|
LevelOne
GSW-2600TXM
Intelligent Switch
User’s Guide
Multilayer 24-Port Intelligent
Fast Ethernet Switch with 24 10BASE-T / 100BASE-TX (RJ-45) Ports,
and 2 Slots for Optional Gigabit Uplink Modules (RJ-45 / FIBER)
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2.4.3.2. Configuring IP Trap Managers .................................................... 24
2.4.4. User Log-in Configuration ..................................................................... 25
2.4.5. Downloading System Software ............................................................. 27
2.4.6. Saving or Restoring the System Configuration ..................................... 28
2.5. Device Control Menu....................................................................................... 29
2.5.1. Setting the System Operation Mode ..................................................... 30
2.5.2. Layer 2 Menu........................................................................................ 30
2.5.2.1. Configuring Port Parameters....................................................... 31
2.5.2.2. Using a Mirror Port for Analysis................................................... 34
2.5.2.3. Configuring Port Trunks .............................................................. 35
2.5.2.4. Configuring the Static Unicast Address Table.............................. 37
2.5.2.5. Configuring the Static Multicast Address Table ........................... 38
2.5.3. Using the Bridge Menu.......................................................................... 39
2.5.3.1. Configuring Global Bridge Settings............................................. 39
2.5.3.2. Configuring STA for Ports............................................................ 41
2.5.4. Configuring Virtual LANs....................................................................... 43
2.5.4.1. VLAN Port Configuration............................................................. 43
2.5.4.2. VLAN Table Configuration........................................................... 46
2.5.5. Configuring IGMP Snooping ................................................................. 47
2.5.6. Configuring IP Settings ......................................................................... 48
2.5.6.1. Subnet Configuration .................................................................. 49
2.5.6.2. Protocol Configuration ................................................................ 57
2.5.6.3. Static ARP Configuration............................................................. 68
2.5.6.4. Static Route Configuration .......................................................... 68
2.5.6.5. Configuring the Default Route..................................................... 70
2.5.7. Configuring Security Filters................................................................... 71
2.5.7.1. Configuring MAC Address Filters................................................ 71
2.5.7.2. Configuring Security Mode.......................................................... 72
2.5.7.3. Configuring IP Address Filters..................................................... 73
2.6. Monitoring the Switch...................................................................................... 73
2.6.1. Displaying Port Statistics....................................................................... 74
2.6.1.1. Displaying Ethernet Port Statistics .............................................. 75
2.6.1.2. Displaying RMON Statistics ........................................................ 78
2.6.2. Layer 2 Address Table........................................................................... 79
2.6.2.1. Displaying the Unicast Address Table......................................... 80
2.6.3. Displaying Bridge Information ............................................................... 81
2.6.3.1. Viewing the Current Spanning Tree Information.......................... 81
2.6.3.2. Displaying the Current STA for Ports .......................................... 83
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2.6.4. Displaying VLAN Information ................................................................ 84
2.6.4.1. VLAN Dynamic Registration Information..................................... 85
2.6.4.2. VLAN Forwarding Information..................................................... 86
2.6.5. IP Multicast Registration Table.............................................................. 86
2.6.6. IP Menu................................................................................................. 87
2.6.6.1. Displaying Subnet Information.................................................... 88
2.6.6.2. ARP Table ................................................................................... 89
2.6.6.3. Routing Table.............................................................................. 90
2.6.6.4. Multicast Table ............................................................................ 92
2.6.6.5. OSPF Table................................................................................. 97
2.7. Resetting the System.................................................................................... 104
2.8. Logging Off the System................................................................................. 105
3. Web Interface.......................................................................................................... 106
3.1. Web-Based Configuration and Monitoring..................................................... 106
3.2. Navigating the Web Browser Interface.......................................................... 108
3.2.1. Home Page......................................................................................... 108
3.2.2. Configuration Options ......................................................................... 108
3.2.3. Panel Display...................................................................................... 109
3.2.4. Port State Display................................................................................ 109
3.2.5. Configuring the Serial Port.................................................................. 110
3.3. Main Menu .....................................................................................................111
3.4. System Information Menu ............................................................................. 113
3.4.1. Displaying System Information............................................................ 113
3.4.2. Displaying Switch Version Information ................................................ 114
3.5. Management Setup Menu............................................................................. 114
3.5.1. Changing the Network Configuration (Layer 2 Mode)......................... 115
3.5.2. Assigning SNMP Parameters.............................................................. 116
3.5.2.1. Configuring Community Names ................................................ 116
3.5.2.2. Configuring IP Trap Managers .................................................. 117
3.5.3. User Login Configuration .................................................................... 117
3.5.4. Downloading System Software ........................................................... 118
3.5.5. Saving or Restoring the System Configuration ................................... 119
3.6. Device Control Menu..................................................................................... 119
3.6.1. Setting the System Operation Mode ................................................... 120
3.6.2. Layer 2 Menu...................................................................................... 121
3.6.2.1. Configuring Port Parameters..................................................... 121
3.6.2.2. Using a Port Mirror for Analysis................................................. 123
3.6.2.3. Configuring Port Trunks ............................................................ 124
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3.6.2.4. Static Unicast Address Table..................................................... 126
3.6.2.5. Configuring the Static Multicast Address Table ......................... 126
3.6.3. Using the Bridge Menu........................................................................ 127
3.6.3.1. Configuring Global Bridge Settings........................................... 128
3.6.3.2. Configuring STA for Ports.......................................................... 130
3.6.4. Configuring Virtual LANs..................................................................... 131
3.6.4.1. VLAN Port Configuration........................................................... 131
3.6.4.2. VLAN Table Configuration......................................................... 134
3.6.5. Configuring IGMP Snooping ............................................................... 135
3.6.6. Configuring IP Settings ....................................................................... 136
3.6.6.1. Subnet Configuration ................................................................ 136
3.6.6.2. Protocol Configuration .............................................................. 141
3.6.6.3. Static ARP Configuration........................................................... 148
3.6.6.4. Static Route Configuration ........................................................ 149
3.6.6.5. Configuring the Default Route................................................... 150
3.6.7. Configuring Security Filters................................................................. 150
3.6.7.1. Configuring MAC Address Filters.............................................. 150
3.6.7.2. Configuring IP Address Filters................................................... 151
3.6.7.3. Configuring Security Mode........................................................ 151
3.7. Monitoring the Switch.................................................................................... 152
3.7.1. Displaying Port Statistics..................................................................... 152
3.7.1.1. Displaying Ethernet Port Statistics ............................................ 153
3.7.1.2. Displaying RMON Statistics ...................................................... 155
3.7.2. Layer 2 Address Table......................................................................... 156
3.7.2.1. Displaying the Unicast Address Table....................................... 156
3.7.3. Displaying Bridge Information ............................................................. 157
3.7.3.1. Viewing the Current Spanning Tree Information........................ 157
3.7.3.2. Displaying the Current STA for Ports ........................................ 158
3.7.4. Displaying VLAN Information .............................................................. 159
3.7.4.1. VLAN Dynamic Registration Information................................... 159
3.7.4.2. VLAN Forwarding Information................................................... 160
3.7.5. IP Multicast Registration Table............................................................ 160
3.7.6. IP Menu............................................................................................... 160
3.7.6.1. Displaying Subnet Information.................................................. 161
3.7.6.2. ARP Table ................................................................................. 161
3.7.6.3. Routing Table............................................................................ 162
3.7.6.4. Multicast Table .......................................................................... 163
3.7.6.5. OSPF Table............................................................................... 165
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3.8. Resetting the System.................................................................................... 170
4. Chapter 4: Advanced Topics.................................................................................... 172
4.1. Layer 2 Switching.......................................................................................... 172
4.1.1. Unicast Switching................................................................................ 172
4.1.2. Multicast Switching.............................................................................. 173
4.1.3. Spanning Tree Algorithm..................................................................... 173
4.2. Layer 3 Switching.......................................................................................... 175
4.2.1. Initial Configuration ............................................................................. 175
4.2.2. IP Switching ........................................................................................ 176
4.2.3. Routing Path Management ................................................................. 177
4.2.4. ICMP Router Discovery....................................................................... 177
4.2.5. Proxy ARP........................................................................................... 178
4.2.6. Routing Protocols................................................................................ 178
4.2.6.1. RIP and RIP-2 Dynamic Routing Protocols............................... 178
4.2.6.2. OSPFv2 Dynamic Routing Protocol.......................................... 179
4.2.7. Non-IP Protocol Routing ..................................................................... 182
4.3. Virtual LANs .................................................................................................. 182
4.3.1. Assigning Ports to VLANs ................................................................... 183
4.3.1.1. VLAN Classification .................................................................. 183
4.3.1.2. Port Overlapping....................................................................... 184
4.3.1.3. Port-based VLANs .................................................................... 184
4.3.1.4. Automatic VLAN Registration (GVRP) ...................................... 184
4.3.2. Forwarding Tagged / Untagged Frames.............................................. 184
4.3.3. Connecting VLAN Groups................................................................... 185
4.4. Multicast Filtering .......................................................................................... 186
4.4.1. IGMP Snooping................................................................................... 186
4.4.2. IGMP Protocol..................................................................................... 187
4.4.3. GMRP Protocol ................................................................................... 187
4.4.4. DVMRP Routing Protocol.................................................................... 188
4.5. Class-of-Service (CoS) Support.................................................................... 188
4.6. BOOTP / DHCP Relay .................................................................................. 188
4.7. Security Features.......................................................................................... 189
4.7.1. SNMP Community Strings................................................................... 189
4.7.2. User Name and Passwords ................................................................ 190
4.7.3. MAC Address Filters ........................................................................... 190
4.7.4. IP Address Filters................................................................................ 190
4.8. SNMP Management Software....................................................................... 190
4.9. Remote Monitoring (RMON).......................................................................... 190
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5. Appendix A: Troubleshooting................................................................................... 192
5.1. Troubleshooting Chart................................................................................... 192
5.2. Upgrading Firmware via the Serial Port ........................................................ 192
6. Appendix B: Pin Assignments.................................................................................. 195
6.1. Console Port Pin Assignments...................................................................... 195
6.1.1. DB-9 Port Pin Assignments................................................................. 195
6.1.2. Console Port to 9-Pin COM Port on PC .............................................. 196
6.1.3. Console Port to 25-Pin DCE Port on Modem...................................... 196
6.1.4. Console Port to 25-Pin DTE Port on PC ............................................. 196
7. Glossary.................................................................................................................. 197
7.1.1. Bandwidth Utilization........................................................................... 197
7.1.2. BOOTP ............................................................................................... 197
7.1.3. Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) ........................ 197
7.1.4. GARP VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP)........................................ 197
7.1.5. Generic Attribute Registration Protocol (GARP).................................. 197
7.1.6. Group Attribute Registration Protocol.................................................. 197
7.1.7. Generic Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP)................................ 197
7.1.8. ICMP Router Discovery....................................................................... 197
7.1.9. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) ......................................... 198
7.1.10. IEEE 802.1D ..................................................................................... 198
7.1.11. IEEE 802.1Q ..................................................................................... 198
7.1.12. IEEE 802.3ac.................................................................................... 198
7.1.13. Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) .................................. 198
7.1.14. IGMP Snooping................................................................................. 198
7.1.15. In-Band Management........................................................................ 198
7.1.16. IP Multicast Filtering.......................................................................... 198
7.1.17. Layer 2.............................................................................................. 198
7.1.18. Layer 3.............................................................................................. 199
7.1.19. Link Aggregation ............................................................................... 199
7.1.20. Management Information Base (MIB) ............................................... 199
7.1.21. Multicast Switching............................................................................ 199
7.1.22. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) ..................................................... 199
7.1.23. Out-of-Band Management................................................................. 199
7.1.24. Port Mirroring .................................................................................... 199
7.1.25. Port Trunk ......................................................................................... 199
7.1.26. Remote Monitoring (RMON) ............................................................. 199
7.1.27. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) ................................................... 200
7.1.28. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) ............................... 200
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7.1.29. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) .......................................................... 200
7.1.30. Telnet ................................................................................................ 200
7.1.31. Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) ................................................. 200
7.1.32. Virtual LAN (VLAN) ........................................................................... 200
7.1.33. XModem............................................................................................ 200
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1. Switch Management
1.1.Configuration Options
For advanced management capability, the onboard management agent provides a
menu-driven system configuration program. This program can be accessed by a direct
or modem connection to the serial port on the rear panel (out-of-band), or by a Telnet
connection over the network (in-band).
The management agent is based on SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol).
This SNMP agent permits the switch to be managed from any PC in the network using
in-band management software.
The management agent also includes an embedded HTTP Web agent. This Web agent
can be accessed using a standard Web browser from any computer attached to the
network.
The system configuration program and the SNMP agent support management functions
such as:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Enable / disable any port.
Set the communication mode for any port.
Configure SNMP parameters.
Add ports to network VLANs.
Configure IP routing and multicast VLANs.
Display system information or statistics.
Configure the switch to join a Spanning Tree.
Download system firmware.
1.2.Required Connections
1.2.1.Console Port (Out-of-Band) Connections
Attach a VT100 compatible terminal or a PC running a terminal emulation program to
the serial port on the switch’s rear panel. Use the null-modem cable provided with this
package, or use a null-modem connection that complies with the wiring assignments
shown in Appendix B of this guide.
When attaching to a PC, set terminal emulation type to VT100, specify the port used by
your PC (i.e., COM 1~4), and then set communications to 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no
parity, and 19200 bps (for initial configuration). Also be sure to set flow control to “none.”
(Refer to “Configuring the Serial Port” on chapter 2 for a complete description of
configuration options.)
Note:
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If the default settings for the management agent’s serial port have been modified
and you are having difficulty making a console connection, you can display or
modify the current settings using a Web browser as described under “Configuring
the Serial Port” on chapter 3.
1.2.2.Remote Management Via the Console Port
1.2.2.1.Configuring the Switch Site
Connect the switch’s DB9 serial port to the modem’s serial port uses standard cabling.
For most modems which use a 25-pin port, you will have to provide an RS-232 cable
with a 9-pin connector on one end and a 25-pin connector on the other end. Set the
modem at the switch’s site to force auto-answer mode. The following is a sample
initialization string: “ATQ1S0=1&D0&K0&W” as defined below:
Q1
S0=1
D0
: Inhibit result codes to DTE
: Auto answer on first ring
: Don’t care DTR
K0
: Disables DTE / DCE flow control
: Write command to modem memory
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1.2.2.2.Configuring the Remote Site
At the remote site, connect the PC’s COM port (COM 1~4) to the modem’s serial port.
Set terminal emulation type to VT100, specify the port used by your PC (i.e., COM 1~4),
and then set communications to 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity, 19200 bps, and no flow
control.
1.2.3.In-Band Connections
Prior to accessing the switch’s onboard agent via a network connection, you must first
configure it with a valid IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway (for Layer 2
mode) using an out-of-band connection or the BOOTP protocol.
After configuring the switch’s IP parameters, you can access the onboard configuration
program from anywhere within the attached network. The onboard configuration
program can be accessed using Telnet from any computer attached to the network. The
switch can also be managed by any computer using a Web browser (Internet Explorer
4.0 or above, or Netscape Navigator 4.0 or above), or from a network computer using
network management software.
Notes:
1. By default BOOTP is disabled. To enable BOOTP, see “IP Configuration
(Layer 2 Mode)” on chapter 2.
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2. Each VLAN group can be assigned its own IP interface address (chapter 2
“IP Configuration (Layer 2 Mode)”). Therefore, if the port connected to the
management station has joined several VLANs, you can manage the switch
via any of these IP addresses.
3. This switch supports four concurrent Telnet sessions.
4. The onboard program only provides access to basic configuration functions.
To access the full range of SNMP management functions, you must use
SNMP- based network management software.
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2. Console Interface
2.1.Log-in Screen
Once a direct connection to the serial port or a Telnet connection is established, the
log-in screen for the onboard configuration program appears as shown below.
Intelligent Switch1
10-19-2001 (c) Copyright communications Corp.
V1.00
User Name:
Password :
1. For Management Model, it will display “Management Switch”.
If this is your first time to log into the configuration program, then the default user names
are “admin” and “guest,” with no password. The administrator has Read / Write access
to all configuration parameters and statistics, while the guest has Read Only access to
the management program.
You should define a new administrator password, record it and put it in a safe place.
Select User Configuration from the Management Setup Menu and enter a new
password for the administrator. Note that passwords can consist of up to 15
alphanumeric characters and are not case sensitive.
Note:
You are allowed three attempts to enter the correct password; on the third failed
attempt the current connection is terminated.
After you enter the user name and password, you will have access to the system
configuration program illustrated by the following menu map:
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IP Configuration (1)
IP Connectivity Test (ping)
HTTP Configuration
System
Information Menu
System Information
Switch Information
Send Authentication Fail Traps
SNMP Communities
IP Trap Manager
Network Configuration
Serial Port Configuration
SNMP Configuration
User Configuration
TFTP Download
Management
Setup Menu
Layer 2
Multilayer
Configuration File
Port Configuration
Mirror Port Configuration
Port Trunk Configuration
Static Unicast Address Configuration
Static Multicast Address Configuration
System Mode
Layer 2 Menu
Bridge Menu
Bridge Configuration
Spanning Tree Port Configuration
Device Control
Menu
VLAN Menu
IGMP Snooping Configuration(1)
IP Menu(2)
VLAN Port Configuration
VLAN Table Configuration
Security Menu
ARP Configuration
Subnet Configuration
Protocol Configuration
Static ARP Configuration
Static Route
RIP Configuration
OSPF Configuration Menu
DHCP Relay Configuration
IGMP Snooping Configuration
Area ID Configuration
MAC Filtering Configuration
Security Mode
IP Filtering Configuration(2)
OSPF Area Range Configuration
OSPF Virtual Link Configuration
OSPF Host Route Configuration
Port Statistics
RMON Statistics
Unicast Address Table
Port Statistics
Layer 2 Address Table
Bridge Menu
Network Monitor
Menu
Spanning Tree Bridge Information
Spanning Tree Port Information
VLAN Menu
IP Multicast Registration Table(1)
IP Menu(2)
VLAN Dynamic Registration Information
VLAN Forwarding Information
Subnet Information
ARP Table
IP Multicast Registration Table
IGMP Cache
Routing Table
Multicast Table
OSPF Table
Multicast Forwarding Cache Table
DVMRP Routing Table
DVMRP Neighbor Table
System Restart
Menu
Restart Option
Interface Table
Link State Table
Neighbor Table
Exit
1. Only display when intelligent switch is set to Layer 2 mode
or the switch is management model.
Virtual Neighbor Table
2. Only display when intelligent switch is set to multilayer mode.
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2.2.Main Menu
With the system configuration program you can define system parameters, manage and
control the switch and all its ports, or monitor network conditions. The screen below of
the Main Menu and the table following it briefly describe the selections available from
this program.
Note:
Options for the currently selected item are displayed in the highlighted area at the
bottom of the interface screen.
Intelligent Layer3 Switch¹
Multilayer Mode*
Main Menu
=========
System Information Menu...
Management Setup Menu...
Device Control Menu...
Network Monitor Menu...
System Restart Menu...
Exit
Display or change system information.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
1.For Management Model, it will display “Management Switch”.
*.The operation mode is only display on intelligent switch.
Menu
Description
(Operation Mode)³
The text string in the top right corner of the screen shows if the
switch is operating as a Layer 2 switch or as a multilayer
routing switch. (See chapter 2 “setting the system operation
mode”.)
System Information Menu
System Information
Provides basic system description, including contact
information.
Switch Information
Shows hardware / firmware version numbers, power status, and
expansion modules used in the switch.
Management Setup Menu
Network Configuration Includes IP setup¹, Ping facility, and HTTP (Web agent) setup.
Serial Port
Configuration
Sets communication parameters for the serial port, including
baud rate, console timeout, and screen data refresh interval.
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SNMP Configuration
Activates authentication failure traps; configures community
access strings, and trap managers.
User Configuration
TFTP Download
Sets the user names and passwords for system access.
Downloads new version of firmware to update your system
(in-band).
Configuration File
Device Control Menu
System Mode³
Saves or restores configuration data based on the specified file.
Sets the switch to operate as a Layer 2 switch or as a multilayer
routing switch.
Layer 2 Menu
Bridge Menu
Configures port communication mode, mirror ports, port
trunking, and static addresses.
Configures GMRP and GVRP for the bridge, as well as
Spanning Tree settings for the global bridge or for specific
ports.
VLAN Menu
Configures VLAN settings for specific ports, and defines the
port membership for VLAN groups.
IGMP Snooping
Configuration¹
Configures IGMP multicast filtering.
IP Menu²
Configures the subnets for each VLAN group, global
configuration for ARP and ARP proxy, unicast and multicast
protocols, BOOTP / DHCP relay, static ARP table entries, static
routes and the default route.
Security Menu
Configures MAC and IP address filtering. And configures the
learning function and Uplink port.
Network Monitor Menu
Port Statistics
Displays statistics on port traffic, including information from the
Interfaces Group, Ethernet-like MIB, and RMON MIB.
Layer 2 Address Table Contains the unicast address table.
Bridge Menu
Displays Spanning Tree information for the overall bridge and
for specified ports.
VLAN Menu
Displays dynamic port registration information for VLANs as
well as VLAN forwarding information for static and dynamic
assignment.
