match only
First 7 characters are an exact match, last may be anything
123 followed by anything
*@example.com Any string ending with @example.com
To set entries in the Allow and Deny lists use the following commands AllowListAdd, AllowListDelete,
DenyListAdd, DenyListDelete
To view the entries in the allow and deny lists, use the following commands:
xConfiguration Gatekeeper Registration AllowList
xConfiguration Gatekeeper Registration DenyList
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5.2 Authentication
The TANDBERG Border Controller can use a user name and password based challenge-response
scheme to permit registrations. For details of how to configure your endpoint with the appropriate
information, please consult your endpoint manual.
network devices with which theBorder Controller communicates.
In order to verify the identity of a device, the Border Controller needs access to the password
information. This credential information may be stored in a local database on the Border Controller
or obtained from an LDAP Director Server.
5.2.1 Authentication using a local database
To configure the Border Controller to use the local database of credentials during authentication
issue the following commands
xConfiguration Authentication Mode: On
xConfiguration Authentication Database: LocalDatabase
Each credential in the local database has a username and a password. To manage the credentials
in the local database use the following commands
xcommand CredentialAdd <user name> <password>
xcommand CredentialDelete <credential index>
To show the credentials in the local database use the command
xConfiguration Authentication Credential
The credential database can also be configured via the web interface on the Border Controller
Figure 13: Adding LDAP credentials
5.2.2 Authentication using an LDAP server
The authentication information can be obtained from an LDAP server. The directory on the
LDAP server should be configured to implement the ITU H.350 specification to store H.235
credentials for devices that the Border Controller communicates with. The directory should also
be configured with the H.323 aliases of endpoints that will register with the Border Controller.
For instructions on how to configure common third party LDAP servers, see Appendix B.
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To configure the Border Controller to use the LDAP server directory during authentication issue
the following commands:
xConfiguration Authentication Mode: On
xConfiguration Authentication Database: LDAPDatabase
The Border Controller needs to be configured with the area of the directory which will be searched
for the communication device information. This should be specified as the Distinguished Name
(DN) in the directory under which the H.350 objects reside:
xConfiguration Authentication LDAP BaseDN: "Your base DN"
The Border Controller must also be configured with the location of the LDAP server and the
security credentials required to gain access to the LDAP server. The following commands are
used to configure the LDAP server details:
xConfiguration LDAP Server Address: "ldap server address"
xConfiguration LDAP Server Port: 389
xConfiguration LDAP UserDN: "Your user DN"
xConfiguration LDAP Password: "password"
The status of the connection between the Border Controller and the LDAP server can be verified
using the command:
xstatus LDAP
The details of the LDAP server can also be configured via the web interface on the Border
Controller Configuration → Gatekeeper page).
5.2.3 Securing the LDAP connection with TLS
The traffic between the Border Controller and the LDAP server can be encrypted using Transport
Layer Security (TLS). To use TLS, the LDAP server must have a valid certificate installed so
that the Border Controller can verify the server’s identity. For more information on setting up
communications port.
Using the terminal interface TLS can be enabled with the following command
xConfiguration LDAP Encryption: TLS
TLS can also be enabled via the web interface using the Border Controller Configuration →
Gatekeeper page.
The Border Controller will now only communicate with the LDAP server using TLS. To verify the
identity of the LDAP server, the certificate of the Certificate Authority (CA) that issued the LDAP
server with its certificate must be uploaded to the Border Controller. To install the CAs certificate,
navigate to the Border Controller Configuration → Files page and upload the CA certificate as a
Trusted CA certificate.
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6 URI Dialing
If an alias is not located in the Border Controller’s list of registrations, it may attempt to find an
authoritative Gatekeeper through the DNS system.
URI dialing makes it easier for endpoints registered with different Gatekeepers or Border Con-
trollers to call each other. Without URI dialing, you need to neighbor all the systems to each other.
This does not scale well as the number of systems grows. It is also inconvenient for making one
off calls to endpoints registered with previously unknown systems.
Using URI dialing, you call using an H.323 URI which looks like an email address. The destination
Gatekeeper is found from the domain name — the part after the @ — in the same way that an
email server is found.
The decision as to whether or not to use URI dialing is governed by the current state of:
xConfiguration Gatekeeper DNSResolution Mode: <On/Off>
or using the web interface on the Border Controller Configuration → Gatekeeper page
You will also need to configure a DNS server for the systems to query. This is set using:
xConfiguration IP DNS Server 1 Address: <address>
Configuration screen).
If you want others to be able to reach you using URI dialing, add a record to your DNS information
as described in Appendix: A
Endpoints will typically register with the Border Controller without their domain name. The Border
Controller needs to match a request for [email protected] to a registration for fred. To do this, it
must be configured with the name of the domain in which its endpoints belong. This is set using
xConfiguration Gatekeeper LocalDomain DomainName: <name>
If URI dialing is being used in conjunction with firewall traversal, DNSResolution Mode should
only be enabled on the Border Controller and on any Gatekeepers on the public network. The
DNS records should be updated with the address of the Border Controller as the authoritative
Gatekeeper for the enterprise. This ensures that calls placed using URI dialing enter and leave
the enterprise through the Border Controller, allowing successful traversal of the firewall.
The LocalDomain DomainName should be set on both the Gatekeeper and the Border Controller.
Any Alternates should also have the same LocalDomain Domain Name.
6.1 Creating DNS SRV records
URI dialing relies on the presence of SRV Record in the DNS information for the zone. The SRV
record specifies the location of a server for a particular protocol and domain. Its format is defined
Service. Proto.Name TTL Class SRV Priority Weight Port Target
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Figure 14: Configuring IP interface
In our case Service is defined by the H.323 protocol suite to be h323ls and Proto is udp.
Name corresponds to the host part of the H.323 URI.
How you add the SRV record depends on the type of DNS server you are using. Instructions for
setting up two common DNS servers are given in Appendix A
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7 Example Traversal deployments
7.1 Simple Enterprise deployment
Figure 15: Simple enterprise deployment
deployed on a private network, separated from the public network by a firewall and NAT. Endpoint
1003 is on a separate private network, perhaps a home worker on an DSL connection. A Border
Controller is deployed on the public network to allow traversal across the firewalls.
Endpoints 1001, 1002 may be any H.323 compliant endpoint. They will use the TANDBERG
Gatekeeper to provide firewall traversal. Endpoint 1003 must be a TANDBERG endpoint which
provides firewall traversal.
Endpoints 1001, 1002 should register with the Gatekeeper. Endpoint 1003 will register with the
Border Controller. The Gatekeeper will be configured to register with the Border Controller, and
the Border Controller set with a traversal client name that matches the TraversalZone Name of
the Gatekeeper.
If you wish to be able to call using URI dialing in this deployment then the following configuration
is required.
• Enter the address of your DNS server on the Border Controller:
xConfiguration DNS Server Address: dns server ip address
• Enable URI dialing on the Border Controller
xConfiguration Gatekeeper DNSResolution Mode: On
• Ensure that URI dialing is disabled on the Gatekeeper. This is because you wish calls to
be routed from the private network to the Border Controller in order to traverse the firewall.
xConfiguration URI Dialing Mode: Off
In order to be able to receive calls placed to example.com using URI dialing, configure the
following:
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• Set example.com as the domain name you are using on both the Gatekeeper and Border
Controller.
• Update the DNS entry for example.com with an A record representing the Border Controller
and an SRV record which returns the Border Controller’s A record as described in section
7.2 Enterprise Gatekeepers
When an enterprise has already deployed a Gatekeeper to manage calls within the private
network, it may be desirable to deploy a traversal solution without having to alter the existing
deployment.
In order to achieve this, the TANDBERG Gatekeeper is neighbored with the existing enterprise
TANDBERG Gatekeeper.
Figure 16: Neighboring with an enterprise gatekeeper
in order to provide firewall traversal.
7.3 Dialing Public IP addresses
IP address. In this case the public endpoint is not registered to a Gatekeeper and can only be
reached using its IP address. In order to successfully traverse the firewall it is necessary for the
call to be relayed through the Border Controller: the TANDBERG Gatekeeper should not attempt
to place the call directly to the public endpoint.
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Figure 17: Dialing a public IP address
In order to achieve this:
• Within the Gatekeeper configuration — set ”Calls to unknown IP addresses” to Indirect. This
setting will force the Gatekeeper to forward calls to any IP address it does not have locally
registered to the TANDBERG Border Controller, thereby allowing the Border Controller
itself to relay the call to the endpoint on the public IP address.
• On the Border Controller, configure ”Calls to unknown IP addresses” to Direct. This
setting will allow the Border Controller to connect any call that it receives from the internal
Gatekeeper out to systems on the public Internet.
• From Endpoint 1001, dial 213.228.193.162
7.4 Neighbored enterprises
If two sites have deployed Border Controllers for firewall traversal, the two Border Controllers
may be neighbored to allow calls to be placed from one enterprise to another. Neighboring will
neighboring is that the Border Controllers have to be configured with each others addresses
before the call can be made.
