NARDA Stud Sensor 8718B User Manual

USER'S GUIDE

Model 8718B

Electromagnetic

Radiation

Survey Meter

narda

Safety Test Solutions

P/N 42983600 RevB

communications company

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User’s Guide Updates

This User’s Guide was thoroughly reviewed for accuracy prior to

publication. Corrections to this guide necessitated by errors or

omissions or by minor revisions to the meter firmware will be

covered in the README file enclosed with the User's Software.

The README file is available at any time from the HELP menu

within the User's Software.

Equipment Supplied

Your Model 8718B is supplied with:

• Meter

• Battery Charger/Power Supply

• Power Cord (230 volt chargers only)

• Storage Case

• Probe Extension Cable Model 8744-04

• Electric Field Attenuator Model 8713B

• User's Software (CD-ROM)

• Computer Cable

• User’s Guide

Using this Guide with a Model 8718

The Model 8718 can be upgraded to take advantage of most, but

not all, of the improvements incorporated into the Model 8718B.

The upgrade includes some minor hardware changes and the

installation of the Version 3.0 firmware that is described in this

guide. There are only a few differences in the operation of a

Model 8718 upgraded with Version 3.0 firmware versus the new

8718B. Those differences are noted in this guide.

Operating the Meter

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Understanding Your Model 8718B

General Description

It is important to be familiar with the Model 8718B before

you use it. This section includes descriptive data keyed to

highlighted illustrations to help you locate the various features

of the meter. The descriptions not only identify the features but

tell you how they are used.

Battery Charger and Power Cord

The battery charger and power cord are used to recharge the

battery within the Model 8718B.

To recharge the meter, first connect the cable of

the battery charger to the larger jack on the left

side of the meter. Make sure the plug is fully

inserted into the jack. Connect the power cord to

the wall outlet.

The battery will be fully charged in about 8 hours.

The indicator light on the charger illuminates

during charging. A full charge will give you about

20 hours of operation (approximately 6.5 hours if

back lighting is used).

The charger can also be used to power the

Model 8718B when it is to be operated for periods

beyond the capacity of the battery.

Note

NiCad batteries

should be fully dis-

charged (<20% indi-

cation) before

recharging. Charge

for a minimum of 8

hours. See Checking

Battery Status in

Chapter 12.

Chapter 2 Understanding Your Model 8718B

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Probe Connection

To make measurements, you must use your

Model 8718B with a compatible probe. Connect

the cable of the probe to the probe connector

located at the top of the unit.

If you use a fiber optic link, the probe connects to a

fiber optic transmitter. A fiber optic cable connects

the transmitter to the rectangular fiber optic jack on

the left side of the meter.

Audio Alarm

Your Model 8718B is equipped with an audible

alarm that emits sound through a tiny hole on the

bottom of the meter. The alarm sounds whenever

the field strength exceeds the measurement range

of the probe (over ranges).

You can also set the meter to sound its alarm at a

specific level and/or turn on a variable-tone mode.

Probe Test Sources

Your Model 8718B is equipped with two RF

sources for testing your probes. The Test Source

key will turn these sources on. They will stay on for

approximately 20 seconds.

A microwave (waveguide) window on the right side

of the probe is used for testing high frequency

probes.

A contact on the right side of the meter is used for

testing low frequency probes. Most probes have

three test points on the head of the probe.

Operating the Meter

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Strap and Tripod Mount

A strap is provided on the underside of the Model

8718B. It has a hook and loop closure to permit

easy adjustment, around your hand.

Behind the strap is a threaded connector used to

secure the meter to a tripod. Loosen the strap to

access this connector.

Operation With a Computer

To update probe calibration information or retrieve

stored measurements, you must connect your

Model 8718B to a personal computer and use the

User's Software provided by Narda.

See Chapter 18, User's Software.

Operation With a Recorder

To obtain a continuous record of measurement

over an extended period of time, you can connect a

data recorder to the smaller jack located on the left

side of the meter.

See Chapter 17, Operation with a Data Recorder.

Chapter 2 Understanding Your Model 8718B

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Keypad

The Model 8718B has four groups of keys distinguished by their

color.

Note

Function keys

Numeric keys

(green)

The keys on the

(yellow)

8718B must be firmly

depressed to per-

form their function

and give a tactile

feedback when prop-

erly depressed.

Special Function keys

Power keys

(white)

(blue, green)

Power Keys

Two power keys are used to turn the Model

8718B On and Off.

Function Keys

Use the four function keys

(F1-F4) to select the options displayed on

the bottom line of the display screen

directly above the F1, F2, F3, and F4

markings. In a few cases the options will be

spelled out on the display.

Operating the Meter

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Numeric Keypad

Use the numeric keypad to enter number data into the Model

8718B. You also use the numeric keypad to select a numbered

option listed on the display screen.

Special Function Keys

Six special function keys enable you to perform specific

functions.

Esc

Returns you to the previous menu. In a few

cases you must enter a selection rather than

use the Esc key.

Auto

Zero

Enables you to automatically zero the meter

and probe.

Help

Displays a help screen that explains your options.

Test

Turns on the built-in low frequency and high

frequency probe test sources for approximately

20 seconds.

Source

Range

Locks in a specific measurement range for the

bar graph. The digital display is not affected. The

meter automatically displays a digital value over

the probe’s entire measurement range. See Bar

Graph Ranges on page 23.

Enter

Stores data you entered with the numeric

keypad. Confirms an option you selected from

a menu screen.

Chapter 2 Understanding Your Model 8718B

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Operating the Meter

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Probe Selection

Introduction

The 8700 series RF measurement system offers a very broad

selection of probes. The factors that you should consider in

selecting the probe, or probes, best suited for your task are

described in this section.

Key Factors in Selecting a Probe

The probe frequency range should include the frequencies of all

the emitters to be surveyed at one time.

FREQUENCY

RANGE

The measurement range of the probe should be adequate for

the field levels that you anticipate, i.e., do you expect strong

fields or weak fields? Probes give more accurate and more

stable readings when they are not used at the extreme low end

of their sensitivity range. Therefore, if you anticipate measuring

very weak fields, select a probe with a lower power full-scale

measurement range to get greater sensitivity. In contrast, higher

power probes give additional safety margins, especially at

microwave frequencies where field strength can change rapidly

with a small change in distance to the source. Select a probe

with a higher power full-scale measurement range if you

anticipate measuring high level fields.

POWER

DENSITY

OR FIELD

STRENGTH

Most standards recommend that you measure both electric (E)

and magnetic (H) fields below 300 MHz (due to the possibility

that measurements may be made in the near field). Since most

experts agree that the electric field poses a greater danger at

lower frequencies due to induced and contact currents that can

occur, the electric field is normally measured first. Higher

frequency measurements are normally made of only the electric

field since measurements will generally be made in the far field.

ELECTRIC FIELD

VERSUS

MAGNETIC

FIELD

Chapter 3 Probe Selection

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Flat response probes are the most common. Narda’s patented

shaped frequency response probes read out in Percent of

Standard and are particularly useful in complex, multi-signal

environments where exposure limits are different for the various

emitter frequencies and in classified environments.

FLAT

RESPONSE

OR SHAPED

FREQUENCY

RESPONSE

The majority of the 8700 series probes have four-inch (10 cm)

diameter heads. The minimum measurement distance for

these probes is about 4 inches (10 cm) from the outside surface

of the probe. Measurements made at closer distances can

result in inaccurate readings due to capacitive coupling. The

Models 8721D, 8723D, and 8725D have two-inch (5 cm)

diameter heads that can be used as close as 2 inches (5 cm)

from the source to the outside of the probe. These probes are

ideal for the measurement of waveguide leaks. Similarly, the

Model 8781D has a one-inch (2.5 cm) diameter head with a

flexible shaft that is designed for locating leaks in densely

packaged microwave systems.

SIZE AND

MINIMUM

MEASUREMENT

DISTANCE

Shaped Frequency Response Probes

The goal in designing and manufacturing a traditional, “flat”

frequency response probe is to make the probe equally

responsive to energy at every frequency within its rated

frequency range. In contrast, Narda’s patented shaped

frequency response probes are designed and manufactured so

that their sensitivity mirrors a particular standard as closely as

possible. For example, many of the major standards in the

world set limits for maximum exposure at the lowest frequencies

of 100 mW/cm². These same standards typically limit exposure

in the VHF region to 1 mW/cm²and to 5-10 mW/cm²in the

microwave region. A shaped frequency response probe

designed for such a standard is 100 times more sensitive in the

VHF region than at the lowest frequencies. The result is that

energy from all sources within the probe’s rated frequency

range are not only summed in terms of RMS power but are also

weighted in direct proportion to a particular standard's

frequency dependent exposure limits.

Operating the Meter

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The readout on the 8718B is shown in terms of Percent of

Standard. The full scale of Narda’s shaped probes is typically

either 300% or 600% of a standard. This permits measurements

of exposure environments where the weighted field strengths

range from as high as three to six times the maximum

permissible exposure (MPE) level to environments where the

levels are less than one percent of the MPE.

Note

It is important to un-

derstand that each

shaped frequency re-

sponse probe model

is designed

to conform to a par-

ticular standard.

Connecting a Probe

Connect a cable with a quick-release, eight-pin connector to the

connector at the top of your Model 8718B. This cable will be

either (1) a short adapter cable for attachment to older style

8700 series probes with integral cables or (2) a 4 ft. (1.2m) long

cable with a quick-release connector on both ends for use with

the 8700 "D" series probes. The D series probes have a

quick-release, eight-pin connector that allows the probe to

attach directly to your 8718B or be used with a cable

8700D Series Probe

8718B

Direct Connection

8700D Series Probe

8718B

4' (1.2m) cable

Model 8744-04 (supplied)

8700/8700B Series Probe

8718B

1' (0.3m) adapter cable

P/N 2178770 (optional accessory)

A direct connection can be useful for certain low frequency

measurements. See Low Frequency Measurements in the

Applications Booklet.

Chapter 3 Probe Selection

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Probe Identification

Narda 8700D series probes use the following

labels and indicators:

• Certified Calibration Date Label

• Model Identification Label

Field Type (E or H)

Full Scale Measurement Range

Model Number

Standards (Shaped Probes Only)

Frequency Range

Serial Number

• Color Band to Indicate the Full Scale

Measurement Range (20 mW/cm²

probes do not have a colored band)

• Calibration Label With Frequency

Correction Factors

Correction Factor Listed for

Every Calibration Frequency

Model Number and Serial Number

Operating the Meter

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Making a Measurement

Introduction

This chapter will help you make measurements with your Model

8718B. Information is included for turning the meter on,

selecting, zeroing, and testing a probe, plus an explanation of

the main measurement screen of the meter. Some general

information is also included about measurement surveys,

precautions you should observe, and the use of probe

correction factors.

Getting Started

Press the On power key. The meter model, serial, and firmware

version will be displayed briefly. After a few seconds, the

Opening Menu Screen will appear.

CALIBRATION DATE

C A L D A T E 0 9 / 0 1 / 9 8

C A L D U E 0 9 / 0 1 / 9 9

C O N N E C T P R O B E N OW

CALIBRATION DUE DATE

• Indicates date the meter

was last calibrated

• Indicates recommended

date for next calibration

M E A S U R E

M E N U

To Make Measurements...

1. Select the probe you want to use and connect it to

the meter.

Note

2. Proceed as directed in Entering the Probe Model.

To access the meter’s menu system to perform some other

function...

See Chapter 5,

Using the Menu

System, for details

on features and

operation.

1. Press F4 (MENU). The First Menu Screen will appear.

See Chapter 5, Using the Menu System.

Chapter 4 Making a Measurement

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Entering the Probe Model

Narda's 8700 Series system is completely modular — all 8700

series meters work with all 8700 series probes. The single most

important thing you must do is tell the 8718B meter which probe

you are using.

Note

The single most im-

portant thing you

must do is tell the

8718B meter which

probe you are using.

The Model 8718B has the basic characteristics of every 8700

Series probe stored in its internal memory. All you have to do is

select the correct model number and the meter automatically

sets the correct scales.

The Model 8718B can also store the specific calibration

details for up to six probes. This includes the probe serial

number, calibration date, and the calibration factors marked on

the handle of the probe. Probes with this additional detail stored

in the meter are referred to as probes in memory.

Putting probes into memory has several advantages:

• It makes it easier to select a probe

• Data that is downloaded after using a data logging mode

will include a record of the probe’s calibration date and

its serial number.

• It makes using frequency correction much easier.

Probes are put into the meter’s memory using a personal

computer:

• By Narda on the day of shipment for all probes shipped

at the same time as the meter.

• By you at any time when you use the User's Software

supplied by Narda and a personal computer. Refer to

Chapter 18, User's Software for detailed information

regarding computer operations.

Operating the Meter

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To select from the PROBES IN MEMORY...

1. If you haven’t already, press F1 (MEASURE).

2. The model number and the serial number of the last

probe used will be displayed on the second line of the

display. If you want to use the same probe, press

Enter.

S E L E C T P R O B E

M O D E L A 8 7 2 2 D S N X X X X X

O R S E L E C T F R O M L I S T

8 7 X X 8 7 X X 8 7 X X M O R E

3. If you want to use a different probe, look for the model

number in the positions above the F1, F2, or F3

legends. If more than three probes are in memory they

can be found by pressing F4 (MORE).

4. Press the appropriate function key and the probe

model and serial number will be displayed on the

second line of the screen. If this is correct, press Enter.

5. A new screen will appear specifying probe model

number, serial number, frequency range, field type,

maximum measurement range, and type of response

(flat or shaped). If this information is correct, press F1.

If this information does not match your requirements,

you need to select another probe. Press F2 and you

will go back to the Select Probe screen to make

another selection.

A 8 7 4 2 D S / N 0 0 0 0 1

3 0 0 k H z - 3 G H z

E - F L D

S H A P E D

M E N U

6 0 0

Y E S

S T D

N O

6. Proceed with the probe zeroing process. See Zeroing

the Probe on page 17.

Chapter 4 Making a Measurement

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To use a PROBE that is NOT IN MEMORY...

1. If you haven't already, press F1 (MEASURE).

2. The model number of the last probe used will be

displayed on the second line of the display. If you want

to use the same model probe, press Enter.

S E L E C T P R O B E

M O D E L A 8 7 2 2 D S N X X X X X

O R S E L E C T F R O M L I S T

8 7 X X 8 7 X X 8 7 X X P R O B E

3. If you want to use a different model probe, select

PROBE by pressing F4. If more than three probes are in

memory, you will have to press F4 twice (MORE, then

PROBE). One of several screens that list all 8700 series

probes will appear.

A 8 7 2 2 D

B 8 7 2 2 D

C 8 7 2 2 D

D 8 7 2 2 D

A 8 7 3 2 D

A 8 7 4 2 D

N E X T

Note

4. If you see the model of the probe you want to use, press

the appropriate number key. The newer "D" series

probes are listed first.

You must return to

the Opening Menu

Screen and repeat

the probe selection

and zeroing process

if you want to

change probes.

Press 7 (Probe) from

the First Menu

5. If you do not see the model number you want, use the

7 (BACK) or 8 (NEXT) keys to page forward and

backward until you do. Press the appropriate number

key to select a probe model.

6. A new screen will appear specifying probe model

number, frequency range, field type, maximum

Screen and then

press F4 (RESTART).

measurement range, and type of response (flat or

shaped). If this information is correct, press F1. If this

information does not match your requirements you need

to select another probe. Press F2 and you will go back

to the Select Probe screen to make another selection.

Operating the Meter

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A 8 7 2 2 D S N X X X X X

3 0 0 k H z - 5 0 G H z E - F L D

3 0 0

Y E S

S T D

N O

S H A P E D

M E N U

7. Proceed with the probe zeroing process.

Zeroing the Probe

The probe and meter must be “zeroed” together. It is important

that the probe is not exposed to radiated fields during the

zeroing process. The storage case is shielded and provides a

convenient “zero density” environment.

To zero the probe...

Note

1. Place the probe in the storage case. Be careful not

to move the probe while zeroing takes place (on

probes with low frequency test points, you can create

static which will give inaccurate results).

Position the probe in

the case with one

test point pointed

downward and the

other two test points

above the foam.

This will insure that

the test points are

not touching the

foam.

2. When you are ready, press the ENTER key. The

screen will say ZEROING.

3. The meter will beep and the main measurement screen

will appear in about 15 seconds after zeroing is completed.

If you get a message that the probe could not be zeroed, the

most likely causes are:

• The probe is not connected properly. Check the

connector and retry.

• The meter is set for a fiber optic input and you are

using the standard cable input (or vice versa). Turn the

meter off. Turn the meter back on and press

(F4) (MENU) to access the menu system. Press

8 (NEXT) to get to the Second Menu Screen. Press

3 (CABLE/FO) to the probe input status. Press F1 (OK)

if it is correct or F4 to select the alternate. Then press

Esc to return to the Opening Menu Screen.

Chapter 4 Making a Measurement

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• The field strength is not low enough. Move away from

the RF field source, use the storage case to zero the

probe.

Note

See Chapter 12,

Probe Zero,

• The probe is damaged. Try another probe.

for additional infor-

mation on the char-

acteristics of

the survey system

including the causes

of zero drift.

To reconfirm the zero while the instrument is in use...

1. Establish a zero density environment for the probe as

before.

2. Press the Auto Zero key. This will automatically “touch

up” the zero and correct for any drift in a few seconds.