IP Multicast
Registration Table¹
Displays all the multicast groups active on this switch, including
the multicast IP addresses and corresponding VLANs.
IP Menu²
Displays all the IP subnets used on this switch, as well as the
corresponding VLANs and ports. Also contains the ARP table,
routing table, multicast table, and OSPF table.
Restart System
Exit
Restarts the system with options to restore factory defaults.
Exits the configuration program.
1. Only display when intelligent switch is set to Layer 2 mode or the switch is
management model.
2. Only display when intelligent switch is set to multilayer mode.
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3. Only displayed in intelligent switch.
2.3.System Information Menu
Use the System Information Menu to display a basic description of the switch, including
contact information, and hardware / firmware versions.
System Information Menu
=======================
System Information ...
Switch Information ...
<OK>
Display System Information.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Menu
Description
System Information
Provides basic system description, including contact
information.
Switch Information
Shows hardware / firmware version numbers, power status, and
expansion modules used in the switch.
2.3.1.Displaying System Information
Use the System Information screen to display descriptive information about the switch,
or for quick system identification as shown in the following screen and table.
System Information
==================
System Description : Intelligent Switch
System Object ID
System Up Time
System Name
System Contact
System Location
: 1.3.6.1.4.1
: 580430 (0 day 1 hr 36 min 44 sec)
:
:
:
<Apply>
<OK>
<Cancel>
The name of this system.
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
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Parameter
Description
System Description
System Object ID
System hardware description.
MIB II object identifier for switch’s network management
subsystem.
System Up Time
Length of time the current management agent has been
running. (Note that the first value is in centiseconds.)
Name assigned to the switch system.
Contact person for the system.
System Name*
System Contact*
System Location*
Specifies the area or location where the system resides.
* Maximum string length is 99, but the screen only displays 45 characters. You can use
the arrow keys to browse the whole string.
2.3.2.Displaying Switch Version Information
Use the Switch Information screen to display hardware / firmware version numbers for
the main board, as well as the power status.
Switch Information
==================
Hardware Version
Firmware Version
Serial Number
Port Number
: R01
: V1.00
: 00-E8-00-34-00-00
: 26
Internal Power Status : Active
Expansion Slot 1
Expansion Slot 2
: 1GBASE-T
: 1GBASE-T
<OK>
Return to previous panel.
Use <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
Hardware Version
Firmware Version
Serial Number
Port Number
Hardware version of the main board.
System firmware version in ROM.
The serial number of the main board.
Number of ports on this switch.
Internal Power Status Shows if primary power is active or inactive.
Expansion Slot 1
Shows module type if inserted:
1GBase-SX/LX : 1000BASE-SX/LX (multimode/ single mode)
1GBase-T
: 1000BASE-T
2.4.Management Setup Menu
After initially logging on to the system, adjust the communication parameters for your
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console to ensure a reliable connection (Serial Port Configuration). Specify the IP
addresses for the switch (Network Configuration / IP Configuration), and then set the
Administrator and User passwords (User Configuration). Remember to record them in a
safe place. Also set the community string which controls access to the onboard SNMP
agent via in-band management software (SNMP Configuration). The items provided by
the Management Setup Menu are described in the following sections.
Management Setup Menu
=====================
Network Configuration ...
Serial Port Configuration ...
SNMP Configuration ...
User Configuration ...
TFTP Download ...
Configuration File
<OK>
Display or change network configuration.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Menu
Description
Network
Includes IP setup, Ping facility, and HTTP setup for the onboard
Web agent.
Sets communication parameters for the serial port, including
baud rate, console timeout, and screen data refresh interval.
Configuration
Serial Port
Configuration
SNMP Configuration Activates authentication failure traps and configures communities
and trap managers.
User Configuration
TFTP Download
Sets the user names and passwords for system access.
Downloads new version of firmware to update your system
(in-band).
Configuration File
Saves or restores configuration data based on the specified file.
2.4.1.Changing the Network Configuration
Use the Network Configuration menu to set the bootup option, configure the switch’s
Internet Protocol (IP) parameters, or enable the onboard Web agent. The screen shown
below is described in the following table.
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Network Configuration
=====================
IP Configuration ...
IP Connectivity Test (Ping) ...
HTTP Configuration ...
<OK>
Display or change the IP configuration.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
IP Configuration*
Screen used to set the bootup option, or configure the
switch’s IP parameters.
IP Connectivity Test (Ping) Screen used to test IP connectivity to a specified device.
HTTP Configuration Screen used to enable the Web agent.
* This menu does not appear if the switch is set to multilayer mode. In this case, you
need to configure an IP interface for each VLAN that needs to connect to any device
outside of its own VLAN group. (See “Subnet Configuration” on chapter 2.)
2.4.1.1.IP Configuration (Layer 2 Mode)
Use the IP Configuration screen to set the bootup option, or configure the switch’s IP
parameters. The screen shown below is described in the following table.
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IP Configuration
================
Interface Type : Ethernet
IP Address : 192.168.1.254
Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0
Gateway IP : 0.0.0.0
IP State : USER-CONFIG
Mgt. Access : All
VLANs
<Apply>
<OK>
<Cancel>
IP address of this system for Ethernet.
|
READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
Interface Type
IP Address
Description
Indicates IP over Ethernet.
IP address of the switch you are managing. The system supports
SNMP over UDP / IP transport protocol. In this environment, all
systems on the Internet such as network interconnection devices
and any PC accessing the agent module (or running network
management software) must have an IP address.
Valid IP addresses consist of four numbers, 0 to 255, separated by
periods. Anything outside this format will not be accepted by the
configuration program.
Subnet Mask
Subnet mask of the switch. This mask identifies the host address
bits used for routing to specific subnets.
Default Gateway
Gateway used to pass trap messages from the system’s agent to
the management station. Note that the gateway must be defined
(when operating at Layer 2) if the management station is located in
a different IP segment.
IP State
Specifies whether IP functionality is enabled via manual
configuration, or set by Boot Protocol (BOOTP). Options include:
USER-CONFIG IP functionality is enabled based on the default
or user specified IP Configuration.
(This is the default setting.)
BOOTP Get IP IP is enabled but will not function until a BOOTP
reply has been received. BOOTP requests will
be broadcast periodically by the switch in an
effort to learn its IP address.
(BOOTP values can include the IP address,
default gateway, and subnet mask.)
Mgt. Access
Allows management access of the switch from all VLANs or only
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from a specified VLAN. If you select “Mgmt VLAN,” then select
Apply to display the VLAN ID field, select the required VLAN, and
then select Apply or OK to save your changes.
2.4.1.2.IP Connectivity Test (Ping)
Use the IP Connectivity Test to see if another site on the Internet can be reached. The
screen shown below is described in the following table.
Network Configuration: IP Connectivity Test (Ping)
=====================
IP Address : 0.0.0.0
Test Times : 0
Success : 0
Failure : 0
[Start]
IP address to test.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move, other keys to make changes.
<CANCEL>
| READ/WRITE
Parameter
Description
IP Address
Test Times
IP address of the site you want to ping.
The number of ICMP echo requests to send to the specified site.
Range: 1~1000
Success / Failure The number of times the specified site has responded (or not) to
pinging.
Note:
The switch waits up to 10 seconds for a response to each ping.
2.4.1.3.HTTP Configuration
Use the HTTP Configuration screen to enable / disable the onboard Web agent.
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Network Configuration: HTTP Configuration
=====================
HTTP Server
: ENABLED
<Apply>
<OK>
<Cancel>
Administrative status of the HTTP server. | READ/SELECT
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move, <Space> to scroll options.
Note:
Port 80 is used for HTTP service.
2.4.2.Configuring the Serial Port
You can access the onboard configuration program by attaching a VT100 compatible
device to the switch’s serial port. (For more information on connecting to this port, see
“Required Connections” on chapter 1.) The communication parameters for this port can
be accessed from the Serial Port Configuration screen shown below and described in
the following table.
Serial Port Configuration
=========================
Management Mode
: CONSOLE MODE
Baud rate
Data bits
: 19200
: 8
Stop bits
: 1
Parity
Time-Out (in minutes)
: NONE
: 0
Auto Refresh (in seconds) : 10
<Apply>
<OK>
<Cancel>
The connection mode of the serial port.
|
READ/SELECT
Use <TAB> or arrow keysto move, <Space>to scroll options.
Parameter Default
Management Console
Mode Mode
Description
Indicates that the port settings are for direct console
connection.
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Baud Rate 19200
The rate at which data is sent between devices.
Options : 9600, 19200 and 38400 baud.
Sets the data bits of the RS-232 port.
Options : 7, 8
Sets the stop bits of the RS-232 port.
Options : 1, 2
Data Bits
Stop Bits
Parity
8 bits
1 bit
None
Sets the parity of the RS-232 port.
Options : none, odd, even
Timeout
0 minutes If no input is received from the attached device after this
interval, the current session is automatically closed.
Range : 0 - 100 minutes; where 0 indicates disabled
Auto Refresh 10 second Sets the interval before a console session will auto-refresh the
console information, such as Spanning Tree Information, Port
Configuration, Port Statistics, and RMON Statistics.
Range : 0-255 seconds; where 0 indicates disabled
2.4.3.Assigning SNMP Parameters
Use the SNMP Configuration screen to display and modify parameters for the Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMP). The switch includes an onboard SNMP agent
which monitors the status of its hardware, as well as the traffic passing through its ports.
A computer attached to the network, called a Network Management Station (NMS), can
be used to access this information. Access rights to the onboard agent are controlled by
community strings. To communicate with the switch, the NMS must first submit a valid
community string for authentication. The options for configuring community strings and
related trap functions are described in the following sections.
SNMP Configuration
==================
Send Authentication Fail Traps : ENABLED
SNMP Communities ...
IP Trap Manager ...
<OK>
Send a trap or not when SNMP authentication fails.
READ/SELECT
|
Use <TAB> or arrow keysto move, <Space>to scroll options.
Parameter
Description
Send Authentication Issue a trap message to specified IP trap managers whenever
Fail Traps authentication of an SNMP request fails. (The default is enabled.)
SNMP Communities Assigns SNMP access based on specified strings.
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IP Trap Managers
Specifies management stations that will receive authentication
failure messages or other trap messages from the switch.
2.4.3.1.Configuring Community Names
The following figure and table describe how to configure the community strings
authorized for management access. Up to 5 community names may be entered.
SNMP Configuration: SNMP Communities
==================
Community Name
1. public
2. private
Access
Status
READ/WRITE ENABLED
READ ONLY
ENABLED
3.
4.
5.
<Apply>
<OK>
<Cancel>
|
The community name of entry 1.
READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
Description
Community Name A community entry authorized for management access.
Maximum string length: 19 characters
Access
Status
Management access is restricted to Read Only or Read / Write.
Sets administrative status of entry to enabled or disabled.
Note: The default community strings are displayed on the screen.
2.4.3.2.Configuring IP Trap Managers
The following figure and table describe how to specify management stations that will
receive authentication failure messages or other trap messages from the switch. Up to 5
trap managers may be entered.
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SNMP Configuration: IP Trap Manager
==================
IP Address
Community Name
Status
ENABLED
1. 192.168.1.254 public
2. 0.0.0.0
3. 0.0.0.0
4. 0.0.0.0
5. 0.0.0.0
<Apply>
<OK>
<Cancel>
The IP address of entry 1.
|
READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
Description
IP Address
IP address of the trap manager.
Community Name A community specified for trap management access.
Status Sets administrative status of selected entry to enabled or disabled.
2.4.4.User Log-in Configuration
Use the User Configuration menu to restrict management access based on specified
user names and passwords. There are two user types, Administrator and Guest. Only
the Administrator has write access for parameters governing the SNMP agent. You
should therefore assign a user name and password to the Administrator as soon as
possible, and store it in a safe place. The parameters shown on this screen are
indicated in the following figure and table.
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User Configuration
==================
User Name
Access Right Console Telnet
HTTP
guest
admin
GUEST
ADMIN
DISABLED DISABLED
ENABLED ENABLED
ENABLED
ENABLED
<Add>
<OK>
Return to previous panel.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
User Name
Specifies a user authorized management access to the switch via
the console, Telnet or HTTP.
Access Right
ADMIN: Read / Write for all screens.
GUEST: Read Only for all screens.
Console
Telnet
HTTP
Authorizes management via the console.
Authorizes management via Telnet.
Authorizes management via HTTP (i.e., a Web browser).
To add a new user, select <Add>. When you add a user, the following screen displays.
User Configuration: Add User
============================
User Name
Password
:
:
Access Right : GUEST
Console Access : DISABLED
Telnet Access : DISABLED
HTTP Access
: ENABLED
<OK>
User name.
<Cancel>
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
Description
User Name*
Specifies a user authorized management access to the switch via
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the console, Telnet or HTTP.
Password*
Access Right
Password associated with this entry.
ADMIN: Read / Write for all screens.
GUEST: Read Only for all screens.
Console Access
Telnet Access
HTTP Access
Authorizes management via the console.
Authorizes management via Telnet.
Authorizes management via HTTP (i.e., a Web browser).
*These entries can consist of up to 15 alphanumeric characters and are not case
sensitive.
2.4.5.Downloading System Software
Use the TFTP Download menu to load software updates to permanent flash ROM in the
switch. The download file should be a correct binary file for the switch; otherwise the
agent will not accept it. The success of the download operation depends on the
accessibility of the TFTP server and the quality of the network connection. After
downloading the new software, the agent will automatically restart itself. Parameters
shown on this screen are indicated in the following figure and table.
TFTP Download
=============
Download Server IP : 0.0.0.0
Download Filename :
Download Option : Runtime Code
<Apply>
<OK>
<Cancel>
IP address of the TFTP server.
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
Description
Download Server IP
Download Filename
Download Option
IP address of a TFTP server.
The binary file to download.
Runtime Code
Post Code
Note:
You can also download firmware using the Web agent (see ”Downloading system
software” on chapter 3) or by a direct console connection after a restart (see
“Upgrading Firmware via the Serial Port”on Appendix A).
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2.4.6.Saving or Restoring the System Configuration
Use the Configuration File menu to save the switch configuration settings to a file on a
TFTP client. The file can be later downloaded to the switch to restore the switch’s
settings. The success of the operation depends on the accessibility of the TFTP client
and the quality of the network connection. Parameters shown on this screen are
indicated in the following figure and table.
Configuration File
======================
Station IP :0.0.0.0
Operation :Download from switch
<START>
IP address ofthe TFTPclient.
<Cancel>
|
READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter Description
Station IP IP address of a PC running TFTP client software.
Operation Download from switch – Downloads the current switch configuration to a file
on the client PC.
Upload to switch – Uploads a configuration file to the switch from the client
PC.
Note:
Saving and restoring switch configuration settings can then be initiated by using
any TFTP client utility, such as the command line utility included in Windows NT.
For example, using Windows NT, from a DOS window command prompt, enter
the TFTP command in the form:
TFTP [-i] host [GET : PUT] source [destination]
To transfer a file –
Switch: Specify the IP address of the TFTP client, and select “Download from
switch” or “Upload from Switch.”
TFTP Client: Set the mode to <binary>, specify the IP address of the target switch
and the directory path / name of the file to transfer.
Switch: Select <START> from the Configuration File menu.
TFTP Client: Start transferring the configuration file from the TFTP client or the
switch, and wait until the transfer completes.
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2.5.Device Control Menu
The Device Control menu is used to control a broad range of functions, including port
mode, port mirroring, port trunking, Spanning Tree, Virtual LANs, IP subnets, multicast
filtering, and routing protocols. Each of the setup screens provided by these
configuration menus is described in the following sections.
Device Control Menu
===================
System Mode ...
Layer 2 Menu ...
Bridge Menu ...
VLAN Menu ...
IGMP Snooping Configuration ...
IP Menu ...
Security Menu ...
<OK>
Change system operation mode.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Menu
Description
System Mode³
Sets the switch to operate as a Layer 2 switch or as a multilayer
routing switch.
Layer 2
Menu Configures port communication mode, mirror ports, and port
trunking.
Bridge Menu
Configures the Spanning Tree Protocol for the bridge or for specific
ports, GMRP and GVRP for automatic registration of multicast and
VLAN groups, traffic class priority threshold, and address aging time.
Configures VLAN settings for specific ports, and defines the port
membership for VLAN groups.
VLAN Menu
IGMP Snooping Configures IGMP multicast filtering.
Configuration¹
IP Menu²
Configures the subnets for each VLAN group, global configuration
for ARP and Proxy ARP, unicast and multicast protocols, static ARP
table entries, static routes and the default route.
Configures MAC and IP²address filtering and set the autolearn
function.
Security Menu
1. Only display when intelligent switch is set to Layer 2 mode or the switch is
management model.
2. Only display when intelligent switch is set to multilayer mode. (Note that this menu
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includes IGMP Snooping Configuration.)
3. Only displayed in intelligent switch.
2.5.1.Setting the System Operation Mode
This switch can be set to operate as a Layer 2 switch, making all filtering and forwarding
decisions based strictly on MAC addresses. Or, it can be set to operate as a multilayer
routing switch, whereby it switches packets for all non-IP protocols (such as NetBUEI,
NetWare or AppleTalk) based on MAC addresses (see “Virtual LANs” on chapter 4), and
routes all IP packets based on the specified routing protocol. The System Mode menu is
shown below. Note that the switch will be automatically rebooted whenever the system
operation mode is changed.
System Mode
===========
Layer 2
Multilayer
<OK>
Multilayer operation.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter Description
Layer 2
Filtering and forwarding decision will be based on MAC addresses for all
protocol traffic.
Multilayer
Switching based on MAC addresses will be used for all non-IP protocol
traffic, and routing will be used for all IP protocol traffic.
Note:
When the switch is set to multilayer mode, the IP menus are enabled, and the “IP
Configuration (Layer 2 Mode)” menu on chapter 2 is disabled. When operating in
multilayer mode, you should configure an IP interface for each VLAN that needs
to communicate with any device outside of the VLAN. (See “Subnet
Configuration” on chapter 2.)
2.5.2.Layer 2 Menu
The Layer 2 menu contains options for port configuration, port mirroring, port trunking,
static unicast address configuration and static multicast address configuration. These
menu options are described in the following sections.
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Layer 2 Menu
============
Port Configuration ...
Mirror Port Configuration ...
Port Trunking Configuration ...
Static Unicast Address Configuration ...
Static Multicast Address Configuration ...
<OK>
Change the system port configuration.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Menu
Description
Port Configuration
Enables any port, enables / disables flow control, and
sets communication mode to auto-negotiation, full
duplex or half duplex.
Mirror Port Configuration
Port Trunking Configuration
Static Unicast Address Table
Sets the source and target ports for mirroring.
Specifies ports to group into aggregate trunks.
Used to manually configure host MAC addresses in the
unicast table.
Static Multicast Address Table Used to manually configure host MAC addresses in the
multicast table.
2.5.2.1.Configuring Port Parameters
Use the Port Configuration menu to display or set communication parameters for any
port or module on the switch, including administrative status, auto-negotiation, default
communication speed and duplex mode, as well as flow control in use.
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Layer 2 Menu: Port Configuration (Port 1-12)
============
Port Link
Admin Auto
Default
Current
Type
Flow
Jack
Status Status Negotiate Type
Control Type
-----------------------------------------------------------------
----------
1 Off
2 Off
ENABLED ENABLED 10HDX
RJ-45
10HDX
10HDX
10HDX
10HDX
10HDX
10HDX
10HDX
10HDX
Off
Off
Off
Off
Off
Off
Off
Off
ENABLED ENABLED 10HDX
RJ-45
3 Off
RJ-45
4 Off
RJ-45
5 Off
RJ-45
6 Off
RJ-45
7 Off
RJ-45
8 Off
RJ-45
9 On
ENABLED ENABLED 10HDX
ENABLED ENABLED 10HDX
ENABLED ENABLED 10HDX
ENABLED ENABLED 10HDX
ENABLED ENABLED 10HDX
ENABLED ENABLED 10HDX
ENABLED ENABLED 10HDX
ENABLED ENABLED 10HDX
ENABLED ENABLED 10HDX
ENABLED DISABLED 100FDX
100TX-FDX Off
RJ-45
10 Off
RJ-45
10HDX
10HDX
Off
Off
11 Off
RJ-45
12 On
FIBER
100FX-FDX Off
<Apply>
<OK>
<Cancel> <Prev Page> <Next
Page>
Administrative status for port 1.
|
READ/SELECT
Use <TAB> or arrow keysto move, <Space>to scroll options.
Parameter
Default Description
Link Status
Indicates if the port has a valid connection to an external
device.
Admin Status Enabled Allows you to disable a port due to abnormal behavior (e.g.,
excessive collisions), and then enable it after the problem has
been resolved. You may also disable a port for security
reasons.
Auto Negotiate Enabled Enables or disables auto-negotiation for the following features
(except Port Type
Speed
Duplex Mode Flow Control
100FX) 10/100BASE-T auto
100BASE-FX 100M-
auto
full duplex
auto
auto
1000BASE-SX/
LX
1000M
full duplex
auto
1000BASE-T
1000M
full duplex
auto
The 10/100BASE-TX ports can auto negotiate the speed to
10/100 Mbps, and the transmission mode to half / full duplex.
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The 100BASE-FX, 1000BASE-SX/LX and 1000BASE-T
modules are all fixed at the indicated speed and duplex mode.