Controller A and B are neighbored together, either with or without prefixes.
7.5 URI dialing from within the enterprise
This diagram shows a deployment to support URI dialing to other enterprises.
• Turn URI dialing OFF on the TANDBERG Gatekeeper. You want to use the Border Controller
to resolve any H.323 URI received.
• Ensure that DNS Resolution Mode is turned on at the TANDBERG Border Controller. You
want to use the Border Controller to resolve any H.323 URI received
• Configure the local domain name on both the Gatekeeper and the Border Controller.
• Configure the Border Controller with the address of a public DNS server.
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• From an endpoint in enterprise A, dial the full H.323 URI. For example, [email protected].
Border Controller B is registered in DNS as responsible for enterprise B and will receive
the incoming call and route it accordingly.
URI dialing will send all queries for a particular domain to the same Border Controller. If you
want to have URI dialing covering multiple Border Controllers, nominate one as the master. That
system is registered in DNS and is set up with all the other Border Controllers and Gatekeepers
as neighbors. When the master receives a URI dialing request for an endpoint it does not know
about, it will query its neighbors.
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8 Call Policy
Your TANDBERG Border Controller allows you to set up policy to control which calls are allowed
and even redirect selected calls to different destinations. You specify this policy by uploading a
script written in the Call Processing Language (CPL). Each time a call is made the
Border Controller executes the script to decide, based on the source and destination of the call,
whether to
• Proxy the call to its original destination
• Redirect the call to a different destination
• Reject the call.
The Border Controller will only execute scripts for source or destinations which are registered
directly with the system.
The CPL script is uploaded via the Web interface under the Border Controller Configuration →
Files web page.
The execution of the CPL script is controlled by the setting
xConfiguration Gatekeeper Policy Mode <On/Off>
Policy interacts with authentication (section 5.2). If authentication is enabled on the local Border
Controller and a call is received from a remote, unauthenticated Gatekeeper, the call’s source
aliases will be removed from the call request before it is passed to the policy engine. This is
because the unauthenticated source aliases could be forged and so should not be used for policy
decisions in a secure environment.
The following sections give details of the Border Controller’s implementation of the CPL language
and should be read on conjunction with the CPL standard (RFC 3880[5]).
8.1 Making Decisions Based on Addresses
8.1.1 address-switch
The address-switch node allows the script to run different actions based on the source or
destination aliases of the call. The address-switch specifies which fields to match and then a list
of address nodes contains the possible matches and their associated actions.
The supported attributes on an address-switch and their interpretation are as follows:
field
origin
destination
Match against the source aliases.
Match against the destination aliases.
original-destination Match against the destination aliases.
If the selected field contains multiple aliases then the Border Controller will attempt to match
each address node with all of the aliases before proceeding to the next address node i.e. an
address node matches if it matches any alias.
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subfield
The following table gives the definition of subfields for each alias type, if a subfield is not specified
for the alias type being matched then the not-present action will be taken.
address-type For all alias types the address-type subfield is the
string h323
user
For URI aliases this selects the username part.
For H.323 ID’s it is the entire ID and for E.164
numbers it is the entire number.
host
For URI aliases this selects the domain name part.
If the alias is an IP address then this subfield is
the complete address in dotted decimal form.
For IP addresses this is the port number in deci-
mal.
port
tel
For E.164 numbers this selects the entire string
of digits.
alias-type
Gives a string representation of the type of alias.
The type is inferred from the format of the alias.
Possible types are:
Address Type Result
URI
H.323 ID
Dialed Digits
url-ID
h323-ID
dialedDigits
display
Not defined for any alias types
address
The address construct is used within an address-switch to specify addresses to match. Please
note that all address comparisons ignore upper/lower case differences so <address is="Fred">
will match ”fred”, ”freD” etc.
is=string
Selected field and subfield exactly match the
given string.
contains=string
Selected field and subfield contain the given
string. Note: The CPL standard only allows for
this matching on the display subfield; however the
Border Controller allows it on any type of field.
subdomain-of=string If the selected field is numeric (e.g. the tel sub-
field) then this matches as a prefix; so <address
subdomain-of="555"> matches ”5556734” etc.
If the field is not numeric then normal do-
main name matching is applied; so <address
subdomain-of="company.com">
nodeA.company.com etc.
matches
otherwise
The otherwise node will be executed if the address specified in the address-switch was found but
none of the preceding address nodes matched.
not-present
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The not-present node is executed when the address specified in the address-switch was not
present in the call setup message. This form is most useful when authentication is being used.
With authentication enabled the Border Controller will only use authenticated aliases when
running policy so the not-present action can be used to take appropriate action when a call is
received from an unauthenticated user (see example in section 8.4).
8.2 CPL Script Actions
8.2.1 location
As the CPL script runs it maintains a list of addresses (H.323 IDs, URLs and E.164 numbers)
which will be used as the destination of the call if a proxy node is executed. The location node
allows the location set to be modified so that calls can be redirected to different destinations.
At the start of script execution the location set is initialized to empty for incoming calls and to the
original destination for outgoing calls.
The following attributes are supported on location nodes
Clear = "yes" | "no"
Specifies whether to clear the current location set before adding the new location. The default is
to append this location to the end of the set.
url=string
The new location to be added to the location set. The given string can specify a URL ([email protected]),
H.323 ID or an E.164 number.
8.2.2 proxy
On executing a proxy node the Border Controller will attempt to forward the call to the locations
specified in the current location set. If multiple entries are in the location set then they are treated
as different aliases for the same destination and are all placed in the destination alias field. If the
current location set is empty the call will be forwarded to its original destination.
It is important to note that when a proxy node is executed script execution stops immediately i.e.
there is currently no support for the proxy outputs busy, noanswer etc.
8.2.3 reject
If a reject node is executed the Border Controller stops any further script processing and rejects
the current call.
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8.3 Unsupported CPL Elements
The Border Controller does not currently support the following elements that are described in the
CPL RFC. If an attempt is made to upload a script containing any of the following elements an
error message will be generated and the Border Controller will continue to use its existing policy.
• time-switch
• string-switch
• language-switch
• time-switch
• priority-switch
• redirect
• mail
• log
• subaction
• lookup
• remove-location
8.4 CPL Examples
8.4.1 Call screening
how to enable authentication.
<cpl>
<incoming>
<address-switch field="origin">
<not-present>
<reject/>
</not-present>
</address-switch>
</incoming>
</cpl>
8.4.2 Selective Call Screening
User ”fred” will not accept calls from anyone at ”annoying.com”, or from any unauthenticated
users. All other users will allow any calls.
<cpl>
<incoming>
<address-switch field="destination">
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<address is="fred">
<address-switch field="origin" subfield="host">
<address subdomain-of="annoying.com">
<reject/>
</address>
<otherwise>
<proxy/>
</otherwise>
<not-present>
<reject/>
</not-present>
</address-switch>
</address>
</address-switch>
</incoming>
</cpl>
8.4.3 Call Redirection
Redirect all calls to user ”barney” to voicemail.
<cpl>
<incoming>
<address-switch field="destination">
<address is="barney">
<location clear="yes" url="barney@voicemail">
<proxy/>
</location>
</address>
<otherwise>
<proxy/>
</otherwise>
</address-switch>
</incoming>
</cpl>
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9 Logging
The Border Controller provides logging for troubleshooting and auditing purposes.
The event log may be viewed from the command line by using the eventlog command, specifying
the number of lines to display. Alternatively the web page System Status → Event Log may be
used.
9.1 Controlling what is logged
You can control the verbosity with which the Border Controller logs information. All events have
an associated level in the range [1-3]. Level 1 refers to high level events such as registration
requests and call attempts. Level 2 events are recorded for incoming and outgoing message
- H.323, LDAP etc excluding noisy messages such as H.460.18 keep-alives and H.245 video
fast-updates. . Level 3 events include some of these noisy events. By default, logging is set to
level 1.
9.2 Event log format
The event log is displayed in an extension of the UNIX syslog format:
date time host name facility name <PID>: message details
date and time represent the local time at which the message was logged. host name is the name
of the system generating the log message, facility — the name of the program generating the log
message — will be tandberg for all messages originating from TANDBERG processes, but will
differ for messages from third party processes which are used in the Border Controller product.
For all messages logged from the tandberg process the message details field is structured to
allow easy parsing. It consists of a number of human-readable name=value pairs, separated by
a space. The first two fields are always:
Field
Time
Example
Time=2006/20/01-14:02:17
Description
The UTC date and time at which the event was
generated.
Event Event=RegistrationRequest The event which caused the log message to
be generated.
and the last field of the message is always the event level:
Field Example Description
Level Level=1 The level of the event being logged.
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9.3 Event Levels
Events are classified by importance as detailed in the table below. Level 1 is considered the
most important. The system has a configured logging level. Events of level numerically equal to
and lower than the configured logging level are recorded in the event log.