Measurement Display Screens

There are two display screen options:

• The Main Measurement Display Screen.

• The Alternate Measurement Display Screen.

Main Measurement Display Screen

The Main Measurement Display Screen shows a maximum value

on the third line of the display. The Alternate Measurement

Display Screen provides frequency-specific, real time information

instead of a maximum value.

Operating the Meter

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Main Measurement Display Screen

(Shaped Probes)

FIELD STRENGTH

BAR GRAPH

• Indicates actual measured value

• Indicates approximate

field strength

• Unit of measure is always % STD

for shaped frequency response

probes

• 100 segment, three

10:1 (10 dB) ranges

MAXIMUM VALUE

PROBE FREQUENCY

CORRECTION

• Indicates the

1 2 . 1

2 7 . 5 M A X

A L T M A X R M E N U

S T D

maximum value that

has occurred since

you began making

measurements or

since resetting the

maximum using

F2 (MAXR)

C F 1 . 0 0

F R E Q

• CF = 1.00 indicates

no correction factor is

being applied

• CF= X.XX indicates

the numeric value that

is being applied

• The unit of measure is

the same as for the

instantaneous value

shown on the line

above.

• A frequency displayed

here indicates that the

meter is applying a

correction factor

Change to the

Alternate

Go to the First

Menu Screen

Measurement

Display Screen

based on the stored

calibration data for the

specific probe in use.

Allows you to enter

or change the

Reset the

Maximum Value to

the current Field

Strength displayed

on the second line

frequency that you

are correcting for

probe frequency

deviation

Main Measurement Display Screen

(Flat Probes)

The Main Measurement Display Screen for flat frequency

response probes is the same as the screen for shaped

frequency response probes except as indicated below.

FIELD STRENGTH

6 . 2 6 mW / c m

• Indicates actual

measured value

1 1 . 5 M A X

C F 1 . 0 0

A L T M A X R M E N U

F R E Q

• Unit of measure can be

changed by going to the

First Menu Screen

Chapter 4 Making a Measurement

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Alternate Measurement Display Screen

The Alternate Measurement Display Screen is very similar to the

Main Measurement Display Screen with one difference. This

display mode is used to show frequency-specific, real time

information on the third line of the display instead of a maximum

value. It should be used only for single frequency or narrow

band measurement applications. The information that is shown

depends on whether a flat frequency response probe or a

shaped frequency response probe has been selected.

Note

The Alternate Mea-

surement Display

Screen should only

be used for single

frequency measure-

ments or where all

emitter frequencies

are close and the ex-

posure standard has

the same limits. Re-

fer to Using Probe

Correction Factors

on page 24.

• Flat Frequency Response Probes. This display mode

instantly converts the measured value to a percent of

the referenced exposure standard at a particular

frequency.

• Shaped Frequency Response Probes. This display

mode instantly converts the measured value, shown in

Percent of Standard, to an equivalent power density

value at a particular frequency.

The use of the Alternate Measurement Display Screen also

introduces an automatic correction for probe frequency

deviation for probes in memory.

The option to change display screens is only available when

other options such as spatial averaging, data logging or time

averaging have not been turned on.

To use the Alternate Measurement Display Screen...

1. Make sure that the 8718B is set to the correct exposure

standard. See Chapter 11 Using the Standards

Feature.

2. Press F4 (FREQ) from the Main Measurements Display

Screen. A new screen will appear to allow you to enter

a frequency.

3. Enter the frequency that you are measuring. You must

fill all four positions. If you make a mistake just enter

more digits until correct. For greater accuracy, use the

units that allow the larger number. For example, enter

10.00 kHz, not 00.01 MHz.

Operating the Meter

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Alternate Measurement Display Screen

(Shaped Probes)

FIELD STRENGTH

BAR GRAPH

• Indicates actual measured value

• Indicates approximate

field strength

• Unit of measure is always % STD

for shaped frequency response

probes

• 100 segment, three 10:1

(10 dB) ranges

CALCULATED

PROBE FREQUENCY

CORRECTION

FIELD STRENGTH

1 2 . 1

S T D

• Displays field strength

in mW/cm²that has

been calculated from

the % STD reading

using the referenced

standard and the

0 . 6 1 mW / c m

1 0 . 0 0 G H z

• CF = 1.00 indicates

no correction factor is

being applied

M A I N M A X R M E N U

F R E Q

• CF= X.XX indicates

the numeric value that

is being applied

indicated frequency

• A frequency displayed

here indicates that the

meter is applying a

correction factor

Change to the

Alternate

Go to the First

Menu Screen

Measurement

Display Screen

based on the stored

calibration data for the

specific probe in use.

Allows you to enter

or change the

frequency that you

are correcting for

probe frequency

deviation

Alternate Measurement Display Screen

(Flat Probes)

The Alternate Measurement Display Screen for flat frequency

response probes is the same as the screen for shaped

frequency response probes except as indicated below.

CALCULATED

PERCENT OF

STANDARD

• Displays percent of

standard that has been

calculated from the

field strength reading

using the referenced

standard and the

FIELD STRENGTH

6 . 2 6 mW / c m

• Indicates actual

1 2 5 . 2 % S T D 1 0 . 0 0 G H z

measured value

M A I N M A X R M E N U

F R E Q

• Unit of measure can be

changed by going to the

First Menu Screen

indicated frequency

Chapter 4 Making a Measurement

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4. Change the units (if needed) by pressing either

F1 (kHz), F2 (MHz), or F3 (GHz).

5. Press F4 (SAVE). The probe correction factor will be

displayed briefly if you are using a probe in memory

and you will automatically return to the measurement

screen. See Using Probe Correction Factors on page 24.

Note

Alternate values can-

not be calculated at

low frequencies for

standards with very

high magnetic field

limits. A “greater

than” symbol (>) is

shown under these

conditions.

6. From the Main Measurement Screen press F1(ALT) to

select the Alternate Measurement Display Screen.

To return to the Main Measurements Display Screen...

1. From the Alternate Measurement Display Screen, press

F1 (MAIN) to select the Main Measurements Display

Screen.

Operating the Meter

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Bar Graph Ranges

The Range key is used to control how the bar graph displays

information. The digital display is not affected and the meter

automatically displays a digital value over the probe’s entire

measurement range. There are four available settings: AUTO,

HIGH, MID, and LOW. The bar graph has 100 divisions.

You will probably find it convenient to use the AUTO setting

most of the time, but under a few conditions you may find one of

the three fixed ranges useful. The following table illustrates how

the range setting will affect the bar graph. For simplicity, a

probe with a full scale rating of 100 mW/cm²is used as an

example.

Note

The Range Key only

affects how the bar

graph displays infor-

mation.

Range

Measurement Range

AUTO

As the field level increases the bar graph

automatically switches between three ranges:

0.01 to 1, 1 to 10, and 10 to 100.

HIGH

MID

1 to 100

0.1 to 10

0.01 to 1

LOW

If you exceed the upper limit of either the MID or LOW range, the

bar graph will be replaced with the message RANGE

OVERLOAD. The digital display will continue to show the

correct value. If you exceed the full scale measurement range of

the probe, the word "OVERLOAD" will appear

Testing the Probe

Your Model 8718B is equipped with two RF sources for testing

probes. Press Test Source and both sources will stay on for

approximately 20 seconds.

A contact on the right side of the unit is used for testing low

frequency probes and the low frequency section of

ultra-broadband probes. Most probes have three test points

around the head of the probe. Position the probe so that one of

the test points touches the contact on the meter. You should

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get a deflection on the bar graph but the amount of deflection is

not important. Repeat for the other two test points to insure that

the probe is working correctly. The D series magnetic field

probes have a single, conductive test point that is used to

simultaneously test all three sensors.

A microwave window on the right side of the probe is used for

testing high frequency probes. Hold the probe parallel to the

right side of the meter and position the probe head against the

test window so that one of three arrows on the probe is pointing

towards the window. These arrows indicate the location of the

three sensors inside the probe. A deflection of any magnitude

on the bar graph is acceptable. Repeat for the other two sensors

to insure that the probe is working correctly.

Note

A probe that does

not show a move-

ment of the bar

graph for all three

(or six) tests may be

damaged and should

not be used to make

measurements.

Ultra-broadband probes contain both high frequency and low

frequency sensors. These probes require six checks – three

high frequency and three low frequency.

Using Probe Correction Factors

All probes have a certain amount of frequency sensitivity.

Frequency sensitivity is the amount of deviation from the correct

measured value that a probe yields at various frequencies.

Obviously, the smaller the deviation, the better. But since a

certain amount of frequency deviation is unavoidable, the more

frequencies that you calibrate the probe at, the better. At each

calibration frequency, you have a correction factor.

Multiplying the reading on the meter by a correction factor

marked on the handle of a Narda 8700 Series probe

compensates for the probe’s frequency sensitivity. The Model

8718B is unique because it can perform this task automatically.

Correction factors can be used:

• When there is only a single emitter being surveyed.

• When there are multiple emitters all operating at the

same frequency (this is often the case with industrial

equipment).

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• When there are multiple emitters with frequencies that

are close to each other and the nearest calibration

frequencies have very similar correction factors.

Correction factors should NOT be used:

• When the frequencies of the emitters are diverse.

Correction factors may vary considerably and there is no

way to determine the distribution of energy from the

various emitters. It is more accurate not to use a

correction factor under these conditions. See

Measurement Uncertainty on page 27.

Note

Do not use correction

factors in a broadband,

multi-emitter environ-

ment.

To use a correction factor for a probe in memory...

1. Press F4 (FREQ) from the measurement screen. A

new screen will appear to allow you to enter a

frequency.

2. Enter the frequency for which you want to correct

readings. Make sure you fill in all four positions. If you

make a mistake just enter more digits until correct. For

greater accuracy, use the units that allow the larger

numbers. For example, enter 10kHz, not 00.01 MHz.

3. Change the units (if needed) by pressing either

F1 (kHz), F2 (MHz), or F3 (GHz).

4. Press F4 (SAVE). The meter will automatically

calculate the correction factor for the frequency you

have entered from the two closest correction factors

that were stored when you put the probe in memory.

The calculated numeric value will be displayed briefly

before the meter automatically returns to the

measurement screen. See page 64 for a more

complete description.

5. The frequency that you are correcting for will be

displayed on the right side of the third line of the

display.

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To use a correction factor for a probe NOT in memory...

1. Press F3 (MENU). The First Menu Screen will appear.

D A T A L O G

T I M E A V G

S P A T I A L

U N I T S

R S 2 3 2

P R O B E

N E X T

B A T / L I F E

2. Press 8 (NEXT) to access the Second Menu Screen.

C O R F A C T

S E T T I N G S

C A B L E / F O

L O C K O U T

A L A R M

S T N D S

B L A N K

B A C K

3. Press 1 (COR FACT). A screen will appear that shows

the correction factor.

4. Use the correction factors on the handle of the probe to

determine the appropriate correction factor and then

use the numeric keys on the meter to enter this value.

Enter a three digit number, ignoring the decimal point,

and rounding to two digits to the right of the decimal

point. If you make a mistake, just enter more digits

until correct. For example, to enter a correction factor

of 1.22, simply enter 1, 2, and then 2 while a correction

factor of 0.94 is entered as 0, 9, and 4.

5. Press Enter to save this correction factor. The meter

automatically returns to the measurement screen.

6. The numeric correction factor will be displayed on

the right side of the third line of the display in the form

CF X.XX.

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Checking or Changing the Probe Model

To check the probe model that the meter is currently set to...

1. Press F3 (MENU). The First Menu Screen will appear.

2. Press 7 (PROBE). A Screen will appear that shows the

model number and basic characteristics of the probe.

The probe serial number is shown for probes selected

from memory.

8 7 1 2 D S N 1 2 3 4 5

3 0 0 M H z

5 0 G H z

F L D

2 0 mW / c m

O K

F L A T

R E S T A R T

3. Press F1 (OK) key to return to the First Menu Screen.

4. Press Esc to return to the Measurement Display Screen.

To change to another probe without turning the meter off...

1. Press F3 (MENU). The First Menu Screen will appear.

2. Press 7 (PROBE). A screen will appear that shows the

model number and basic characteristics of the probe.

3. Press F4 (RESTART) to return to the Opening Menu

Screen. Press F1 (MEASURE) and begin the probe

selection process.

Measurement Uncertainty

The uncertainty of any measurement includes several factors

related to the probe and meter.

• Frequency response or frequency sensitivity is typically

1 dB to 2 dB (from about 25% to about 55%).

The correct use of correction factors can greatly reduce

the amount of uncertainty associated with frequency

response.

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• Ellipse ratio is 0.75 dB or better, depending on the

model of the probe. The ellipse ratio is the ratio of

readings that occur when one rotates the probe around

the axis of its handle. Narda calibrates its probes by

rotating the probe about its axis and using the mean

value to determine the correction factor. If you rotate

the probe around its axis and use the mean value,

ellipse ratio can be eliminated as a source of uncertainty.

• Isotropic response is the error that occurs when the

probe is pointed in different directions. It includes the

ellipse ratio plus some additional uncertainties.

Although the probes pick up energy from all directions,

they are most accurate when pointed at the source of

energy. Generally speaking, the isotropic response is

no greater than the ellipse ratio providing that the probe

is pointed towards the source.

• Calibration uncertainty represents another 0.5 dB.

• The Model 8718B meter has a maximum uncertainty

of 3%.

A good rule of thumb is that the total uncertainty is no greater

than 3 dB when correction factors are not used, providing

that the probe is pointed at the source of energy. There are

other issues related to field perturbation that can be more

significant sources of uncertainty. See Field Perturbation in

Measurement in the Applications Booklet.

Making a Measurement

Refer to the Applications Booklet for both general and specific

information on making measurements.

Precautions

When making measurements of electromagnetic fields, a

potential exists to expose yourself to excessive levels.

Approach the source of energy slowly and begin making

measurements from a distance at which low field levels exist.

Be prepared to evacuate the area immediately if RF field levels

in excess of the applicable standard are observed.

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Using the Menu System

General

The menu system allows you to store data and to select various

operating modes. It is accessed by pressing the appropriate

function key that corresponds to MENU on the bottom line of the

display screen. The menu is comprised of two menu screens

and several sub-menus. Press the number on the keypad that

matches the number on the menu to make your selection.

Instructions or sub-menus appear when one of the basic menu

options is selected. Press the Help key or refer to the

appropriate chapter of this guide for detailed instructions.

The following keys are used to move through the various menu

options and to set measurement parameters:

Function

Keys

Most menu options are offered on the fourth

(bottom) line of the display. Simply press the

function key that matches the marking just

below the display.

F1 - F4

Numeric

Keys

Used to make a selection where options are

listed on several lines of the display. Often,

multiple options are listed in two columns.

0 - 9

Used to input a specific value or range

(frequency, data logging interval, time and date,

etc.).

ENTER

Key

Press the ENTER key after entering a numeric

value to complete the selection process.

ESC key

Press the ESC key to return to the previous

screen without making a selection.

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First Menu Screen

D A T A L O G

T I M E A V G

S P A T I A L

U N I T S

R S 2 3 2

P R O B E

N E X T

B A T / L I F E

Key

Options

Chapter

Log with time and date stamp.

Log spatially averaged values with time

and date stamp.

DATA LOG

Continuous logging at various rates.

Turn fixed time averaging (various

TIME AVG

SPATIAL

duration) on or off.

Turn the spatial averaging mode (used for

whole body averaging) on or off.

Check battery charge status and

estimated time remaining.

BAT/LITE

UNITS

Turn the back light on or off.

Select from all appropriate units of

measure (i.e., mW/cm², V/m, V²/m²) for the

probe in use. Percent of Standard is the

only unit of measure for shaped frequency

response probes.

Change the baud rate.

Turn the RS232 port on or off. (Automatic

on for Model 8718B. Menu is for Model

8718 only)

RS232

Show the model and serial number of the

probe in use.

PROBE

Select another probe and restart the

zeroing process

Go to the Second Menu Screen.

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Second Menu Screen

C O R F A C T

S E T T I N G S

C A B L E / F O

L O C K O U T

A L A R M

S T N D S

B L A N K

B A C K

Key

Options

Chapter

Enter a numeric probe correction factor.

COR FACT

Check or set the meter’s internal clock

(time/date)

Enter a value for temperature. Used when

the probe is separated from the meter and

operating at a different ambient temperature.

SETTINGS

Clear the memory of logged data.

Set the function keys for right or left handed

operation.

Adjust the display contrast.

Select between the standard probe cable

input and the fiber optic receiver.

CABLE/FO

LOCKOUT

Lock the keypad so that settings will not

accidentally be changed. To release, press

ENTER and ESC together.

Turn the audio alarm on or off.

Set the alarm threshold in terms of percent

of full scale of the probe in use (1% to 99%).

ALARM

STNDS

Turn the variable tone alarm on or off.

Check or set the standard that is

referenced for various measurement

options.

Blank the display and lock the keypad. To

BLANK

BACK

release, press ENTER and ESC together.

Return to the first menu screen.

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Menu Commands

The following is a list of menu commands that are shown on the

fourth line of the display and selected by using the four function

keys (F1-F4).

AUTO

Auto – returns the meter to the normal,

automatic temperature correction mode.

ABORT

BEGIN

Abort clearing the memory

Begin – confirms that the meter is ready to

perform time averaging to meet the requirements

of a specific standard.