All media types can auto-negotiate flow control.
Default Type 10HDX If auto-negotiation is disabled, the port will be set to the
(except indicated speed and duplex mode.
100FX)
Current Type
Indicates the current speed and duplex mode.
Flow Control Off
Used to enable or disable flow control. Flow control can
eliminate frame loss by blocking traffic from end stations or
segments connected directly to the switch when its buffers fill.
When enabled, back pressure is used for half duplex and
IEEE 802.3x for full duplex. Note that flow control should not
be used if a port is connected to a hub. For the Gigabit
modules the options for flow control are set out below:
Switch
Link Partner Flow Control
Rcv/BothWay SendOnly
Switch can only receive pause
frames, link partner can only
send pause frames.
Rcv/BothWay BothWay
Both switch and link partner can
send and receive pause frames.
Jack Type
Shows the jack type for each port.
Ports 1-11, 13-23: RJ-45.
Ports 12, 24: either RJ-45 or FIBER.
Ports 25-26: RJ-45, FIBER
The gigabit ports (25 and 26) are optional. They are provided as slide-in module. Each
port can be empty (unplugged), copper (type 1GBaseT), or fiber (type 1GSX/LX). The
user can change the gigabit modules after the switch is off. The Switch will automatically
detect the changes and update the information as soon as the power is up again. Note
that the speed of the gigabit module is fixed at 1G.
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Layer 2 Menu: Port Configuration (Expansion Slots)
============
Port Link
Admin Auto
Current
Flow
FC
Jack
Type
Status Status Negotiate Type
Control Status
-----------------------------------------------------------------
----------
25 Off
FIBER
ENABLED ENABLED 1GSX/LX-FDX Off
ENABLED ENABLED 1GSX/LX-FDX Off
Off
Off
26 Off
FIBER
<Apply>
<OK>
<Cancel> <Prev Page> <Next
Page>
Administrative status for port 25.
|
READ/SELECT
Use <TAB> or arrow keysto move, <Space>to scroll options.
2.5.2.2.Using a Mirror Port for Analysis
You can mirror traffic from any source port to a target port for real-time analysis. You
can then attach a logic analyzer or RMON probe to the target port and study the traffic
crossing the source port in a completely unobtrusive manner. When mirroring port traffic,
note that the target port must be included in the same VLAN as the source port. (See
“Configuring Virtual LANs” on chapter 2.)
You can use the Port Mirror Configuration screen to mirror one or more ports to the
monitor port as shown below.
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Layer 2 Menu: Mirror Port Configuration
============
Port Mirroring : DISABLED
Transmission Path
Mirrored Ports
Tx:7 8 9
Rx:8 9 12 23
Monitor Port Tx : 5
Monitor Port Rx : 6
<Apply>
<OK>
<Add>
Enable or disable port mirror function.
|
READ/SELECT
Use <TAB> or arrow keysto move, <Space>to scroll options.
Parameter
Description
Enable Port Mirror Enables or disables the mirror function.
Mirrored Ports
(Tx/Rx)
The port whose transmitted or received traffic will be mirrored.
Select <Add> to specify mirrored ports.
Monitor Port
(Tx/Rx)
The port that will duplicate the transmitted or received traffic
appearing on the mirrored port.
Note:
You can mirror multiple ports to a single port to view traffic such as that crossing a
port trunk. However, note that some packets may be dropped for moderate to
heavy loading.
2.5.2.3.Configuring Port Trunks
Ports can be combined into an aggregate link to increase the bandwidth of a network
connection or to ensure fault recovery. You can configure trunks between any two
switches. Ports 1-24 on this switch can be grouped into a trunk consisting of two, four or
eight ports, creating an aggregate bandwidth up to 400, 800 or 1600 Mbps when
operating at full duplex. Ports 25-26 (extender module ports) can be trunked together
creating an aggregate bandwidth up to 2 Gps (see chapter 2 “Configuring STA for
Ports”). The ports that can be assigned to the same trunk are listed on chapter 2
“Configuring Global Bridge Settings”. Besides balancing the load across each port in the
trunk, the additional ports provide redundancy by taking over the load if another port in
the trunk fails. However, before making any physical connections between devices, use
the Port Trunking Configuration menu to specify the trunk on the devices at both ends.
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When using a port trunk, remember that:
•
•
•
Ports can only be assigned to one trunk.
The ports at both ends of a connection must be configured as trunk ports.
The ports at both ends of a trunk must be configured in an identical manner,
including communication mode, and VLAN assignments.
All the ports in a trunk have to be treated as a whole when moved from / to, added or
deleted from a VLAN.
•
•
•
The Spanning Tree Algorithm will treat all the ports in a trunk as a whole.
Enable the trunk prior to connecting any cable between the switches to avoid
creating a loop.
You can use the Port Trunking Configuration screen to set up port trunks as shown
below:
Layer 2 Menu: Port Trunking Configuration
============
Index Port Count Port Number
Trunk1 2
Trunk2 4
13 01
19 07 20 08
<OK>
Add Link Aggregation.
<Add>
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
Trunk#
The trunk identifier.
Port Count
Port Number
Trunks can contain 2, 4 or 8 ports.
The ports assigned to each trunk.
The port groups permitted include:
<<13, 1>> <<14, 2>> <<15, 3>> <<16, 4>>
<<17, 5>> <<18, 6>> <<19, 7>> <<20, 8>>
<<21, 9>> <<22,10>> <<23,11>> <<24,12>>
<<13, 1, 14, 2>> <<15, 3, 16, 4>>
<<17, 5, 18, 6>> <<19, 7, 20, 8>>
<<21, 9, 22, 10>> <<23, 11, 24, 12>>
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<<13, 1, 14, 2, 15, 3, 16, 4>>
<<17, 5, 18, 6, 19, 7, 20, 8>>
<<21, 9, 22, 10, 23, 11, 24, 12>>
<<25, 26>>
Note:
For the extender modules (ports 25, 26), the possible port trunking combinations
are set out below:
Extender Module
1000BASE-SX/LX, 1000BASE-T Can be trunked together, irrespective of media.
To add a trunk, select <Add>. To delete a trunk, highlight the required entry and select
Enter. Before disconnecting a port trunk, take the following steps:
•
Before removing a port trunk via the configuration menu, you must disable all the
ports in the trunk or remove all the network cables. Otherwise, a loop may be
created.
•
To disable a single link within a port trunk, you should first remove the network cable,
and then disable both ends of the link via the configuration menu. This allows the
traffic passing across that link to be automatically distributed to the other links in the
trunk, without losing any significant amount of traffic.
2.5.2.4.Configuring the Static Unicast Address Table
The Static Unicast Address Table can be used to assign the MAC address for a host
device to a specific port on this switch. Static unicast addresses are never aged out, and
cannot be learned on another port. If any packets with a source address specified in this
table enter another port, they will be dropped. The Static Unicast Address Table is
described in the following figure and table.
Layer 2 Menu: Static Address Table
============
Address
Port
Address
Port
00-80-AD-84-0A-A0 10
Page 1 <Apply>
<OK> <Next Page>
Total 1
<Prev Page>
Pages
<Add>
Return to previous panel.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
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Address
Port
The MAC address of a host device attached to this switch.
The switch port to which the host device is attached.
Note:
To assign a MAC address to a specific port, use <Add>. To delete or modify an
address, highlight it with the cursor and select Enter.
To scroll through the address table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page>
buttons. To display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and
then select <Apply>.
2.5.2.5.Configuring the Static Multicast Address Table
The Static Multicast Address Table can be used to assign a destination MAC address
(and the corresponding ports) to the VLAN group used for a specific multicast service.
Static multicast addresses are never aged out, and traffic with these addresses can be
forwarded only to ports specified in this table.
Layer 2 Menu: Multicast Address Table
============
Port
1
2
VLAN Address
12345678901234567890123456
2 01-80-AD-84-0A-A0 MMMMMMM
Page 1 <Apply>
Total 1 Pages
<Prev Page> <Add>
Return to previous panel.
<OK>
<Next Page>
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
VLAN
Address
Port
Description
The VLAN corresponding to this multicast service.
The destination MAC address for a multicast service.
The ports to which this multicast traffic can be forwarded.
Note:
To assign a destination MAC address to one or more ports, use <Add>. To delete
or modify an address, highlight it with the cursor and select Enter.
To scroll through the address table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page>
buttons. To display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and
then select <Apply>.
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2.5.3.Using the Bridge Menu
The Bridge menu is used to configure settings for the Spanning Tree Algorithm, as well
as the global bridge settings for GMRP (GARP Multicast Registration Protocol) and
GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol), traffic class priority threshold, and address
aging time.
The Spanning Tree Algorithm can be used to detect and disable network loops, and to
provide backup links between switches, bridges or routers. This allows the switch to
interact with other bridging devices (that is, an STA-compliant switch, bridge or router) in
your network to ensure that only one route exists between any two stations on the
network, and provide backup links which automatically take over when a primary link
goes down. For a more detailed description of how to use this algorithm, refer to
“Spanning Tree Algorithm” on chapter 4.
Bridge Menu
===========
Bridge Configuration ...
Spanning Tree Port Configuration ...
<OK>
Change the bridge configuration.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Menu
Description
Bridge
Configuration
Contains global bridge settings for STA (including bridge priority,
hello time, forward delay, maximum message age), GMRP, GVRP,
traffic class priority threshold, and address aging time.
Spanning Tree Port Contains STA settings for individual ports, including port priority,
Configuration path cost, and fast forwarding
2.5.3.1.Configuring Global Bridge Settings
The following figure and table describe bridge configuration for STA, GMRP, GVRP,
priority threshold, and address aging time.
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Bridge Menu: Bridge Configuration
===========
Spanning Tree
GMRP
: ENABLED
: DISABLED
Bridge Priority
GVRP
: 32768
: DISABLED
Hello Time (in seconds)
Threshold : 4
: 2
Priority
Forward Delay (in seconds) : 15
300
Aging Time (in seconds) :
Max age (in seconds)
: 20
<Apply>
<OK>
<Cancel>
The status of the spanning tree.
|
READ/SELECT
Use <TAB> or arrow keysto move, <Space>to scroll options.
Parameter Default Description
Spanning
Tree
Enabled Enable this parameter to participate in a STA compliant
network.
Bridge
Priority
32,768 Bridge priority is used in selecting the root device, root port, and
designated port. The device with the highest priority becomes
the STA root device. However, if all devices have the same
priority, the device with the lowest MAC address will then
become the root device.
Enter a value from 0 - 65535.
Remember that the lower the numeric value, the higher the
priority.
Hello Time
2
Time interval (in seconds) at which the root device transmits a
configuration message.
The minimum value is 1.
The maximum value is the lower of 10 or [(Max. Message Age /
2) -1].
Forward
Delay
15
The maximum time (in seconds) the root device will wait before
changing states (i.e., listening to learning to forwarding). This
delay is required because every device must receive
information about topology changes before it starts to forward
frames. In addition, each port needs time to listen for conflicting
information that would make it return to a blocking state;
otherwise, temporary data loops might result.
The maximum value is 30.
The minimum value is the higher of 4 or [(Max. Message Age /
2) + 1].
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Max
(Message)
Age
20
The maximum time (in seconds) a device can wait without
receiving a configuration message before attempting to
reconfigure. All device ports (except for designated ports)
should receive configuration messages at regular intervals. Any
port that ages out STA information (provided in the last
configuration message) becomes the designated port for the
attached LAN. If it is a root port, a new root port is selected
from among the device ports attached to the network.
The minimum value is the higher of 6 or [2 x (Hello Time + 1)].
The maximum value is the lower of 40 or [2 x (Forward Delay -
1)].
GMRP
Disabled GARP Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP) allows network
devices to register endstations with multicast groups.
If GMRP is globally enabled for the switch, then you can
individually enable or disable GMRP for a specific port. See
“VLAN Port Configuration” on chapter 2.
IGMP and IGMP Snooping also provide multicast filtering. For
multilayer mode, the full IGMP protocol set is automatically
enabled / disabled along with DVMRP. (See “IGMP Protocol”
on chapter 4, “Configuring DVMRP” on chapter 2 and
“Configuring IGMP Snooping” on chapter 2.)
GVRP
Disabled GARP VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP) defines a way for
switches to exchange VLAN information in order to register
VLAN members on ports across the network. This function
should be enabled to permit automatic VLAN registration, and
to support VLANs which extend beyond the local switch.
If GVRP is globally enabled for the switch, then you can
individually enable or disable GVRP for a specific port. See
“VLAN Port Configuration” on chapter 2.
Priority
Threshold*
4
This switch supports Quality of Service (QoS) by using two
priority queues, with Weighted Fair Queuing for each port. Up
to 8 separate traffic classes are defined in IEEE 802.1p.
Therefore, any packets with a priority equal to or higher than
this threshold are placed in the high priority queue.
Timeout period in seconds for aging out dynamically learned
forwarding information.
(Address)
Aging Time
300
Range: 10 - 415 seconds
* You can use “VLAN Port Configuration” on chapter 2 to configure the default priority
for each port.
2.5.3.2.Configuring STA for Ports
The following figure and table describe port STA configuration.
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Spanning Tree Port Configuration (Port 1-12)
================================
Port
Type
Priority Cost
FastForwarding
------------------------------------------------
-------
1
2
100TX
100TX
100TX
100TX
100TX
100TX
100TX
100TX
100TX
100TX
100TX
100TX
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
<Apply>
<OK>
<Next Page>
The priority of port 1.
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
<Cancel>
<Prev Page>
Parameter Default Description
Type
Shows port type as:
100TX
100FX
: 10BASE-T / 100BASE-TX
: 100BASE-FX
1000SX/LX : 1000BASE-SX/LX (multimode/ single mode)
1000T : 1000BASE-T
Priority
128
Defines the priority for the use of a port in the STA algorithm. If
the path cost for all ports on a switch are the same, the port
with the highest priority (that is, lowest value) will be configured
as an active link in the Spanning Tree. Where more than one
port is assigned the highest priority, the port with lowest
numeric identifier will be enabled. The range is 0 - 255.
(Path) Cost 100/19/4 This parameter is used by the STA algorithm to determine the
best path between devices. Therefore, lower values should be
assigned to ports attached to faster media, and higher values
assigned to ports with slower media.
(Path cost takes precedence over port priority.)
The default and recommended range is:
Ethernet:
Fast Ethernet:
Gigabit Ethernet:
100 (50~600)
19 (10~60)
4 (3~10)
The full range is 0 - 65535.
Fast
Disabled This parameter is used to enable / disabled the Fast Spanning
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Forwarding*
Tree mode for the selected port. In this mode, ports skip the
Blocked, Listening and Learning states and proceed straight to
Forwarding.
* Since end-nodes cannot cause forwarding loops, they can be passed through the
Spanning Tree state changes more quickly than allowed by standard convergence time.
Fast Forwarding can achieve quicker convergence for end-node workstations and
servers, and also overcome other STA related timeout problems. (Remember that Fast
Forwarding should only be enabled for ports connected to an end-node device.)
2.5.4.Configuring Virtual LANs
You can use the VLAN configuration menu to assign any port on the switch to any of up
to 256 Virtual LAN groups. In conventional networks with routers, broadcast traffic is
split up into separate domains. Switches do not inherently support broadcast domains.
This can lead to broadcast storms in large networks that handle traffic such as IPX or
NetBEUI. By using IEEE 802.1Q-compliant VLANs, you can organize any group of
network nodes into separate broadcast domains, thus confining broadcast traffic to the
originating group. This also provides a more secure and cleaner network environment.
For more information on how to use VLANs, see “Virtual LANs” on chapter 4. The VLAN
configuration screens are described in the following sections.
VLAN Menu
=========
VLAN Port Configuration ...
VLAN Table Configuration ...
<OK>
Change the port VLAN configuration.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
2.5.4.1.VLAN Port Configuration
You can use the VLAN Port Configuration screen to configure GARP, the default VLAN
identifier, default port priority, VLAN tagging on outgoing frames, GVRP and GMRP
status, and filtering of incoming frames for VLAN groups to which this port does not
belong.
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VLAN Menu: VLAN Port Configuration
=========
GARP Configuration
Join Time
Leave Time
20 Centiseconds
60 Centiseconds
Leave All Time 1000 Centiseconds
VLAN and Priority
Port VID
1
Port Default Priority 0
VLAN Tagging
GVRP
GMRP
Rx All, Tx All
ENABLED
ENABLED
DISABLED
Ingress Filtering
Port 1 <Apply> <OK> <Cancel> <Prev Port>
<Next
Port>
The join time for the port.
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter Default
Description
GARP¹
Group Address Registration Protocol is used by GVRP and
GMRP to register or deregister client attributes for client
services within a bridged LAN.
Join Time 20
The interval (centiseconds) between transmitting requests /
queries to participate in a group.
Leave
Time
60
The interval (centiseconds) a port waits before leaving a group.
This time should be set to more than twice the Join Time. This
ensures that after a Leave or LeaveAll message has been
issued, the applicants can re-join before the port actually leaves
the group.
Leave All 1000
Time
The interval (centiseconds) between sending out a LeaveAll
query message for group participants and the port leaving the
group.
This interval should be considerably larger than the Leave Time
to minimize the amount of traffic generated by nodes rejoining
the group.
VLAN and
Priority
These fields set the default values for VLANs, port priority,
GVRP and GMRP.
Port VID
1
The VLAN ID assigned to untagged frames received on this
port.
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Port
Default
Priority²
0
Set the default ingress priority to any value beneath the priority
threshold (chapter 2 “Configuring Global Bridge Setting”) to
specify the low priority queue, or to any value equal to or above
this threshold to specify the high priority queue.
VLAN
Layer 2 - Indicates whether or not VLAN tags will be included on frames
Tagging³
Rx All,
Tx All
passing through this port. The options include:
Rx All: Accepts all frames, tagged or untagged.
Rx Untag: Only accepts untagged frames.
Multilayer - Tx All:
Rx All,
Tx Untag Tx Untag:
If PVID and frame tag are same, sends tagged
frame, otherwise sends untagged.
Sends only untagged frames.
1. The default values for the GARP timers are independent of the media access
method or data rate. These values should not be changed unless you are
experiencing difficulties with GMRP or GVRP registration / deregistration.
2. This switch supports Quality of Service (QoS) by using two priority queues, with
Weighted Fair Queuing for each port. Inbound frames that do not have VLAN tags
are tagged with the input port’s default ingress user priority, and then placed in the
appropriate priority queue at the output port. The default priority for all ingress ports
is zero. Therefore, any inbound frames that do not have priority tags will be placed in
the low priority queue of the output port. (Note that if the output port is an untagged
member of the associated VLAN, these frames are stripped of all VLAN tags prior to
transmission.)
3. If you want to create a small port-based VLAN for just one or two switches, you can
assign ports to the same untagged VLAN (and use a separate connection where a
VLAN crosses the switches). However, to participate in a VLAN group that extends
beyond this switch, we recommend using the VLAN ID for that group, (by VLAN
tagging for Layer 2 mode, or a common PVID for multilayer mode).
When operating the switch in Layer 2 mode, ports assigned to a large VLAN group
that crosses several switches must use VLAN tagging. But when operating in
multilayer mode, this switch does not currently support tagging, so you should set
the PVID to the same value at both ends of the link (if the device you are attaching
to is VLAN-aware), and configure an IP interface for this VLAN if you need to
connect it to other groups. (This limitation will be removed for future firmware
versions.)
Parameter Default Description
GVRP
Enabled Enables or disables GVRP for this port. When disabled, any
GVRP packets received on this port will be discarded and no
GVRP registrations will be propagated from other ports.
Note that GVRP must be enabled globally for the switch before
this setting can take effect. (See “Configuring Global Bridge
Settings” on chapter 2.)
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GMRP
Enabled Enables or disables GMRP for this port. When enabled, this port
will allow endstations to register with multicast groups using
GMRP.
Note that GMRP must be enabled for the switch before this
setting can take effect (chapter 2 “Configuring Global Bridge
Settings”).
IGMP and IGMP Snooping also provide multicast filtering. (See
“IGMP Protocol” on chapter 4.)
Ingress
Disabled If enabled, incoming frames for VLANs which do not include this
ingress port in their member set will be discarded at the ingress
port.
Filtering4
4. This control does not affect VLAN independent BPDU frames, such as GVRP or STP.
However, they do affect VLAN dependent BPDU frames, such as GMRP.
2.5.4.2.VLAN Table Configuration
Use this screen to create a new VLAN or modify the settings for an existing VLAN.
VLAN Menu: VLAN Table Configuration
=========
Port
1
2
VLAN
1
12345678901234567890123456
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
-:
S:
R:
X:
Normal
Static
Reg. Fixed
Forbidden
Page : 1 <Apply>
<OK> <Prev Page>
Enter page number than press 'Apply' to see VLAN group.
READ/WRITE
Total: 1 Pages
<Next Page>
<Add>
|
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
Description
VLAN
The ID for the VLAN currently displayed.
Range: 1-4094
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Port
Port entries may be marked as:
- : (Normal) Uses GVRP to determine port membership.
S : (Static) Adds port as a static entry. GVRP protocol messages
are still forwarded through this port.
R : (Registration Fixed) Adds port as a static entry. GVRP protocol
is disabled.
X : (Forbidden) Disables GVRP for this VLAN on the specified port.
If a removed port is no longer assigned to any other group as an
untagged port, it will automatically be assigned to VLAN group 1 as
untagged.