Table 1: Event levels
Level
Description
Level 1 (User)
Easily human readable. Examples:
• call attempt/connected/disconnected
• registration attempt/accepted/rejected
Level 2 (Protocol)
Logs of protocol messages sent and received.
Level 3 (Protocol Verbose) Protocol keepalives are suppressed at Level 2.
At logging level 3, keepalives are also logged.
9.4 Logged Events
The Events logged as are follows:
Table 2: Events logged at level 1
Event
Description
Eventlog Cleared
An operator cleared the event log
Admin Session Start
Admin Session Finish
System Configuration Changed
An administrator has logged onto the system
An administrator has logged off the system
An item of configuration on the system has
changed. The detail event parameter contains
the name of the changed configuration item
and its new value.
Policy Change
A policy file has been updated
A registration has been requested
Registration Requested
Registration Accepted
Registration Rejected
A registration request has been accepted
A registration request has been rejected. The
Reason event parameter contains the H225
cause code. Optionally, the Detail event pa-
rameter may contain a textual representation
of the H.225 additional cause code.
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Table 2: Level 1 Events (continued)
Event
Description
Registration Removed
A registration has been removed by the gate-
keeper/border controller. The Reason event
parameter specifies the reason why the regis-
tration was removed. This is one of:
• Authentication change
• Conflicting zones
• Operator forced removal
• Operator forced removal (all registra-
tions removed)
Call Answer Attempted
Call Attempted
Call Connected
Call Disconnected
Call Rejected
An attempt to answer a call has been made
A call has been attempted.
A call has been connected
A call has been disconnected
A call has been rejected. The Reason event
parameter contains a textual representation of
the H.225 additional cause code.
The bandwidth of a call has changed.
Call Bandwidth Changed
External Server Communication Failure Communication with an external server failed
unexpectedly. The event detail data should
differentiate between ’no response’ and ’re-
quest rejected’ (i.e. NACK rather than silence)
Servers concerned are:
• DNS
• LDAP servers
• Neighbour Gatekeeper
• NTP servers
System Start
System Shutdown
Application Start
The operating system has started.
The operating system was shutdown.
The Border Controller has started. Further
detail may be provided in the event data ’detail’
field.
Application Failed
The Border Controller application is out of ser-
vice due to an unexpected failure
Licensing limits for a given feature have been
reached. The event detail field specifies the
facility/limits concerned. Possible values for
the detail field are:
License Limit Reached
• Non Traversal Call Limit Reached
• Traversal Call Limit Reached
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Table 3: Events logged at level 2
Description
Event
Incoming Message An incoming message has been received
Outgoing Message An outgoing message has been sent
9.4.1 Event data
Each Event will have associated data fields. Fields are listed below in the order in which they
appear in the log message.
Table 4: Event data
Field
Description
Applicable events
Protocol
Specifies which protocol was
used for the communication.
Valid values are TCP or UDP
• Call Attempted
• Call Bandwidth Changed
• Call Connected
• Call Disconnected
• Call Rejected
• External Server Communi-
cation Failure
• Incoming Message
• Outgoing Message
• Policy Change
• Registration Accepted
• Registration Rejected
• Registration Removed
• Registration Requested
Reason
Service
Textual string containing any rea-
son information associated with
an event.
• Call Rejected
• External Server Communi-
cation Failure
• Registration Rejected
• Registration Removed
Specifies which protocol was
used for the communication.
• External Server Communi-
cation Failure
A
service entry is one of
H.225, H.245,NTP,DNS,LDAP,
• Incoming Message
Neighbour Gatekeeper
• Outgoing Message
Message Type Specifies the type of the mes-
sage.
• Incoming Message
• Outgoing Message
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Table 4: Event data (continued)
Field
Description
Applicable events
Src-ip
Specifies the source IP ad-
dress (the IP address of the
device attempting to estab-
• Call Attempted
• Call Bandwidth Changed
• Call Connected
lish communications).
The
source IP is recorded in the
dotted decimal format: (num-
ber).(number).(number).(number)
or the IPv6 colon separated
format.
• Call Disconnected
• Call Rejected
• External Server Communi-
cation Failure
• Incoming Message
• Outgoing Message
• Policy Change
• Registration Accepted
• Registration Rejected
• Registration Removed
• Registration Requested
Dst-ip
Specifies the destination IP ad- As Src-ip
dress (the IP address of the des-
tination for a communication at-
tempt). The destination IP is
recorded in the same format as
Src-ip.
Dst-port
Src-port
Src-Alias
Specifies the destination port: As Src-ip
the IP port of the destination for
a communication attempt
Specifies the source port: the IP As Src-ip
port of the device attempting to
establish communications.
• If present, the first H.323
Alias associated with the
originator of the message
• If present, the first E.164
Alias associated with the
originator of the message
• Registration Requested
• Call Attempted
• Call Connected
• Call Disconnected
• Call Rejected
• Call Bandwidth Changed
1Included if event parameter relevant or available for message concerned.
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Table 4: Event data (continued)
Field
Description
Applicable events
Dst-Alias
• If present, the first H.323
• Registration Accepted
• Registration Removed
• Registration Rejected
• Call Attempted
Alias associated with the
recipient of the message
• If present, the first E.164
Alias associated with the
recipient of the message
• Call Connected
• Call Disconnected
• Call Rejected
• Call Bandwidth Changed
Time
Level
A
full UTC timestamp in All Events
YYYY/MM/DD-HH:MM:SS
format.
Using this format
permits simple ASCII text sort-
ing/ordering to naturally sort by
time. This is included due to the
limitations of standard syslog
timestamps.
The level of the event as defined
9.5 Remote Logging
It is often convenient to collect all event logs in a single location. A computer running a BSD style
remote logging is enabled. A Border Controller will not act as a central logging server for other
systems.
The Border Controller should be configured with the address of the central log server:
xConfiguration Log Server Address: server address
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10 Software Upgrade
Software upgrade can be done in one of two ways:
1. Using a web browser (HTTP/HTTPS).
2. Using secure copy (SCP).
NOTE To upgrade the Border Controller, a valid Release key and software file is required. Contact
your TANDBERG representative for more information.
NOTE Configuration is restored after performing an upgrade but we recommend that you make a
backup of the existing configuration using the TANDBERG Management Suite before performing
the upgrade.
10.1 Upgrading Using HTTP(S)
To upgrade using HTTP(S), do the following:
• Point your browser at the IP address of the Border Controller. You will be prompted for your
user name and password.
• Enter admin as the user name and enter the password, then press OK.
• Select the System Configuration tab, and the upgrade section.
• Enter the release key and press Install Software. You will get a new screen where you can
upload the software image:
• Browse to the file containing the software and press Install. You should see a page
indicating that upload is in progress:
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• When the upload is completed you should see the following:
• Press Restart. You should see a confirmation window:
• The system will then perform a second reboot to restore system parameters. After 3–4
minutes, the Border Controller is ready for use.
10.2 Upgrading Using SCP
Using SCP you need to transfer two files to the Border Controller:
1. A text file containing the release key.
2. A file containing the software image.
NOTE Make sure you transfer the release key file before transferring the software image. Also
make sure you name the files exactly as described below.
NOTE The release key file should contain just the 16 character release key.
To upgrade using SCP, do the following:
• Make sure the system is turned on and available on IP.
• Upload the release key file using scp to the /tmp folder on the system e.g.
scp release-key [email protected]:/tmp/release-key
• Enter password when prompted.
• Copy the software image using SCP. The target name must be /tmp/tandberg-image.tar.gz,
e.g.
scp s42100q30.tar.gz [email protected]:/tmp/tandberg-image.tar.gz
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• Enter password when prompted.
• Wait until the software has installed completely. This should not take more than two
minutes.
• Reboot the system. After about four minutes the system will be ready to use.
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11 Command Reference
This chapter lists the basic usage of each command. The commands also support more advanced
usage, which is outside the scope of this document.
11.1 Status
The status root command, xstatus, returns status information from the Border Controller.
To list all status information, type:
xstatus
Status is reported hierarchically beneath the status root. It is possible to reduce the amount of
information returned by xstatus by specifying a more detailed status command. To list all xstatus
commands available at the root level type:
xstatus ?
11.1.1 calls
xstatus Calls
xstatus Calls Call n
Returns a list of active calls on the system or information about a specific call.
11.1.2 ethernet
xstatus Ethernet
xstatus Ethernet MacAddress
xstatus Ethernet Speed
Reports the currently active configuration of the Ethernet interface.
MacAddress The MAC address of the LAN 1 interface.
Speed
The speed of the Ethernet link. Reports Down if the link is
down or not connected.
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11.1.3 externalmanager
xstatus ExternalManager
Returns information about the external manager. The External Manager is the remote system
(such as the Tandberg Management System (TMS)) used to manage the endpoints and network
infrastructure.