CABLE

CANCEL

CONT

Cable – changes the meter input from fiber optic

receiver to the standard cable input.

Cancel making the selection and return to the

previous menu.

Continuous – initiate logging for an undefined

interval.

CLEAR

CLR

Clear the memory of logged data.

Clear the screen and return to making real time

measurements.

DISCARD Discard this data point without storing it.

END

End the logging run or averaging interval.

Fiber Optic – changes the meter input from the

standard cable input to the fiber optic receiver.

FREQ

GHz

Frequency – change or enter a frequency.

GHz – used to enter a frequency.

Hours – used to define a logging interval.

kHz – used to enter a frequency.

kHz

LEFT

LOG

Left – set menus for left-handed operation.

Log the current measured value.

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MAIN

Main – switch to the Main Measurement Display

Screen.

MAXR

Maximum Reset - reset the maximum value to

the instantaneous value.

MEASURE Measure – begin the measurement process by

selecting and zeroing the probe.

MEM

MIN

Memory – display the available memory.

Menu – access the First Menu Screen.

Minutes – used to define a logging interval.

MHz – used to enter a frequency.

MHz

No – the current probe selection is incorrect.

Return to the menu to make another selection.

OFF

Off – turn special mode off.

OK – continue with the same setting.

On – turn special mode on.

PAUSE

QUIT

Pause during data logging or time averaging.

Quit special mode and return to the standard

measurement screen.

RESTART Restart the probe selection and zeroing process.

RGT

SAVE

SEC

SET

Right – set menus for right-handed operation.

Save the data point or the new setting.

Seconds – used to define a logging interval.

Set the time, date, temperature, or display

contrast.

START

STNDS

Start averaging or data logging.

Standards – access the menu of available

exposure standards.

STOP

YES

Stop the current averaging run.

Yes – the current probe selection is correct.

Proceed with zeroing process.

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Default Conditions Upon Turn-On

The Model 8718B is designed to automatically return to a basic

set of operating parameters every time it is turned on. Although

in some cases this may require additional key strokes to set up

the meter as desired, this feature is designed to minimize the

chance of making measurements while unknowingly having the

meter incorrectly configured.

The table below lists the operating parameters that can be

expected upon turn-on.

Parameter

Alarms

Default Condition

Last Used settings will be used

OFF to conserve battery power.

OFF – display will be active.

Back Light

Blank Out

Cable/Fiber Optic Last Used input will be active.

Data Logging

Display Contrast

Display Screen

Lockout

OFF

Last Used setting will be in use.

Main Measurement Display Screen

OFF – keypad will be active.

Probe Model

Last Used probe model will be featured

on the probe selection screen.

Right/Left

Last Used setting for function key

location will be in use.

RS232 Port

OFF to conserve battery power.

Spatial Averaging OFF

Standard

Last Used standard will be referenced.

Temperature

Correction

OFF – the meter will sense ambient

temperature and automatically correct.

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Time Averaging

Unit of Measure

OFF

Last Used unit of measure will be in use

if previous and current probe both have

flat or shaped frequency response. If

current probe is shaped, unit will be %

of STD. If current probe is flat and

previous probe was shaped, then unit

will be mW/cm².

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Units of Measure

Available Units of Measure

The 8718B Meter allows you to quickly select any unit of

measure that is appropriate for the probe in use. The available

units of measure depend on whether the probe is designed to

measure the electric field or the magnetic field. It also depends

on whether the probe has a “flat” frequency response or a

“shaped” frequency response. The available units of measure

for the various types of probes are:

Field

Frequency

Response

Units of Measure

Component

mW/cm², W/m², V/m,

V²/m², pJcm³

Electric

Flat

mW/cm², W/m²,

A/m, A²/m², pJcm³

Magnetic

Note

Electric

Shaped

Percent of Standard

Magnetic

Percent of Standard

is the only unit of

measure available

for shaped fre-

quency response

probes. Shaped

probes have fre-

quency response

curves designed to

mimic a particular

exposure standard.

See Chapter 3,

Shaped Frequency

Response Probes.

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Changing the Unit of Measure

To change the unit of measure that the meter is set for ...

1. Access the menu system by pressing the function key

that corresponds to the legend below MENU on the

bottom line of the display.

2. Press the number 5 on the keypad to select UNITS from

the First Menu Screen. A screen will appear that offers

the available units of measure for the probe in use.

mW / c m

W / m

/ m

V / m

p J / c m

3. Press the number key on the keypad that matches the

desired unit of measure. For example, pressing 1

selects mW/cm²as the unit of measure. This unit of

measure is available for all probes with a flat frequency

response.

4. The meter will automatically return to the measurement

screen. If you had accessed the menu system from the

Opening Menu Screen, you will return to that screen.

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Spatially Averaged Measurements

Understanding Spatial Averaging

The major standards concerned with human exposure to radio

frequency radiation specify maximum exposure levels averaged

over the whole body. The co-linear dipole antenna arrays that

are very common in modern wireless communications systems,

for example, have multiple lobes close to the antenna. The field

strength typically varies by 6-7 dB along the length of an array.

Therefore, the measured value is highly dependent on not only

the distance from the antenna but the height above the ground.

The traditional method of making spatially-averaged

measurements is to use a “storypole”. A storypole is a

non-conductive pole , often wooden, equal in height to an

average adult with distance marks equally spaced along its

length. Measurements are made alongside the storypole at

each height and then mathematically averaged. The height and

spacing of each measurement varies from standard-to-standard.

For example, the IEEE C95.1-1999 standard specifies

measurements from 0 centimeters (ground level) to 200

centimeters in 20 centimeter increments. Some exposure

standards, such as Canada’s Safety Code 6, require that

measurements be averaged across two dimensions – vertically

and horizontally. Modern wireless communications sites make

this manual technique more difficult than ever since field levels

at many sites, particularly multi-user sites, are constantly

varying. For example, paging systems go on and off and the

number of cellular channels in use is constantly changing.

Thus, a series of measurements made at varying heights can

vary more as a function of time than location.

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Spatial Averaging with the 8718B

The Model 8718B uses time to quickly make precise, spatially

averaged measurements. With the 8718B set for spatial

averaging, press the F1 function key to start the timer. Pressing

the same key again stops the timer. During this interval of time,

the meter takes a large number of measurements. The results

are presented as both an average value and a peak value.

Effective measurement technique requires you to simply move

the probe slowly from toe-to-head while the timer is running.

Although this technique may not be specifically called out in a

particular exposure standard, it is technically sound and much

more accurate than averaging a series of measurements. It is

anticipated that future updates of the major standards will reflect

this automatic technique now that the survey equipment makes

it practical.

To make spatially averaged measurements ...

1. Access the menu system by pressing the function key

that corresponds to the legend below MENU on the

bottom line of the display.

2. Press the number 3 on the keypad to select SPATIAL

from the First Menu Screen.

S P A T I A L A V E R A G I N G

M O D E

I S O N

O N

O F F

3. Press F1 (ON).

4. The meter will automatically return to the measurement

screen with new options for the function keys. If you

had accessed the menu system from the Opening

Menu Screen (where the calibration dates are shown),

you will return to that screen.

5. Holding the meter in one hand and the probe in the

other, touch the head of the probe to the ground.

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6. Press F1 (START) while slowly moving the probe

vertically at a constant rate of movement.

Note

2 4 . 2

S T D

3 9 . 5 M A X

S T A R T M A

C F 1 . 0 0

M E N U Q U I T

It is important to

move the probe

vertically at a con-

stant rate to obtain

an accurate spa-

tially averaged

X R

7. Strive for an interval of about ten seconds between

starting and stopping the timer. The meter will beep

every second as a timing aid.

measurement.

8. When the probe reaches the height equal to the top of

an adult’s head ( about 6 ft./1.9 m), press F1 again

(STOP).

1 2 . 1

S T D

3 9 . 5 M A X

S T O P

C F 1 . 0 0

Note

9. The meter will show the average value on the second

line of the display and the maximum value on the left

side of the third line of the display. The bar graph will

be indicating the instantaneous field magnitude in real

time. The averaging interval will be shown on the right

side of the third line, which can be useful in perfecting

your spacial averaging technique.

The averaging time

resolution is approxi-

mately 1/4 second.

1 7 . 8

S T D

A V E R A G E

1 0 . 4 S E C

3 9 . 5 M A X

S T A R T

M E N U Q U I T

C L R

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10. To make another spatially averaged measurement,

press F1 (START) again.

11. To temporarily suspend the spatial average mode and

make real time measurements, press F2 (CLR). To

make another spatially-averaged measurement, press

F1 (START) again.

12. To end spatial averaging altogether, press F4 (QUIT).

The meter will automatically return to the standard

measurement screen. If you had accessed the menu

system from the Opening Menu Screen, you will return

to that screen.

13. To initiate spatial averaging again at a later point, use

the menu system to select SPATIAL from the First

Menu Screen.

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Data Logging

Logging Options

The 8718B Meter features several methods of collecting data.

The basic choices are:

• Logging Data with the Meter. The logged data stored

in the meter is downloaded to a computer at a later date

using the User's Software, where it can be viewed and

printed. The data can also be exported in spreadsheet

or database formats for further processing.

• Continuous Output to a Computer. Data collection, if

any, is performed by the computer.

• Analog Output. An analog voltage is continuously

available for use with a Chart Recorder or A/D converter.

Logging Data

The 8718B has three logging modes to collect field strength

measurements, store the data in the meter’s memory, and later

export the data to a personal computer via the RS232 port on

the top of the meter. The three logging modes are:

• Collect a series of up to 999 data points, one at a time,

and automatically assign a reference number to each

data point. The reference numbers can refer to either

site plan locations or to a diagram of the industrial

equipment being surveyed. Each data point also has a

time and date stamp.

Mode 1

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• Collect a series of up to 999 spatially-averaged data

points, one at a time, and automatically assign a

reference number to each data point. Both the average

value and the maximum value at each location are

stored. The reference numbers can refer to either site

plan locations or to a diagram of the industrial

equipment being surveyed. Each data point also has a

time and date stamp.

Mode 2

Mode 3

• Automatically collect a series of data points at specific

intervals of time for a specific time period. Each data

point also has a time and date stamp.

Format for Logged Data

A record contains a header and one or more data points. Each

record is identified by a user-defined two-digit survey number

and the time and date the survey was performed. The header

defines the serial number of the 8718B meter, its calibration

date, the probe model used, and a number of other settings.

These settings may include logging rate, frequency correction,

averaging mode, and averaging time.

If the probe used was selected from memory, the header will

also include the serial number of the probe and its calibration

date.

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To initiate one of the three logging modes described

above...

Note

1. Access the menu system by pressing the function key

that corresponds to the legend below MENU on the

bottom line of the display.

If you access the

menu system from

the Opening Menu

Screen, you will re-

turn to that screen.

Once a probe has

been selected and

zeroed, the measure-

ment screen will re-

flect the logging

mode that you have

selected.

2. Press the number 1 on the keypad to select DATA

LOG from the First Menu Screen.

3. A new menu will appear, presenting the three logging

modes. If any of the three logging modes is currently

active, the line showing that option will be flashing.

L O G W I T H R E F

L O G A V G W I T H R E F

C O N T I N U O U S L O G G I N G

M E M

Q U I T

4. To review the available memory before beginning to

make logged measurements, press F2 (MEM).

5. A screen will appear showing the approximate amount

of available memory and the amount of memory

already used. The bar graph is a rough indicator of

remaining memory capacity as a percentage of total

capacity. See Memory Capacity at the end of this

chapter for information on how to determine the number

of additional measurements that can be stored.

A V A I L A B L E M E M O R Y

1 0 k B A V A I L , 1 5 k B U S E D

M E N U Q U I T

6. Press Esc to return to the logging menu screen.

7. To turn off the logging feature, press F4 (QUIT).

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Mode 1 Logging

To initiate Mode 1 logging (a series of data points with a

reference number assigned to each data point)...

1. Press the number 1 on the keypad to select LOG

WITH REF # from the logging menu screen.

2. A screen will appear requesting that you assign a two-

digit survey number to this logging run of data points.

Use the numeric keypad to enter the two-digit number

and then press F1 (OK) or ENTER. Make note of this

number so that you can later associate this survey

number with the data points collected. If you make a

mistake, press F2 (CLR) to clear the screen and enter

a new survey number.

N E W L O G G I N G R U N :

N E W

N O . _ _

E N T E R

O K

C L R M E N U Q U I T

3. Press F4 (QUIT) or F3 (MENU) if you change your mind.

4. The meter will automatically return to the

measurement screen with new options available for

the function keys.

1 2 . 1

S T D

2 7 . 5 M A X

C F 1 . 0 0

L O G

E N D Q U I T

M A X R

5. Proceed to make measurements as normal. To log

the value of the point currently being measured and

displayed on the second line of the display,

press F1 (LOG).

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6. A screen will appear that indicates the value of reading

that has been temporarily stored in memory and the

number of the data point. The first data point will be 001.

D A T A P O I N T N O . 0 0 1

1 2 . 1

S T D

S A V E

D I S C A R D

7. Press F1 (SAVE) to permanently log this data point into

the meter’s memory with its associated data point

number. The meter will automatically return to the

measurement mode.

8. Press F3 (DISCARD) to erase the data point from the

meter’s temporary memory. The meter will

automatically return to the measurement mode.

9. Press F1 (LOG) again to log the second data point. It

will automatically be assigned data point 002 providing

that you had saved the first data point. If you had

elected to discard the first data point, then this point

will be designated data point 001.

10. Press either F1 (SAVE) or F3 (DISCARD). The meter

will automatically return to the logged measurements

screen.

11. Continue to record up to 999 data points in this manner.

12. To end this logging run and begin a new run,

press F3 (END). The screen will appear that allows

you to enter another two-digit survey number.

N E W L O G G I N G R U N :

N E W

N O . _ _

E N T E R

O K

C L R M E N U Q U I T

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13. Use the numeric keypad to enter a new two-digit

survey number and then press F1 (OK) or ENTER.

Again, make note of this number so that you can later

associate this survey number with the data points

collected. If you make a mistake, press F2 (CLR) to

clear the screen and enter a new survey number. The

meter will automatically return to the logged

measurements screen.

14. To end logging altogether and return to the standard

measurement screen, press F4 (QUIT). To initiate

logging again at a later point, use the menu system to

select DATA LOG from the First Menu Screen.

Mode 2 Logging

To initiate Mode 2 logging (a series of spatially-averaged

data points with a reference number assigned to each data

point)...

1. From the main data-logging screen, press the number 2

on the keypad to select LOG AVG WITH REF # from

the logging menu screen.

L O G W I T H R E F

L O G A V G W I T H R E F

C O N T I N U O U S L O G G I N G

M E M

Q U I T

2. A screen will appear requesting that you assign a two-

digit survey number to this logging run of data points.

Use the numeric keypad to enter the two-digit number

and then press F1 (OK) or ENTER. Make note of this

number so that you can later associate this survey

number with the data points collected. If you make a

mistake, press F2 (CLR) to clear the screen and enter a

new survey number.

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N E W L O G G I N G R U N :

N E W

N O . _ _

E N T E R

O K

C L R M E N U Q U I T

3. Press F4 (QUIT) or F3 (MENU) if you change your mind.

4. The meter will automatically return to the measurement

screen with new options available for the function keys.

1 2 . 1

2 7 . 5 M A X

S T A R T M A X R E N D

S T D

C F 1 . 0 0

Q U I T

5. Proceed to make measurements as normal. To initiate

making a spatially-averaged measurement that will be

logged, hold the meter in one hand and the probe in

the other with the head of the probe touching the

ground.

Note

It is important to

move the probe

vertically at a con-

stant rate to obtain

an accurate spa-

tially averaged

6. Press F1 (START) while slowly moving the probe

vertically at a constant rate of movement. Keep your

finger on the F1 key during this operation.

7. Strive for an interval of about ten seconds between

starting and stopping the timer. The displayed value

will flash and the audio signal will sound every second

as a timing aid.

measurement.

8. When the probe reaches the height equal to the top of

an adult's head (about 6 ft./1.9 m), press F1 again

(STOP).

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1 2 . 1

S T D

2 7 . 5 M A X

S T O P

C F 1 . 0 0

9. A screen will appear that indicates the average and

maximum values of the reading that has been

temporarily stored in memory and the number of the

data point. The first data point will be 001.

D A T A P O I N T N O . 0 0 1

1 2 . 1

2 7 . 5

S A V E

S T D

A V G

M A X

D I S C A R D

10. Press F1 (SAVE) to permanently log this data point into

the meter’s memory with its associated data point

number. The meter will automatically return to the

logged measurement screen.

11. Press F3 (DISCARD) to erase the data point from the

meter’s temporary memory. The meter will

automatically return to the logged measurement

screen and display real time values.

12. Press F1 (START) again to begin the second spatially

averaged data point. It will automatically be assigned

data point 002 providing that you had saved the first

data point. If you had elected to discard the first data

point, then this point will be designated data point 001.

13. Press either F1 (SAVE) or F3 (DISCARD).

14. Continue to record up to 999 spatially-averaged data

points in this manner. Both the average and maximum

values will be saved and will be associated with a

specific data point number.

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15. To end this logging run and begin a new run, press F3

(END). The screen will appear that allows you to enter

another two-digit survey number.

N E W L O G G I N G R U N :

N E W

N O . _ _

E N T E R

O K

C L R M E N U Q U I T

16. Use the numeric keypad to enter a new two-digit

survey number and then press F1 (OK) or ENTER.