Note:
Use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons to scroll through the table. To
display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and select <Apply>.
To modify a VLAN group, highlight the entry in the table and select Enter. To add
a VLAN group, select <Add>.
2.5.5.Configuring IGMP Snooping
Multicasting is used to support real-time applications such as videoconferencing or
streaming audio. A multicast server does not have to establish a separate connection
with each client. It merely broadcasts its service to the network, and any hosts which
want to receive the multicast register with their local multicast switch / router. Although
this approach reduces the network overhead required by a multicast server, the
broadcast traffic must be carefully filtered at every multicast switch / router it passes
through to ensure that traffic is only passed on to the hosts which subscribed to this
service.
This switch uses IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Snooping to monitor any
attached hosts which want to receive a specific multicast service. It looks up the IP
Multicast Group used for this service, and adds to it any port that received a similar
request .
You can use the IGMP Snooping Configuration screen to configure multicast filtering as
shown below.
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IGMP Snooping Configuration
===========================
IGMP Snooping Status
: DISABLED
IGMP Router Timeout (Minutes) : 5
IGMP Group Timeout (Minutes) : 5
Act as IGMP Querier
: DISABLED
<Apply>
To enable or disable IGMP snooping on your system.
READ/SELECT
Use <TAB> or arrow keysto move, <Space>to scroll options.
<OK>
<Cancel>
|
Parameter Default Description
IGMP
Disabled If enabled, the switch will monitor network traffic to determine
which hosts want to receive multicast traffic. This is also
referred to as IGMP Snooping.
Snooping
Status1
IGMP Router 5
Timeout
A switch port that stops receiving multicast protocol packets for
this interval will be removed from the IGMP forwarding list.
Range: 3 - 5 minutes
IGMP Group 5
Timeout
The time between last spotting an IGMP Report message for an
IP multicast address on a specific port and the switch removing
that entry from its list.
Range: 3 - 5 minutes
Act as IGMP Disabled If enabled, the switch can serve as the “querier,” which is
Querier²
responsible for asking hosts if they want to receive multicast
traffic.
1. This item is only displayed for Layer 2 mode. For multilayer mode, the full IGMP
protocol set is automatically enabled / disabled along with DVMRP. (See IGMP on
chapter 4. See DVMRP on chapter 2 “Configuring DVMRP”and chapter 4 “DVMRP
Routing Protocol”.)
2. This item is only displayed for Layer 2 mode. When IGMP is enabled for multilayer
mode, the switch will always serve as the querier if elected. (“IGMP Snooping
Configuration” on chapter 2)
2.5.6.Configuring IP Settings
If this switch is set to multilayer mode (chapter 2 “Setting the System Operation Mode”),
the IP Menu will be displayed. Use this menu to configure the IP subnets for each VLAN
on your switch, the unicast and multicast routing protocols, static ARP entries, static IP
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routes, and the default IP route.
IP Menu
=======
Subnet Configuration ...
Protocol Configuration ...
Static ARP Configuration ...
Static Route ...
Default Route ...
<OK>
Display and change the subnet configuration.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
Subnet
Configuration
Specifies the IP interface for VLANs configured on this switch,
including the subnet address and routing protocols.
Protocol
Configuration
Configures ARP timeout, enables Proxy ARP, sets the preferred
servers for BOOTP / DHCP Relay, as well as enabling / configuring
unicast and multicast protocols globally for this switch.
Static ARP
Used to map an IP address to a specific physical MAC address.
Configuration
Static Route
Used to configure static routes to other IP networks, subnetworks, or
hosts.
Default Route
Defines the router to which this switch will forward all traffic for
unknown networks.
2.5.6.1.Subnet Configuration
Use this menu to specify an IP interface for any VLAN configured on this switch that
needs to communicate with a device outside of its own group (i.e., another network
segment). You also need to define a VLAN for each IP subnet connected directly to this
switch. Note that you must first create a VLAN as described under “Configuring Virtual
LANs” on chapter 2 before configuring the corresponding subnet. Remember that if you
need to manage the switch in-band then you must define the IP subnet address for at
least one VLAN.
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IP Subnet Configuration
=======================
Intf. IP Address
Status
1 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0
DISABLED ON
Subnet Mask
VLAN RIP
OSPF
DVMRP
1 DISABLED DISABLED
Page 1
<OK>
<Apply>
Total 1
<Next Page>
Pages
<Prev Page>
<Add>
The page number.
|
READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter Description
IP Address The IP address associated with the specified VLAN interface. By
convention, the last three digits should be set to “254” to readily
distinguish this device as a router port.
Subnet Mask A template that identifies the address bits in the host address used for
routing to specific subnets. Each bit that corresponds to a “1” is part of the
network / subnet number, and each bit that corresponds to “0” is part of
the host number.
VLAN
RIP
The VLAN associated with this IP interface.
Routing Information Protocol for unicast routing.
Open Shortest Path First unicast routing protocol.
Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.
OSPF
DVMRP
Note:
Use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons to scroll through the subnet
configuration table. To display a specific page, set the page number in the Page
field and then select <Apply>. To modify an IP interface, highlight the entry in the
table and select Enter. To add an IP interface, select <Add>.
Adding an IP Interface
Select <Add> on the Subnet Configuration menu to add an IP interface. When the Add
Subnet screen opens as shown below, assign a VLAN group to this interface, configure
the IP address, and then enable the required routing protocols. You can specify a VLAN
that has already been configured on this switch or select “Select” to open the Port
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Group Configuration screen and create or modify a VLAN group (chapter 2 “Configuring
Port Groups”). To configure the unicast or multicast routing protocols, select the IP
address for a specific interface from the Subnet Configuration menu (chapter 2 “Subnet
Configuration”), and then select “Advanced” configuration from the Modify Subnet
screen (see chapter 2 “Modifying an IP Interface”).
Add Subnet
==========
VLAN
: 0
Select
IP Address : 0.0.0.0
Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0
Proxy ARP : DISABLED
RIP
OSPF
DVMRP
: DISABLED
: DISABLED
: DISABLED
<OK>
Please enter VLAN ID.
<Cancel>
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
VLAN
Description
The VLAN associated with this IP interface.
Select
Use this option to create or modify a VLAN under the “Port Group
Configuration” menu as described below.
IP Address
The IP address associated with the specified VLAN interface. By
convention, the last three digits should be set to “254” to readily
distinguish this device as a router port.
Subnet Mask A template that identifies the address bits in the host address used for
routing to specific subnets. Each bit that corresponds to a “1” is part of
the network / subnet number, and each bit that corresponds to “0” is part
of the host number.
Proxy ARP
Enables or disables Proxy ARP for the interface. This feature allows the
switch forward an ARP request from a node in the attached subnetwork
(that does not have routing or a default gateway configured) to a remote
subnetwork. (See “Proxy ARP” on chapter 4.)
Note that Proxy ARP must be enabled globally for the switch before this
setting can take effect. (See “Protocol Configuration” on chapter 2.)
RIP
Routing Information Protocol for unicast routing.
Open Shortest Path First unicast routing protocol.
Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.
OSPF
DVMRP
Configuring Port Groups
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You can create a new VLAN group or modify the members of an existing group by
pressing “Select” on the Add Subnet screen.
Port Group Configuration
========================
Port
1
2
VLAN
1
Static
12345678901234567890123456
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
S:
P:
PVID
Page : 1 <Apply>
<OK> <Prev Page>
Enter page number than press 'Apply' to see port group. |
READ/WRITE
Total: 1 Pages
<Next Page>
<Add>
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter Description
VLAN
Port
A VLAN already configured on this switch.
Port entries may be marked as:
S : Adds port as a static entry.
P : Adds port as a static entry, and sets the port’s PVID to this VLAN ID.
Note:
Use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons to scroll through the table. To
display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then select
<Apply>. To modify a VLAN, highlight the entry in the table and select Enter. To
add a new VLAN, select <Add>.
Modifying an IP Interface
To modify an IP interface, first highlight the IP address in the Subnet Configuration
menu, and then select Enter. The Modify Subnet screen is nearly the same as the Add
Subnet screen described on chapter 2 “Add an IP Interface”. However, it also includes
an “Advanced” option that allows you to configure the unicast and multicast routing
protocols as described in the following sections.
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Modify Subnet
=============
VLAN
: 1
Select
IP Address : 192.168.1.254
Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0
Proxy ARP : DISABLED
RIP
: DISABLED
: DISABLED
: DISABLED
Advanced ...
Advanced ...
Advanced ...
OSPF
DVMRP
<Delete>
<Apply>
VLAN ID.
<OK>
<Cancel>
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Configuring RIP
The Routing Information Protocol is used to specify how routers exchange routing table
information. (See “RIP and RIP-2 Dynamic Routing Protocols” on chapter 4.) When RIP
is enabled on this routing switch, it broadcasts RIP messages to all devices in the
network every 30 seconds, and updates its own routing table when RIP messages are
received from other routers. RIP messages contain both the IP address and a metric for
each destination network it knows about. The metric indicates the number of hops from
this device to the destination network.
You can use the following menu to specify authentication, the protocol used for sending
or receiving routing messages on this port, the default metric used in calculating the
best path, and enable or disable Poison Reverse.
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Subnet Configuration: Modify RIP Configuration
====================
Authentication Type: No Authentication
Authentication Key :
Send Type
Receive Type
: RIP1 Broadcast
: RIP1
Default Metric
Poison Reverse
: 0
: Enabled
<Apply>
<OK>
<Cancel>
RIP authentication type.
|
READ/SELECT
Use <TAB> or arrow keysto move, <Space>to scroll options.
Parameter
Description
Authentication Authentication can be used to ensure that routing information comes
Type from a valid source. The options include none or a simple password.
Authentication A simple password must be provided if authentication is enabled. (An
Key
authentication string is case sensitive, and can be up to 16 characters.)
Send Type
The protocol used for traffic sent out this port:
RIP1 Broadcast Route information is broadcast to other routers on
the network using RIPv1 message.
RIP2 Broadcast Route information is broadcast to other routers on
the network using RIPv2 message.
RIP2 Multicast
Route information is multicast to other routers on the
network using RIPv2 message.
Do Not Send
The switch will passively monitor route information
transmitted by other routers attached to the network.
Receive Type The routing protocol messages accepted on this port includes RIP1,
RIP2, RIP1 / RIP2, or Disabled (i.e., none received).
Default Metric A “metric” indicates the number of hops between the switch and the
destination network.
The “default metric” is used for the default route in RIP updates
originated on this interface. A value of zero indicates that no default
route should be originated; in this case, a default route via another
router may be propagated. Range: 0-15
Poison
Reverse*
Propagates routes back to an interface port from which they have been
acquired, but sets the distance vector metrics to infinity.
* This is a method of preventing routing information from looping back to the source.
Note that Split Horizon is also enabled on this switch for this purpose. (See “RIP and
RIP-2 Dynamic Routing Protocols” on chapter 4.)
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Configuring OSPF
Open Shortest Path First is more suited for large area networks which experience
frequent changes in the links. It also allows for subnets. This protocol actively tests the
status of each link to its neighbors to generate a shortest path tree, and builds a routing
table based on this information. (See “OSPFv2 Dynamic Routing Protocol” on chapter 4.)
OSPF then utilizes IP multicast to propagate routing information. A separate routing
area scheme is also used to further reduce the amount of routing traffic (chapter
2 ”Protocol Configuration”).
You can use the following menu to specify the area identifier, or other key routing
parameters as described in the following table.
Subnet Configuration: Modify OSPF Configuration
====================
Area ID
: 0.0.0.0
: 1
Router Priority
Interface Cost
Transit Delay (in seconds)
: 100
: 1
Retransmit Interval (in seconds): 5
Hello Interval (in seconds)
Dead Interval (in seconds)
Poll Interval (in seconds)
Authentication Type : NONE
Authentication Key :
: 10
: 40
: 120
MD5 Key Table
<Apply>
<OK>
Area ID.
<Cancel>
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter Default Description
Area ID¹
0.0.0.0 A 32-bit integer uniquely identifying an OSPF protocol broadcast
area. This identifier can be in the form of an IP address or
integer. Each port on the switch can be configured to represent
one OSPF area.
You must first specify OSPF areas for global access in the Area
ID Configuration menu, before they can be used for a specific IP
interface.(see chapter 2 “OSPF Area Configuration”)
ID 0.0.0.0 is used for the OSPF backbone.
Router
Priority
1
The priority used when selecting the designated router and
designated backup router.
Range: 0-255; Disable election: 0
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Interface 100
Cost
This value is used by the router in calculating the shortest path.
The default cost is calculated by using the bandwidth of the
interface. For this purpose, the bandwidth is taken as that of the
highest bandwidth port in the VLAN linked to the interface. The
interface cost is inversely proportional to this bandwidth. The
shortest path is that with the lowest cost, given by the highest
bandwidth
Transit
Delay
1 second The estimated number of seconds it takes to transmit a link state
update packet over this interface.
Range: 0-3600 seconds
Retransmit 5
The number of seconds between retransmitting link-state
Interval
seconds advertisements to router adjacencies on this interface. This value
is also used when retransmitting database descriptions and
link-state request packets.
Range: 0-3600 seconds
Hello
10
The interval, in seconds, between sending Hello packets out the
Interval²
seconds router interface. This interval determines how fast topology
changes will be detected. However, for small intervals, more
overhead will be incurred in exchanging routing information.
Range: 1-65535 seconds
Dead
40
The number of seconds that a router’s Hello packets have not
Interval²
seconds been seen before its neighbors declare the router down. This
should be a multiple of the Hello interval.
Range: 1-65535 seconds
Poll
120
The interval, in seconds, between sending Hello packets to a
Interval
seconds neighboring router from which Hello packets have not been
received for the Dead Interval period of time. The poll interval
must be much larger than the Hello Interval.
1. The Area ID is used to specify a group of contiguous networks and hosts. OSPF
protocol broadcast messages are restricted by area to limit their impact on network
performance.
2. This value must be the same for all routers attached to a common network.
Configuring DVMRP
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol is used to route multicast traffic to nodes
which have requested a specific multicast service via IGMP. (See “DVMRP Routing
Protocol” on chapter 4.) To configure DVMRP, you must specify the routing metric,
probe interval, and neighbor router timeout.
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SubnetConfiguration:ModifyDVMRPConfiguration
====================
Metrics:
: 1
Probe Interval (in seconds) : 10
Neighbor Timeout (in seconds): 35
<Apply>
<OK>
Metrics.
<Cancel>
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter Default Description
Metrics
1 hop
This value is used to select the best reverse path to networks that
are connected directly to an interface on this switch.
Range: 1-31 hops
Probe
10
The interval between sending neighbor probe messages to the
Interval
seconds multicast group address for all DVMRP routers.
Range: 5-30 seconds
Neighbor 35
The interval to wait without hearing from a DVMRP neighbor
Timeout
seconds before declaring it dead. This is used for timing out routes, and
for setting the children and leaf flags.
Range: 10-8000 seconds
Note:
IGMP is automatically enabled / disabled along with DVMRP. (See “IGMP
Protocol” on chapter 4.)
2.5.6.2.Protocol Configuration
Use the Protocol Configuration screen to globally enable or disable unicast or multicast
routing protocols for the switch.
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Protocol Configuration
======================
ARP
:
Advanced ...
Proxy ARP
RIP
OSPF
: ENABLED
: ENABLED Advanced ...
: DISABLED Advanced ...
DHCP Relay : DISABLED Advanced ...
IGMP Snooping : DISABLED Advanced ...
DVMRP
: ENABLED
<OK>
<Apply>
<Cancel>
System ARP protocol advanced status.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter Description
ARP Sets the aging time for dynamic ARP entries.
Proxy ARP Enables or disables Proxy ARP globally for the switch. This feature allows
the switch to forward an ARP request from a node in the attached
subnetwork (that does not have routing or a default gateway configured)
to a remote subnetwork. (See “Proxy ARP” on chapter 4.)
If Proxy ARP is globally enabled for the switch, then you can enable or
disable it for a specific interface. See “Adding an IP Interface” on chapter
2, or “Modifying an IP Interface” on chapter 2.
RIP
Enables or disables the Routing Information Protocol. The Advanced
menu sets the interval at which the switch advertises known routes, and
also enables / disables advertising for static routes or the default route.
OSPF
Enables or disables the OSPF routing protocol. The Advanced menu
organizes an autonomous system into normal, stub, or not so stubby
areas; configures a range of subnet addresses for which link state
advertisements can be aggregated; and configures virtual links for areas
that do not have direct physical access to the OSFP backbone, to add
redundancy, or to merge backbone areas.
DHCP Relay Enables or disables BOOTP / DHCP Relay. The Advanced menu defines
the preferred servers or the outbound subnetworks for broadcasting a
BOOTP / DHCP request.
IGMP
Snooping
Enables or disables IGMP Snooping. The Advanced menu sets the
timeout for inactive multicast ports or for specific multicast flows when
there are no longer any clients. See chapter 2 “Configuring IGMP
Snooping”.
DVMRP
Enables or disables the Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.
Once RIP, OSPF and DVMRP have been globally enabled, you can enable or disable
them for any specific subnet via the Subnet Configuration menu (chapter 2 “Adding an
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IP interface”).
Setting the ARP Timeout
You can use the following configuration screen to modify the aging time for dynamically
learned entries in the ARP cache.
ARP Configuration
=================
ARP Timeout (Minutes) : 20
<Apply>
<OK>
<Cancel>
|
ARP timeout value (minutes).
READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter Default Description
ARP
Timeout
20
minutes ARP cache.
Range: 0-999 minutes, where 0 disables aging
The time that dynamically learned entries are retained in the
Setting the RIP Advertisement Policy
You can use the following configuration screen to set the timing interval and policies RIP
uses to advertise route information.
RIP Configuration
=================
RIP Update Time (Seconds) : 30
Default Route Advertisement : DISABLED
Static Route Advertisement : DISABLED
Ignore Host Route
: DISABLED
<Apply>
<OK>
<Cancel>
RIP timeout value (seconds).
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
Default Description
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RIP Update
Time
30
seconds information.
Range: 0-999 seconds, where 0 disables route
The interval at which RIP advertises known route
advertisements
Default Route
Advertisement
Disabled Enables or disables advertising this switch as a default
router.
Static Route
Disabled Enables or disables advertisement of static routes.
Advertisement
Ignore Host
Route
Disabled If enabled, the switch will not import a default route from
other routers.
Configuring Global Settings for OSPF
To implement OSPF for a large network, you must first organize the network into logical
areas to limit the number of OSPF routers that actively exchange Link State
Advertisements (LSAs). You can then define an OSPF interface by assigning an IP
interface configured on this switch to one of these groups. This OSPF interface will send
and receive OSPF traffic to neighboring OSPF routers.
You can further optimize the exchange of OSPF traffic by specifying an area range that
covers a large number of subnetwork addresses. This is an important technique for
limiting the amount of traffic exchanged between Area Border Routers (ABRs).
And finally, you must specify a virtual link to any OSPF area that is not physically
attached to the OSPF backbone. Virtual links can also be used to provide a redundant
link between contiguous areas to prevent areas from being partitioned, or to merge
backbone areas.
The following menu provides all the global configuration options for OSPF:
OSPF Configuration Menu
=======================
Router ID Selection : STATIC
Router ID : 192.168.1.254
AS Border Status : Disabled
RFC 1583 compatibility : Disabled
Area ID Configuration ...
OSPF Area Range Configuration ...
OSPF Virtual Link Configuration ...
OSPF Host Route Configuration ...
<OK>
Use <Enter> to select.
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Parameter
Description
Router Id
The switch IP that is used as the OSPF Router ID.
Area ID Configuration Defines an area within which all OSPF routers actively
exchange routing information to ensure that they all have an
identical link state database.
OSPF Area Range
Configuration
Defines a range of subnetwork addresses. An area range is
used to summarize route information exchanged between Area
Border Routers.
OSPF Virtual Link
Configuration
Defines a virtual link that can be used to connect an OSPF area
not physically adjacent to the OSPF backbone, or to create a
backup link to any area.
OSPF Host Route
Configuration
Configures the route to a specific host within the area.
OSPF Area Configuration
OSPF protocol broadcast messages (i.e., Link State Advertisements) are restricted by
area to limit their impact on network performance. Before assigning an Area ID to a
specific OSPF interface (see chapter 2 “Configuring OSPF”), you must first specify the
Area ID in this table. Each entry in this table identifies a logical group of OSPF routers
that actively exchange Link State Advertisements (LSAs) to ensure that they share an
identical view of the network topology. You can configure the area as a normal one
which can send and receive external Link State Advertisements (LSAs), a stubby area
that cannot send or receive external LSAs, or a not-so-stubby area (NSSA) that can
import external route information into its area.
IP Menu: OSPF Area Configuration
=======
Area ID
192.168.2.0
Type
NORMAL
192.168.3.0 NORMAL
Page 1 <Apply>
<OK> <Prev Page>
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move, other keys to make changes.
Total 1 Pages
<Next Page> <Add>
Parameter
Area ID
Description
An OSPF area identifier configured for a group of OSPF routers.
(For information on how to assign this identifier to a specific
interface, see chapter 2 “Configuring OSPF”.)
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Type
Indicates area type:
Normal An area which can send or receive external route
information.