Address IP address of the external manager.
Protocol Protocol used to communicate with the external manager.
URL
URL used to communicate with the external manager.
11.1.4 feedback
xstatus Feedback
xstatus Feedback n
Returns all currently registered feedback expressions or the feedback expression at index n.
11.1.5 IP
xstatus IP
Returns the active IP configuration of the system with IP address, subnet mask and gateway.
If you have changed the IP configuration without rebooting, xstatus IP will return the original
settings currently in effect.
Address
SubnetMask IP subnet mask.
Gateway Default gateway.
IP address.
DNS Server The DNS servers in use
11.1.6 LDAP
xstatus LDAP
Reports the status of any connection to an LDAP server.
11.1.7 Links
xstatus Links
xstatus Links Link n
Reports call and bandwidth information for all links on the system.
Name
Calls
Name assigned to this link.
A list of call indices for calls currently active on this link.
Bandwidth Total and per call bandwidth limits on this link, together with
bandwidth currently in use.
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11.1.8 NTP
xstatus NTP
Reports the status of any connection to an NTP server.
11.1.9 Pipes
xstatus Pipes
xstatus Pipes Pipe n
Reports call and bandwidth information for all pipes on the system.
11.1.10 Registrations
xstatus Registrations
xstatus Registrations Registration n
Returns a list of registered endpoints on the system or information about a specific registration.
11.1.11 ResourceUsage
xstatus ResourceUsage
Reports information about the usage of system resources.
PortRegistrations
Total number of currently registered endpoints
and services. See glossary for definition.
Maximum number of registered endpoints and
services since system start.
MaxPortRegistrations
TraversalCalls
MaxTraversalCalls
Number of currently active traversal calls.
Maximum number of traversal calls since sys-
tem start.
TotalTraversalCalls
Total number of traversal calls since system
start.
NonTraversalCalls
Number of currently active non traversal calls.
MaxNonTraversalCalls Maximum number of non traversal calls since
system start.
TotalNonTraversalCalls Total number of non traversal calls since sys-
tem start.
11.1.12 SubZones
xstatus SubZones
Reports call and bandwidth information for all subzones on the system.
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11.1.13 SystemUnit
xstatus SystemUnit
Reports information about the system as follows:
Product name
Uptime
Software version
Software name
Release date
Number of calls supported
Number of registered endpoints and services supported
Hardware serial number
11.1.14 Zones
xstatus Zones
Reports the call and bandwidth information for all zones on the system. Also shows status of the
zone as a whole and the status of each gatekeeper in the zone.
11.2 Configuration
The configuration root command, xconfiguration, is used to set configuration settings.
To list all xconfiguration commands type:
xconfiguration ?
To list all configuration data, type:
xconfiguration
To show a specific configuration value, type:
xconfiguration name
To show usage information for a specific configuration value, type:
xconfiguration name ?
To set a configuration element type:
xconfiguration name param1: value1 param2: value2
NOTE Remember to use the colon after naming the parameters.
11.2.1 Authentication
Configuration parameters relating to how an endpoint authenticates itself with the Border Con-
troller.
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xConfiguration Authentication Credential [1..1000] Name: <username>
Specifies the username of a credential in the local authentication database.
xConfiguration Authentication Credential [1..1000] Password: <password>
Specifies the password of a credential in the local authentication database
xconfiguration Authentication Database: <LocalDatabase/LDAPDatabase>
Select between a local database and a remote LDAP repository for the storage of password
information for authentication. The default is LocalDatabase.
xConfiguration Authentication LDAP BaseDN: <S: 0, 255>
The Distinguished Name to use when connecting to an LDAP server. The default is an empty
string.
xConfiguration Authentication Mode: <On/Off>
Whether or not to use H.235 authentication of calls and registrations. The default is Off — no
authentication is required.
11.2.2 Ethernet
xConfiguration Ethernet Speed: <Auto/10half/10full/100half/100full>
Sets the speed of the Ethernet link. Use auto to automatically configure the speed. To get the
current speed, use xstatus Ethernet Speed. You must restart the system for changes to take
effect. The default is Auto.
11.2.3 ExternalManager
xConfiguration ExternalManager Address: <IPAddr>
Sets the IP address of the External Manager. The External Manager is the remote system(such
as the TANDBERG Management System (TMS)) used to manage endpoints and network
infrastructure.
xConfiguration ExternalManager Path: <path>
Sets the URL of the External Manager.
11.2.4 Gatekeeper
Commands under the Gatekeeper node control aspects of the systems operation relating to its
operation as an H.323 gatekeeper.
xConfiguration Gatekeeper Alternates Monitor: <On/Off>
Controls whether or not alternate gatekeepers are periodically interrogated to ensure that they
are still functioning. Non-functional alternates will not receive Location Requests in order to
prevent delays during call setup.
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xConfiguration Gatekeeper Alternates Alternate [1..5] Address: <IPAddr>
Set the IP address of an alternate Border Controller. Up to 5 alternates may be configured.
When the Border Controller receives a Location Request, all alternates will also be queried.
xConfiguration Gatekeeper Alternates Alternate [1..5] Port: <IPAddr>
Set the IP port of an alternate Border Controller. The default is 1719.
xConfiguration Gatekeeper AutoDiscovery: <On/Off>
Specifies whether or not the Border Controller responds to gatekeeper discovery requests from
endpoints. The default is On.
xConfiguration Gatekeeper CallsToUnknownIPAddresses: <Off/Direct/Indirect>
Specifies whether or not the Border Controller will attempt to call systems which are not registered
with it or one of its neighbor gatekeepers. If Off is selected, the Border Controller will not allow
calls to be made to unknown IP addresses. If Indirect is selected the Border Controller will not
place the call itself, instead it will LRQ its neighbor systems so that they may place the call. If
detail. The default is Indirect.
xConfiguration Gatekeeper CallTimeToLive: <60..65534>
Interval in seconds at which endpoints are polled to verify that they are still in a call. The default
is 120 seconds.
xConfiguration Gatekeeper DNSResolution Mode: <On/Off>
Determines whether or not DNS lookup of H.323 URI’s is enabled on this system. The default is
On.
xConfiguration Gatekeeper Downspeed PerCall Mode: <On/Off>
Determines whether or not the system will attempt to down-speed a call if there is insufficient
per-call bandwidth configured to fulfill the request. The default is On.
xConfiguration Gatekeeper Downspeed Total Mode: <On/Off>
Determines whether or not the system will attempt to down-speed a call if there is insufficient
total bandwidth available to fulfill the request. The default is On.
xConfiguration Gatekeeper ForwardLocationRequests: <On/Off>
Determines behavior on receipt of a location request (LRQ) from another Gatekeeper. If set to
on, the Border Controller will first try to resolve the request locally. If it cannot, the request will be
forwarded to neighbor Gatekeepers. The default is On.
xConfiguration Gatekeeper LocalDomain DomainName
DNS name of the domain that the Gatekeeper is responsible for. Used when searching for
matching endpoint registrations.
xConfiguration Gatekeeper LocalPrefix: <prefix>
Set the local zone prefix of the system.
xConfiguration Gatekeeper Policy Mode: <On/Off>
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Determines whether or not the CPL policy engine is active. The default is On.
xConfiguration Gatekeeper Registration AllowList [1..1000] Pattern: <pattern>
Specifies a pattern in the registration allowed list. If one of an endpoint’s aliases matches one of
the patterns in the AllowList, the registration will be allowed.
xConfiguration Gatekeeper Registration DenyList [1..1000] Pattern: <pattern>
Specifies a pattern in the registration denied list. If one of an endpoint’s aliases matches one of
the patterns in the DenyList the registration will be denied.
xConfiguration Gatekeeper Registration RestrictionPolicy: <None/AllowList/DenyList>
Policy in use to determine who may register with the system. The default is None.
xConfiguration Gatekeeper TimeToLive: <60..65534>
The interval at which the system polls the endpoint in order to verify that it is still functioning.
Specified in seconds. The default is 1800 seconds.
11.2.5 HTTP/HTTPS
Command under the HTTP and HTTPS nodes control web access to the Border Controller.
xConfiguration HTTP Mode: <On/Off>
Enables/disables HTTP support. You must restart the system for changes to take effect. The
default is On.
xConfiguration HTTPS Mode: <On/Off>
Enables/disables HTTPS support. You must restart the system for changes to take effect. The
default is On. If web access is required, you are recommended to enable HTTPS and disable
HTTP for improved security.
11.2.6 IP
Configuration of IP related parameters. The TANDBERG Border Controller may be configured to
use either IPv4 or IPv6. When entering IPv4 addresses, dotted quad notation is used: 127.0.0.1,
when using IPv6 addresses are entered in colon hexadecimal form: FE80::2AA:FF:FE9A:4CA2.
xConfiguration IPProtocol: <IPv4/IPv6>
Selects whether the Border Controller is operating in IPv4 or IPv6 mode.
xConfiguration IP Address: <IPAddr>
The IPv4 address of the system.
xConfiguration IP SubnetMask: <IPAddr>
The IPv4 subnet mask of the system.
xConfiguration IP Gateway: <IPAddr>
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The IPv4 gateway of the system.
xConfiguration IP V6 Address: <IPAddr>
The IPv6 address of the system.
xConfiguration IP V6 Gateway: <IPAddr>
The IPv6 gateway of the system.