Again, make note of this number so that you can later

associate this survey number with the data points

collected. If you make a mistake, press F2 (CLR) to

clear the screen and enter a new survey number.

The meter will automatically return to the

logged-measurements screen.

17. To end logging altogether and return to the standard

measurement screen, press F4 (QUIT). To initiate

logging again at a later point, use the menu system to

select DATA LOG from the First Menu Screen.

Mode 3 Logging

To initiate Mode 3 logging (a series of data points

automatically logged at specific intervals)...

1. From the main data logging screen, press the

number 3 on the keypad to select CONTINUOUS

LOGGING from the logging menu screen.

L O G W I T H R E F

L O G A V G W I T H R E F

C O N T I N U O U S L O G G I N G

M E M

Q U I T

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2. A screen will appear requesting that you assign a two-

digit survey number to this logging run of data points.

Use the numeric keypad to enter the two-digit number

and then press F1 (OK) or ENTER. Make note of this

number so that you can later associate this survey

number with the data points collected.

N E W L O G G I N G R U N :

N E W

N O . _ _

E N T E R

O K

C L R M E N U Q U I T

3. A new menu screen will appear that offers five different

logging rates: 1/SEC, 10/MIN, 1/MIN, 10/HR, and 2/HR.

L O G G I N G R A T E = 1 0 / M I N

1 =

1 / S E C

4 = 1 0 / H R

2 = 1 0 / M I N

5 =

2 / H R

O F F

3 =

1 / M I N

4. Press the number on the numeric keypad (1-5) that

corresponds to the desired logging rate.

5. A new menu screen will appear. The numeric keypad

and the function keys are used to define the duration of

time to be logged.

C O N T I N U O U S L O G G I N G

R A T E = 1 0 / M I N

D U R A T I O N = _ _ S E C / M N / H R

S E C

M I N

H R

C O N T

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6. To log for a specific interval of time, enter a two-digit

number on the keypad. If you make a mistake entering

a number, simply continue entering numbers until the

correct value is displayed. Then press either F1 (SEC),

F2 (MIN), or F3 (HRS) and the meter will automatically

return to the measurement screen with new options

available for the function keys.

7. To log for an indeterminate interval of time (until you

tell the meter to stop or the memory is filled), press

F4 (CONT). The meter will automatically return to the

measurement screen with new options available for the

function keys.

1 2 . 1

2 7 . 5 M A X

L O G M A X R M E N U

S T D

C F 1 . 0 0

Q U I T

8. Proceed to make measurements as normal. To initiate

logging, press F1 (LOG). The meter will beep every

time a data point is recorded.

1 2 . 1

S T D

2 7 . 5 M A X

L O G

C F 1 . 0 0

E N D

Q U I T

9. If a specific interval of time had been selected, the

meter will automatically stop logging at the end of this

interval. To stop logging earlier or when set to an

indeterminate period of time, press F3 (END).

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10. A screen will appear requesting that you assign

another two digit survey number to the new logging

run. Use the numeric keypad to enter the two-digit

number and then press F1 (OK) or ENTER. Again,

make note of the number for later use. If you make a

mistake, press F2 (CLR) to clear the screen and enter

a new survey number. The meter will automatically

return to the logged measurements screen.

N E W L O G G I N G R U N :

N E W

N O . _ _

E N T E R

O K

C L R M E N U Q U I T

To begin another logging run at a different rate or for a

different duration...

• Press F3 (MENU). Press the number 1 on the keypad

to select DATA LOG from the First Menu Screen and

proceed as previously described.

To end logging altogether and return to the standard

measurement screen...

• Press F4 (QUIT). To initiate logging again at a later

point, use the menu system to select DATA LOG from

the First Menu Screen.

Memory Capacity

To determine the remaining memory of the 8718B meter...

1. Access the menu system by pressing the function key

that corresponds to the legend below MENU on the

bottom line of the display.

2. Press the number 1 on the keypad to select DATA

LOG from the First Menu Screen.

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3. Press F2 (MEM).

4. A screen will appear showing the approximate amount

of available memory and the amount of memory

already used. The bar graph is a rough indicator of

remaining memory capacity as a percentage of total

capacity.

A V A I L A B L E M E M O R Y

1 0 k B A V A I L , 1 5 k B U S E D

M E N U Q U I T

A record contains a header and one or more data points.

To estimate the approximate number of data points and

records (logging runs) that can be stored with the

available memory ...

1. Allocate 33 bytes for each header. A separate header

is used for each record.

2. Allocate 7 bytes for each data point from Mode 1 and

Mode 3 logging.

3. Allocate 14 bytes for each for each spatially averaged

data point from Mode 2 logging. More memory is

used in this mode because both average and peak

values are stored.

4. Determine whether there is sufficient available memory

to perform the desired task. If there is, proceed with

logging as described above.

5. If you determine that there is insufficient memory to

perform the desired task because much of the meter’s

memory has been used, it will be necessary to empty

the memory. Press F4 (QUIT)

6. To download the current memory contents, you must

connect the 8718B to a computer. See Chapter 18,

User's Software.

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7. To discard the contents of the meter’s memory once the

contents have been downloaded or without saving the

information, access the menu system by pressing the

function key that corresponds to the legend below

MENU on the bottom line of the display.

8. Press 8 (NEXT) to get to the Second Menu Screen.

9. Press 2 (SETTINGS).

10. A new screen will appear offering several options.

S E T T I N G S

C L O C K

T E M P

R G T / L E F T

D I S P L A Y

C L E A R M E M O R Y

11. Press 3 (CLEAR MEMORY). A screen will appear

requesting that you confirm your request and warning

that the stored information will be lost.

C L E A R M E M O R Y

C L E A R I N G T H E M E M O R Y

C A N N O T B E R E V E R S E D

C L E A R

A B O R T

12. Press F1 (CLEAR) to clear the memory or F1 (ABORT)

to return to the First Menu Screen without clearing the

memory.

Analog Output

The 8718B Meter allows the user to output a DC voltage that is

proportional to the instantaneous measured value. When

connected to a typical chart recorder, it will provide a

continuous analog record of the measured field strength.

See Chapter 17, Operation with a Data Recorder.

Operating the Meter

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Time-Averaged Measurements

Measurement Options

The 8718B meter features two averaging modes:

Mode 1

• Perform fixed-time averaging over any one of several

specific time intervals.

• Perform averaging to meet the requirements of a

specific standard. The averaging period is

automatically set by meter.

Mode 2

Making Time-Averaged Measurements

To make time averaged measurements ...

1. Access the menu system by pressing the function key

that corresponds to the legend below MENU on the

bottom line of the display.

2. Press number 2 on the keypad to select TIME AVG

from the First Menu Screen.

3. A new menu will appear offering two averaging modes.

The status of both modes will be shown.

T I M E A V E R A G I N G

F I X E D T I M E : O F F

S T A N D A R D S :

O F F

E N T E R N O .

T O T U R N O N

4. Press F4 (OFF) to turn either time averaging mode off

and return to the measurements screen.

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Mode 1 Averaging

To initiate Mode 1 averaging (fixed time averaging over any

one of several specific time intervals)...

1. Press number 1 on the keypad to select FIXED TIME

from the averaging menu screen. Selecting Mode 1

averaging will automatically shut off Mode 2 averaging

if it is on.

2. A new menu screen will appear that offers four

different averaging intervals: 30 SEC, 1 MIN, 6 MIN,

and 30 MIN. If an averaging interval had previously

been selected and is currently active, that selection will

be flashing.

F I X E D T I M E A V E R A G I N G

1 = 3 0 S E C

2 = M I N

3 =

M I N

4 = 3 0 M I N

O F F

3. Press the number on the numeric keypad (1-4) that

corresponds to the desired averaging interval and the

meter automatically returns to the measurement

screen with new options available for the function

keys. If you had accessed the menu system from the

Opening Menu Screen, you will return to that screen.

1 2 . 1

S T D

2 7 . 5 M A X

C F 1 . 0 0

Q U I T

S T A R T M E N U

4. At any time you can press F4 (QUIT) to turn the time

averaging mode off and return to the normal

measurements screen.

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5. The meter will continue to make real-time

measurements until you initiate making the time-

averaged measurement.

6. Determine where you want to make the averaged

measurement and place or hold the probe in the

desired position. For short intervals, it may be

practical to hold the meter in one hand and the probe

in the other. For longer intervals, it is suggested that

you place the probe on some form of non-conductive

stand so that it does not move. At frequencies above

50 MHz, the meter should be separated from the probe

by a minimum of 12 inches (30 centimeters) to

minimize any interaction between the meter, the probe,

and the electromagnetic field. At the lower

frequencies, the measurement techniques are very

different. See Low Frequency Measurements in the

Applications Booklet.

7. Press F1 (START) when you are ready to begin the

time-averaged measurement.

8. The averaged value is displayed on the screen and will

flash each time it is updated (one second intervals).

The meter will automatically stop at the end of the

selected averaging interval.

9. To end time averaging prior to the end of the

averaging interval, press F4 (STOP).

2 4 . 2

S T D

A V E R A G E

C F 1 . 0 0

3 9 . 5 M A X

P A U S E S T O P

10. At the end of the averaging interval, the meter will

show the time-averaged value and the averaging

interval on the second line of the display. The

maximum value will be shown on the third line of the

display. The bar graph will be indicating the

instantaneous field strength in real time.

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2 4

3 9

S T D

A V E R A G E

M A X

1 0

S E C

T A R T

M E N U

Q U

C L R

11. To make another time-averaged measurement over the

same interval, press F1 (START) again.

12. To temporarily suspend the time average mode (once

the current measurement interval has been completed

or stopped) and make real time measurements, press

F2 (CLR). To make another time-averaged

measurement over the same interval, press F1

(START) again.

13. To end time averaging altogether and return to the

standard measurement screen (once the current

measurement interval has been completed or

stopped), press F4 (QUIT). To initiate time averaging

again at a later point, use the menu system to select

TIME AVG from the First Menu Screen.

Note

If you access the

menu system from

the Opening Menu

Screen, you will re-

turn to that screen.

Once a probe has

been selected and

zeroed, the mea-

surement screen will

reflect the averaging

mode that you have

selected.

To temporarily pause during a time-averaged

measurement...

1. To temporarily suspend time averaging, press F3

(PAUSE). The word *PAUSED* will appear on the

fourth line of the display. To resume time averaging

and complete the measurement, press F1 (START).

2 4

3 9

S T D

M A X

* P A U S E D

F2 F3

A V E R A G E

C F 0 0

S T A R T

S T O P

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2. You may continue to pause and start the averaging as

many times as needed. The time interval initially

selected applies only to the measurement time.

Note

3. To end time averaging while *PAUSED*, press

The PAUSE feature

can be useful when

measuring the aver-

age value from cer-

tain rotating radars.

The effective mea-

surement technique

requires you to

pause during the pe-

riod of time when you

are not in the beam

of the

radar. Continue this

technique for two or

more revolutions (de-

pending on the RPM)

to ob-

F4 (STOP).

To change the averaging interval...

1. To change the averaging interval (once the current

measurement interval has been completed or

stopped), press F4 (QUIT). To initiate a new time

averaging interval, use the menu system to select

TIME AVG from the First Menu Screen.

2. Proceed as previously described to select FIXED

TIME from the averaging menu screen and then the

new averaging interval.

tain a

realistic

average

value of the field in

the beam at your lo-

cation. For details on

this measurement

technique, see Radar

Measurements in the

Applications Booklet.

Mode 2 Averaging

Mode 2 averaging (time averaging to meet the requirements of

a specific standard) requires two parameters to be properly set

before being used:

• The meter must be set to the correct standard for your

application.

• The meter must be set for a specific frequency because

the averaging time in many standards is frequency

dependent. For example, IEEE C95.1-1999 specifies a

six minute averaging period for Controlled Environments

from 3 kHz to 15 GHz. Above 15 GHz, the averaging

period decreases to ten seconds at 300 GHz based on

a logarithmic function.

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To set the meter for a specific frequency...

1. Press F4 (FREQ) from the measurement screen. A

new screen will appear to allow you to enter a

frequency.

F R E Q U E N C Y :

C O R R E C T .

_ _ . _ _ G H

F A C T O R : 1 . 0 0

k H z

M H z

G H z

S A V E

2. Enter the frequency that you want to use for the time-

averaged measurements. Make sure you fill in all four

positions. If you make a mistake just enter more digits

until correct. For greater accuracy, use the units that

allow the larger number. For example, enter

10.00 kHz, not 00.01 MHz.

3. Change the units (if needed) by pressing either

F1 (kHz), F2 (MHz), or F3 (GHz).

4. Press F4 (SAVE). The meter will automatically return

to the measurement screen.

5. If the probe used is a probe in memory, the frequency

that you have set will be displayed on the right side of

the third line of the display. The meter will also

automatically correct the readings for probe frequency

deviation. The meter does this by using the closest

calibration frequencies above and below the selected

frequency to calculate and apply an appropriate

correction factor. This new correction factor is briefly

shown on the second line of the display after you

press F4 (SAVE) before the meter automatically

returns to the measurement screen.

Operating the Meter

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To initiate Mode 2 averaging (averaging to meet the

requirements of a specific standard)...

1. Make sure that the meter is set for the correct standard

or change it if needed. See Chapter 11, Using the

Standards Feature.

2. Make sure the meter is set to the correct frequency for

the measurement you are making. See page 64.

3. Press number 2 on the keypad to select STANDARDS

AVG from the averaging menu screen. Selecting

Mode 2 averaging will automatically shut off Mode 1

averaging if it is on.

4. A new screen will appear stating that averaging has

been enabled in accordance with a specific standard.

A V E R A G I N G E N A B L E D

S T N D :

L E V E L :

B E G I N

I E E E C 9 5 . 1 - 1 9 9 9

C O N T R O L L E D

C A N C E L O F F

5. Press F3 (CANCEL) to return to the initial time

averaging menu screen to make another selection or

press F4 (OFF) to turn time averaging off and return to

the standard measurement screen.

6. Press F1 (BEGIN) to automatically return to the

measurement screen with new options available for the

function keys.

6 . 2 6 mW / c m

1 1 . 5 M A X

1 0 . 0 0 G H z

S T A R T M E N U F R E Q Q U I T

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7. The meter will continue to make real time

measurements until you initiate making the time-

averaged measurement.

8. Press F1 (START) when you are ready to begin the

time-averaged measurement.

9. The averaged value is displayed on the screen and will

flash every second each time it is updated. The meter

will automatically stop at the end of the averaging

interval, which was determined by the standard and

the frequency.

10. To end time averaging prior to the end of the

averaging interval, press F4 (STOP).

8 . 7 1 mW / c m ²

1 1 . M A X

A V E R A G E

1 0 . 0 0 G H z

P A U S E S T O P

11. At the end of the averaging interval, the meter will

show the time-averaged value on the second line of

the display and the maximum value on the third line of

the display. The bar graph will be indicating the

instantaneous field strength in real time.

Note

If you access the

menu system from

the Opening Menu

Screen, you will re-

turn to that screen.

Once a probe has

been selected and

zeroed, the mea-

surement screen will

reflect the averaging

mode that you have

selected.

8 . 7 1 mW / c m ²

1 1 . 5 M A X

A V E R A G E

1 0 . 0 0 G H z

S T A R T C L R M E N U

Q U I T

12. To make another time-averaged measurement at the

same frequency, press F1 (START) again.

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13. To temporarily suspend the time average mode (once

the current measurement interval has been completed

or stopped) and make real time measurements, press

F2 (CLR). To make another time-averaged

measurement under the same conditions, press F1

(START) again.

Note

The PAUSE feature

can be useful when

measuring the aver-

age value from cer-

tain rotating radars.

The effective mea-

surement technique

requires you to

pause during the pe-

riod of time when

you are not in the

beam of the radar.

Continue this tech-

nique for two or

14. To end time averaging altogether and return to the

standard measurement screen (once the current

measurement interval has been completed or

stopped), press F4 (QUIT). To initiate time averaging

again at a later point, use the menu system to select

TIME AVG from the First Menu Screen.

To temporarily pause during a time averaged

measurement...

more revolutions

(depending on the

RPM) to obtain a re-

alistic average value

of the field in the

beam at your loca-

tion. For details on

this measurement

technique, see Ra-

dar Measurements

in the Applications

Booklet.

1. To temporarily suspend time averaging, press

F3 (PAUSE). The word *PAUSED* will appear on the

fourth line of the display. To resume time averaging

and complete the measurement, press F1 (START).

8 . 7 1 mW / c m ²

1 1 . 5 M A X

A V E R A G E

1 0 . 0 0 G H z

* P A U S E D * S T O P

S T A R T

2. You may continue to pause and start the averaging as

many times as needed. The time interval determined

by the standard and the frequency applies only to the

measurement time (excludes time when "PAUSED").

3. To end time averaging while *PAUSED*, press F4 (STOP).

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To change the frequency...

1. To change the frequency (once the current

measurement interval has been completed or

stopped), press F2 (CLR) if the averaged value is

displayed.

2. Once the meter is displaying real time values, the

frequency menu is accessed by pressing F3 (FREQ).

3. Proceed as previously described to set the meter to a

new frequency.

Operating the Meter

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Alarm Settings

Alarm Description

The Model 8718B Meter is equipped with an audible alarm that

emits sound through a tiny hole on the bottom of the meter. The

alarm sounds automatically whenever the field strength

exceeds the measurement range of the probe or over ranges.