Stub
An area which cannot send or receive external route
information. It relies on a single default route provided
by its Area Border Router (ABR) to access destinations
outside of the stub. A stub can be used to reduce the
amount of topology data that has to be exchanged
over the network.
NSSA
A not so stubby area cannot send but can receive
external route information. The ABR imports external
routes and floods this information to all routers within
the NSSA.
An Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) can import external routes and flood
this information to the entire Autonomous System.
Note:
To add a new Area ID, use the <Add> button. (The default 0.0.0.0 indicates the
OSPF backbone.) To modify or delete an existing Area ID, highlight the table
entry with the cursor and select Enter.
OSPF Area Range Configuration
After you configure an area identifier, you can specify a subnetwork address range that
covers all the individual networks in this area. This technique limits the amount of traffic
exchanged between Area Border Routers (ABRs) by allowing them to advertise a single
summary range. By summarizing routes, the routing changes within an area do not
have to be updated in the backbone ABRs or in other areas.
To optimize the route summary, first configure all the OSPF routers in an area so that
they fall within a contiguous address range. The route summary consists of an address
and mask, where the mask can be a Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM). Using
VLSMs allows you to configure each subnetwork within a larger network with its own
subnet mask. This provides a longer subnet mask that covers fewer host IP addresses,
thereby reducing the size of the routing tables that have to be exchanged. (For more
information on VLSMs, see RFCs 1219 and 1878.)
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OSPF Area Range Configuration
=============================
Area Identity IP Address
192.168.2.0
192.168.4.0
Address Mask
192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0
192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0
Advertisement
Advertise
Advertise
Page 1 <Apply>
<OK> <Prev Page>
Total 1 Pages
<Add>
<Next Page>
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
Area Identity
An OSPF area that includes all the OSPF routers within the
assigned address range.
IP Address
The IP address used to calculate the area range.
Address Mask
Advertisement
Note:
The subnet mask used to calculate the area range.
Enables or disables advertising for this range.
To add a new OSPF Area Range, use the <Add> button. To delete an existing
range, highlight the table entry with the cursor and select Enter.
OSPF Virtual Link Configuration
All OSPF areas must connect to the backbone. If an area does not have a direct
physical connection to the backbone, you can configure a virtual link that provides a
logical path to the backbone. To connect an isolated area to the backbone, the logical
path can cross a single nonbackbone area to reach the backbone. To define the path,
you must specify one endpoint on the ABR that connects the isolated area to the
common nonbackbone area, and the other endpoint on the ABR that connects this
common nonbackbone area and the backbone itself. (However, note that you cannot
configure a virtual link that runs through a stub or NSSA area.)
Virtual links can also be used to create a redundant link between any area and the
backbone to help prevent partitioning, or to connect two existing backbone areas into a
common backbone.
To configure a virtual link, specify the transit area through which the endpoint routers
connect, and the address of the router on this side of the link.
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OSPF Virtual Link Configuration
===============================
Area ID
192.168.3.0
Neighbor Router ID
192.168.3.254
Status
Down
Page 1 <Apply>
<OK> <Prev Page>
Add OSPF area entry.
Total 1 Pages
<Next Page> <Add>
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Area ID
Description
An identifier for the transit area the virtual link crosses.
The IP address of the OSPF router on this end of the virtual link.
Neighbor Router ID
Note:
To add a new OSPF Virtual Link, use the <Add> button. To modify or delete a
virtual link, highlight the table entry with the cursor and select Enter.
Modifying a Virtual Link – You can modify or delete a virtual link by selecting the
required entry in the table with your cursor and pressing Enter. The screen will display
configuration options as shown in the following example.
Modify OSPF Virtual Link
========================
AreaID
:192.168.3.0
Neighbor Router ID :
192.168.3.254
Transit Delay
: 1
Retransmit Interval : 5
Hello Interval
Dead Interval
: 10
: 40
Authentication Type : NONE
Authentication Key :
MD5 Key Table
<Delete>
<OK>
<Cancel>
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move, <Space> to scroll options.
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Parameter
Default
Description
Area ID
An identifier for the transit area the virtual link crosses.
Neighbor
Router ID
The IP address of the OSPF router on this end of the
virtual link.
Transit Delay 1 second
The estimated number of seconds it takes to transmit a
link state update packet over this virtual link.
Range: 0-3600 seconds
Retransmit
Interval
5 seconds
The number of seconds between retransmitting link-state
advertisements to the router at the other end on the
virtual link. This value is also used when retransmitting
database descriptions and link-state request packets.
Range: 0-3600 seconds
Hello Interval² 10 seconds
Dead Interval² 40 seconds
The interval, in seconds, between sending Hello packets
out the router interface.
Range: 1-65535 seconds
The number of seconds that a router’s Hello packets
have not been seen before the router at the other end of
the virtual link is declared down. This should be a
multiple of the Hello interval.
Range: 1-65535 seconds
Authentication None
Type
Authentication can be used to ensure that routing
information comes from a valid source. The options
include none or a simple password.
Authentication
Key
A simple password must be provided if authentication is
enabled. (An authentication string is case sensitive, and
can be up to 16 characters.)
OSPF Host Route Configuration
A host route is a prefix that will be advertised as a stub network in one of the router’s
link state advertisements. These prefixes may be IP addresses of hosts directly
attached to the router, which themselves do not run OSPF. The router advertises these
addresses by proxy.
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OSPF Host Route Configuration
=============================
IP Address
Cost
Area ID
Page 1 <Apply>
<OK> <Prev Page>
The page number.
Total 0 Pages
<Add>
<Next Page>
|READ/WRITE
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move, other keys to make changes.
Parameter
Description
IP Address
Cost
The IP address of this host.
The link state cost of this host.
The area that the host belongs to.
Area ID
Configuring BOOTP / DHCP Relay
If a DHCP / BOOTP server is not located in the same subnet with a host, you can
configure this switch to forward any host configuration queries to a server located on
another subnet or on another network. Depending on the configuration setup, the switch
either:
•
Forwards the packet to a preferred server as defined in the switch configuration
using unicast routing, or
•
Broadcasts the DHCP Request again to another directly attached IP subnet
specified in the switch configuration.
Specify the address for any DHCP server, or specify the subnet address for an
outbound IP interface already configured on this switch (chapter 2 “Subnet
Configuration”) as described in the following screens.
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Bootp Relay Database Configuration
=================================
Index Server Address
1 10.1.2.3
<OK>
<Add>
Return to previous panel.
Use <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
Used to define any preferred DHCP servers or the outbound
subnetwork for relaying a DHCP request broadcast. (Up to five entries
are permitted.)
Index Server
Address
IGMP Snooping Configuration
If enabled, you can use the IGMP Snooping Configuration screen to configure multicast
filtering as shown below. (For further details see “Configuring IGMP Snooping” on
chapter 2.)
IGMP Snooping Configuration
===========================
IGMP Router Timeout (Minutes) : 5
IGMP Group Timeout (Minutes) : 5
<Apply>
<OK>
<Cancel>
|
IGMP router timeout value (minutes).
READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter Default Description
IGMP
Router
Timeout
5
A switch port that stops receiving multicast protocol packets for
this interval will be removed from the IGMP forwarding list.
Range: 3 - 5 minutes
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IGMP
Group
Timeout
5
The time between last spotting an IGMP Report message for an
IP multicast address on a specific port and the switch removing
that entry from its list.
Range: 3 - 5 minutes
2.5.6.3.Static ARP Configuration
Use the following screen to display or edit entries in the Static ARP Table. Entries added
to this table are retained until the associated IP interface is deleted or the switch is reset
to the factory defaults.
Static ARP Table
================
IP Address
MAC Address
Interface
Page 1 <Apply>
<OK>
Total 0
Pages
<Add>
<Prev Page>
<Next Page>
Return to previous panel.
Use <Enter> to select.
Parameter
IP Address
MAC Address
Interface
Description
IP address statically mapped to a physical MAC address.
MAC address statically mapped to the corresponding IP address.
The index number of the IP interface that will use this static ARP entry.
See chapter 2 “Subnet Configuration” or “Routing Table”. (Port “0”
refers to the CPU.)
2.5.6.4.Static Route Configuration
This switch can be configured to dynamically learn the routes to other IP networks,
subnets or hosts using unicast or multicast routing protocols. If the route to a specific
destination cannot be learned via these protocols or you wish to restrict the path used
for transmitting traffic to a destination, it can be statically configured using the Static
Route Table.
Before defining a static route, remember that you must first configure at least one IP
interface on this switch (chapter 2 “Subnet Configuration”). Static routes take
precedence over dynamically learned routes and remain in the table until you remove
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them or the corresponding IP interface from this switch.
Static Route Table
==================
Destination Network Destination Mask VLAN Next Hop
Type
Page 1 <Apply>
<OK> <Prev Page>
Total 0
<Next Page>
Pages
<Add>
Return to previous panel.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
Destination
Network
A destination network, subnet or host.
Destination
Mask
The subnet mask that specifies the bits to match. A routing entry will
be used for a packet if the bits in the address set by the destination
mask match the Destination Network.
VLAN
The VLAN within which the gateway or destination address resides.
Next Hop
The IP address of the router at the next hop.
Note that the network portion of the next hop must match that used for
one of the subnet IP interfaces configured on this switch. (See “Subnet
Configuration” on chapter 2.)
Type
The IP route type for the destination network. This switch supports the
following types:
Direct
- A directly connected subnetwork.
Indirect
- A remote IP subnetwork or host address.
Note:
Use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons to scroll through the static route
table. To display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then
select <Apply>. To modify a static route, highlight the entry in the table and select
Enter. To add a static route, select <Add>.
Adding a Static Route - The same screen is displayed for modifying or adding a static
route. You must provide route information as described in the preceding table, plus the
routing metric used to indicate the number of hops to the destination network.
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Add Routing Entry
=================
Destination Address: 0.0.0.0
Destination Mask : 255.255.255.0
Next Hop
: 0.0.0.0
: 0
Routing Metric
<OK>
Destination IP address.
<Cancel>
|
READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
2.5.6.5.Configuring the Default Route
Defines the router to which this switch will forward all traffic for unknown networks. The
default route can be learned from RIP protocol (chapter 2 “Configuring RIP”) or
manually configured. If the switch does not contain a default route, any packet that does
not match an entry in the routing table (chapter 2 “Routing Table”) will be dropped. To
manually configure a default route, enter the next hop in the following table.
Default Route Menu
==================
VLAN
Next Hop Address : 0.0.0.0
Metric : 0
: ----
<Delete>
<OK>
<Cancel>
|
Enter Next Hop IP address.
READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
Description
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VLAN
The VLAN which has the IP interface to the default router.
You cannot enter any value in this field. The switch will fill in the
corresponding VLAN only after you specify the Next Hop Address
and select Enter.
Next Hop Address The IP address of the default router.
Metric
The number of hops required to reach the default router.
2.5.7.Configuring Security Filters
You can use the Security menu to filter MAC and IP addresses.
Security Menu
=============
MAC Filtering Configuration ...
Security Mode ...
IP Filtering Configuration ...
<OK>
Config MAC filtering database.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
MAC Filtering
Configuration
Specifies the source or destination MAC address for any traffic to be
filtered from the switch.
Security Mode Configuration the security mode.
IP Filtering
Specifies the source or destination IP address for any traffic to be
Configuration* filtered from the switch.
*This menu item is only displayed if the intelligent switch is set to multilayer mode.
2.5.7.1.Configuring MAC Address Filters
Any node that presents a security risk or is functioning improperly can be filtered from
this switch. You can drop all the traffic from a host device based on a specified MAC
address. Traffic with either a source or destination address listed in the Security Filtering
Configuration table will be filtered.
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MAC Security Filtering Configuration
====================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------
-
0080AD050000
Page 1 <Apply>
<OK> <Prev Page>
Total 0
<Next Page>
Pages
<Add>
Return to previous panel.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Note:
To add a MAC address to the security filter, use <Add>. To delete an address,
highlight it with the cursor and select Enter.
To scroll through the address table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page>
buttons. To display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and
then select <Apply>.
2.5.7.2.Configuring Security Mode
In default type, the switch can auto learning the MAC Address from each port.
If you want to let someone to use a specifies port and the other people can not use. You
should disable the auto learning function and setup the uplink port (if one packet’s DA
does not define in any port, it would be forwarding to the uplink port). Then you must to
set the static unicast address on the port that you allow someone to use.
Security Menu: Security Mode
=============
Learning Function
Uplink PORT
: DISABLED
: 24
<Apply>
<OK>
<Cancel>
Confirm current screen setting.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
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2.5.7.3.Configuring IP Address Filters
If any node presents a security risk, you can filter all traffic for this node by entering its
address into the IP Security Filter. Any packet passing through the switch that has a
source or destination IP address matching an entry in this table will be filtered.
IP Security Filtering Configuration
===================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------
---
10.1.1.1
Page 1 <Apply>
<OK> <Prev Page>
Total 0
<Next Page>
Pages
<Add>
Return to previous panel.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Note:
To add an IP address to the security filter, use <Add>. To delete an address,
highlight it with the cursor and select Enter.
Use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons to scroll through the table. To
display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then select
<Apply>. To add an entry, select <Add>.
2.6.Monitoring the Switch
The Network Monitor Menu provides access to port statistics, address tables, STA
information, VLANs registration and forwarding information and multicast groups. Each
of the screens provided by these menus is described in the following sections.
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Network Monitor Menu
====================
Port Statistics ...
Layer 2 Address Table ...
Bridge Menu ...
VLAN Menu ...
IP Multicast Registration Table ...
IP Menu ...
<OK>
Display port statistics.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Menu
Description
Port Statistics
Displays statistics on port traffic, including information from the
Interfaces Group, Ethernet-like MIB, and RMON MIB.
Layer 2 Address Contains the unicast address table.
Table
Bridge Menu
Displays Spanning Tree settings for the overall switch and for specific
ports.
VLAN Menu
Displays ports dynamically learned through GMRP or GVRP, and ports
that are currently forwarding VLAN traffic.
IP Multicast
Registration
Table¹
Displays all the multicast groups active on this switch, including the
multicast IP address and the corresponding VLANs.
IP Menu²
Displays all the IP subnets used on this switch, as well as the
corresponding VLANs and ports. Also contains the ARP table, routing
table, multicast menu, and OSPF menu.
1. This menu is only displayed when intelligent switch is set to Layer 2 mode
or the switch is management model.
2. This menu is only displayed if the intelligent switch is set to multilayer mode.
2.6.1.Displaying Port Statistics
Port Statistics display standard statistics on network traffic from the Interfaces Group
and Ethernet-like MIBs, as well as a detailed breakdown of traffic based on the RMOM
MIB.
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Statistics Menu
===============
Port Statistics ...
RMON Statistics ...
<OK>
Display port statistics.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
Port Statistics
Displays standard statistics on network traffic passing through the
selected port.
RMON Statistics Displays detailed statistics for the selected port, such as packet type
and frame size counters.
2.6.1.1.Displaying Ethernet Port Statistics
Port Statistics display key statistics from the Interfaces Group and Ethernet-like MIBs for
each port. Error statistics on the traffic passing through each port are displayed. This
information can be used to identify potential problems with the switch (such as a faulty
port or unusually heavy loading). The values displayed have been accumulated since
the last system reboot.
Select the required port. The statistics displayed are indicated in the following figure and
table.
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Port Statistics
===============
Interfaces
In Octets
: 0
: 0
Out
Octets
: 0
In Unicast Pkts
: 0
Out Unicast
Pkts
In Non-Unicast Pkts : 0
Pkts : 0
In Discards
Out Non-Unicast
: 0
: 0
: 0
Out
Out
CRC
Discards
: 0
In Errors
Errors
: 0
Alignment Errors
: 0
Errors
Ethernet
Single Collisions
: 0
Multiple
Late
Collisions : 0
Defered Transmissions : 0
Collisions
: 0
Excess Collisions
Errors : 0
: 0
: 0
: 0
Carrier Sense
Drop Events
Fragments
Jabbers
: 0
: 0
Octets
Port Number: 1
<Reset All>
<OK>
<Prev Port>
<Apply>
<Refresh>
Return to previous panel.
<Reset>
<Next Port>
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
Interfaces Group
In Octets
The total number of octets received on the interface, including
framing characters.
In Unicast Pkts.
The number of subnetwork-unicast packets delivered to a
higher-layer protocol.
In Non-Unicast Pkts. The number of non-unicast (i.e., subnetwork- broadcast or
subnetwork-multicast) packets delivered to a higher-layer
protocol.
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In Discards
In Errors
The number of inbound packets which were chosen to be
discarded even though no errors had been detected to prevent
their being deliverable to a higher-layer protocol. One possible
reason for discarding such a packet could be to free up buffer
space.
The number of inbound packets that contained errors preventing
them from being deliverable to a higher-layer protocol.
Alignment Errors
Out Octets
The number of alignment errors (missynchronized data packets).
The total number of octets transmitted out of the interface,
including framing characters.
Out Unicast Pkts.
The total number of packets that higher-level protocols requested
be transmitted to a subnetwork-unicast address, including those
that were discarded or not sent.
Out Non-Unicast
Pkts.
The total number of packets that higher-level protocols requested
be transmitted to a non- unicast (that is, a subnetwork-broadcast
or subnetwork-multicast) address, including those that were
discarded or not sent.
Out Discards
The number of outbound packets which were chosen to be
discarded even though no errors had been detected to prevent
their being transmitted. One possible reason for discarding such
a packet could be to free up buffer space.
Out Errors
The number of outbound packets that could not be transmitted
because of errors.
CRC Errors
Number of Ethernet Cyclic Redundancy Check errors detected by
this device.
Ethernet-Like
Single Collisions
The number of successfully transmitted frames for which
transmission is inhibited by exactly one collision.
Deferred
Transmissions
A count of frames for which the first transmission attempt on a
particular interface is delayed because the medium was busy.
Excessive Collisions The number of frames for which transmission failed due to
excessive collisions.
Drop Events
The total number of events in which packets were dropped due to
lack of resources.
Octets
Number of octets passing through this port.
Multiple Collisions
A count of successfully transmitted frames for which transmission
is inhibited by more than one collision.
Late Collisions
The number of times that a collision is detected later than 512
bit-times into the transmission of a packet.
Carrier Sense Errors The number of times that the carrier sense condition was lost or
never asserted when attempting to transmit a frame.
Fragments
The total number of frames received that were less than 64
octets in length (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets)
and had either an FCS or alignment error.
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Jabbers
The total number of frames received that were longer than 1518
octets (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets), and had
either an FCS or alignment error.
Note:
Statistics are refreshed every 10 seconds by default (chapter 2 “Configuring the
Serial Port”).
2.6.1.2.Displaying RMON Statistics
Use the RMON Statistics screen to display key statistics for each port from RMON
group 1. (RMON groups 2, 3 and 9 can only be accessed using SNMP management
software.) The following screen displays the overall statistics on traffic passing through
each port. RMON statistics provide access to a broad range of statistics, including a
total count of different frame types and sizes passing through each port. Values
displayed have been accumulated since the last system reboot.
RMON Statistics
===============
Drop Events
Bytes
: 0
: 0
: 0
: 0
: 0
Jabbers
: 0
: 0
Collisions
Frames
64 Byte
Frames
Frames
Frames
Frames
: 0
Broadcast Frames
65-127 Byte
128-255 Byte
256-511 Byte
512-1023 Byte
1024-1518 Byte
1519-1536 Byte
: 0
Multicast Frames
: 0
CRC/Alignments Errors : 0
: 0
Undersize Frames
Frames : 0
Oversize Frames
Frames : 0
Fragments
Frames : 0
: 0
: 0
: 0
Port Number: 1
<Reset All>
<OK>
<Apply>
<Reset>
<Next Port>
<Refresh>
<Prev Port>
Return to previous panel.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
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Parameter
Description
Drop Events
The total number of events in which packets were dropped
due to lack of resources.
Bytes
Total number of bytes of data received on the network. This
statistic can be used as a reasonable indication of Ethernet
utilization.
Frames
The total number of frames (bad, broadcast and multicast)
received.
Broadcast Frames
The total number of good frames received that were directed
to the broadcast address. Note that this does not include
multicast packets.
Multicast Frames
The total number of good frames received that were directed
to this multicast address.
CRC / Alignment Errors The number of CRC / alignment errors (FCS or alignment
errors).
Undersize Frames
Oversize Frames
Fragments
The total number of frames received that were less than 64
octets long (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets)
and were otherwise well formed.
The total number of frames received that were longer than
1518 octets (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets)
and were otherwise well formed.
The total number of frames received that were less than 64
octets in length (excluding framing bits, but including FCS
octets) and had either an FCS or alignment error.
Jabbers
The total number of frames received that were longer than
1518 octets (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets),
and had either an FCS or alignment error.
Collisions
The best estimate of the total number of collisions on this
Ethernet segment.
64 Byte Frames
The total number of frames (including bad packets) received
and transmitted that were 64 octets in length (excluding
framing bits but including FCS octets).
65-127 Byte Frames
128-255 Byte Frames
256-511 Byte Frames
The total number of frames (including bad packets) received
and transmitted where the number of octets fall within the
specified range (excluding framing bits but including FCS
512-1023 Byte Frames octets).
1024-1518 Byte Frames
1519-1536 Byte Frames
Note:
Statistics are refreshed every 10 seconds by default (chapter “Configuring the
Serial Port”)..