All the IP commands listed above require a system restart before they take effect.
xConfiguration IP DNS Server [1..5] Address: <IPAddr>
Sets the IP address of the DNS servers to be used when resolving domain names. Normally only
the first DNS server will be queried for address resolution. If it fails to respond, all DNS servers
will be queried. You must restart the system for changes to take effect.
xConfiguration IP DNS Domain Name: <name>
When attempting to resolve a domain name which is not fully qualified, name will be appended
to the domain name before the query to the DNS server is executed.
This parameter is only used when attempting to resolve server addresses such as LDAP servers,
NTP servers etc. It plays no part in URI dialing: see xconfiguration gatekeeper localdomain
11.2.7 LDAP
Parameters under the LDAP node control the Border Controller’s communication with an LDAP
server.
xConfiguration LDAP Encryption: <Off/TLS>
Sets the encryption mode to be used on the connection to the LDAP server. The default is Off.
xConfiguration LDAP Password: <password>
Sets the password to be used when binding to the LDAP server.
xConfiguration LDAP Server Address: <IPAddr>
Sets the IP address of the LDAP server to be used when making LDAP queries.
xConfiguration LDAP Server Port: <1..65534>
Sets the IP port of the LDAP server to be used when making LDAP queries.
xConfiguration LDAP UserDN: <userdn>
Sets the user DN to be used when binding to the LDAP server.
11.2.8 Links
xConfiguration Links Link [1..100] Name: <linkname>
Specifies the name of a link in the list of links.
xConfiguration Links Link [1..100] Node1 Name: <nodename>
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Specifies the first node of a link. A node name may be either a Zone name or a SubZone name.
xConfiguration Links Link [1..100] Node2 Name: <nodename>
Specifies the second node of a link. A node name may be either a Zone name or a SubZone
name.
xConfiguration Links Link [1..100] Pipe1 Name: <pipename>
First pipe associated with a link.
xConfiguration Links Link [1..100] Pipe2 Name: <pipename>
Second pipe associated with a link.
xConfiguration Links TraversalLink Pipe1 Name: <pipename>
First pipe associated with the traversal link.
xConfiguration Links TraversalLink Pipe2 Name: <pipename>
Second pipe associated with the traversal link.
11.2.9 Log
xConfiguration Log Level: <1..3>
Controls the granularity of event logging with 1 being the least verbose, 3 the most.
11.2.10 NTP
xConfiguration NTP Address: <IPAddr>
Sets the IP address of the NTP server to be used when synchronizing system time. Accurate
timestamps play an important part in authentication, helping to guard against replay attacks.
11.2.11 Option Key
xConfiguration Option [1..64] Key: <optionkey>
Specify the option key of your software options.
xstatus system software configuration can be used to discover the existing options. You
must restart the system for changes to take effect.
11.2.12 Pipes
xConfiguration Pipes Pipe [1..100] Bandwidth Total Limit: <1..100000000>
Bandwidth associated with a pipe, keyed by index.
xConfiguration Pipes Pipe [1..100] Bandwidth Total Mode: <None/Limited/Unlimited>
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Whether or not a given pipe is enforcing total bandwidth restrictions. None corresponds to no
bandwidth available.
xConfiguration Pipes Pipe [1..100] Bandwidth PerCall Limit: <1..100000000>
Per call bandwidth of a pipe.
xConfiguration Pipes Pipe [1..100] Bandwidth PerCall Mode: <None/Limited/Unlimited>
Whether or not a given pipe is enforcing per-call bandwidth restrictions. None corresponds to no
bandwidth available.
xConfiguration Pipes Pipe [1..100] Name: <pipename>
Name for a pipe.
11.2.13 Session
xConfiguration Session TimeOut: <0..65534>
Controls how long an adminstration session (HTTPS, Telnet or SSH) may be inactive before the
session is timed out. A value of 0 turns session time outs off. The default is 0. You must restart
the system for changes to take effect.
11.2.14 SNMP
xConfiguration SNMP CommunityName: <name>
SNMP Community names are used to authenticate SNMP requests. SNMP requests must have
this ‘password’ in order to receive a response from the SNMP agent in the Gatekeeper. You must
restart the system for changes to take effect.
xConfiguration SNMP Mode: <On/Off>
Turn on/off SNMP support. You must restart the system for changes to take effect.
xConfiguration SNMP SystemContact: <name>
Used to identify the system contact via SNMP tools such as TANDBERG Management Suite or
HPOpenView. You must restart the system for changes to take effect.
xConfiguration SNMP SystemLocation: <name>
Used to identify the system location via SNMP tools such as TANDBERG Management Suite or
HPOpenView. You must restart the system for changes to take effect.
11.2.15 SSH
xConfiguration SSH Mode: <On/Off>
Enables/disables SSH and SCP support. You must restart the system for changes to take effect.
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11.2.16 Subzones
xConfiguration SubZones DefaultSubZone Bandwidth PerCall Limit: <1..100000000>
Per call bandwidth of the default subzone.
xConfiguration SubZones DefaultSubZone Bandwidth PerCall Mode: <None/Limited/Unlimited>
Whether or not the default subzone is enforcing total bandwidth restrictions. None corresponds to
no bandwidth available.
xConfiguration SubZones DefaultSubZone Bandwidth Total Limit: <1..100000000>
Total bandwidth available on the default subzone.
xConfiguration SubZones DefaultSubZone Bandwidth Total Mode: <None/Limited/Unlimited>
Whether or not the default subzone is enforcing per-call bandwidth restrictions. None corresponds
to no bandwidth available.
xConfiguration SubZones TraversalSubZone Bandwidth PerCall Limit: <1..100000000>
Per-call bandwidth available on the traversal subzone.
xConfiguration SubZones TraversalSubZone Bandwidth PerCall Mode: <None/Limited/Unlimited>
Whether or not the traversal subzone is enforcing per-call bandwidth restrictions. None corre-
sponds to no bandwidth available.
xConfiguration SubZones TraversalSubZone Bandwidth Total Limit: <1..100000000>
Total bandwidth available on the traversal subzone.
xConfiguration SubZones TraversalSubZone Bandwidth Total Mode: <None/Limited/Unlimited>
Whether or not the traversal subzone is enforcing total bandwidth restrictions. None corresponds
to no bandwidth available.
xConfiguration SubZones SubZone [1..100] Bandwidth PerCall Limit: <1..100000000>
Per-call bandwidth available on the indexed subzone.
xConfiguration SubZones SubZone [1..100] Bandwidth PerCall Mode: <None/Limited/Unlimited>
Whether or not the indexed subzone is enforcing per-call bandwidth restrictions. None corre-
sponds to no bandwidth available.
xConfiguration SubZones SubZone [1..100] Bandwidth Total Limit: <1..100000000>
Total bandwidth available on the indexed subzone.
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xConfiguration SubZones SubZone [1..100] Bandwidth Total Mode: <None/Limited/Unlimited>
Whether or not the indexed subzone is enforcing total bandwidth restrictions. None corresponds
to no bandwidth available.
xConfiguration SubZones SubZone [1..100] Name: <subzonename>
Name of the indexed subzone.
xConfiguration SubZones SubZone [1..100] Subnet IP Address: <IPAddr>
IP to match an endpoint which belongs in this subzone.
xConfiguration SubZones SubZone [1..100] Subnet IP PrefixLength: <IPAddr>
Number of bits which must match for an IP address to belong in this subzone.
11.2.17 SystemUnit
xConfiguration SystemUnit Name: <name>
The name of the unit. Choose a name that uniquely identifies the system.
xConfiguration SystemUnit Password: <password>
Specify the password of the unit. The password is used to login with Telnet, HTTP(S), SSH, SCP,
and on the serial port. To set an empty password type
xConfiguration SystemUnit Password: ""
11.2.18 Telnet
xConfiguration Telnet Mode: <On/Off>
Enables/disables Telnet support. For secure operation you should use ssh in preference to telnet.
You must restart the system for changes to take effect.
11.2.19 TimeZone
xConfiguration TimeZone Name: <timezone name>
Sets the local timezone. Timezone names follow the POSIX naming convention e.g. Eu-
rope/London or America/New York.
11.2.20 Traversal
xConfiguration Traversal UDPProbe RetryInterval: <seconds>
Interval with which a failed attempt to establish a UDP channel should be repeated.
xConfiguration Traversal UDPProbe RetryCount: <count>
Number of attempts at re-establishing a failed UDP channel.