The meter can also be set to sound its alarm at a specific level

and/or to sound a variable tone indication of field strength.

Controlling the Alarm Functions

To make changes to the audio alarm settings...

Note

1. Access the menu system by pressing the function key

that corresponds to the legend below MENU on the

bottom line of the display.

If you access the

2. Press 8 (NEXT) to go to the Second Menu Screen.

menu system from

the Opening Menu

Screen, you will re-

turn to that screen.

Once an alarm set-

ting has been made,

the alarm function

will be initiated once

the meter is placed

into the measure-

ment mode.

3. Press 5 (ALARM) to access the alarm menu. A new

menu will appear that allows you to:

• Turn the audio alarm on or off.

• Set the alarm threshold in terms of percent of full scale

of the probe in use (1% to 99%).

• Turn the variable tone alarm on or off.

A U D I O

A L A R M

S E T T I N G S

T O N E

O F F

X E D

O N

2 5 %

O F F

O N

O F F

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4. The left side of the display gives the status of the fixed

alarm. It indicates whether the fixed alarm is either on

or off and the current alarm threshold setting in terms

of percent of full scale of the probe in use (1% to 99%).

5. The right side of the display indicates whether the

variable tone alarm is either on or off.

6. The bottom line of the display indicates which function

key (F1-F4) is used to turn the two alarms on or off.

Fixed Alarm

1. Use F1 (ON) or F2 (OFF) to change the status of the

fixed alarm.

Note

2. Use the numeric key pad to enter a two-digit alarm

threshold number. This number is equal to the percent

of full scale of the measurement range of the probe in

use. For example, to set the meter to sound its alarm

at 5 mW/cm²when using a Model 8721D probe, which

has a full scale measurement range of 20 mW/cm², set

the alarm threshold to 25%.

If you change to an-

other probe with a

different full scale

measurement range,

the alarm threshold

will also change. A

setting that is often

used with shaped fre-

quency response

probes is 50% of

3. If you want to turn the variable tone alarm on or off do

that next. See Variable Tone Alarm on the following

page.

Standard. To set

the alarm for one of

the 8722 series

4. When you are satisfied with all the alarm settings, press

ENTER and the meter will return to the measurement

screen.

probes, which have

full scale measure-

ment ranges of 300%

of standard, calculate

the threshold setting

by dividing the de-

sired alarm level by

the full scale value.

In this case

50/300 = 16.66%.

Set the alarm thresh-

old to 17% and the

alarm threshold will

be 51% of Standard

when using a

8722 series probe.

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Variable Tone Alarm

1. Use F3 (ON) or F4 (OFF) to change the status of the

fixed alarm. The variable tone alarm constantly

generates a series of tones that increase in frequency

in direct proportion to field strength.

2. If you want to turn the fixed alarm on or off, do that next

See Fixed Alarm on the previous page.

Note

3. When you are satisfied with all the alarm settings,

press ENTER and the meter will return to the

measurement screen.

The fixed and vari-

able tone alarms op-

erate independently

of each other. The

meter can be set to

have both alarms

off, either one of the

alarms on, or both

alarms on. If both

alarms are turned

on, the variable tone

rate will vary with

the field strength un-

less the measured

field strength ex-

ceeds the fixed

alarm threshold.

The alarm will then

sound a continuous

tone.

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Operating the Meter

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Using The RF Exposure

Standards Feature

Application

The Model 8718B Meter is always set to reference a particular

safety standard, regulation, or guidance.

The 8718B uses the referenced standard in two ways:

• The Alternate Measurement Display Screen displays

additional information about the instantaneous

measurement at a particular frequency. See Alternate

Measurement Display Screen on page 20.

• Time-averaged measurements are made to conform to

the referenced standard at the specified frequency.

Checking or Changing the Standard

To determine which standard the 8718B is currently set to

reference ...

1. Access the menu system by pressing the function key

that corresponds to the legend below MENU on the

bottom line of the display.

2. Press number 8 (NEXT) to select the Second Menu

Screen.

3. Press number 6 to select STNDS.

4. A screen will appear that specifies the current

standard. The specific level or tier will be specified for

standards with more than a single tier.

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I E E E C 9 5 . 1 - 1 9 9 9

C O N T R O L L E D E N V I R

Note

Many standards have

more than one tier,

i.e., IEEE C95.1-1999

establishes different

Maximum Permissi-

ble Exposure (MPE)

levels and averaging

times for Controlled

Environments and for

Uncontrolled Envi-

ronments.

O K

S T N D S

5. Press F1 (OK) to continue using this standard as a

reference without change.

To change the standard or tier that the 8718B references...

6. Press F4 (STNDS). A new menu screen will

automatically appear that lists several major

international standards.

F C C ‘ 9 7

I E E E ‘ 9 9

A N S I ‘ 8 2

A C G I H

I R P A

U S D O D

U K

N E X T

7. Press the number on the keypad that matches the

desired standard.

For standards with only a single tier...

8. A new screen will appear that lists the complete

standard number.

A N S

C 9 5

1 9 8 2

O K

S T N D S

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9. Press F1 (OK) to begin using this standard as a

reference.

10. Alternately, press F4 (STNDS) to select another

standard.

For standards with two or three tiers...

11. A new screen will appear that lists the complete

standard number at the top of the display. The

available tiers will be listed below the basic standard.

Note

F C C

R E G U L A T I O N S

O C C U P A / C O N T R L

G E N P O P / U N C O N T R

9 7

Changing the level

referenced on a

multi-tier standard

does NOT change the

characteristics of a

probe ie. a probe

E N T E R

N O

T O

S E L E C T

12. Press the number on the keypad that matches the

desired tier. The screen will change so that only the

standard and the selected tier are shown with two

options available for the function keys.

rated at 600% of oc-

cupational limits al-

ways yields an output

in Percent of the Oc-

cupational limits.

F C C

R E G U L A T I O N S

9 7

O C C U P A

/ C O N T R L

O K

S T N D S

13. Press F1 (OK) to begin using this standard and tier as a

reference.

14. Alternately, press F4 (STNDS) to select another

standard.

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Operating the Meter

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Back Light and Battery Status

Application for Back Light

The liquid crystal display (LCD) on the Model 8718B Meter

provides high contrast in bright outdoor lite. However, LCD’s do

not generate any light and can be difficult to read in low light

conditions. The LCD on the 8718B contains a high brightness

back light that can be turned on whenever it is needed.

The only disadvantage to using the back light is that it consumes

much more energy than the meter circuits and significantly

reduces operating time between battery charges.

Controlling the Back Light

To turn the back light on or off...

1. Access the menu system by pressing the function key

that corresponds to the legend below MENU on the

bottom line of the display.

2. Press 4 to select BAT/LITE from the First Menu Screen.

A new screen will appear that indicates both battery

status and back light status.

B A T T E R Y

L I G H T

L E V E L = 9 0 % l I S O F F

T I M E = 1 8 H R S

l O N

O F F

3. Press F3 (ON) or F4 (OFF) to turn the back light on or

off as required.

4. Press the ESC key to return to the First Menu Screen.

Press it again to return to the measurements screen.

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Battery Capacity

The Model 8718B Meter uses a custom rechargeable battery.

Under normal conditions, the battery provides about 20 hours of

use before it must be recharged. The two features on the 8718B

that significantly increase the current draw and therefore reduce

the operating time are the back light and the RS232 serial port.

It is for this reason that the default condition upon turn-on for

both these features is off. Operating time with the back light on

is about 6.5 hours. This is normally sufficient for a full day of

measurements but it is a factor that must be considered.

Checking Battery Status

To check the battery status...

1. Access the menu system by pressing the function key

that corresponds to the legend below MENU on the

bottom line of the display.

2. Press 4 to select BAT/LITE from the First Menu Screen.

A new screen will appear that indicates both battery

status and back light status.

B A T T E R Y

L I G H T

L E V E L = 9 0 % l I S O F F

T I M E = 1 8 H R S

l O N

O F F

3. The bar graph indicates the approximate charge level

of the battery. The charge level is also shown as a

numerical percentage on the left side of the third line of

the display.

The estimated operating time under the current

operating conditions is shown on the left side of the

bottom line of the display. Turning the back light on,

for example, reduces the operating time significantly.

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4. Press the ESC key to return to the First Menu Screen.

Press it again to return to the measurements screen.

Accuracy of Battery Status Indicator

The characteristics of Ni-Cad rechargeable batteries make it

difficult to provide a truly accurate indication of charge level.

This is because there is very little voltage difference over a broad

range of charge levels.

The battery status indicator on the 8718B is reasonably

accurate when indicating charge levels of more than 80% or less

than 20%. Unfortunately, indicated charge levels greater than

20% but less than 80% are only very rough estimates.

It is a characteristic of these batteries to get a large voltage

increase with only a brief charging period if one starts with a

battery that is completely discharged. However, under such

conditions, the battery has very little capacity and the voltage

drops quickly in use. Since the status indicator circuits measure

battery voltage, this can lead to erroneous indications of charge

level when the meter is first turned on. This false indication will

only occur when the batteries do not receive a complete charge.

The battery should be charged for a minimum of eight hours,

but ideally only when the status indicator shows a level of less

than 20%. The back light can be turned on to speed up the

discharge process when desired. These batteries obtain a

maximum charge when charging takes place with batteries

close to fully discharged.

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Operating the Meter

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Keypad Lockout and

Display Blanking

Description

The Lockout feature disables the keypad to prevent inadvertent

changes in operation. This feature can be useful while climbing

and/or if the meter is left unattended during a long data logging

session.

The Blank feature both disables the keypad and blanks the

display. This feature can be useful if the meter is left unattended

during a long data logging session.

Keypad Lockout

To lock the keypad...

1. Access the menu system by pressing the function key

that corresponds to the legend below MENU on the

bottom line of the display.

2. Press number 8 (NEXT) to select the Second Menu

Screen.

3. Press 4 to select LOCKOUT.

4. The meter will automatically return to the

measurements screen and the keypad will be locked.

Only the Off key will respond to commands

individually.

To unlock the keypad...

5. Simultaneously depress both the Enter and Esc keys

to unlock the keypad. These are the two dark blue

keys.

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Display Blanking and Keypad Lockout

To both blank the display and lock the keypad...

1. Access the menu system by pressing the function key

that corresponds to the legend below MENU on the

bottom line of the display.

2. Press number 8 (NEXT) to select the Second Menu

Screen.

3. Press 7 to select BLANK.

4. The meter will automatically return to the

measurements mode but will be blank. The keypad

will also be locked. Only the Off key will respond to

commands individually.

To both activate the display and unlock the keypad...

5. Simultaneously depress both the Enter and Esc keys

to both activate the display and unlock the keypad.

These are the two dark blue keys.

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Probe Zero

Understanding the Zero Function

The purpose of “zeroing” the probe and meter is to set the meter

to indicate a zero field strength when there is no measurable

field strength. The Narda 8700 series survey system maintains

measurement accuracy under all conditions by insuring that all

probes always provide true RMS (Root Mean Squared)

indications of field strength. Diode detectors, which are used in

many of Narda’s electric field probes, are always operated in the

square law region. Since the diodes are not operated in a

saturated mode to insure accuracy in multi-signal conditions,

the survey system must be “zeroed”.

The Model 8718B establishes the zero reference as a small

positive voltage inside the meter. This zero offset allows the use

of only positive voltages while handling both positive and

negative zero drift. While it is difficult to distinguish between a

positive zero drift and the presence of an actual field, a negative

indication on the meter must be due to zero drift. This is

indicated on the display by a flashing negative sign between the

field strength value and the unit of measure on the second line of

the display.

1 2 . 1

S T D

2 7 . 5 M A X

A L T M A X R M E N U

C F 1 . 0 0

F R E Q

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Causes of Zero Drift

All sensors have a change in output that is a function of

temperature. In a probe, it is both the thermal coefficient of the

detector and the gain of the probe amplifier that determine how

much a probe drifts over temperature. Thermal compensation

circuitry in the probe is used to minimize the impact of

temperature change. Thermocouple detectors have the lowest

thermal coefficient but their very low level output requires much

more amplifier gain than diode sensors, especially in electric

field probes. Therefore, Narda probes with the greatest amount

of thermal drift are the microwave- band electric field probes,

which all use thermocouple sensors. The lower frequency

electric field probes use diodes and require much less gain.

Narda magnetic field probes use thermocouples but the circuit

requires lower gain than the electric field probes.

The other possible cause of zero drift can occur when a probe is

subjected to a very high field level and then is moved to an area

with a very low field. The high field heats the sensor and can

cause drift. However, this type of drift normally corrects itself

within a few minutes.

Many competitive diode sensor probes exhibit drift for another

reason - reaction to infrared light on the diodes. Narda probes

do not have this problem. Narda uses special diodes with an

integral light shield, photographic paper inside the probe cover,

and a combination anti-static shield and blackout coating on the

inside of the probe cover.

Checking for Zero Drift

There are two indications that the probe may have drifted

enough to require correction.

• Whenever the negative zero drift exceeds 0.1% of full

scale of the probe, the words “RE-AUTO-ZERO” will

flash on the top line of the display. This will replace the

bar graph.

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R E - A U T O - Z E R O

S T D

2 7 . 5 M A X

A L T M A X R M E N U

1 2 . 1

C F 1 . 0 0

F R E Q

• Whenever the meter continues to show low-level values

and never seems to get back to a zero-field condition,

positive zero drift is a possibility. This can be confirmed

by shielding the probe to see if the meter goes back to a

zero reading. See Shielding the Probe on the following

page for suggested methods.

Temperature Concerns

It is important to allow the meter and probe to become

conditioned to the ambient temperature before attempting to

zero the system. This is especially important when the meter

and probe have been transported or stored at a different

temperature such as in a vehicle, for example.

Diode

sensor-based probes require only a few minutes to stabilize.

The thermo-couple sensors used in microwave band and ultra

broadband probes may require 15-20 minutes to stabilize.

Establishing a Zero Field

It is important to “zero” the probe while the probe is not exposed

to a significant RF field level. For accuracy, the field level should

be lower than the lowest value that the probe is capable of

reading. If previous measurements have indicated that the

ambient field level is very low, the probe can be zeroed without

shielding. This is often the case in a typical office environment.

It is recommended that the ambient field level be at least 30 dB

below the full scale measurement range of the probe. When it is

necessary to zero a probe in higher field areas, the probe must

be shielded.

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Shielding the Probe

The probe must be shielded from significant RF fields whenever

it is zeroed with the meter. This is to establish a zero reference

for the field.

There are four ways to shield the probe during zeroing:

• Use the Model 8713B Electric Field Attenuator supplied

with the meter. This conductive fabric is the same

material that is used in RF protective clothing. The

attenuator should be put over the head of the probe and

closed off around the neck of the probe above the

handle using the hook-and-loop fastener band.

Note

The Electric Field At-

tenuator can not be

used to zero mag-

netic field probes.

• Use the shielded storage case. Place the probe in the

case and close the lid carefully on the cable with the

meter outside the case. Be careful not to move the

probe while zeroing takes place (On probes with low

frequency test points you can create static which will

give inaccurate results, although this is less of a concern

with the new 8700D series probes).

• Use aluminum foil to shield the head of the probe. Fully

wrap the head of the probe and close it around the neck

of the probe about half way down. If the probe has

metallic low frequency test points, these must be

insulated from the aluminum foil. One way to do this is

to use electrical tape to cover the test points. The other

solution is to use a wide elastic band around the head of

the probe over the test points. The elastic band can

easily be moved to use the 8718B’s built-in low

frequency RF test source. Alternately, use an aluminum

can.

• Use your body to shield the probe from the source of

energy.

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Zeroing the Probe While In Use

The meter and probe are initially zeroed before the meter is

allowed to go into the measurement mode. If you determine that

significant drift may have occurred, it is simple to fine tune the

zero. See Checking for Zero Drift on page 82.

To zero the probe while in use...

1. Shield the probe using one of the methods described

in Shielding the Probe.

2. Press the Auto Zero key. The meter will correct for any

probe drift in about eight seconds. The meter will then

automatically return to the measurements screen.

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Operating the Meter

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Advanced Settings

Description

The Settings menu is used to control several features of the

Model 8718B that need to be accessed infrequently. The

options available under the Settings menu are:

• Check or set the meter’s internal clock (time/date).

• Enter a value for temperature. This feature is used only

when the probe is separated from the meter and

operating at a different ambient temperature.

• Clear the memory of logged data.

• Set the function keys for right or left handed operation.

• Adjust the contrast of the display.

Accessing the Settings Menu

To access the Settings menu...

1. Access the menu system by pressing the function key

that corresponds to the legend below MENU on the

bottom line of the display.

2. Press 8 (NEXT) to select the Second Menu Screen.

3. Press 2 to select SETTINGS. A new screen will appear

that offers five choices.

S E T T I N G S

C L O C K

T E M P

R G T / L E F T

D I S P L A Y

C L E A R M E M O R Y

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Setting the Clock

To check and/or change the time and date...

1. Access the settings menu by following the procedure

described in Accessing the Settings Menu.

2. Press 1 to select CLOCK. A new screen will appear

that displays the time on the left side of the screen and

the date on the right. The time is in 24 hour format, i.e.

13:30 equals 1:30 P.M. The date format is MM/DD/YY.