2.6.2.Layer 2 Address Table
This menu includes the unicast address table.
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Layer 2 Address Table
=====================
Unicast Address Table ...
<OK>
Display the unicast address table.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Menu
Description
Unicast Address Table Provides a full listing for unicast addresses.
2.6.2.1.Displaying the Unicast Address Table
The Unicast Address Table contains the MAC addresses associated with each port (that
is, the source port associated with the address). The information displayed in the
Address Table is indicated in the following figure and table.
Layer 2 Menu: Unicast Address Table
============
Address
Port
Address
Port
00-80-AD-05-00-00 1
Page 1 <Apply>
<OK>
Total 0
<Next Page>
Pages
<Prev
Page>
Return to previous panel.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Address
Port
Description
The MAC address of a node seen on this switch.
The port whose address table includes this MAC address.
Note: Use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons to scroll through the table. To
display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then select
<Apply>.
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2.6.3.Displaying Bridge Information
The Bridge menu is used to display settings for the Spanning Tree Algorithm. For a
more detailed description of how to use this algorithm, refer to “Spanning Tree
Algorithm” on chapter 4.
Bridge Menu
===========
Spanning Tree Bridge Information ...
Spanning Tree Port Information ...
<OK>
Display the spanning tree information.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Menu
Description
Spanning Tree
Displays a full list of STA values used for the bridge.
Bridge Information
Spanning Tree Port Displays a list of STA values used for each port, including status,
Information designated cost, designated bridge, and designated port.
2.6.3.1.Viewing the Current Spanning Tree Information
The STA Bridge Information screen displays a summary of STA information for the
overall bridge. To make any changes to these parameters, use the Bridge STA
Configuration menu as described on chapter 2 “Configuring Global Bridge Settings”.
The parameters shown in the following figure and table describe the current Bridge STA
settings.
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Bridge Menu: Spanning Tree Bridge Information
===========
Priority
: 32768
Hello Time (in seconds) : 2
Max Age (in seconds) : 20
Forward Delay (in seconds) : 15
Hold Time (in seconds)
Designated Root
Root Cost
: 1
: 32768.00E800340000
: 0
: 0
Root Port
Configuration Changes
Topology Up Time
: 0
: 847850 (0 day 2 hr 21 min 18
sec)
<OK>
Return to previous panel.
Use <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
Priority
Device priority is used in selecting the root device, root port, and
designated port. The device with the highest priority becomes the STA
root device. However, if all devices have the same priority, the device
with the lowest MAC address will then become the root device.
Hello Time
Max Age
The time interval (in seconds) at which the root device transmits a
configuration message.
The maximum time (in seconds) a device can wait without receiving a
configuration message before attempting to reconfigure.
Forward Delay The maximum time (in seconds) the root device will wait before
changing states (i.e., listening to learning to forwarding).
Hold Time
The minimum interval between the transmission of consecutive
Configuration BPDUs.
Designated
Root
The priority and MAC address of the device in the Spanning Tree that
this switch has accepted as the root device.
Root Cost
Root Port
The path cost from the root port on this switch to the root device.
The number of the port on this switch that is closest to the root. This
switch communicates with the root device through this port. If there is
no root port, then this switch has been accepted as the root device of
the Spanning Tree network.
Configuration
Changes
The number of times the Spanning Tree has been reconfigured.
Topology Up
Time
The time since the Spanning Tree was last reconfigured.
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2.6.3.2.Displaying the Current STA for Ports
The parameters shown in the following figure and table are for port STA Information.
Bridge Menu: Spanning Tree Port Information (Port
1-12)
===========
Port Type
Designated
Status
Designated
Cost
Designated
Bridge
Port
-----------------------------------------------------------------
--------
1 100TX
128.1
2 100TX
128.2
3 100TX
128.3
4 100TX
128.4
5 100TX
128.5
6 100TX
128.6
7 100TX
128.7
8 100TX
128.8
9 100TX
128.9
10 100TX
128.10
11 100TX
128.11
12 100TX
128.12
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
DISABLED
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32768.00E800340000
32768.00E800340000
32768.00E800340000
32768.00E800340000
32768.00E800340000
32768.00E800340000
32768.00E800340000
32768.00E800340000
32768.00E800340000
32768.00E800340000
32768.00E800340000
32768.00E800340000
<OK>
<Prev Page>
<Next
Page>
Return to previous panel.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
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Type
Shows port type as:
100TX : 10BASE-T / 100BASE-TX
100FX : 100BASE-FX
1000SX/LX : 1000BASE-SX/X (multimode/ single mode)
1000T : 1000BASE-T
Status
Displays current state of this port within the Spanning Tree:
Disabled No link has been established on this port. Otherwise, the
port has been disabled by the user or has failed
diagnostics.
Blocking Port receives STA configuration messages, but does not
forward packets.
Listening Port will leave blocking state due to a topology change,
start transmitting configuration messages, but does not
yet forward packets.
Learning Port has transmitted configuration messages. For an
interval set by the Forward Delay Parameter without
receiving contradictory information. Port address table is
cleared, and the port begins learning addresses.
Forwarding The port forwards packets, and continues learning
addresses.
The rules defining port status are:
• A port on a network segment with no other STA-compliant bridging
device is always forwarding.
• If two ports of a switch are connected to the same segment and
there is no other STA device attached to this segment, the port
with the smaller ID forwards packets and the other is blocked.
• All ports are blocked when the switch is booted, then some of them
change state to listening, to learning, and then to forwarding.
Designated
Cost
The cost for a packet to travel from this port to the root in the current
Spanning Tree configuration. The slower the media, the higher the
cost.
Designated
Bridge (ID)
The priority and MAC address of the device through which this port
must communicate to reach the root of the Spanning Tree.
Designated Port The priority and number of the port on the designated bridging device
(ID)
through which this switch must communicate with the root of the
Spanning Tree.
2.6.4.Displaying VLAN Information
These menus display information on the ports that have been automatically learned via
GVRP, and all the ports that have been configured by dynamic or static means to
forward VLAN traffic.
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VLAN Information
================
VLAN Dynamic Registration Information ...
VLAN Forwarding Information ...
<OK>
Display VLAN dynamic registration information.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Menu
Description
VLAN Dynamic
Registration
Information
Shows the ports that have been automatically learned via GVRP.
VLAN Forwarding Shows all the ports that have been configured by either dynamic or
Information static means to forward VLAN traffic.
2.6.4.1.VLAN Dynamic Registration Information
This table shows the ports that have been automatically learned via GVRP.
VLAN Dynamic Registration Information
=====================================
Port
1
2
VLAN
1
12345678901234567890123456
D:
Dynamic
Page : 1 <Apply>
<OK> <Prev Page>
Enter page number than press 'Apply' to see VLAN group. |
READ/WRITE
Total: 1 Pages
<Next Page>
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Note:
To scroll through the table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To
display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then select
<Apply>.
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2.6.4.2.VLAN Forwarding Information
Shows all the ports that have been configured by either dynamic or static means to
forward VLAN traffic.
VLAN Forwarding Information
===========================
Port
1
2
VLAN
1
Static
12345678901234567890123456
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
S:
D:
Dynamic
Page : 1 <Apply>
<OK> <Prev Page>
Enter page number than press 'Apply' to see VLAN group.
READ/WRITE
Total: 1 Pages
<Next Page>
|
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Note:
To scroll through the VLAN forwarding table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev
Page> buttons. To display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field
and then select <Apply>.
2.6.5.IP Multicast Registration Table
This table displays all the multicast groups active on the switch, including the multicast
IP address and the corresponding VLANs.
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IP Multicast Registration Table
===============================
1
2
VLAN Multicast IP 12345678901234567890123456
Learned by
Page 1
<OK>
<Apply>
<Prev Page>
Total 0 Pages
<Next Page>
The page number.
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
Description
VLAN
A VLAN with host members that have asked to receive the indicated
multicast service.
Multicast IP
A multicast group address that represents a specific multicast
service.
(Multicast Group The ports that belong to the indicated VLAN group.
Port List)
Learned by
Shows if this entry was learned dynamically or via IGMP Snooping.
An entry is learned dynamically if a multicast packet was seen
crossing the port, or via IGMP Snooping if an IGMP registration
packet was seen crossing the port.
Note:
To scroll through the table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To
display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then select
<Apply>.
2.6.6.IP Menu
This menu contains IP subnet information, the ARP cache, routing table, as well as
multicast groups and multicast routing information.
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IP Address Table
================
Subnet Information ...
ARP Table ...
Routing Table ...
Multicast Table ...
OSPF Table ...
<OK>
Display and change the static route table.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Menu
Description
Subnet
Information
Displays all the IP subnets configured on this switch, as well as the
corresponding VLANs and ports.
ARP Table
Shows the IP-to-MAC addresses discovered by ARP.
Routing Table
Shows the routes through which all recognized Ethernet networks
(and the corresponding VLAN) can be reached.
Multicast Table Displays all the multicast groups active on this switch, including the
multicast IP address and the corresponding VLANs. Also includes the
IGMP registration table, the multicast forwarding cache, and DVMRP
routing information.
OSPF Table
Displays a link state advertisement summary, the neighbor table, and
the virtual neighbor table.
2.6.6.1.Displaying Subnet Information
You can display a list of all the IP interfaces configured on this switch. This table
includes the gateway address, corresponding VLAN, and member ports that use this
address.
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Subnet Information
==================
1
2
Intf. IP Address
Subnet Mask
VLAN
1
12345678901234567890123456
1 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
Page 1
<OK>
<Apply>
<Prev Page>
Total 1 Pages
<Next Page>
The page number.
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Description
The address for an IP interface on this switch.
A template that identifies the address bits in the host address used
for routing to specific subnets. Each bit that corresponds to a “1” is
part of the network / subnet number; each bit that corresponds to “0”
is part of the host number.
VLAN
The VLAN group associated with this IP interface.
(Port Members) The ports that can be reached through this IP interface.
Note: To scroll through the table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To
display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then select
<Apply>.
2.6.6.2.ARP Table
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) defines a method for determining a host’s Ethernet
address from its Internet address. This table shows the IP-to-MAC address cache
discovered via ARP.
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ARP Table
=========
IP Address
MAC Address
VLAN Port
192.168.1.254 00-80-00-00-11-22
1
1
Page 1
<OK>
<First Page>
<Next
Page>
Return to previous panel.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
IP Address
IP addresses for which ARP has resolved the physical address
through a broadcast message.
MAC Address
VLAN
MAC address that maps to the corresponding IP address.
The VLAN group to which this host has been assigned.
Port
The port to which this host device is attached. (Port “0” refers to an
interface defined on this switch.)
Note:
To scroll through the table, use the <First Page> and <Next Page> buttons.
2.6.6.3.Routing Table
The Routing Table lists the routes through which all recognized Ethernet networks (and
corresponding VLANs) can be reached. This table includes all routes learned through
routing protocols or manual configuration.
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Routing Table
=============
Destination Network Destination Mask VLAN Next Hop
Protocol
Type
192.168.1.0
Local
255.255.255.0
1 192.168.2.10 Direct
Page 1 <Apply>
<OK> <Prev Page>
Total 0
<Next Page>
Pages
<Flush
RIP>
Return to previous panel.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
Destination
Network
A destination network, subnet or host.
Destination Mask The subnet mask that specifies the bits to match. A routing entry will
be used for a packet if the bits in the address set by the destination
mask match the Destination Network.
VLAN
The VLAN within which the gateway or destination address resides.
The IP address of the router at the next hop.
Next Hop
Type
The IP route type for the destination network. This switch supports
the following types:
Direct
Indirect
Myself
Bcast
Mcast
Invalid
- A directly connected subnetwork.
- A remote IP subnetwork or host address.
- A switch IP address on a specific IP subnetwork.
- A subnetwork broadcast address.
- An IP multicast address.
- An illegal IP address to be filtered.
Protocol
The route was learned in one of the following ways:
Local
Mgmt.
ICMP
RIP
OSPF
Other
- Manually configured
- Set via SNMP
- Obtained via ICMP redirect
- Learned via RIP protocol
- Learned via OSPF protocol
- Learned by some other method
Note:
To scroll through the table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To
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display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then select
<Apply>. Select <Flush RIP> to clear any routing entries learned through RIP.
Displaying Detailed Routing Information
To display detailed routing information, select any entry in the Routing Table with your
cursor and select Enter. The following screen will display. All items displayed on this
page are the same as those shown in the Routing Table, except for Routing Metric,
which represents a relative measure of the path cost from this switch to the destination
network. (Note that this metric depends on the specific routing protocol.)
Detailed Routing Entry
======================
Destination Address: 192.168.1.0
Destination Mask : 255.255.255.0
VLAN
: 1
Next Hop
Type
: 192.168.2.10
: Direct
Protocol
: Local
Routing Metric
: 1
<OK>
Return to previous panel.
Use <Enter> to select.
2.6.6.4.Multicast Table
You can use this menu to display all the multicast groups currently active on this switch,
the IGMP registration table, the multicast forwarding cache, and DVMRP routing
information.
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Multicast Table Menu
====================
IP Multicast Registration Table ...
IGMP Cache ...
Multicast Forwarding Cache Table ...
DVMRP Routing Table ...
DVMRP Neighbor Table ...
<OK>
Display IP Multicast registration table.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
IP Multicast
Displays all active multicast groups, including the multicast IP
Registration Table address and the corresponding VLANs. (See chapter 2 “IP Multicast
Registration Table”.)
IGMP Cache
Displays all active multicast groups, including the IP interface each
entry appears on, the entry age, and the time left before the entry is
aged out.
Multicast
Forwarding
Cache Table
Displays all active multicast groups, including the multicast source
address, the upstream neighbor, the multicast routing protocol, and
the entry age.
DVMRP Routing Displays the source address for each known multicast service, the
Table
upstream neighbor, the IP interface each entry appears on, the
routing metric, and the entry age.
DVMRP Neighbor Displays all the neighbor routers accessible through each IP
Table
interface, including the entry age, the time left before the entry is
aged out, the protocol version, and the number of routing updates
received from each neighboring router.
Displaying IGMP Cache
The switch provides a local registry of active multicast groups for each IP interface,
including the age and expiration time for each entry.
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IGMP Cache
==========
Group Address Intf Reporter
Timer
Up Time Expire
V1
Page 1
<OK>
<Apply>
<Prev Page>
Total 0 Pages
<Next Page>
The page number.
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
Description
Group Address An IP multicast group address with subscribers directly attached or
downstream from this switch.
Intf
The IP interface on this switch that has received traffic directed to the
IP multicast group address (see chapter 2 “Displaying Subnet
Information”).
Reporter
IP address of the source of the last membership report received for
this multicast group on this interface. If no membership report has
been received, this object has the value 0.0.0.0.
Up Time
Expire
The time elapsed since this entry was created.
The time remaining before this entry will be aged out. (The default is
260 seconds.)
V1 Timer
The time remaining until the switch assumes that there are no longer
any IGMP Version 1 members on the IP subnet attached to this
interface. (The default is 400 seconds.)
If the switch receives an IGMP Version 1 Membership Report, it sets a
timer to note that there are Version 1 hosts present which are
members of the group for which it heard the report.
If there are Version 1 hosts present for a particular group, the switch
will ignore any Leave Group messages that it receives for that group.
Note: To scroll through the table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To
display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then select
<Apply>.
Displaying the Multicast Forwarding Cache
The switch maintains a cache of multicast routing entries used to calculate the delivery
tree in multicast routing protocols. The Multicast Forwarding Cache includes the
subnetwork that contains the multicast source and the nearest upstream neighbor for
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each known multicast group address.
Multicast Forwarding Cache
==========================
Group Address Source Address Mask Upstream Nbr Protocol Up
Time
Page 1
<OK>
<Apply>
<Prev Page>
Total 0 Pages
<Next Page>
The page number.
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
Description
Group Address
Source Address
Mask
An IP multicast group address with subscribers directly attached or
downstream from this switch.
The IP subnetwork at the root of the multicast delivery tree. This
subnetwork contains a known multicast source.
Subnet mask that is used for the source address. This mask
identifies the host address bits used for routing to specific subnets.
Upstream Nbr
The IP address of the network device immediately upstream for
this group.
Protocol
Up Time
Note:
The multicast routing protocol associated with this entry.
The time elapsed since this entry was created.
To scroll through the table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To
display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then select
<Apply>.
Displaying the DVMRP Routing Table
The DVMRP Routing Table contains all the IP multicast routes learned by the DVMRP
protocol. The routes displayed in this table are used by this switch to forward new IP
multicast traffic. They do not reflect active multicast flows.
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DVMRP Routing Table
===================
Source Address Mask Upstream Nbr Interface
Metric
Up Time
Page 1
<OK>
<Apply>
<Prev Page>
Total 0 Pages
<Next Page>
The page number.
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
Description
Source
Address
The IP subnetwork at the root of the multicast delivery tree. This
subnetwork contains a known multicast source.
Subnet Mask Subnet mask that is used for the source address. This mask identifies
the host address bits used for routing to specific subnets.
Upstream Nbr The IP address of the network device immediately upstream for this
multicast delivery tree.
Interface
The IP interface on this switch that connects to the upstream neighbor
(see chapter 2 “Displaying Subnet Information”).
Metric
The metric for this interface used to calculate distance vectors.
The time elapsed since this entry was created.
Up Time
Note:
To scroll through the table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To
display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then select
<Apply>.
Displaying the DVMRP Neighbor Table
The DVMRP Neighbor Table contains the switch’s DVMRP neighbors, as discovered by
receiving DVMRP protocol messages.
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DVMRP Neighbor Table
====================
Interface
RcvRoute
Neighbor Address UpTime ExpireTime Ver
Page 1
<OK>
<Apply>
<Prev Page>
Total 0 Pages
<Next Page>
The page number.
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
Description
Interface
The IP interface on this switch that connects to the upstream
neighbor (see chapter 2 “Displaying Subnet Information”).
Neighbor Address The IP address of the network device immediately upstream for
this multicast delivery tree.
UpTime
The time since this device last became a DVMRP neighbor to this
switch.
ExpireTime
Ver
The time remaining before this entry will be aged out.
The neighboring router’s DVMRP version number.
RcvRoute
The total number of routes received in valid DVMRP packets from
this neighbor. This can be used to diagnose problems such as
unicast route injection, as well as giving an indication of the level of
DVMRP route exchange activity.
Note:
To scroll through the table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To
display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then select
<Apply>.
2.6.6.5.OSPF Table
You can use this menu to display the OSPF router linkages for the autonomous system
based on the Interface Table, Link State Table, Neighbor Table, and Virtual Neighbor
Table.
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OSPF Table Menu
===============
Interface Table ...
Link State Table ...
Neighbor Table ...
Virtual Neighbor Table ...
<OK>
Display interface database.
Use <TAB> or arrow keys to move. <Enter> to select.
Parameter
Description
Interface Table
Link State Table
Neighbor Table
Displays a summary of link state advertisements.
Displays current neighbor routers.
Virtual Neighbor Table
Displays current virtual neighbors.
Displaying the Interface Table
You can use this menu to display parameters of OSPF interfaces.
OSPF Interface Table
====================
IP Address
Events
192.168.1.254 0
Rtr ID Designated Rtr Backup DR
Status
Down
0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0
0
Page 1
<OK>
<Apply>
<Prev Page>
The page number.
Total 1 Pages
<Next Page>
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
Description
IP Address
The IP address of this OSPF interface.
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Rtr ID
Router ID for this router.
Designated Rtr The IP of the designated router. The designated router advertises the
link state of the OSPF area.
Backup DR
The backup designated router. If the designated router fails, the
backup designated router takes its place.
Status
Events
This interface’s status in this OSPF area.
The number of events since this designated router was selected.
Displaying the Link State Table
The link state table displays all advertisements in the link state database. This database
contains linkage information for all the areas to which this router is attached. Note that
all the routers within an area exchange information to ensure that they maintain an
identical link state database. This database can therefore be used to troubleshoot
network configuration problems.
OSPF Link State Table
=====================
Area Identity Type Link StateId Router ID
Age
0.0.0.0
Sequence No
RtrLSA 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254
0x80000002 1489
Page 1
<OK>
<Apply>
<Prev Page>
Total 0 Pages
<Next Page>
The page number.
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
Description
Area Identity
An OSPF area identifier configured for a group of OSPF routers. (For
information on how to assign this identifier to a specific interface, see
chapter 2 “Configuring OSPF”.)
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Type
The link state advertisement type:
RtrLSA: Router LSA – All area routers advertise the state of links
from the router itself to the its local area.
NetLSA: Network LSA – The designated router for each Area
advertises the link state for each transit area; i.e., an area
with more than one attached router. This LSA includes
information about each router attached to the area,
including the designated router itself.
SumLSA: Summary LSA – Advertise the cost to a specific subnetwork
outside the router’s area, or the cost to a specific
autonomous system boundary router.
ExtLSA: External LSA – Advertises link state information for each
known network outside the autonomous system.
Link State ID
The identifier for the router originating this entry, usually in the form of
an IP address.
Router ID
The IP address of the originating router.
Sequence No
The link state sequence number, used to remove previous duplicate
LSAs.
Age
The number of seconds since this LSA was originated.
Note:
To scroll through the table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To
display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and select
<Apply>.
Displaying the Neighbor Table
Each router exchanges link state information with all neighbors physically attached to
the same network segment. This table displays a summary of the link state for all
adjacent neighbors. (Note that neighboring routers are discovered by this device via
Hello messages.).