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xConfiguration Traversal UDPProbe KeepAliveInterval: <seconds>
Interval with which a UDP channel should be refreshed. xConfiguration Traversal TCPProbe
RetryInterval: <seconds >
Interval with which a failed attempt to establish a TCP channel should be repeated.
xConfiguration Traversal TCPProbe RetryCount: <count>
Number of attempts at re-establishing a failed TCP channel.
xConfiguration Traversal TCPProbe KeepAliveInterval: <seconds>
Interval with which a TCP channel should be refreshed.
xConfiguration Traversal Media RTP Port: <port>
UDP port to which media should be sent. Conventionally this will be an even numbered port.
The default is 2776.
xConfiguration Traversal Media RTCP Port: <port>
UDP port to which media control information should be sent. Conventionally this will be set to
RTP port + 1. The default is 2777.
11.2.21 Zones
Traversal zones control how the Border Controller communicates with a Gatekeeper which it is
cooperating with to provide firewall traversal.
xConfiguration Zones TraversalZone [1..50] Name: <name>
Sets the name of the TANDBERG Gatekeeper which is allowed to connect to this Border
Controller.
xConfiguration Zones TraversalZone [1..100] HopCount: <count>
Specifies the hop count to be used when originating an LRQ.
xConfiguration Zones TraversalZone [1..100] Match [1..5] Mode: <AlwaysMatch/PatternMatch/Disa
The prefix match mode determines when an LRQ will be sent to gatekeepers in the zone. If the
mode is set to AlwaysMatch the zone will always be queried. If the mode is set to PatternMatch,
the zone will only be queried if the alias queried for matches the corresponding pattern. If the
mode is set to Disabled the zone will never be queried.
xConfiguration Zones TraversalZone [1..100] Match [1..5] Pattern String: <pattern>
The pattern to be used when deciding whether or not to query a zone. This is only used if the
zone’s match mode is set to AlwaysMatch.
xConfiguration Zones TraversalZone [1..100] Match [1..5] Pattern Type: <Prefix/Suffix>
Determines whether the pattern string being checked should appear at the beginning or end of
an alias.
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xConfiguration Zones TraversalZone [1..100] Match [1..5] Pattern Behaviour: <Strip/Leave>
Determines whether the matched pattern should be removed from the alias before an LRQ is
sent to the indicated zone.
xConfiguration Zones Zone [1..100] Name: <name>
An administrator specified name for the zone.
xConfiguration Zones Zone [1..100] Gatekeeper [1..6] Address: <address>
Specifies the IP addresses of the gatekeepers in the zone. Multiple addresses allows support for
alternate gatekeepers.
xConfiguration Zones Zone [1..100] Gatekeeper [1..6] Port: <port>
Specifies the port on which the indexed gatekeeper is listening for RAS messages.
xConfiguration Zones Zone [1..100] HopCount: <count>
Specifies the hop count to be used when originating an LRQ.
xConfiguration Zones Zone [1..100] Monitor: <On/Off>
If zone monitoring is enabled, an LRQ will be periodically sent to the zone gatekeeper. If it fails
to respond, that gatekeeper will be marked as inactive.
xConfiguration Zones Zone [1..100] Match [1..5] Mode: <AlwaysMatch/PatternMatch/Disabled>
The zone match mode determines when an LRQ will be sent to gatekeepers in the zone. If the
mode is set to AlwaysMatch the zone will always be queried. If the mode is set to PatternMatch,
the zone will only be queried if the alias queried for matches the corresponding pattern. If the
mode is set to Disabled the zone will never be queried.
xConfiguration Zones Zone [1..100] Match [1..5] Pattern String: <pattern>
The pattern to be used when deciding whether or not to query a zone. This is only used if the
zone’s match mode is set to AlwaysMatch.
xConfiguration Zones Zone [1..100] Match [1..5] Pattern Type: <Prefix/Suffix>
Determines whether the pattern string being checked should appear at the beginning or end of
an alias.
xConfiguration Zones Zone [1..100] Match [1..5] Pattern Behaviour: <Strip/Leave>
Determines whether the matched pattern should be removed from the alias before an LRQ is
sent to the indicated zone.
11.3 Command
The command root command, xcommand, is used to execute commands on the Border Controller.
To list all xcommands type
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xcommand ?
To get usage information for a specific command, type
xcommand <commandname> ?
11.3.1 AllowListAdd
xCommand AllowListAdd <allowed alias>
Adds an entry to the allow list, used by the registration restriction policy.
11.3.2 AllowListDelete
xCommand AllowListDelete <index>
Removes the pattern from the allow list at the specified index.
11.3.3 Boot
xCommand Boot
Reboots the Border Controller. This takes approximately 2 minutes to complete.
11.3.4 CheckBandwidth
xCommand CheckBandwidth <node1> <node2> <bandwidth> <calltype>
Diagnostic function for verifying bandwidth control. Node1, Node2 are the case sensitive names
of the nodes, bandwidth the required bandwidth and calltype one of Traversal or NonTraversal.
11.3.5 CredentialAdd
xCommand CredentialAdd <username> <password>
Adds the given username and password to the local authentication database.
11.3.6 CredentialDelete
xCommand CredentialDelete <index>
Deletes the indexed credential.
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11.3.7 DefaultLinksAdd
xCommand DefaultLinksAdd
Restores the factory default links for bandwidth control.
11.3.8 DefaultValuesSet
xCommand DefaultValuesSet Level <level>
Resets system parameters to default values. Level 1 will reset most parameters. There are
currently no level 2 parameters, so setting that level has the same effect as setting level 1. Level
3 resets all level 1 and 2 parameters as well as the following:
• IP address, subnet mask, gateway and interface speed. The default IP address is
192.168.0.100.
• COM port baud rate, speed, data bits, parity, stop bits
• SNMP community name and host address
• system name
• password
• option key
• release key
Note that DefaltValuesSet will not add the links with which the system ships from the factory. Use
the DefaultLinksAdd command to do that. Certificates and policy files are not removed
11.3.9 DenyListAdd
xCommand DenyListAdd <denied alias>
Add an entry to the deny list. This is used by the registration restriction policy.
11.3.10 DenyListDelete
xCommand DenyListDelete <index>
Removes the pattern from the deny list at the specified index.
11.3.11 DisconnectCall
xCommand DisconnectCall <callid>
Disconnects the specified call.
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11.3.12 FeedbackRegister
xCommand FeedbackRegister <ID> <URL> <Expression>
Registers for notifications on the event or status change described by the Expression. Notifica-
tions are sent in XML format to the specified URL. Up to 15 Expressions may be registered for
each of 3 feedback IDs.
The following Expressions are valid:
Event, Event/CallAttempt, Event/Connected, Event/Disconnected, Event/ConnectionFailure,
Event/Registration, Event/Unregistration, Event/Bandwidth, Status, Status/Calls, Status/Registrations,
History, History/Calls, History/Registrations
The following would be a typical use: (Back slashes are used to indicate continuation lines)
xCommand FeedbackRegister ID:1
Expression:Event/CallAttempt,Status/Registration FeedbackDeregister
11.3.13 FeedbackDeregister
xCommand FeedbackDeregister <ID>
Deregisters the specified Feedback Expression. All registered Feedback Expressions may be
removed with xCommand FeedbackDeregister 0 LinkAdd
11.3.14 FindRegistration
xCommand FindRegistration <alias>
Returns information about the registartion associated with the given alias.
11.3.15 LinkAdd
xCommand LinkAdd <linkname> <node1> <node2> <pipe1> <pipe2>
Adds a new link to the link list.
11.3.16 LinkDelete
xCommand LinkDelete <index>
Deletes the indexed link.
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11.3.17 OptionKeyAdd
xCommand OptionKeyAdd <key>
Adds a new option key.
11.3.18 OptionKeyDelete
xCommand OptionKeyDelete <index>
Deletes the indexed option key.
11.3.19 PipeAdd
xCommand PipeAdd <name> <totalmode> <total> <percallmode> <percall>
Adds and configures a new pipe.
11.3.20 PipeDelete
xCommand PipeDelete <index>
Deletes the indexed pipe.
11.3.21 RemoveRegistration
xCommand RemoveRegistration <regid>
Removes the specified registration.
11.3.22 SubZoneAdd
xCommand SubZoneAdd <name> <address> <prefixlength> <totalmode> <total> <percallmode>
<percall>
Adds and configures a new subzone.
name
address
prefix
User assigned label for the subzone.
IP address for the sub-zone.
Number of bits which must match for an IP ad-
dress to be in this subzone.
totalmode Determines whether bandwidth is controlled for
this node. None prevents any calls, Limited im-
poses bandwidth limits, Unlimited imposes no
bandwidth limits
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11.3.23 SubZoneDelete
xCommand SubZoneDelete <index>
Deletes the indexed subzone.
11.3.24 TraversalZoneAdd
xCommand TraversalZoneAdd
Creates a new traversal zone, allowing a TANDBERG Gatekeeper to connect to the Border
Controller. Up to 50 such zones may be created.