T I M E

1 3 : 4 2

2 4 H R - F O R M A T - M M / D D / Y Y

I S

D A T E

I S

0 2 / 2 7 / 9 8

S E T

3. Press the Esc key to return to the First Menu Screen

without making any changes.

To set the time...

1. Press F1 (SET). The display will change to show four

underscored lines where the new time must be

entered.

T I M E

I S

D A T E

I S

_ _ : _ _

0 2 / 2 7 / 9 8

2 4 H R - F O R M A T - M M / D D / Y Y

S A V E

2. Enter the new time in 24-hour format using the numeric

keypad. If you make a mistake, simply enter more

numbers until the correct time has been entered.

3. Press F2 (SAVE) to save the new time.

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4. Proceed to setting the date, if required.

5. Alternately, press the Esc key to return to the First

Menu Screen. Press Esc again to return to the

measurements screen.

To set the date...

1. Press F3 (SET). The display will change to show six

underscore lines where the new date must be entered.

T I M E

I S

D A T E

I S

1 3 : 4 2

_ _ / _ _ / _ _

2 4 H R - F O R M A T - D D / M M / Y Y

S A V E

2. Enter the new date in DD/MM/YY format using the

numeric keypad. If you make a mistake, simply enter

more numbers until the correct time has been entered.

3. Press F4 (SAVE) to save the new time.

4. Proceed to setting the time, if required.

5. Alternately, press the Esc key to return to the First

Menu Screen. Press Esc again to return to the

measurements screen.

Temperature Correction

This feature is only used when the meter and probe are operating

at significantly different ambient temperatures.

This situation can occur when the meter is located indoors and

the probe is outdoors. Either a probe extension cable or a fiber

optic link system is normally used for such applications.

Temperature correction circuitry is used in the probe and there

is a temperature sensor located inside the meter. To achieve the

highest level of accuracy, it is important that the sensor inside

the meter sense the ambient temperature that the probe is

subjected to. If the two components are operating in different

ambient temperature environments, the 8718B can be set to

Chapter 15 Advanced Settings

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correct for the temperature differential. The amount of error that

can occur when the meter and probe are operating at different

temperatures depends on the particular probe design as well as

the temperature differential. The maximum error that can occur

is about 1% per degree Centigrade for diode probes and about

0.1% per degree Centigrade for thermocouple probes. The

change may either increase or decrease the meter reading from

the true value, depending on the probe model.

To correct for a significant temperature differential...

1. Access the settings menu by following the procedure

described in Accessing the Settings Menu.

2. Press 2 to select TEMP. A new screen will appear that

shows the current mode. The default mode is Auto

Correct.

T E M P .

C O R R E C T I O N

I S S E T F O R A U T O

O K

S E T

3. Press F1 (OK) to continue with the same setting

without change.

4. Press F4 (SET) to either set or change to a specific

probe temperature.

5. If the meter was set for a specific temperature and you

want to return to the auto correct mode, press F1

(AUTO).

6. A new screen will appear that shows two underscored

lines where the probe ambient temperature should be

entered. Use the numeric keypad to enter the

temperature of the probe in degrees Centigrade.

T E M P .

C O R R E C T I O N

I S S E T F O R _ _ ° C

A T T H E P R O B E

A U T O

S A V E

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7. Once the correct probe temperature is displayed on

the screen, press F4 (SAVE). The meter will

automatically return to the measurements screen.

8. Alternately, press F1 (AUTO) to return to the default

auto correct mode.

Clearing the Memory

If you determine that there is insufficient memory available to

perform the desired logging task because much of the meter’s

memory has been used, it will be necessary to empty the

memory. All data will be lost when the memory is cleared.

Note

All data will be lost

when the memory is

cleared.

To download the current memory contents prior to clearing the

memory you must connect the 8718B to your computer. See

Chapter 18, User's Software.

To clear the memory...

1. Access the settings menu by following the procedure

described in Accessing the Settings Menu.

2. Press 3 (CLEAR MEMORY). A screen will appear

requesting that you confirm your request and warning that

the stored information will be lost.

C L E A R M E M O R Y

C L E A R I N G T H E M E M O R Y

C A N N O T B E R E V E R S E D

C L E A R

A B O R T

3. Press F1 (CLEAR) to clear the memory or F4 (ABORT)

to return to the First Menu Screen without clearing the

memory. Press Esc to return to the measurements

screen.

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Function Key Position

The position of the commands for the function keys (F1-F4), as

described in this guide, is for right-hand operation.

Conventionally, right-handed people hold the probe in their right

hand and the meter in their left hand. The choice of function key

location for the START and LOG commands is particularly

important because it is often desirable to press these keys

without looking at the meter. This situation occurs during spatial

averaging, data logging, and time averaging.

The four function keys on the Model 8718B allow for easy

operation with your thumb and the raised area around each key

makes it easy to be certain that your thumb is in the correct

location. The START and LOG functions are always operated

with the F1 key for right-hand operation.

The 8718B allows you to change to left-handed operation with a

few keystrokes. When set for left-handed operation, the START

and LOG functions will be operated with the F4 key. The

functions normally associated with the F4 key are then operated

with the F1 key. The meter will remain set the same way upon

turn-on and can only be changed by following the procedure

described below.

To check or change the function key location...

1. Access the settings menu by following the procedure

described in Accessing the Settings Menu.

2. Press 4 to select RGT/LEFT. A new screen will appear

that shows the current mode.

F U N C T I O N K E Y S A R E

S E T F O R R I G H T - H A N D E D

O P E R A T I O N

O K

L E F T

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3. Press F1 (OK) to continue with the same setting

without change. The meter will return to the First Menu

Screen. Press Esc to return to the measurements

screen.

4. Press F4 (LEFT) or F4 (RGT) to change to the alternate

setting for function key menu position. The meter will

return to the first menu screen. Press Esc to return to

the measurements screen.

Adjusting the Display Contrast

The LCD display is set at the factory for the best contrast under

typical conditions. The user can adjust the contrast to optimize

visibility under specific lighting conditions.

To adjust the display contrast...

1. Access the settings menu by following the procedure

described in Accessing the Settings Menu.

2. Press 5 to select DISPLAY. A new screen will appear

that shows the current setting. The adjustment range is

from 0-9, with 0 the lightest setting and 9 the darkest

setting.

D I S P L A Y C O N T R A S T

C U R R E N T S E T T I N G :

0 = L I G H T

O K

9 = D A R K

S E T

3. Press F1 (OK) to continue with the same setting

without change. The meter will return to the First Menu

Screen. Press Esc to return to the measurements

screen.

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4. Press F4 (SET) to change the display contrast setting.

The screen will change to show both the current setting

and display an underscore where the new setting is

entered.

D I S P L A Y C O N T R A S T

O L D S E T T I N G :

N E W S E T T I N G :

S A V E

5. Use the numeric keypad to enter a single digit from 0-9

with 0 for the lightest setting and 9 the darkest setting.

The contrast will change as soon as the numeric value

is entered. You may continue to experiment as many

times as needed by entering a new value.

6. When you are satisfied with the setting, press F4

(SAVE). The meter will return to the First Menu Screen.

Press Esc to return to the measurements screen.

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Operation with a Fiber Optic Link

Description

Narda fiber optic link transmitters are compatible with all 8700

series probes and the Model 8718B meter. The meter has a

built-in fiber optic receiver compatible with the HP Versatile Link

type plastic cables and connectors. The fiber optic transmitter

connects directly or via a short cable to the probe. A fiber optic

cable connects the 8718B to the transmitter.

The transmitter contains a rechargeable battery that provides

both power for its own circuitry and to operate the amplifier in

the probe. Full system calibration is maintained because each

of the components in the system – meter, fiber optic transmitter,

and probe – are independently calibrated. The fiber optic

transmitter converts the analog DC voltage out of the probe

amplifier to a series of pulses. The pulse rate is directly

proportional to the probe output.

Application

The fiber optic link provides total isolation between the meter and

the probe which is often desirable when making low frequency

measurements. At frequencies below 50 MHz, and especially

below 10 MHz, there is significant interaction between the field,

the individual making the measurements, and the survey

equipment. There is also the possibility that the probe and meter

will be at different electrical potentials which can result in a false

indication of what is actually a scalar field. See Low Frequency

Measurements in the Applications Booklet for additional information.

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The fiber optic link system also allows the meter and probe to be

separated by up to 50 meters. One application is surveying

towers. A skilled climber carries the probe while the person

actually making the measurements remains on the ground.

Controls and Indicators

The fiber optic transmitter has the following controls and

indicators:

Control

Function

Indication

BAT Test

OFF

Tests Battery Charge

Turns Battery Off

Turns Power On

LED On^a

LED Off

CAL 1

Tests Channel 1

Normal Operation

Tests Channel 2

Meter mid-scale

Variable Level

S2 NORM

CAL 2

Above mid-scale

a. The battery is considered charged when above 15.0 Vdc.

Setting the Meter

The meter has two input ports to receive information from

probes:

• The standard probe cable input

• The fiber optic receiver input

Only one input can be in use at any time. The default input upon

turn-on is the last input port used. It is important to remember

this if you switch back and forth between using the standard

input and the fiber optic receiver.

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To set the meter to use the fiber optic receiver input...

1. Access the menu system by pressing the function key

that corresponds to the legend below MENU on the

bottom line of the display.

2. Press 8 (NEXT) to select the Second Menu Screen.

3. Press 3 to select CABLE/FO. A new screen will appear

that shows the current input status.

P R O B E

I N P U T S T A T U S

C A B L E : O N

F I B E R O P T I C : O F F

O K

F O

4. Press F1 (OK) to continue with the same input without

change. The meter will return to the First Menu Screen.

Press Esc to return to the measurements screen.

5. Press F4 (FO) to change to the fiber optic receiver

input. The meter will return to the First Menu Screen.

Press Esc to return to the measurements screen.

To set the meter to use the cable input...

6. Access the CABLE/FO menu as previously described.

A screen will appear that shows the current input status.

P R O B E

I N P U T S T A T U S

C A B L E : O F F

F I B E R O P T I C : O N

O K

C A B L E

7. Press F1 (OK) to continue with the same input without

change. The meter will return to the First Menu Screen.

Press Esc to return to the measurements screen.

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8. Press F4 (CABLE) to change to the cable input. The

meter will return to the First Menu Screen. Press Esc to

return to the measurements screen.

System Checks

To insure that the entire system – meter, fiber optic

transmitter, and probe – are functioning properly...

1. Set the 8718B to use the fiber optic receiver input as

previously described.

2. Connect the probe to the fiber optic transmitter.

3. Connect a fiber optic cable between the meter and the

fiber optic transmitter.

4. Check the battery charge level in the transmitter by

turning switch S1 (BATT TEST–ON) to BATT TEST.

Verify that the green LED is illuminated which signifies

that the battery is adequately charged for operation. If

the LED fails to illuminate, charge the transmitter

overnight. A full-battery charge takes approximately 16

hours.

5. Set S1 to the ON position and S2 to the NORM

position.

6. Zero the 8718B using the standard procedure.

7. Move S2 ( CAL1–NORM–CAL2) to the CAL1 position.

The meter should read 45-55% of the full scale rating of

the probe. The actual error from the combination of the

8718B and the fiber optic transmitter is less than ( 3%).

8. Move S2 to the CAL2 position. The meter should read

approximately 25% higher than the CAL1 position. The

exact value is not critical.

9. Set S2 to the NORM position to begin making

measurements providing that all the system checks

were successfully completed.

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Operation with a Data Recorder

Description

The Model 8718B provides an output signal that can be

connected to a data recorder to provide a continuous record of

measurement over an extended period of time. The recorder

output is available via the smaller of the two jacks located on the

left side of the meter. The output is always on.

Output Level

The recorder output ranges from 0.0 volts to 3.0 volts. The level

corresponds directly with the indication on the bar graph of the

display. Under normal conditions, the bar graph is in the AUTO

mode which results in the bar graph using three 10 dB ranges to

cover the entire dynamic range of the probe, which is typically

30 dB. Thus, the recorder output would produce a sawtooth

pattern if the measured field strength was slowly increased in a

linear fashion over the entire dynamic range of the probe. For

example, the recorder output level with the 8718B bar graph

range set to AUTO used with a probe with a full-scale

measurement range of 100 mW/cm, such as the Model 8723D,

would follow the table on the next page.

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Field Strength

0.01 mW/cm²

0.50 mW/cm²

1.00 mW/cm²

1.01 mW/cm²

5.0 mW/cm²

10.0 mW/cm²

10.1 mW/cm²

50 mW/cm²

Recorder Voltage

0.03 volts

1.50 volts

3.00 volts

0.03 volts

1.50 volts

3.00 volts

0.03 volts

1.50 volts

3.00 volts

Bar Graph

1 % of Full Scale

Half Scale

Full Scale

1% of Full Scale

Half Scale

Note

The recorder output

can be set to one of

three fixed ranges by

changing the bar

graph range setting.

See Bar Graph

Ranges on page 23.

Full Scale

1% of Full Scale

Half Scale

100 mW/cm²

Full Scale

"RANGE

>100 mW/cm²

4.2-4.5 volts

OVERLOAD"

The recorder output has an approximate 1/4 second RC time

constant.

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User’s Software

Description

The 8718B User’s Software is a Windows™ - based program that

performs three basic functions:

• Probe Calibration Data. The User's Software is used to

enter probe calibration information into the memory of

the Model 8718B.

• Data Retrieval. The User’s Software is used to download

data collected with the Model 8718B with one of its three

data logging modes.

• Diagnostics and Upgrades. The User’s Software is used

to provide meter diagnostics and to load firmware

updates into the meter.

The User’s Software for the Model 8718B is supplied on a

compact disk. It should be permanently installed on the hard

drive of a personal computer.

System Requirements

In order to install and operate the User’s Software successfully,

your system must meet the following minimum requirements:

• An IBM or 100% compatible personal computer with

4 MB of RAM.

• 1 MB of hard drive space.

• Microsoft Windows™3.1, Windows™95, Windows™98,

Windows™NT or later.

• A printer supported by Microsoft Windows

(required for printing reports).

• A CD ROM drive.

• A mouse.

• A cable to connect the computer to the 8718B (supplied).

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Installing the User’s Software

To set up the program...

1. Turn on the computer and start Microsoft Windows

(type WIN) at the DOS prompt if your computer

doesn’t start Windows automatically).

2. Insert the User’s Software into your CD-ROM drive.

The CD starts automatically and the 8718B-menu

screen appears.

3. Follow the instructions that appear on your screen. The

setup program places all of the program files in a

directory on your hard drive called 8718B. A new

program group called RF Safety will be created.

Starting and Exiting the 8718B User’s Program

To start the 8718B User’s Program...

1. Click on Programs from the Start menu in Microsoft

Windows.

2. Select the 8718B User’s Software icon. The Main Menu

Screen appears.

3. Make sure you exit the 8718B User’s Software before

turning off your computer by selecting Exit from the

File menu. You can also double click on the

Control-menu box. Do NOT use Ctrl+Alt+Del to exit

the program.

Establishing Communications between the

Meter and the Computer

You must establish communications between the meter and the

computer in order to enter, change, or view probe calibration

information or to download data from the meter. You can only

view stored logged data using your computer.

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Main Menu Screen

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To establish communications between the meter and the

computer...

Note

1. Use the supplied computer cable to connect between

the RS232 connector on the meter and a COM port

(COM 1 or COM 2) of your computer.

The cable must be a

RS232 serial cable with

a DB9 male connector

on one end and a DB9

female connector on

the other end. Do NOT

use a null modem ca-

ble since these are

wired differently. Note

that certain older

model computers have

a 25-pin connector for

a serial port that will

require either an

adapter or a different

cable.

2. Start the User’s software. The Main Menu Screen

shows the COM port and baud rate settings. Check

that the COM port setting matches the location of the

cable. Note the baud rate setting. The default setting is

9600 baud.

3. Change the baud rate and/or COM port if desired by

selecting the ComPort pull down menu and selecting

the desired rate and/or COM port.

The User’s Software indicates the communications status. Prior

to establishing communications, the CTS (Clear To Send)

indicator will be black and the words “Not On Line” will be

shown below the indicator.

4. Turn the Model 8718B on.

5. Once the meter has finished booting up, press F4

Note

(MENU) on the meter to access the First Menu Screen.

Operation of an older

model 8718 meter that

has been upgraded to

Version 3.0 firmware is

different. The default

condition upon meter

turn-on for the RS232

port is off (to con-

serve power). The

RS232 port must be

turned on from the

meter menu.

6. Press 6 (RS232) to select the communications port

menu.

7. Check that the baud rate on the meter is set to the

same as the User’s Software. The meter setting will be

the same as the last time the meter was used.

8. Check that the CTS indicator on the computer screen has

turned red and the status has changed to “On Line”.

Viewing or Changing Probe Calibration Data

The 8718B knows the basic parameters of all 8700 series probes

i.e. frequency range, type of probe (electric or magnetic field),

measurement range, and standard calibration frequencies. The

term “installed” means that the meter has stored the calibration

date and the correction factors for a specific probe. Narda installs

probes that are shipped at the same time as the 8718B.

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You can have a maximum of six probes installed at any time.

Since the serial number of the probe is identified as well as the

model number, more than one probe of the same model number

may be installed at the same time.

To view or change probe calibration data in the meter’s

internal memory...

1. Establish communications between the meter and your

computer as described in paragraph in Establishing

Communications...

2. Select Install Probes from the Install Probes menu.

The 8718B will beep to indicate that stored probes

information has been retrieved. The Probe Installation

Screen will appear on the computer.