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OSPF Neighbor Table
===================
IP Address
Events
ID
Router ID
Option Priority State
Page 1
<OK>
<Apply>
<Prev Page>
Total 0 Pages
<Next Page>
The page number.
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter Description
IP Address IP address of the neighboring router.
ID
The index number of the router interface to which this neighbor is
attached. For IP protocol, this value will always be zero.
Router ID
Option
The OSPS identifier for the neighboring router.
The optional OSPF capabilities supported by the neighbor. The neighbor's
optional OSPF capabilities are also listed in its Hello packets. This
enables received Hellos to be rejected (i.e., neighbor relationships will not
even start to form) if there is a mismatch in certain crucial OSPF
capabilities. The OSPF optional capabilities currently accepted include
external routing capability and TOS capability.
You need to map the binary bits to the supported options. For example,
“3” indicates both routing capability and TOS capability.
Priority
The neighbor’s router priority. This priority is used in electing the
designated router for the area in which it exists. This value will be set to
zero if this router cannot be elected.
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State
The communication state for two adjacent routers:
Down:
This is the initial state of a neighbor conversation. It Indicates
that there has been no recent information received from the
neighbor.
Attempt: This state is only valid for neighbors attached to
non-broadcast networks. It indicates that no recent
Information has been received from the neighbor, but that the
router is attempting to contact the neighbor by sending Hello
packets.
Init:
A Hello packet has recently been seen from the neighbor.
However, bidirectional communication has not yet been
established with the neighbor.
2-Way:
Communication between the two routers has been
established. This is the most advanced state short of
beginning adjacency establishment. Note that both the
Designated Router and Backup Designated Router are
selected from the set of neighbors in state 2-Way or greater.
This is the first step in creating an adjacency between the two
neighboring routers. The goal of this step is to decide which
router is the master, and to decide upon the initial sequence
number. Neighbor conversations in this state or greater are
called adjacencies.
ExStart:
Exchange: The router is describing its entire link state database by
sending database description packets to the neighbor. (Each
database description packet has a sequence number, and is
explicitly acknowledged.) All adjacencies in Exchange state or
greater are used by the flooding procedure. In fact, these
adjacencies are fully capable of transmitting and receiving all
types of OSPF routing protocol packets.
Loading: Link State Request packets are sent to the neighbor asking
for more recent advertisements that have been discovered
(but not yet received) in the exchange state.
Full:
The neighboring routers are fully adjacent. These adjacencies
will now appear in router links and network links
advertisements.
Events
The number of events encountered that cause a neighbor state change
since boot up.
Note:
To scroll through the table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To
display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and select
<Apply>.
Displaying the Virtual Neighbor Table
Virtual links can be used to link an area isolated from the backbone, to create a
redundant link between any area and the backbone to help prevent partitioning, or to
connect two existing backbone areas into a common backbone. Note that the processes
of establishing a active link between virtual neighbors is similar to that used for
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physically adjacent neighbors.
OSPF Virtual Neighbor Table
===========================
Area ID
Events
Router ID
IP Address
Option State
Page 1
<OK>
<Apply>
<Prev Page>
The page number.
Total 0 Pages
<Next Page>
| READ/WRITE
Use<TAB>orarrowkeystomove, otherkeystomakechanges.
Parameter
Area ID
Description
The transit area the virtual link must cross to connect the border routers.
The OSPF identifier for the router at the other end of the link.
IP address of the border router at the other end of the link.
Router ID
IP Address
Option
The optional OSPF capabilities supported by the neighbor. The
neighbor's optional OSPF capabilities are also listed in its Hello packets.
This enables received Hellos to be rejected (i.e., neighbor relationships
will not even start to form) if there is a mismatch in certain crucial OSPF
capabilities. The OSPF optional capabilities currently accepted include
external routing capability and TOS capability.
You need to map the binary bits to the supported options. For example,
“3” indicates both routing capability and TOS capability.
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State
The communication state for two adjacent routers:
Down:
This is the initial state of a neighbor conversation. It
indicates that there has been no recent information received
from the neighbor.
Attempt: This state is only valid for neighbors attached to
non-broadcast networks. It indicates that no recent
information has been received from the neighbor, but that
the router is attempting to contact the neighbor by sending
Hello packets.
Init:
A Hello packet has recently been seen from the neighbor.
However, bidirectional communication has not yet been
established with the neighbor.
2-Way:
Communication between the two routers has been
established. This is the most advanced state short of
beginning adjacency establishment. Note that both the
Designated Router and Backup Designated Router are
selected from the set of neighbors in state 2-Way or greater.
This is the first step in creating an adjacency between the
two neighboring routers. The goal of this step is to decide
which router is the master, and to decide upon the initial
sequence number. Neighbor conversations in this state or
greater are called adjacencies.
ExStart:
Exchange: The router is describing its entire link state database by
sending database description packets to the neighbor.
(Each database description packet has a sequence number,
and is explicitly acknowledged.) All adjacencies in
Exchange state or greater are used by the flooding
procedure. In fact, these adjacencies are fully capable of
transmitting and receiving all types of OSPF routing
protocol packets.
Loading: Link State Request packets are sent to the neighbor asking
for more recent advertisements that have been discovered
(but not yet received) in the exchange state.
Full:
The neighboring routers are fully adjacent. These
adjacencies will now appear in router links and network
links advertisements.
Events
The number of events encountered that cause a neighbor state change
since boot up.
Note: To scroll through the table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To
display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and select
<Apply>.
2.7.Resetting the System
Use the Restart command under the Main Menu to reset the management agent. The
reset screen is shown below.
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System Restart Menu
===================
Restart Option :
Reload Factory Defaults : NO
<Restart>
Restart system with the factory default settings.
|EAD/SELECT
<Cancel>
Use <TAB> or arrow keysto move, <Space>to scroll options.
Parameter
Description
Reload Factory Defaults
[Restart]
Reloads the factory defaults
Restarts the switch.
Note:
When the system is restarted, it will always run the Power-On Self-Test. It will
also retain all system information, unless you elect to reload the factory defaults.
2.8.Logging Off the System
Use the Exit command under the Main Menu to exit the configuration program and
terminate communication with the switch for the current session.
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3. Web Interface
3.1.Web-Based Configuration and Monitoring
In addition to the menu-driven system configuration program, this switch also provides
an embedded HTTP Web agent. Using a Web browser you can configure the switch
and view statistics to monitor network activity. The Web agent can be accessed by any
computer on the network using a standard Web browser (Internet Explorer 4.0 or above,
or Netscape Navigator 4.0 or above).
Prior to accessing the switch from a Web browser, be sure you have first performed the
following tasks:
1. Configure it with a valid IP address and subnet mask (for Layer 2 mode) using an
out-of-band serial connection or BOOTP protocol (Appendix A). Provide a default
gateway for Layer 2 operation (chapter 2 “IP Configuration”) or a default route for
multilayer operation (chapter 2 ”Configuring the Default Route”).
2. Set a user name and password using an out-of-band serial connection (chapter 2
“User Log-in Configuration”). Access to the Web agent is controlled by the same
user name and password as the onboard configuration program.
Note:
If the path between your management station and this switch does not pass
through any device that uses the Spanning Tree Algorithm, then you can set the
switch port attached to your management station to Fast Forwarding (chapter 3
“Configuring the STA for Ports”) to improve the switch’s response time to
management commands issued through the Web interface.
After you enter the user name and password, you will have access to the system
configuration program illustrated by the following menu hierarchy:
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System
Information Menu
System Information
Switch Information
IP Configuration
Network Configuration(1)
Serial Port Configuration
SNMP Configuration
User Configuration
TFTP Download
Management
Setup Menu
SNMP Communities
IP Trap Manager
Configuration File
Port Configuration
Mirror Port Configuration
Port Trunk Configuration
Static Unicast Address Configuration
Static Multicast Address Configuration
Bridge Configuration
Spanning Tree Port Configuration
System Mode
Layer 2 Menu
Bridge Menu
VLAN Port Configuration
VLAN Table Configuration
Device Control
Menu
IP Subnet Configuration
Port Group Configuration
VLAN Menu
IGMP Snooping Configuration(1)
IP Menu(2)
Subnet Configuration
Protocol Configuration
Static ARP Configuration
Static Route
ARP Configuration
RIP Configuration
Security Menu
OSPF Configuration Menu
DHCP Relay Configuration
IGMP Snooping Configuration
MAC Filtering Configuration
Security Mode
Area ID Configuration
OSPF Area Range Configuration
OSPF Virtual Link Configuration
OSPF Host Route Configuration
IP Filtering Configuration(2)
Port Statistics
RMON Statistics
Unicast Address Table
Port Statistics
Layer 2 Address Table
Bridge Menu
Network Monitor
Menu
Spanning Tree Bridge Information
Spanning Tree Port Information
VLAN Menu
IP Multicast Registration Table(1)
IP Menu(2)
VLAN Dynamic Registration Information
VLAN Forwarding Information
Subnet Information
ARP Table
IP Multicast Registration Table
IGMP Cache
Routing Table
Multicast Table
OSPF Table
Multicast Forwarding Cache Table
DVMRP Routing Table
DVMRP Neighbor Table
System Restart
Menu
Restart Option
Interface Table
Link State Table
Neighbor Table
Exit
1. Only display when intelligent switch is set to Layer 2 mode
or the switch is management model.
Virtual Neighbor Table
2. Only display when intelligent switch is set to multilayer mode.
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3.2.Navigating the Web Browser Interface
To access the Web-browser interface you must first enter a user name and password.
The administrator has Read / Write access to all configuration parameters and statistics.
The default user name for the administrator is “admin,” with no password.
3.2.1.Home Page
When your Web browser connects with the switch’s Web agent, the home page is
displayed as shown below. The home page displays the Main Menu on the left side of
the screen and System Information on the right side. The Main Menu links are used to
navigate to other menus and display configuration parameters and statistics.
If this is your first time to access the management agent, you should define a new
Administrator name and password, record it and put it in a safe place. Select Mgt Setup
/ User Cfg. from the Main Menu, and then enter a new name and password for the
Administrator. Note that user names and passwords can consist of up to 11
alphanumeric characters and are not case sensitive.
Note:
You are allowed three attempts to enter the correct password; on the third failed
attempt the current connection is terminated.
3.2.2.Configuration Options
Configurable parameters have a dialog box or a drop-down list. Once a configuration
change has been made on a page, be sure to click on the “Apply” button at the bottom
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of the page to confirm the new setting. The following table summarizes the Web page
configuration buttons.
Web Page Configuration Buttons
Button
Apply
Action
Sets specified values in the SNMP agent.
Cancels specified values prior to pressing the “Apply” button.
Immediately updates values from the SNMP agent.
Cancel
Refresh
Notes:
1. To ensure proper screen refresh, be sure that Internet Explorer 5.x is configured as
follows: Under the menu “Tools / Internet Options / General / Temporary Internet
Files / Settings,” the setting for item “Check for newer versions of stored pages”
should be “Every visit to the page.”
2. When using Internet Explorer 5.0, you may have to manually refresh the screen after
making configuration changes by pressing the browser’s refresh button.
3.2.3.Panel Display
The Web agent displays an image of the switch’s ports, showing port links and activity.
Clicking on the image of a port displays statistics and configuration information for the
port. Clicking on the image of the serial port (labeled “Mgmt”) displays the Console
Configuration screen. Clicking on any other part of the front panel displays switch
version information as described on chapter 3 “Displaying Switch Version Information”.
3.2.4.Port State Display
Click on any port to display a summary or port status as shown below, as well as
Etherlike statistics (chapter 3 “Displaying Ethernet Port Statistics”).
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Parameter
Description
Type
Shows port type as:
100BASE-TX
100BASE-FX
: 10BASE-T / 100BASE-TX
: 100BASE-FX
1G BASE-SX/LX : 10000BASE-SX/LX (multimode/ single mode)
1G BASE-T : 1000BASE-T
Admin Status
Shows if the port is enabled, or has been disabled due to abnormal
behavior or for security reasons. See “Configuring Port Parameters”
on chapter 3.
Link Status
Indicates if the port has a valid connection to an external device.
Indicates the current port speed.
Speed Status
Duplex Status Indicates the port’s current duplex mode.
Flow Control
Status
Shows the flow control type in use. Flow control can eliminate frame
loss by “blocking” traffic from end stations connected directly to the
switch.
VLAN ID
The VLAN ID assigned to untagged frames received on this port. Use
the PVID (chapter 3 “VLAN Port Configuration”) to assign ports to the
same untagged VLAN.
3.2.5.Configuring the Serial Port
If you are having difficulties making an out-of-band console connection to the serial port
on the switch, you can display or modify the current settings for the serial port through
the Web agent. Click on the serial port icon in the switch image to display or configure
these settings, as shown below.
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Parameter
Default
Description
Management Console
Indicates that the port settings are for direct console
connection.
Mode
Mode
Baud Rate
19200
The rate at which data is sent between devices.
Options: 9600, 19200 and 38400 baud.
Data Bits
Stop Bits
Parity
8 bits
Sets the data bits of the RS-232 port.
Options: 7, 8
1 bit
Sets the stop bits of the RS-232 port.
Options: 1, 2
none
Sets the parity of the RS-232 port.
Options: none / odd / even
Timeout
0 minutes
If no input is received from the attached device after this
interval, the current session is automatically closed.
Range: 0 - 100 minutes; where 0 indicates disabled
Auto Refresh 10 seconds Sets the interval before a console session will auto refresh
the console information, such as Spanning Tree
Information, Port Configuration, Port Statistics, and RMON
Statistics.
Range: 0-255 seconds; where 0 indicates disabled
3.3.Main Menu
Using the onboard Web agent, you can define system parameters, manage and control
the switch, and all its ports, or monitor network conditions. The interface screen includes
the main menu on the left side, the menu bar beneath the image of the switch, and a list
of commands beneath the menu bar. The following table briefly describes the selections
available from this program.
Menu
Description
System Information Menu
System Information Provides basic system description, including contact information.
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Switch Information
Shows hardware / firmware version numbers, power status, and
expansion modules used in the switch.
Management Setup Menu
Network
Configures the switch’s network parameters.
Configuration¹
Serial Port
Configuration
Sets communication parameters for the serial port, including
baud rate, console timeout, and screen data refresh interval.
SNMP Configuration Activates authentication failure traps, configures community
access strings and trap managers.
User Configuration
TFTP Download
Sets the user names and passwords for system access.
Downloads new version of firmware to update your system
(in-band).
Configuration File
Device Control Menu
System Mode³
Saves or restores configuration data based on the specified file.
Sets the switch to operate as a Layer 2 switch or as a multilayer
routing switch.
Layer 2 Menu
Bridge Menu
VLAN Menu
Configures port communication mode, mirror ports, port trunking,
and static addresses.
Configures GMRP and GVRP for the bridge, as well as Spanning
Tree settings for the global bridge or for specific ports.
Configures VLAN settings for specific ports, and defines the port
membership for VLAN groups.
IGMP Snooping
Configuration¹
Configures IGMP multicast filtering.
IP Menu²
Configures the subnets for each VLAN group, global
configuration for ARP and ARP proxy, unicast and multicast
protocols, BOOTP / DHCP relay, static ARP table entries, static
routes and the default route.
Security Menu
Configures MAC and IP²address filtering.
Network Monitor Menu
Port Statistics
Displays statistics on port traffic, including information from the
Interfaces Group, Ethernet-like MIB, and RMON MIB.
Layer 2 Address
Table
Contains the unicast address table.
Bridge Menu
Displays Spanning Tree information for the overall bridge and for
specified ports.
VLAN Menu
Displays dynamic port registration information for VLANs, as well
as all VLAN forwarding information for static and dynamic
assignment.
IP Multicast
Registration Table¹
Displays all the multicast groups active on this switch, including
the multicast IP addresses and corresponding VLANs.
IP Menu²
Displays all the IP subnets used on this switch, as well as the
corresponding VLANs and ports. Also contains the ARP table,
routing table, multicast table, and OSPF table.
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System Restart Menu
Restart Option
Restarts the system with options to restore factory defaults.
1. Only displays if the intelligent switch is set to Layer 2 mode or the switch is
management model.
2. Only displays when intelligent switch is set to multilayer mode. (Note that this menu
includes IGMP Snooping Configuration.)
3. Only displayed in intelligent switch.
3.4.System Information Menu
Use the System Information Menu to display a basic description of the switch, including
contact information, and hardware / firmware versions.
Menu
Description
System Information Provides basic system description, including contact information.
Switch Information
Shows hardware / firmware version numbers, power status, and
expansion modules used in the switch.
3.4.1.Displaying System Information
Use the System Information screen to display descriptive information about the switch,
or for quick system identification as shown in the following figure and table.
Parameter
Description
System Description System hardware description.
Object ID
MIB II object identifier for switch’s network management
subsystem.
System Up Time
System Name*
System Contact*
System Location*
Length of time the current management agent has been running.
Name assigned to the switch system.
Contact person for the system.
Specifies the area or location where the system resides.
*Maximum string length is 99, but the screen only displays 45 characters. You can use
the arrow keys to browse the whole string.
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3.4.2.Displaying Switch Version Information
Use the Switch Information screen to display hardware / firmware version numbers for
the main board, as well as the power status and modules plugged into the system.
Parameter
Description
Hardware Version
Firmware Version
Serial Number
Port Number
Hardware version of the main board.
System firmware version in ROM.
Serial number of the main board.
Number of ports on this switch.
Internal Power Status Power status for the switch.
Parameter
Description
Expansion Slot 1
Shows module type if inserted:
1GBASE-SX/LX : 1000BASE-SX/LX (multimode/ single mode)
1GBASE-T
: 1000BASE-T
3.5.Management Setup Menu
After initially logging onto the system, you can use this menu to configure access rights.
You should set user names and passwords (User Configuration). Remember to record
them in a safe place. You should also set the community string which controls access to
the onboard SNMP agent via in-band management software (SNMP Configuration). The
items provided by the Management Setup Menu are described in the following sections.
Menu
Description
Network
Configures the switch’s IP parameters.
Configuration¹
Serial Port
Configuration
Sets communication parameters for the serial port, including baud
rate, console timeout, and screen data refresh interval.
(See “Configuring the Serial Port” on chapter 3.)
SNMP
Configuration
Activates authentication failure traps, and configures communities
and trap managers.
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User Configuration Sets the user names and passwords for system access.
TFTP Download
Downloads new version of firmware to update your system
(in-band).
Configuration File Saves or restores configuration data based on the specified file.
1. Only display when intelligent switch is set to Layer 2 mode or the switch is
management model.
3.5.1.Changing the Network Configuration (Layer 2
Mode)
Use the Network Configuration menu to set the bootup option and configure the switch’s
IP parameters. The screen shown below is described in the following table.
Parameter
Description
IP Address
IP address of the switch you are managing. The system supports
SNMP over UDP / IP transport protocol. In this environment, all
systems on the Internet such as network interconnection devices and
any PC accessing the agent module (or running View) must have an
IP address.
Valid IP addresses consist of four numbers, of 0 to 255, and separated
by periods. Anything outside this format will not be accepted by the
configuration program.
Subnet Mask
Gateway IP
Subnet mask of the switch. This mask identifies the host address bits
used for routing to specific subnets.
Gateway used to pass trap messages from the system’s agent to the
management station. Note that the gateway must be defined (when
operating at Layer 2) if the management station is located in a different
IP segment.
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IP State
Specifies whether IP functionality is enabled via manual configuration,
or set by Boot Protocol (BOOTP). Options include:
User Configuration – IP functionality is enabled based on the default
or user specified IP Configuration. (This is the default setting.)
BOOTP Get IP – IP is enabled but will not function until a BOOTP
reply has been received. BOOTP requests will be broadcast
periodically by the switch in an effort to learn its IP address. (BOOTP
values can include the IP address, default gateway, and subnet mask.)
Mgt. Access
Allows management access of the switch from all VLANs or only from
a specified VLAN. If you select “Mgmt VLAN,” then be sure to specify
the required VLAN.
Note:
When using multilayer mode, refer to “Subnet Configuration” on chapter 3.
3.5.2.Assigning SNMP Parameters
Use the SNMP Configuration screen to display and modify parameters for the Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMP). The switch includes an onboard SNMP agent
which monitors the status of its hardware as well as the traffic passing through its ports.
A computer attached to the network, called a Network Management Station (NMS), can
be used to access this information. Access rights to the agent module are controlled by
community strings. To communicate with the switch, the NMS must first submit a valid
community string for authentication. The options for configuring community strings and
related trap functions are described in the following figures and table.
3.5.2.1.Configuring Community Names
The following figure and table describe how to configure the community strings
authorized for management access. Up to 5 community names may be entered.
Parameter
Description
Community Name A community entry authorized for management access. (The
maximum string length is 20 characters.)
Access
Management access is restricted to Read Only or Read / Write.
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Status
Displays the administrative status of entry. An entry can only be to
enabled or disabled via the console interface.
3.5.2.2.Configuring IP Trap Managers
The following figure and table describe how to specify management stations that will
receive authentication failure messages or other trap messages from the switch. Up to 5
trap managers may be entered.
Parameter
Description
IP Address
IP address of the trap manager.
Community Name A community authorized to receive trap messages.
Status
Displays the administrative status of entry. An entry can only be to
enabled or disabled via the console interface.