The new zone is pre-configured with a link to the traversal subzone and with a pattern match
mode of AlwaysMatch.
11.3.25 TraversalZoneDelete
xCommand TraversalZoneDelete <index>
Removes the traversal zone with the specified index.
11.3.26 ZoneAdd
xCommand ZoneAdd <name> <address>
Adds a new zone with the specified name and IP address. E.g. xCommand ZoneAdd B 10.0.0.30
The zone is pre-configured with a link to the traversal subzone and a pattern match mode of
AlwaysMatch.
11.3.27 ZoneDelete
xCommand ZoneDelete <index>
Removes the zone with the specified index.
11.4 History
The history root command, xhistory, is used to display historical data on the Border Controller.
To list all xhistory commands type:
xhistory ?
To list all history data, type:
xhistory
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To show a specific set of history data, type:
xhistory <name>
xhistory calls
xhistory calls call <n>
Displays history data for up to the last 255 calls handled by the Border Controller. Call entries
are added to the Call History on call completion. Call histories are listed in reverse chronological
order of completion time.
xhistory registrations
xhistory registrations registration <n>
Displays history data for up to the last 255 registrations handled by the Border Controller.
Registration entries are added to the Registration History on unregistration of H.323 entities.
Registration histories are listed in reverse chronological order of unregistration time.
11.5 Feedback
The feedback root command, xfeedback, is used to control notifications of Events and Status
changes on the Border Controller.
A Feedback Expression describes an interesting event or change in status. When a Feedback
Expression is registered, a notification will be displayed in the shell for each occurrence of the
event described by that Expression. Notifications will continue to be displayed for a given event
until the Expression is deregistered.
To list all xfeedback commands type:
xfeedback ?
To list all currently active feedback expressions, type:
xfeedback list
To register a feedback expression, type:
xfeedback register <expression>
To deregister the feedback expression with index ¡n¿, type:
xfeedback deregister <n>
To deregister all feedback expressions, type: xfeedback deregister 0
xFeedback Register Status/<Calls/Registrations>
Registers for feedback on changes in the chosen Status, e.g.: xFeedback Register Status/Calls
To register for all Status changes, use: xFeedback Register Status
xFeedback Register History/<Calls/Registrations>
Registers for feedback on History, e.g.: xFeedback Register History/Calls
To register for all History, use: xFeedback Register History
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xFeedback Register Event/<CallAttempt/Connected/Disconnected/ConnectionFailure/Registration/
Unregistration/Bandwidth/ResourceUsage>
Registers for feedback on the occurrence of the chosen Event, e.g.: xFeedback Register
Event/CallAttempt
To register for all available Events, use: xFeedback Register Event
Registering for the ResourceUsage event will return the entire ResourceUsage structure every
time one of the ResourceUsage fields changes. ResourceUsage fields consist of:
• Registrations
• MaxRegistrations
• PortRegistrations
• MaxPortRegistrations
• TraversalCalls
• MaxTraversalCalls
• TotalTraversalCalls
11.6 Other commands
11.6.1 About
about
About provides information about the software version installed on the system.
11.6.2 Clear
clear [eventlog/history]
Clears the event log or history of all calls and registrations.
11.6.3 Eventlog
eventlog eventlog [n/all]
Displays the eventlog containing information about past events which may be useful for diagnostic
purposes.
n
The number of lines from end of
event log to dump.
all Dumps the whole event log.
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11.6.4 Relkey
relkey
Displays the release key that this software has been installed with.
11.6.5 Syslog
syslog <level> [ipaddr] [ipaddr]
Enables tracing to the console.
level
Specifies the detail at which to
trace. 0-3, 3 gives most logging.
ipaddr Specify up to 10 IP addresses
to log information for, all if none
specified.
Setting syslog 0 will turn off tracing.
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A Appendix: Configuring DNS Servers
In the examples below, we set up an SRV record to handle H.323 URIs of the form [email protected]
These are handled by the system with the fully qualified domain name of gatekeeper1.example.com
which is listening on port 1719, the default registration port.
It is assumed that an A record already exists for gatekeeper1.example.com. If not, you will need
to add one.
A.1 Microsoft DNS Server
It is possible to add the SRV record using either the command line or the MMC snap in. To use
the command line: on the DNS server open a command window and enter
dnscmd . /RecordAdd domain service name SRV service data
Where domain is the domain into which you wish to insert the record, service name the name
of the service you’re adding and service data the priority, weight, port and server providing the
service as defined by RFC 2782. For example:
dnscmd . /RecordAdd example.com h323ls. udp SRV 1 0 1719 gatekeeper1.example.com
A.1.1 BIND 8 & 9
BIND is a commonly used DNS server on UNIX and Linux systems. Configuration is based
around two sets of text files: named.conf which describes which zones are represented by the
server and a selection of zone files which describe the detail of each zone.
BIND is sometimes run chrooted for increased security. This gives the program a new root
directory, which means that the configuration files may not appear where you expect them to be.
To see if this is the case on your system, run
ps aux grep named
This will give the command line that named (the BIND server) was invoked with. If there is a -t
option, then the path following that is the new root directory and your files will be located relative
to that root.
In /etc/named.conf look for a directory entry within the options section. This will give the directory
in which the zone files are stored, possibly relative to a new root directory. In the appropriate
zone section, a file entry will give the name of the file containing the zone details.
For more details of how to configure BIND servers. and the DNS system in general see [6]
A.2 Verifying the SRV record
There are a range of tools available to investigate DNS records. One commonly found on
Microsoft Windows and UNIX platforms is nslookup. Use this to verify that everything is working
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as expected.
nslookup -querytype=srv h323ls. udp.example.com
and check the output.
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B Appendix: Configuring LDAP Servers
B.1 Microsoft Active Directory
B.1.1 Prerequisites
These comprehensive step by step instructions assume that Active Directory is installed. For
details on installing Active Directory please consult your Windows documentation. The following
instructions are for Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition, if you are not using this version of
Windows, your instructions may vary.
The following ITU specifications describe the schemas which are required to be installed on the
Active Directory server:
H.350 Directory services architecture for multimedia conferencing - An LDAP schema to repre-
sent endpoints on the network.
H.350.1 Directory services architecture for H.323 - An LDAP schema to represent H.323 end-
points.
H.350.2 Directory services architecture for H.235 - An LDAP schema to represent H.235 ele-
ments.
The schemas can be downloaded in ldif format from the web interface on the Border Controller.
To do this, navigate to the Border Controller Configuration → Files page and click on the links for
the schemas. Copy the downloaded schemas to the Active Directory server.
Open a command prompt and for each file execute the following command:
ldifde -i -c DC=X <ldap base> -f filename.ldf
Where <ldap base> is the base DN for your Active Directory server.
B.1.2 Adding H.350 objects
Create the organizational hierarchy
Open up the Active Directory Users and Computers MMC snap-in. Under your base DN right
click and select New → Organizational Unit. Create an Organizational unit called h350.
NOTE It is good practice to keep the H.350 directory in its own organizational unit to separate
out H.350 objects from other types of objects. This allows access controls to be setup which
only allow the Border Controller read access to the BaseDN and therefore limit access to other
sections of the directory.
Add the H.350 objects
Create an ldif file with the following contents:
# MeetingRoom1 endpoint
dn: commUniqueId=comm1,ou=h350,dc=my-domain,dc=com
objectClass: commObject
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objectClass: h323Identity
objectClass: h235Identity
commUniqueId: comm1
h323Identityh323-ID: MeetingRoom1
h323IdentitydialedDigits: 626262
h235IdentityEndpointID: meetingroom1
h235IdentityPassword: mypassword
Add the ldif file to the server using the command:
ldifde -i -c DC=X <ldap base> -f filename.ldf
This will add a single H.323 endpoint with an H.323 Id alias of MeetingRoom1 and an E.164 alias
of 626262. The entry also has H.235 credentials of id meetingroom1 and password mypassword
which are used during authentication.
B.1.3 Securing with TLS
To enable Active Directory to use TLS, you must request and install a certificate on the Active
Directory server. The certificate must meet the following requirements:
• Be located in the Local Computer’s Personal certificate store. This can be seen using the
Certificates MMC snap in.
• Have the private details on how to obtain a key associated for use with it stored locally.
When viewing the certificate you should see a message saying “You have a private key that
corresponds to this certificate”.
• Have a private key that does not have strong private key protection enabled. This is an
attribute that can be added to a key request.
• The Enhanced Key Usage extension includes the Server Authentication object identifier,
again this forms part of the key request.
• Issued by a CA that both the domain controller and the client trust.
• Include the Active Directory fully qualified domain name of the domain controller in the
common name in the subject field and/or the DNS entry in the subject alternative name
extension.
B.2 OpenLDAP
B.2.1 Prerequisites
These instructions assume that an OpenLDAP server has already been installed. For details on
The following examples use a standard OpenLDAP installation on the Linux platform. For
installations on other platforms the location of the OpenLDAP configuration files may be different.