The table in the top left hand corner lists the probes by model

and serial number that have been installed in your Model 8718B.

A small box just below the table lists the total number of installed

probes.

To simply view the details of any installed probe proceed to

Viewing Installed Probes section. If you have less than six

probes installed and want to install a probe you can proceed as

described in Installing a Probe. If you already have six probes

installed, you must first remove one or more probes to make

room. Proceed to the Removing Installed Probes section.

Viewing Installed Probes

To view the information on a specific probe that has

already been installed...

1. Go to the Probe Installation Screen.

2. Highlight the model and serial number of the probe that

you want to view from the list in the Installed Probes

box. The calibration information for that specific probe

will appear.

3. To leave the Probe Installation window and return to

the Main Menu Screen click the Close button.

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Installing a Probe

You may have a maximum of six probes installed in the 8718B at

any time. If you have six probes installed and want to install

another probe, you must first remove a probe. See Removing

Installed Probes.

Note

Probe Models 8782D

and 8782 are unique

low frequency elec-

tric field probes that

feature a range

To add a probe to the meter’s memory...

1. Click on the New Probe button. The Select Below...

dialog box will appear.

2. Select the model number of the probe you want to

install from the list of files by either double clicking on it

or highlighting it and choosing OK. Each standard

Narda 8700 series probe has a separate file that

defines its basic characteristics. The file names are

simply the model number of the probe preceded by the

letter “p”. The window will now show the model

number of the probe selected, its basic characteristics -

frequency range, full scale measurement range, field

type, and response (flat or shaped) - and the standard

calibration frequencies will be entered in the table on

the right.

switch on the probe

to cover a total of 60

dB. The 8782 series

probes must be en-

tered as two sepa-

rate probes since

there are two differ-

ent full-scale mea-

surement ranges

(dependent on the

switch on the probe

that the meter can-

not control or know

the status of) and

each range has dif-

ferent calibration

factors.

3. Enter the five-digit serial number in the highlighted box

in the center of the window.

4. Enter the calibration date by highlighting the box to the

right of legend Enter Cal Date. This date is shown on

the handle of the probe. Hit the Tab key on the

computer.

Note

A correction factor

greater than 2.0 or

less than 0.5 will not

be accepted and will

automatically be

changed to one of

these values. Narda

probes never have a

correction factor

outside of this range

for any frequency

within their rated fre-

quency range.

5. The Calibration Due date is automatically calculated

as one year after the calibration date. Enter a different

calibration date if you are using a different calibration

cycle.

6. Enter the correction factor for each calibration

frequency of the probe by highlighting the default value

of 1.0. A default correction factor value of 1.0 (CF 1.0)

is automatically entered in the table to minimize

measurement error in case the user fails to enter a

value.

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Probe Installation Screen

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7. Enter any special calibration frequencies on the extra

lines provided and enter the appropriate calibration

factors. Delete any standard calibration frequencies

that were not used.

8. Click on the Install Probe button. A dialog box will

appear asking you if you are sure you want to install

the probe.

9. Click on OK. The program will automatically send the

calibration information to the meter via the modem and

cable. The program will then verify that the probe has

been successfully installed in the meter by reading the

meter’s memory.

10. The model number and the serial number of the probe

just installed will now appear in the table of Installed

Probes.

11. To leave the Probe Installation window and return to

the main menu click the Close button.

Removing Installed Probes

To remove a specific probe from the meter’s memory...

1. First view an installed probe as described in Viewing

Installed Probes.

2. Click on the Remove Probe button. A dialog box will

appear asking you to confirm that you want to remove

a probe from the meter’s memory.

3. Click OK. The probe will automatically be removed

from the meter’s memory.

4. The model number and the serial number of the probe

just removed will disappear from the table of Installed

Probes.

5. To leave the Probe Installation window and return to

the Main Menu Window click the Close button.

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Downloading Logged Data from the Meter

To download data from the meter...

1. Establish communications between the meter and your

computer described in Establishing Communications....

2. Select Download New Survey from the Survey Data

menu. A dialog box will appear that reminds you to

make sure that the 8718B is in a menu and not in a

measurement mode..

3. Click OK.

4. The message Downloading, please wait… will flash

on the computer screen.

5. Once the data has been downloaded the

Downloading, please wait… message will stop

flashing and a dialog box will appear.

The dialog box specifies the file name that has been given to the

downloaded data and its location on your hard drive. Make note

of this information and click OK.

File Format for Survey Data

Data files can have one of three forms identified by the

suffix in the file name.

1. The file name will be an eight-digit number with a .SVY

(survey) extension. The eight digits are derived from

the time and date that you downloaded the date. The

format is MDDHHmm.SVY (month, day, hour, and

minute).

2. Exported files that have been converted to standard

spreadsheet files have the same prefix as the original

file with the suffix csv. These files are automatically

stored in the subdirectory labeled Ssdata.

3. Exported files that have been converted to tab files

(standard ASCII text files commonly used in data base

programs) have the same prefix as the original file with

the suffix txt. These files are automatically stored in the

subdirectory labeled Ssdata.

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Three sample files were loaded on your hard drive when

installed the User’s Software. There is a sample for each of the

three modes of data logging.

Selecting a File to View

To view stored surveys on your computer...

1. Select View Stored Surveys from the Survey Data

menu. A dialog box will appear titled Open Survey File.

Normal downloaded survey files stored on the

computer’s hard drive will be listed in the table on the

left. Downloaded survey files are stored in a

subdirectory labeled Svy. You can change drives, select

which types of files are listed, or change directories from

this box.

2. Select the data file you want to view from the list of files

by either double clicking on it or highlighting it and

choosing OK.

3. A new window labeled Logged Survey Data will

appear. The file name will be shown to the right at the

top of the window.

Logged Survey Data Window

The Logged Survey Data window is comprised of two parts:

1) The header section at the top of the window defines the

equipment that was used to make the survey.

a) The first line shows the meter model number, serial

number, Cal. Date, and calibration Due date.

b) The model number, serial number, Cal. Date, and

calibration Due date of the probe used are shown on

the second line.

c) Line three identifies whether or not probe frequency

correction (PROBE CORRECTION) was used during

the survey. Probe correction can be in the form of a

frequency that was entered or a numeric correction

factor.

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Logged Survey Data Screen

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d) The fourth line shows the Run Ref. Number that was

entered by the user at the beginning of the survey, the

Record number and total number of records in the file

and the Date and Start Time when the first data point

was taken.

2. The lower section of the window shows the measured data in

both tabular and graphical form.

a) The table on the left side of the screen displays up to

eighteen (18) data points at one time. The Data Point

# number will be a continuous sequence shown

sequentially in the time the data points were taken.

The Field Strength is shown in the unit-of-measure

used during the survey. Mode 2 data (a series of

spatially averaged data points) shows both the

Average and Max. (or peak) value for every data point.

Mode 3 data (continuous logging mode) shows the

Time that each data point was taken

b) The bar graph on the right side of the screen shows

the same data listed in the table. The title of the bar

graph is Logged Data for Mode 1 data, Spatial

Average & Max. for Mode 2 data, and Continuous

Log for Mode 3 data.

Note

If you used the

PAUSE feature dur-

ing continuous log-

ging, the time shown

for each data point

will be incorrect for

all data points after

the pause feature

was used.

c) The range of the vertical axis of the graph is

automatically adjusted to accommodate the data. The

number of data points will also vary depending on the

data with a maximum of thirty (30) displayed at one

time.

d) The Scroll Back and Scroll Forward buttons are used

when there are more than sixteen data points to view.

Each time you click on one of these buttons you

advance or go back by sixteen data points.

e) The New Record and Old Record buttons allow you

to go back and forth between different records within

the same file. Each survey is a different record

identified by the Run Ref. Number that was entered by

the user at the beginning of the survey.

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f) The up and down keys to the right of Increment or

Decrement By are used to determine how many

records you advance or go back every time you click

on the Prev. (previous) Record and Next Record

buttons. The small window to the right of the arrows

indicates the current setting.

To view another survey file...

1. Select Load Survey File from the File menu to close

the current logged data window and view another

logged data file. A dialog box will appear titled Open

Survey File. Normal downloaded survey files stored

on the computer’s hard drive will be listed in the table

on the left. Downloaded survey files are stored in a

subdirectory labeled Svy. You can change drives,

select which types of files are listed, or change

directories from this box.

2. Select the data file you want to view from the list of files

by either double clicking on it or highlighting it and

choosing OK.

3. The new Logged Survey Data window will appear.

To return to the Main Menu Window...

1. To leave the Logged Survey Data window and return

to the Main Menu Window click the Close button.

Printing a Logged Data Record

To print a copy of the Logged Survey Data window that you

are viewing...

1. Select Print Screen from the File menu. The

information will print automatically.

2. To print very large records with many data points it is

suggested that you export the data and use another

program.

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Exporting Data

To export a logged data file for use in a spreadsheet

program...

1. Select Make Spreadsheet (.csv) File from the Export

menu. A dialog box will appear titled Make

Spreadsheet (.csv) File. The file selected to be

exported drive will be listed in the table on the left. The

default directory for exported survey files is Ssdata,

which is a subdirectory under 8718B. You can select

any drive and directory to export your file from this

dialog box.

2. Click OK to convert the file and store it in the selected

location.

To export a logged data file for use in a word processor or

text editor program...

1. Select Make Tab (.txt) File from the Export menu. A

dialog box will appear titled Make Tab (.txt) File. The

file selected to be exported drive will be listed in the

table on the left. The default directory for exported

survey files is Ssdata, which is a subdirectory under

8718B. You can select any drive and directory to

export your file from this dialog box.

2. Click OK to convert the file and store it in the selected

location.

Clearing the Meter’s Memory

To clear the meter’s memory of logged data with the

User’s Software...

1. Select Clear Survey Data from the Survey Data menu.

A dialog box will appear titled Clear Survey Data. It will

ask to confirm that you want to clear the survey data

from the meter’s memory.

2. Click OK to clear the meter’s memory of logged data.

3. If you make a mistake and want to restore the meter’s

memory, Select Restore Survey Data from the Survey

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Data menu. A dialog box will appear titled Restore

Survey Data. It will ask to confirm that you want to

clear the survey data from the meter’s memory.

4. Click OK to restore the last survey data to the meter’s

memory.

To clear the meter’s memory of logged data using the

meter’s menu system...

1. Select 2 (SETTINGS) from the Second Menu Screen.

2. Press 3 (CLEAR MEMORY). A screen will appear

requesting that you confirm your request and warning

that the stored information will be lost.

3. Press F1 (CLEAR) to clear the memory or F4 (ABORT)

to return to the First Menu Screen without clearing the

meter’s memory.

Diagnostics

The password-protected Diagnostics menu of the User’s

Software can be used if you experience a problem with your

8718B. Narda may be able to troubleshoot the problem using

the built-in diagnostic tools of the User’s Software. Contact

Narda if you believe the meter is not functioning properly.

Update Meter Firmware

A powerful feature of the Model 8718B is the ability to update its

operating software, or firmware, in the field. The password-

protected Update Meter Firmware menu of the User’s Software

is used to update the firmware. Narda may periodically offer

new firmware to correct problems and/or to add new features.

The update process uses the meter’s memory to temporarily

store files during the update process. All logged data will be

lost. Therefore, it is very important to download any data that you

want to save prior to updating the firmware.

Chapter 18 User's Software

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To update the meter’s firmware …

1. Turn your meter on. Observe the firmware version

number, which is displayed briefly about three seconds

after you turn the meter on. The meter can be updated

if the firmware version is 3.0 or higher. Stop if the

firmware version is lower than 3.0 – these meters cannot

be updated in the field.

Note

2. Establish communications between the meter and

your computer as described in Establishing

Communications... It is very important that you make

good connections at both ends of the cable used to

connect the meter to your computer.

Download any data

that you want to save

prior to upgrading

the firmware. All

stored data will be

lost during the up-

date process.

3. Since stored data will be overwritten during the update

process, download any survey data that you want to

save by following the directions described under

Downloading Logged Data from the Meter.

4. Select Update Meter Firmware from the Update Meter

Firmware menu.

5. Read the directions and click OK to continue or click

Cancel to abort the update process.

6. Enter the password obtained from Narda and click OK.

Note

Do not interrupt the

update process. If

the process is inter-

rupted the firmware

file may become

7. Read the description of the three meter models. Click

Yes to update a Model 8718B meter. Click No if your

meter is a previously updated Model 8718 unit that

currently has firmware version 3.0 or higher. Click

Cancel if the meter is a Model 8718 that has a firmware

version lower than 3.0. These meters cannot be

updated in the field.

corrupted. The

meter will be inoper-

ative and will have to

be returned to Narda

for repair.

8. The update process begins when you click either Yes

or No as described above. Do not interrupt the update

process.

9. You should get a message box that the firmware has

been updated in about three minutes (at the

recommended 9600 baud rate). Click OK.

10. You can now use your updated meter.

116

Operating the Meter

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Communications with a Computer

Application

The Model 8718B can be connected to a computer for real time

transmission of data via the meter’s RS232 connector. A limited

number of the meter’s functions can also be controlled remotely

via the RS232 bus.

Checksum and Modulo Description

Modulo 256 is the remainder of any number X divided by 256. As

an example, if the checksum is 1234, Modulo 256 of 1234 is 210.

The two ASCII digits to be transmitted as the checksum would

be D and 2 (the decimal-hex conversion of 210). An equivalent

calculation is to convert the sum to Hex and transmit the two

lowest digits. The Hex of 1234 is 4D2, therefore the digits to

transmit are ASCII D and 2.

Computer to Model 8718B Message Format

The first character in any message is the “>”. This allows the

Model 8718B to synchronize to the computer. Upon detection

of the “>” character, the 8718B will:

• Set itself to a listen mode, thereby eliminating the

possibility of a bus contention problem.

• Reset its character counter to allow storage of

succeeding characters in an internal buffer.

The next characters(s) is selected from the functions listed in

Command Character Function table.

Appendix A Communications with a Computer

117

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Command Characters

Function

>A000CSCR

>C000CSCR

>Dr00CSCR

AUTO ZERO

READ CLOCK (TIME DATE)

Display averaging change

r=1, 2, 3, 4 low to high display averaging

SET CF (Correction Factor)

>E003XXXCSCR

>F0r4XXXXCSCR

SET FREQ

X is DATA, r is kHz, MHz, GHz

r=0=kHz, r=1=MHz, r=2=GHz

>H000CSCR

>P000CSCR

>L000CSCR

>V000CSCR

SEND HEADER (24 bytes of data)

DUMP PROBE DATA (432 bytes of data)

DUMP LOG DATA

READ displayed VALUE

Last displayed value (6 bytes) + units (6 bytes)

>X000CSCR

READ MAX

Command Characters

Function

I. Communications Protocol

A) Ground Rules

1) CS= two digit checksum (2 ASCII (Hex) characters)

NOTE: The ">" is NOT included in the checksum calculation

2) CR= one digit camage return (13 or $0D)

3) x= data

4) r= range

5) >=ASCII “>” ($3E)

B) General send format:

1) >ïcmd letter ï0 0ï# of digits in data ïdata ïCSïCRï

2) All characters are sent and received as capital letters,

don’t send lower case letters unless one is specifically requested.

3) Checksum (CS) is always sent or received as a

hexadecimal value, e.g.,"A7","BC","2E", etc.

4) Data is always sent or received as a decimal value.

118

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Command Characters

Function

II To Change or initiate the following:

SEND

RESPONSE

Auto Zero >A000CSCR

ASCII >A000D1CR

Hex 3E 41 30 30 30 44 31 0D

ACR

41 0D

Read Clock >C000CSCR

ASCII >C000D3CR

SMHXDNYCSCR

Hex 3E 43 30 30 30 44 33 0D

(Where: S= seconds in BCD format

M= minutes in BCD format

H= hours in BCD format

X= N/A D= day of month in BCD format

N= month in BCD format

Y= year (00-99) in BCD format

CS= two byte checksum

CR= carriage return )

Correction Factor >E003xxxCSCR

Example: to set CF to 1.53, xxx=153

ASCII >E00315371CR

ACR

Hex 3E 45 30 30 33 31 35 33 37 31 0D

Frequency >F0r4xxxxCSCR

r=0 for kHz, 1 for MHz or 2 for GHz

Note: r is in binary, not ASCII Hex

ASCII Example: to set frequency for 27.12 MHz

Hex >F0142712A7CR 3

3E 46 30 01 34 32 37 31 32 41 37 0D

Clear All

Survey Data >M000CSCR

ASCII >M000DDCR

Hex 3E 4D 30 30 30 44 44 0D

ACR

Read Field

Strength >V000CSCR

ASCII >V000E6CR

Hex 3E 56 30 30 30 45 36 0D

x...xCSCR

Response format 12 data bytes (6 data, 6 units) + CSCR.

[Last displayed value (6 characters) + units of

last displayed value (6 characters) exactly as

displayed, except squared and cubed symbols.]

Note: Superscript 2 or 3 are Hex 80 or Hex 81, respectively.