See the OpenLDAP installation documentation for details.
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B.2.2 Installing the H.350 schemas
The following ITU specification describes the schemas which are required to be installed on the
LDAP server:
H.350 Directory services architecture for multimedia conferencing - An LDAP schema to repre-
sent endpoints on the network.
H.350.1 Directory services architecture for H.323 - An LDAP schema to represent H.323 end-
points.
H.350.2 Directory services architecture for H.235 - An LDAP schema to represent H.235 ele-
ments.
The schemas can be downloaded in ldif format from the web interface on the Border Controller.
To do this, navigate to the Border Controller Configuration → Files page and click on the links for
the schemas.
Copy the downloaded schemas to the OpenLDAP schema directory:
/etc/openldap/schemas/commobject.ldif
/etc/openldap/schemas/h323identity.ldif
/etc/openldap/schemas/h235identity.ldif
Edit /etc/openldap/slapd.conf to add the new schemas. You will need to add the following lines:
include /etc/openldap/schemas/commobject.ldif
include /etc/openldap/schemas/h323identity.ldif
include /etc/openldap/schemas/h235identity.ldif
The OpenLDAP daemon (slapd) must be restarted for the new schemas to take effect.
B.2.3 Adding H.350 objects
Create the organizational hierarchy
Create an ldif file with the following contents:
# This example creates a single organisational unit to contain
# the H.350 objects
dn: ou=h350,dc=my-domain,dc=com
objectClass: organizationalUnit
ou: h350
Add the ldif file to the server using the command:
slapadd -l <ldif file>
This organizational unit will form the BaseDN to which the Border Controller will issue searches.
In this example the BaseDN will be ou=h350,dc=my-domain,dc=com.
NOTE It is good practice to keep the H.350 directory in its own organizational unit to separate
out H.350 objects from other types of objects. This allows access controls to be setup which
only allow the Border Controller read access to the BaseDN and therefore limit access to other
sections of the directory.
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Add the H.350 objects
Create an ldif file with the following contents:
# MeetingRoom1 endpoint
dn: commUniqueId=comm1,ou=h350,dc=my-domain,dc=com
objectClass: commObject
objectClass: h323Identity
objectClass: h235Identity
commUniqueId: comm1
h323Identityh323-ID: MeetingRoom1
h323IdentitydialedDigits: 626262
h235IdentityEndpointID: meetingroom1
h235IdentityPassword: mypassword
Add the ldif file to the server using the command:
slapadd -l <ldif file>
This will add a single H.323 endpoint with an H.323 Id alias of MeetingRoom1 and an E.164 alias
of 626262. The entry also has H.235 credentials of id meetingroom1 and password mypassword
which are used during authentication.
B.2.4 Securing with TLS
The connection to the LDAP server can be encrypted by enabling Transport Level Security (TLS)
on the connection. To do this you must create an X.509 certificate for the LDAP server to allow
the Border Controller to verify the server’s identity. Once the certificate has been created you will
need to install the following three files associated with the certificate onto the LDAP server:
• The certificate for the LDAP server.
• The private key for the LDAP server.
• The certificate of the Certificate Authority (CA) that was used to sign the LDAP server’s
certificate.
All three files should be in PEM file format.
The LDAP server must be configured to use the certificate. To do this, edit /etc/openldap/slapd.conf
and add the following three lines:
TLSCACertificateFile <path to CA certificate>
TLSCertificateFile <path to LDAP server certificate>
TLSCertificateKeyFile <path to LDAP private key>
The OpenLDAP daemon (slapd) must be restarted for the TLS settings to take effect.
For more details on configuring OpenLDAP to use TLS consult the OpenLDAP Administrator’s
Guide.
To configure the Border Controller to use TLS on the connection to the LDAP server you must
upload the CA’s certificate as a trusted CA certificate. To do this, navigate to the Border Controller
Configuration → Files page and upload the certificate.
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C Approvals
The product has been approved by various international approval agencies, among others: UL
and Nemko. According to their Follow-Up Inspection Scheme, these agencies also perform
production inspections at a regular basis, for all production of TANDBERG’s equipment.
The test reports and certificates issued for the product show that the TANDBERG Border
Controller, Type number TTC2-02, complies with the following standards.
EMC Emission - Radiated Electromagnetic Interference
• EN55022:1994 + A1:1995 + A2:1997 Class A.
• FCC Rules and Regulations 47CFR, Part 2, Part 15.
• CISPR PUB.22 Class A
EMC Immunity
• EN 55024:1998 + A1:2001
• EN 61000-3-2:2000
• EN 61000-3-3:1995 + A1:2001
Electrical Safety
• IEC 60950 3rd edition 1999
• EN 60950 3rd edition 2000
• UL 60950 3. Edition
• CSA C22.2 No. 950-M95
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D Technical Specifications
System Capacity
500 registered traversal endpoints
100 traversal calls
100 zones
Option keys may restrict the system to a lower capacity than specified above.
Ethernet Interfaces
3 x LAN/Ethernet (RJ-45) 10/100 Base-TX (2 disabled)
System console port
2 x COM ports (front and rear), RS-323 DB-9 connector 2 x USB (disabled)
ITU standards
ITU-T H.323 version 4 including Annex O
ITU-T H.460.18, H.460.19
ITU-T H.235
ITU-T H.350
Security Features
IP Administration passwords
Management via SSH and HTTPS
Software upgrade via HTTPS and SCP
System Management
Configuration via serial connection, Telnet, SSH, HTTP, HTTPS
Software upgraded via HTTP, HTTPS and SCP
Environmental Data
Operation temperature: 0◦C to 35◦C (32◦F to 95◦F)
Relative humidity: 10% to 90% non-condensing
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Physical Dimensions
Height: 4.35 cm (1.72 inches)
Width: 42.6 cm (16.8 inches)
Depth: 22.86 cm (9 inches)
1U rack mounted chassis
Power supply
90 264V full range @47 63 Hz
Certification
LVD 73/23/EC
EMC 89/366/ECC
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References
[1] ITU Specification: H.235 Security and encryption for H-Series (H.323 and other H.245-
based) multimedia terminals
[2] ITU Specification: H.350 Directory services architecture for multimedia conferencing
[6] DNS and BIND Fourth Edition Albitz and Liu, O’Reilly and Associates, ISBN: 0-596-00158-4
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E Glossary
Alias The name an endpoint registers with the Border Controller. Other endpoints can then use
this name to call it.
ARQ, Admission Request An endpoint RAS request to make or answer a call.
E.164 An ITU standard for structured telephone numbers. Each telephone number consists of a
country code, area code and subscriber number. For example, TANDBERG’s European
Headquarters’ phone number is +47 67 125125, corresponding to a country code of 47 for
Norway, area code of 67 for Lysaker and finally 125125 to determine which phone line in
Lysaker.
LRQ, Location Request A RAS query between Gatekeepers or Border Controllers to determine
the location of an endpoint.
PortRegistration A measure of the number of systems and aliases registered with the Border
Controller. Each endpoint may register one alias of each type (E.164, H323 etc) and
consume 1 PortRegistration in total. If it registers more aliases, e.g. an MCU may register
multiple E.164 aliases, then each additional alias counts as an additional PortRegistration.
It is the number of PortRegistrations which is controlled by the option key.
RAS, Registration, Admission and Status Protocol Protocol used between endpoints and
Border Controller to register and place calls.
Traversal call An H.323 call which uses a Border Controller. The Border Controller cooperates
with the endpoint or TANDBERG gatekeeper to allow communication through a firewall. All
signalling and media is routed through the Border Controller.
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Index
about, 63
ActiveDirectory, see LDAP servers
Admission Request, 75
AllowListAdd, 57
H.323
ID, 11
URI, 11
http, 49
AllowListDelete, 57
and CPL, 29
credential, 47
mode, 47
http(s)
bandwidth control, 14–19
upgrade using, 40–41
https, 49
Call Processing Language, see CPL
certificate, 22
clear, 63
CPL, 29
IP
address, 56
initial configuration, 5
port, 56
examples, 32–33
v4, 49
v6, 49
IP address
default
DefaultLinksAdd, 19
dial plan
schema, 67
servers, 67–70
default, 58
LocalPrefix, 48
Location Request, 75
logging
flat, 9
hierarchical, 9
structured, 9
directory gatekeeper, 9
ethernet, 47
event log, 34–39
remote, 39
event levels, 35
LRQ, 48
eventlog, 63
monitor
alternate, 47
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OpenLDAP, see LDAP servers
pattern, 61
prefix, 9
registration
time to live, 49
RFC 2782, 23
RFC 3164, 39
scp, 52
upgrade using, 41–42
serial interface, 7
suffix, 9
TANDBERG Management Suite, see TMS
TLS, 68
traversal call, 75
upgrade, 40–42
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