Response Example: ASCII ".0631 mW/cm²58"

Hex 2E 30 36 33 31 20 60 57 2F 63 6D 80 35 42 0D

Appendix A Communications with a Computer

119

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Command Characters

Function

SEND

RESPONSE

xxxxxxCSCR

Read Max >X000CSCR

ASCII >X000E8CR

Hex 3E 58 30 30 30 45 38 0D

(6 data characters returned

exactly as displayed)

Reset Max >Y000CSCR

ASCII >Y000E9CR

ACR

Hex 3E 59 30 30 30 45 39 0D

Display Averaging >Dr00CSCR

r=l for minimum to 4 for maximum display averaging

Example: to set minimum display averaging (4:1)

ASCII >D100D5CR

Hex 3E 44 31 30 30 44 35 0D

ACR

Read Calibrated

Probe Data >P000CSCR

ASCII >P000EOCR

Hex 3E 50 30 30 30 45 30 0D

x..xCSCR

(432 data bytes returned)

Read Log Data >L000CSCR

ASCII >L000DCCR

Hex 3E 4C 30 30 30 44 43 0D

x..xCSCR

(depends on size of log)

Read Header

(setup data) >H000CSCR

ASCII >H000DSCR

Hex 3E 48 30 30 30 44 38 0D

x..xCSCR

(24 data bytes sent, use

definition table to decode bits)

120

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Theory of Operation

Overall Functional Description

The meter is a portable, battery-operated instrument that forms

a complete RF Radiation Survey System when used with an

interconnected Narda 8700 Series probe. Optionally, the

system may employ a fiber optic transmitter and cable between

the probe and meter. The survey system is designed to detect

electromagnetic fields and to display the field level on the

meter’s Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The probe detects the

electromagnetic radiation and transmits a DC signal to the

meter. The meter processes the signal from the probe for

viewing on the LCD screen. The meter displays the field levels

in various units of measure dependent on the field component

detected and the characteristics of the probe used.

Probe Functional Description

The probe senses the electromagnetic fields and develops a

signal for transmission to the meter. The probe has an isotropic

sensing pattern so that the radiation may be sensed from any

direction, except through the handle. Detectors in the probe

sense the electromagnetic radiation present and apply signals

to preamplifiers U1 and/or U2 located within the probe.

Preamplifiers U1 and U2 amplify the signals from the detectors

and route them to the meter via connector P1.

Model 8718B Meter Functional Description

The meter receives the signal(s) from the probe, processes the

signal(s) and provides a visual display of the levels detected.

The signal(s) received from the probe at PROBE connector J1 is

routed to amplifier U2. Amplifier U2 amplifies the signal(s) from

the probe and generates a signal to drive the A/D converter U3.

The output of the A/D converter is routed to microprocessor U5

that drives the LCD.

Appendix B Theory of Operation

121

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The meter also contains built-in self-testing facilities for

checking the condition of the batteries, the operation of the

probe and for zero adjustment of the probe.

The meter provides a means for automatically zero adjusting the

meter and probe. When in an operating mode and the probe is

in a zero field, the operator presses the Auto Zero key to begin

the auto zeroing routine. The 8718B meter uses a unique digital

method to set the zero reference.

The meter provides a means of testing whether the probe is

operational using built-in test signal sources. The test is used to

prove that the probe is operational by generating upscale

indications on the Model 8718B meter.

(a) High Frequency Test Source. A 10.5 GHz (nominal)

oscillator and waveguide aperture for illuminating the

probe. Power output is capable of producing an

upscale indication on the meter of approximately

0.75 mW/cm2 ( 3 dB).

(b) Low Frequency Test Source. An external test point

provides a 10 kHz (nominal) signal at the unit and test

points on the probe to excite each low frequency

element and produce an upscale indication on the

meter. The amount of deflection will vary depending

on the model probe being used.

When the Test Source key is depressed, U5 (and part of U1)

and Q1A within the meter generate test signals that are sensed

by the probe, causing the level displayed on the LCD to move

upscale. If no change in reading is observed, either the probe or

the meter may be defective. The test source automatically shuts

off after twenty seconds. The test must be performed with the

meter in the correct location relative to the meter.

Model 8718B Meter Circuits

The 8718B is comprised of five main assemblies: printed circuit

boards (PCB) A1 and A2, keypad S1, LCD display D1 and the

battery pack B1. This section provides an overview of the 8718B

circuits. There are no adjustable components (i.e., potentiometers

or variable resistors) used within the 8718B.

122

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Appendix B Theory of Operation

123

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Calibration is performed using the RS-232 port, a voltage

source and a computer.

PCB A1 is the primary circuit board within the meter. The

majority of the components are surface mount. It is located in a

heavily shielded area beneath the keypad. Operating power

from battery B1 is routed through Q3 and Q4 that form a

momentary switch for the micro controller U5. U5 provides a

control signal to the +5V, -5V and +2.5V power supplies made

up of U12, U13 and U14. The DC voltage output (two voltages if

a ultra-broadband probe with a two channel amplifier is used)

from the field sensing probe is coupled through the A2 PCB into

an input amplifier made up of U2 and then input into the Analog

to Digital converter U3. U3’s digital output is applied to the

micro controller U5. The on-board data bus is used to drive the

LCD display. The data bus interfaced with latch U8, static

Random Access Memory (RAM) and Time-of-Day U1O and the

program memory U11. The LCD module receives input from the

data bus, along with a contrast control input from U8 through

U2A, R2 and R21. The LCD back light control is provided from

P/O Q4, which is controlled by U5. The address bus circuit is

made up of U5, U10, U11 and the glue logic circuit comprised of

U4, U7 and parts of U1, U6 and U4. The circuit provides RS-232

interfacing through U8, which also controls A2U2, the RS-232

UART. The 10 GHz test source is controlled by U8 in

conjunction with Q2 and Q3A. Micro controller U5 also provides

Pulse Width modulated (PWM) signals that are used by the

8718. The 10 kHz source control is provided by U5’s PWM

along with U1. A PWM line and Q1 drive the audible alarm

circuit. A PWM line and U1 and U2 also control the Recorder

Output.

PCB A1

This small circuit board primarily handles input/output (I/O)

functions for the meter. It is located in a shielded area behind

the probe connector. A2 contains the RS232 circuit and

interfaces with the charger jack, the recorder output jack, the

probe and fiber optic inputs, and the high frequency test source.

A2 connects to A1 via a filtered connector mounted on A1.

PCB A2

124

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The LCD is a self-contained display and meter circuit assembly.

The display has four lines with twenty characters per line. Each

character is a 5 x 7 dot matrix. The display is backlit for

improved visibility under low light conditions. It connects

directly to PCB A1.

LCD Display D1

Keypad S1

Battery B1

The keypad has 22 keys. It is shielded in aluminum and

connects directly to PCB A1.

The battery pack is a custom package consisting of six

individual NiCd cells. It has a rated output of 7.2 volts with a

capacity of 7.2 Ah. The battery pack contains an over current

protection device. It connects directly to PCB A1.

Probe Designs

The probes used with the Model 8718B meter measure either

the electric field or the magnetic field. Some have a flat

frequency response, others have a shaped frequency response

(see Chapter 3, Probe Selection). All 8700 series probes have

square law characteristics that provide an accurate summation

of field levels present from multiple frequency sources. All

probes are internally coated with a thin film, high resistive

coating. The film is on the order of 0.5 M per square inch and

provides a shield against electrostatic charges. All 8700 series

probes utilize a preamplifier in the handle to amplify the detected

signals from the sensors. This eliminates probe-to-meter cable

modulation. The probe amplifiers are connected to the probe

elements by inflexible monolithic resistive leads. This prevents

cable modulation from affecting the signal derived from the

elements. Each instrumentation amplifier consists of three

distinct sections: two analog and one digital.

Communications

BandElectric

Field Probes

The 876xD series probes operate from 300 kHz to 3 GHz. They

use three sensors supported along mutually orthogonal axes.

Each sensor consists of a dipole-diode combination. The

dipoles are approximately 8 cm in length. The broad beam

width is achieved through the capacitive divider effect of the

dipole-diode combination. Some linearity correction is provided

for field levels that approach full scale. A patented circuit design

maintains RMS detection over the entire dynamic range of the

probe.

Appendix B Theory of Operation

125

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The 872xD series probes operate from 300 MHz to >50 GHz.

They contain resistive thermocouples distributed along the

length of the dipole. The spacing prevents resonance over the

operating frequency range of the probes. The dipole may be

viewed as a group of series connected small resistive dipoles or

as a very low Q resonant circuit. Element sensitivity decreases

with frequency. At frequencies above12 GHz the dipole begins

to align along the Poynting Vector with the cold junctions

oriented tangential to the electric field. This is the traveling wave

mode of operation.

Microwave Band

Electric Field

Probes

Each of the three mutually orthogonal elements contains four

resistive dipoles with the cold junctions oriented at right angles.

This provides for the independence of probe orientation relative

to the polarization of the field.

These probes operate from 300 kHz to 50 GHz. Two distinct

sets of isotropic sensors are used to cover this very broad

bandwidth. The output from each set of detectors is processed

separately by separate amplifier circuits in the probe handle.

The two signals are summed within the 8718B meter. Models

include the Model 8741D that has a flat frequency response and

the x8722D series that have shaped frequency response

characteristics.

Ultra-broadband

Electric Field

Probes

In the lower frequency region below 1500 MHz, a dipole with

diode detector and both distributed and discrete components

are used. Three orthogonally mounted conductive dipoles, each

terminated in diode detector, form the low frequency detection

circuit. These diode detectors are operated in their square law

region. This region is defined as that in which the DC diode

current is proportional to the square of electric field tangential to

the dipole. The elements that are used in the higher frequency

region are thin-film thermocouples. They provide true square law

output and function in two modes. Between 1.5 and 12 GHz, they

are resistive dipoles. As a resistive dipole, each probe contains

three mutually perpendicular elements. Above 12 GHz, it utilizes

the phase delay of a traveling wave to produce additional output.

In this mode, the dipole is aligned along the Poynting Vector with

the cold junctions oriented tangential to the electric field. Each of

the three mutually orthogonal elements contains four resistive

dipoles with the cold junctions oriented at right angles.

126

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This provides for the independence of probe orientation relative

to the polarization of the field. The instantaneous charge

distribution on adjacent cold junction elements produces a

potential difference across the thin-film resistive thermocouples

and a resultant dissipation of energy in these films. As the

frequency increases, the phase difference between the

potentials developed in adjacent junctions also increases the

open circuit voltage.

Low Frequency

Electric Field

Probes

The Model 8764D operates from 100 kHz to 300 MHz. It contains

three orthogonal displacement energy sensors with diode

detectors. This unique design has much lower impedance than

traditional dipole designs. The major advantage is the greatly

reduced interaction between the meter and probe, the human

body making the measurements, and the RF field.

The Model 8782D uses an “active antenna” design to accurately

measure RF fields as low as 3 kHz over a 60dB dynamic range.

Low Frequency

Magnetic Field

Probes

These probes are responsive to the H-Field component. Each

of the three mutually perpendicular coils in every probe has a

diameter of 3.5 inches (8.9 cm), consists of multiple turns and is

series-resonated somewhat below the low frequency end of the

band. The RF current induced by the “H” field dissipates power

in the thermocouple elements, heats the hot junctions and

provides a DC output voltage proportional to the square of the

induced current. Circuitry is added to minimize high frequency

out-of-band responses typical in many H-field probe designs.

Appendix B Theory of Operation

127

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128

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Maintenance

General

The Model 8718B requires very little maintenance. No operator

adjustments are required. The electronic circuitry is contained

in a very rugged aluminum housing. However, this housing is

not watertight and should not be immersed in water. The LCD

display and the case may be cleaned using a damp cloth. Do

not use any type of detergent or solvent.

Calibration

The Model 8718B is calibrated before it is shipped. Narda

recommends that the Model 8718B be calibrated every two

years. Narda will perform this calibration for a nominal charge.

The meter is completely tested using Automated Test Equipment

(ATE) as part of the calibration service.

Replacement Parts

None of the parts within the meter are considered user

serviceable. The table below contains the model numbers and

part numbers of the accessories supplied with the 8718B and

available as optional accessories.

Appendix C Maintenance

129

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Model or

Description

Comments

Part Number

Battery Charger, 115 volt

Battery Charger, 230 volt

84156000

84156001

Supplied with 230

volt charger only,

see table for

outline

89707000 to

89707008

Power Cord

Storage Case

Probe Extension Cable

Electric Field Attenuator

Computer Cable

32542703

87744-04

8713B

87239000

990125

User's Software

CD ROM

User's Guide

42983600

21797900

32595900

Insulated Tripod/Handle

Tripod Adapter

Optional Accessory

Battery Charger and Line Cord Options

The Model 8718B contains a rechargeable battery. The meter is

supplied with either a 115-volt 50/60 Hz or a 230-volt 50/60 Hz

charger. The 115-volt charger plugs directly into the style of wall

outlets common to North America. The 230-volt charger has an

IEC receptacle and is supplied with any one of nine different

power cords that meet virtually all international requirements.

The table on page 117 identifies the power cord by its outline.

130

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Rechargeable Battery Management Program

The Model 8718B contains a rechargeable nickel-cadmium

battery that must be recycled or disposed of in compliance with

applicable federal, state, or local environmental regulations.

Narda maintains a rechargeable battery management program

in keeping with its highly proactive policy on environmental

protection and conservation of natural resources. This service

is available to our customers at no charge. At the end of this

product’s effective life cycle, it may be returned to Narda for

proper disposal.

Appendix C Maintenance

131

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132

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INDEX

Audio Alarm

Fiber Optic Link, operation with

Application

Alarm Description

Controlling Alarm Function

Fixed Alarm

4, 67

Controls and Indicators

Setting the Meter

Variable Tone Alarm

System Checks

Back Light

Bar Graph

Keypad

Function Keys

Numeric Keypad

Power Keys

Battery

Special Function Keys

Accuracy of

Battery Status Indicator

Battery Capacity

Keypad Lockout

Charger, description

Charger, line cord options

Checking Battery Status

Rechargeable

3, 130

3, 131

Maintenance

Calibration

129

130

Battery Charger and

Line Cord Options

Management Program

131

Rechargeable Battery Program 131

Replacement Parts

129

Clock

Measurements

Communications with Computer

Correction Factors

117

Getting Started

Entering a Probe Model

Making a Measurement

Precautions

Data Logging

Format for Logged Data

Memory Capacity

Mode 1 Logging

Mode 2 Logging

Mode 3 Logging

Options

Uncertainty

Memory

Menu System

Commands

Default Conditions

First Menu Screen

Second Menu Screen

Data Recorder, operation with

Description

5, 56, 99

Output Level

Probe Selection

Changing the Probe Model

Connecting a Probe

Entering a Probe Model

Identifying a Probe

4, 11

Display Blanking

Display Screens, measurement

Alternate

Main

Key Factors in Selecting a Probe

Shaped Frequency

Response Probes

Index

133

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INDEX

Probe Test

Theory of Operation

Meter, functional description

Meter Circuits

Sources

121

122

Probe Zero

Probe, functional description

Causes of Zero Drift

Checking for Zero Drift

Establishing a Zero Field

Shielding the Probe

Temperature Concerns

User’s Guide

1, 2

Data Window, logged survey

Understanding the Zero Function 81

Downloading Data from the Meter 109

Zeroing the Probe, in use

Zeroing the Probe, initial

109

115

106

102

114

Establishing Communications

Exporting Data

Spatially-Averaged Measurements

Spatial Averaging with the 8718B 40

Understanding Spatial Averaging 39

File Format for Survey Data

Firmware Update

Installing a Probe

Standards Feature

Installing the Software

Memory, clearing the meter

Time-Averaged Measurements

Making Time-Averaged

Measurements

Printing a Logged Data Record 113

Probe Data,

viewing or changing

Removing a Probe

104,105

108

Measurement Options

Mode 1 Averaging

Selecting a File to View

110

Mode 2 Averaging

Starting and Exiting the Program 102

Tripod

System Requirements

101

Units of Measure

Zeroing the Probe

See Probe Zero

Available Units of Measure

Changing the Unit of Measure

17, 81-85

Settings, Advanced

Clock, setting the

Display Contrast, adjusting

Function Keys, right or left handed 92

Memory, clearing the

Menu, accessing the

Temperature Correction

134

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Warranty

Narda Safety Test Solutions (Narda STS) warrants each

product of its manufacture to be free from any defect in

material and workmanship for a period of one year from

date of shipment to, and return by, the original purchaser.

All warranty returns, however, must first be authorized by a

factory office representative.

The limit of liability under this warranty shall be to repair or

replace any product, or part thereof, which proves to be

defective after inspection by Narda STS. This warranty shall

not apply to any Narda STS product that has been

disassembled, modified, physically or electrically damaged,

or any product that has been subjected to conditions

exceeding the applicable specifications or ratings.

Narda STS shall not be liable for any direct or consequential

injury, loss or damage incurred through the use, or the

inability to use, any Narda STS product.

Narda STS reserves the right to make design changes to any

Narda STS product without incurring any obligation to make

the same changes to previously purchased units.

This warranty is the full extent of obligation and liability

assumed by Narda STS with respect to any and all Narda

STS products. Narda STS neither makes, nor authorizes any

person to make, any other guarantee or warranty concerning

Narda STS products.

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USA: 435 Moreland Road

Hauppauge, NY 11788

Tel 1-631 231-1700 Fax 1-631 231-1711

E-Mail [email protected]

www.narda-sts.com

GERMANY: Sandwiesenstrasse 7

D-72793 Pfullingen

Tel +49-7121-9732-777 Fax +49-7121-9732-790

E-Mail [email protected]

www.narda-sts.de

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