3.5.3.User Login Configuration
Use the User Configuration screen to restrict management access based on user
names and passwords. The default administrator (admin) has write access for
parameters governing the onboard agent. You should therefore assign a password to
the administrator as soon as possible, and store it in a safe place.
Displaying the Current User Configuration
Use this menu to configure the names and access rights for people authorized to
manage the switch.
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Parameter
Description
User Name*
Specifies a user authorized management access to the switch via
the console, Telnet or HTTP. An entry can only be deleted via the
console interface.
User Password*
Access Right
Password associated with this entry.
GUEST: Read Only for all screens.
ADMIN: Read / Write for all screens.
Console
Telnet
Authorizes management via the console.
Authorizes management via Telnet.
Authorizes management via HTTP.
HTTP
*These entries can consist of up to 15 alphanumeric characters and are not case
sensitive.
3.5.4.Downloading System Software
Use the TFTP Download menu to load software updates to permanent flash ROM in the
switch. The download file should be a correct binary file for the switch; otherwise the
agent will not accept it. The success of the download operation depends on the
accessibility of the TFTP server and the quality of the network connection. After
downloading the new software, the agent will automatically restart itself. Parameters
shown on this screen are indicated in the following figure and table
Parameter
Description
Server IP Address
IP address of a TFTP server.
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File Name
The binary file to download.
Start TFTP Download Issues request to TFTP server to download the specified file.
3.5.5.Saving or Restoring the System Configuration
Use the Configuration File menu to save the switch configuration settings to a file on a
TFTP client. The file can be later downloaded to the switch to restore the switch’s
settings. The success of the operation depends on the accessibility of the TFTP client
and the quality of the network connection. Parameters shown on this screen are
indicated in the following figure and table.
Parameter
Station IP
Operation
Description
IP address of a PC running TFTP client software.
Download from switch Downloads the current switch configuration to
a file on the client PC.
Upload to switch
Uploads a configuration file to the switch from
the client PC.
Note:
Saving and restoring switch configuration settings can then be initiated by using
any TFTP client utility, such as the command line utility included in Windows NT.
For example, using Windows NT, from a DOS window command prompt, enter
the TFTP command in the form:
TFTP [-i] host [GET : PUT] source [destination]
To transfer a file –
Switch: Specify the IP address of the TFTP client, and select “Download from
switch” or “Upload from Switch.”
TFTP Client: Set the mode to <binary>, specify the IP address of the target switch
and the directory path / name of the file to transfer.
Switch: Select <START> from the Configuration File menu.
TFTP Client: Start transferring the configuration file from the TFTP client or the
switch, and wait until the transfer completes.
3.6.Device Control Menu
The Device Control menu is used to control a broad range of functions, including port
mode, port mirroring, port trunking, Spanning Tree, Virtual LANs, IP subnets, multicast
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filtering, and routing protocols. Each of the setup screens provided by these
configuration menus is described in the following sections.
Menu
Description
System Mode³
Sets the switch to operate as a Layer 2 switch or as a multilayer
routing switch.
Layer 2 Menu
Bridge Menu
Configures port communication mode, mirror ports, port trunking,
and static addresses.
Configures the Spanning Tree Protocol for the bridge or for specific
ports, GMRP and GVRP for automatic registration of multicast and
VLAN groups, traffic class priority threshold, and address aging
time.
VLAN Menu
Configures VLAN settings for specific ports, and defines the port
membership for VLAN groups.
IGMP Snooping
Configuration¹
Configures IGMP multicast filtering.
IP Menu²
Configures the subnets for each VLAN group, global configuration
for ARP and Proxy ARP, unicast and multicast protocols, static ARP
table entries, static routes and the default route.
Security Menu
Configures MAC and IP²address filtering.
1. Only displayed if the intelligent switch is set to Layer 2 mode or the switch is
management model.
2. Only displayed if the intelligent switch is set to multilayer mode. (Note that this menu
includes IGMP Snooping Configuration.)
3. Only displayed in intelligent switch.
3.6.1.Setting the System Operation Mode
This switch can be set to operate as a Layer 2 switch, making all filtering and forwarding
decisions based strictly on MAC addresses. Or, it can be set to operate as a multilayer
routing switch, whereby it switches packets for all non-IP protocols (such as NetBUEI,
NetWare or AppleTalk) based on MAC addresses (see “Virtual LANs” on chapter 4), and
routes all IP packets based on the specified routing protocol. The System Mode menu is
shown below. Note that the switch will be automatically rebooted whenever the system
operation mode is changed.
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Parameter Description
Layer 2 Filtering and forwarding decision will be based on MAC addresses for all
protocol traffic.
Multi-Layer Switching based on MAC addresses will be used for all non-IP protocol
traffic, and routing will be used for all IP protocol traffic.
Note:
When the switch is set to multilayer mode, the IP menus are enabled, and the
“IP Configuration (Layer 2 Mode)” menu on chapter 2 is disabled. When
operating in multilayer mode, you should configure an IP interface for each
VLAN that needs to communicate with any device outside of the VLAN. (See
“Subnet Configuration” on chapter 2.)
3.6.2.Layer 2 Menu
The Layer 2 menu contains options for port configuration, port mirroring, and port
trunking. These menu options are described in the following sections.
Menu
Description
Port Configuration
Enables any port, enables / disables flow control, and
sets communication mode to auto-negotiation, full duplex
or half duplex.
Mirror Port Configuration
Sets the source and target ports for mirroring.
Port Trunking Configuration Specifies ports to group into aggregate trunks.
Static Unicast Address Table Used to manually configure host MAC addresses in the
unicast table.
Static Multicast Address Table Used to manually configure host MAC addresses in the
multicast table.
3.6.2.1.Configuring Port Parameters
Use the Port Configuration menu to display or set communication parameters for any
port or module on the switch, including administrative status, auto-negotiation, default
communication speed and duplex mode, as well as flow control in use.
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Parameter Default
Description
Link Status
Indicates if the port has a valid connection to an external
device.
Admin
Status
Enabled
Enabled
Allows you to disable a port due to abnormal behavior
(e.g., excessive collisions), and then enable it after the
problem has been resolved. You may also disable a port
for security reasons.
Auto
Negotiate*
Enables or disables auto-negotiation for the following
features
Port Type
Speed
Duplex Mode Flow
Control
auto
10/100BASE-T
100BASE-FX
1000BASE-SX/LX 1000M
1000BASE-T 1000M
auto
100M
auto
full duplex
full duplex
full duplex
auto
auto
auto
The 10/100BASE-TX ports can autonegotiate the speed
to 10/100 Mbps, and the transmission mode to half / full
duplex. The 100BASE-FX, 1000BASE-SX/LX, and
1000BASE-T modules are all fixed at the indicated speed
and duplex mode. All media types can auto-negotiate
flow control.
Default Type 10M-Half-Duplex If auto-negotiation is disabled, the port will be set to the
indicated speed and duplex mode.
Current
Type
Indicates the current speed and duplex mode.
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Flow Control Disabled
Used to enable or disable flow control. Flow control can
eliminate frame loss by “blocking” traffic from end
stations or segments connected directly to the switch
when its buffers fill. When enabled, back pressure is
used for half-duplex and IEEE 802.3x for full-duplex.
Note that flow control should not be used if a port is
connected to a hub. For the Gigabit modules the options
for flow control are set out below:
Switch
Link Partner Flow Control
Rcv/BothWay SendOnly
Switch can only receive
pause frames, link partner
can only send pause
frames.
Rcv/BothWay BothWay
Both switch and link partner
can send and receive
pause frames.
Jack Type
Shows the jack type for each port.
Ports 1-11,13,23: RJ-45
Ports 12,24: FIBER or RJ-45
Ports 25-26: RJ-45, FIBER
3.6.2.2.Using a Port Mirror for Analysis
You can mirror traffic from any source port to a target port for real-time analysis. You
can then attach a logic analyzer or RMON probe to the target port and study the traffic
crossing the source port in a completely unobtrusive manner. When mirroring port traffic,
note that the target port must be included in the same VLAN as the source port. (See
“VLAN Table Configuration” on chapter 3.)
You can use the Mirror Configuration screen to mirror one or more ports to the monitor
port as shown below.
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Parameter
Enable Port Mirror Enables or disables the mirror function.
TX Mirrored Port The port whose transmitted traffic will be mirrored.
Description
TX Monitored Port The port that will duplicate the transmitted traffic appearing on the
mirrored port.
RX Mirrored Port
The port whose received traffic will be mirrored.
RX Monitored Port The port that will duplicate the received traffic appearing on the
mirrored port.
Note:
You can mirror multiple ports to a single port to view traffic such as that crossing a
port trunk. However, note that some packets may be dropped for moderate to
heavy loading.
3.6.2.3.Configuring Port Trunks
Ports can be combined into an aggregate link to increase the bandwidth of a network
connection or ensure fault recovery. You can configure trunks between any two switches.
Ports 1-24 on this switch can be grouped into a trunk consisting of two, four or eight
ports, creating an aggregate bandwidth up to 400, 800 or 1600 Mbps when operating at
full duplex. Ports 25-26 (extender module ports) can be trunked together creating an
aggregate bandwidth up to 2 Gps. The ports that can be assigned to the same trunk are
listed on next page. Beyond balancing the load across each port in the trunk, the
additional ports provide redundancy by taking over the load if another port in the trunk
should fail. However, before making any physical connections between devices, use the
Trunk Configuration menu to specify the trunk on the devices at both ends. When using
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a port trunk, remember that:
• Ports can only be assigned to one trunk.
• The ports at both ends of a connection must be configured as trunk ports.
• The ports at both ends of a trunk must be configured in an identical manner, including
communication mode and VLAN assignments.
• All the ports in a trunk have to be treated as a whole when moved from / to, added to,
or deleted from, a VLAN.
• The Spanning Tree Algorithm will treat all the ports in a trunk as a whole.
• Enable the trunk prior to connecting any cable between the switches to avoid creating
a loop.
Use the Trunk Configuration screen to set up port trunks as shown below:
Parameter
Trunk List
Description
The port groups currently configured as trunks.
The port groups that can still be configured as trunks.
New Setting
The port groups permitted include:
<<13, 1>> <<14, 2>> <<15, 3>> <<16, 4>>
<<17, 5>> <<18, 6>> <<19, 7>> <<20, 8>>
<<21, 9>> <<22,10>> <<23,11>> <<24,12>>
<<13, 1, 14, 2>> <<15, 3, 16, 4>>
<<17, 5, 18, 6>> <<19, 7, 20, 8>>
<<21, 9, 22, 10>> <<23, 11, 24, 12>>
<<13, 1, 14, 2, 15, 3, 16, 4>>
<<17, 5, 18, 6, 19, 7, 20, 8>>
<<21, 9, 22, 10, 23, 11, 24, 12>>
<<25,26>>
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To add a trunk, highlight a port group in the New Setting list and press Add. To delete a
trunk, highlight a port group in the Trunk List and press Delete. Before disconnecting a
port trunk, take the following steps:
• Before removing a port trunk via the configuration menu, you must disable all the
ports in the trunk or remove all the network cables. Otherwise, a loop may be
created.
• To disable a single link within a port trunk, you should first remove the network cable,
and then disable both ends of the link via the configuration menu. This allows the
traffic passing across that link to be automatically distributed to the other links in the
trunk, without losing any significant amount of traffic.
3.6.2.4.Static Unicast Address Table
The Static Unicast Address Table can be used to assign the MAC address for a host
device to a specific port on this switch. Static unicast addresses are never aged out, and
cannot be learned by another port. If any packets with a source address specified in this
table enter another port, they will be dropped. The Static Unicast Address Table is
described in the following figure and table.
Parameter
MAC Address
Port
Description
The MAC address of a host device attached to this switch.
The port to which the host device is attached.
Note:
To assign an address to a specific port, enter it in the MAC Address field, select
the corresponding port, and press Apply. To delete an address, click on the edit
icon ( ) for the required entry, and then press Delete.
3.6.2.5.Configuring the Static Multicast Address Table
The Static Multicast Address Table can be used to assign a destination MAC address
(and the corresponding ports) to the VLAN group used for a specific multicast service.
Static multicast addresses are never aged out, and traffic with these addresses can be
forwarded only to ports specified in this table.
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Parameter
MAC Address
VLAN
Description
The destination MAC address for a multicast service.
The VLAN corresponding to this multicast service.
The ports to which this multicast traffic can be forwarded.
Port
Note:
To assign a destination MAC address to one or more ports, enter its address and
the corresponding VLAN, select the required ports, and then press Apply. To
delete an address, click on the edit icon ( ) for the required entry, and then press
Delete. To modify an address, press Edit for the required entry to copy the
configuration to the edit fields, make any necessary changes, then press Apply.
3.6.3.Using the Bridge Menu
The Bridge menu is used to configure settings for the Spanning Tree Algorithm, as well
as the global bridge settings for GMRP (GARP Multicast Registration Protocol) and
GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol), traffic classes priority threshold, and
address aging time.
The Spanning Tree Algorithm can be used to detect and disable network loops, and to
provide backup links between switches, bridges or routers. This allows the switch to
interact with other bridging devices (that is, an STA-compliant switch, bridge or router) in
your network to ensure that only one route exists between any two stations on the
network, and provide backup links that automatically take over when a primary link goes
down. For a more detailed description of how to use this algorithm, refer to “Spanning
Tree Algorithm” on chapter 4.
Menu
Description
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Bridge
Configuration
Contains global bridge settings for STA (including bridge priority, hello
time, forward delay, maximum message age), GMRP, GVRP, traffic
class priority threshold, and address aging time.
STA Port
Configuration
Contains STA settings for individual ports, including port priority, path
cost, and fast forwarding
3.6.3.1.Configuring Global Bridge Settings
The following figure and table describe bridge configuration for STA, GMRP, GVRP,
priority threshold, and address aging time.
Parameter Default Description
Spanning
Tree
Enabled Enable this parameter to participate in a STA compliant
network.
Bridge
Priority
32,768 Bridge priority is used in selecting the root device, root port, and
designated port. The device with the highest priority becomes
the STA root device. However, if all devices have the same
priority, the device with the lowest MAC address will then
become the root device.
Enter a value from 0 - 65535.
Remember that the lower the numeric value, the higher the
priority.
Hello Time
2
Time interval (in seconds) at which the root device transmits a
configuration message.
The minimum value is 1.
The maximum value is the lower of 10 or [(Max. Message Age /
2) -1].
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Forward
Delay
15
The maximum time (in seconds) the root device will wait before
changing states (that is, listening to learning to forwarding). This
delay is required because every device must receive
information about topology changes before it starts to forward
frames. In addition, each port needs time to listen for conflicting
information that would make it return to a blocking state;
otherwise, temporary data loops might result.
The maximum value is 30.
The minimum value is the higher of 4 or [(Max. Message Age /
2) + 1].
Maximum
(Message)
Age
20
The maximum time (in seconds) a device can wait without
receiving a configuration message before attempting to
reconfigure. All device ports (except for designated ports)
should receive configuration messages at regular intervals. Any
port that ages out STA information (provided in the last
configuration message) becomes the designated port for the
attached LAN. If it is a root port, a new root port is selected
from among the device ports attached to the network.
The minimum value is the higher of 6 or [2 x (Hello Time + 1)].
The maximum value is the lower of 40 or [2 x (Forward Delay -
1)].
GMRP
Disabled GARP Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP) allows network
devices to register endstations with multicast groups.
If GMRP is globally enabled for the switch, then you can
individually enable or disable GMRP for a specific port. See
“VLAN Port Configuration” on chapter 3.
IGMP and IGMP Snooping also provide multicast filtering. For
multilayer mode, the full IGMP protocol set is automatically
enabled / disabled along with DVMRP. (See “IGMP Protocol”
on chapter 4, “Configuring DVMRP” on chapter 3, and
“Configuring IGMP Snooping” on chapter 3.)
GVRP
Disabled GARP VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP) defines a way for
switches to exchange VLAN information in order to register
VLAN members on ports across the network. This function
should be enabled to permit automatic VLAN registration and to
support VLANs which extend beyond the local switch.
If GVRP is globally enabled for the switch, then you can
individually enable or disable GVRP for a specific port. See
“VLAN Port Configuration” on chapter 3.
Priority
Threshold*
4
This switch supports Quality of Service (QoS) by using two
priority queues, with Weighted Fair Queuing for each port. Up
to 8 separate traffic classes are defined in IEEE 802.1p.
Therefore, any packets with a priority equal to or higher than
this threshold are placed in the high priority queue.
(Address)
Aging Time
300
Timeout period in seconds for aging out dynamically learned
forwarding information.
Range: 10 - 415 seconds
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* You can use “VLAN Port Configuration” on chapter 3 to configure the default priority
for each port.
3.6.3.2.Configuring STA for Ports
The following figure and table describe port STA configuration.
Parameter Default Description
Type
Shows port type as:
100BASE-TX
100BASE-FX
: 10BASE-T / 100BASE-TX
: 100BASE-FX
1G BASE-SX/LX : 1000BASE-SX/LX(multimode/ single mode)
1G BASE-T : 1000BASE-T
Priority
128
Defines the priority for the use of a port in the STA algorithm. If
the path cost for all ports on a switch are the same, the port
with the highest priority (i.e., lowest value) will be configured as
an active link in the Spanning Tree. Where more than one port
is assigned the highest priority, the port with lowest numeric
identifier will be enabled. The range is 0 - 255.
(Path) Cost 100/19/4 This parameter is used by the STA algorithm to determine the
best path between devices. Therefore, lower values should be
assigned to ports attached to faster media, and higher values
assigned to ports with slower media.
(Path cost takes precedence over port priority.)
The default and recommended range is:
Ethernet:
Fast Ethernet:
100 (50~600)
19 (10~60)
Gigabit Ethernet: 4 (3~10)
The full range is 0 - 65535.
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Fast
Forwarding*
Enabled This parameter is used to enable / disabled the Fast Spanning
Tree mode for the selected port. In this mode, ports skip the
Blocked, Listening and Learning states and proceed straight to
Forwarding.
* Since end-nodes cannot cause forwarding loops, they can pass through the Spanning
Tree state changes more quickly than allowed by standard convergence time. Fast
Forwarding can achieve quicker convergence for end-node workstations and servers,
and also overcome other STA related timeout problems. (Remember that Fast
Forwarding should only be enabled for ports connected to an end-node device.)
3.6.4.Configuring Virtual LANs
You can use the VLAN configuration menu to assign any port on the switch to any of up
to 256 LAN groups. In conventional networks with routers, broadcast traffic is split up
into separate domains. Switches do not inherently support broadcast domains. This can
lead to broadcast storms in large networks that handle traffic such as IPX or NetBEUI.
By using IEEE 802.1Q compliant VLANs, you can organize any group of network nodes
into separate broadcast domains, thus confining broadcast traffic to the originating
group. This also provides a more secure and cleaner network environment. For more
information on how to use VLANs, see “Virtual LANs” on chapter 4. The VLAN
configuration screens are described in the following sections.
3.6.4.1.VLAN Port Configuration
You can use the VLAN Port Configuration screen to configure GARP, the default VLAN
identifier, default port priority, VLAN tagging on outgoing frames, GVRP and GMRP
status, and filtering for incoming frames for VLAN groups this port does not belong to.
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Parameter
Default Description
Group Address Registration Protocol is used by GVRP and
GARP
Configuration¹
GMRP to register or deregister client attributes for client
services within a bridged LAN.
Join Time
20
60
The interval (centiseconds) between transmitting requests /
queries to participate in a group.
Leave Time
The interval (centiseconds) a port waits before leaving a
group.
This time should be set to more than twice the join time.
This ensures that after a Leave or LeaveAll message has
been issued, the applicants can rejoin before the port
actually leaves the group.
Leave All Time 1000
The interval (centiseconds) between sending out a LeaveAll
query message for group participants and the port leaving
the group.
This interval should be considerably larger than the Leave
Time to minimize the amount of traffic generated by nodes
rejoining the group.
1. The default values for the GARP timers are independent of the media access
method or data rate. These values should not changed unless you are experiencing
some difficulties with GMRP or GVRP registration / deregistration.
Parameter Default
Description
VLAN and
Priority
These fields set the default values for VLANs, port priority,
GVRP and GMRP.
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Port VID
1
The VLAN ID assigned to untagged frames received on this
port.
Port Default 0
Priority²
Set the default ingress priority to any value beneath the
priority threshold (chapter 3 “Configuring Global Bridge
Settings”) to specify the low priority queue, or to any value
equal to or above this threshold to specify the high priority
queue.
VLAN
Layer 2 - Indicates whether or not VLAN tags will be included on frames
Tagging³
Rx All,
Tx All
transmitted out of this port. The options include:
Rx All: Accepts all frames, tagged or untagged.
Rx Untag: Only accepts untagged frames.
Multilayer - Tx All:
Rx All,
If PVID and frame tag are same, sends tagged
frame, otherwise send untagged.
Tx Untag Tx Untag: Sends only untagged frames.
Port
GVRP
Enabled
Enables or disables GVRP for this port. When disabled, any
GVRP packets received on this port will be discarded and no
GVRP registrations will be propagated from other ports.
Note that GVRP must be enabled globally for the switch
before this setting can take effect. (See “Configuring Global
Bridge Settings” on chapter 3.)
Port
GMRP
Enabled
Enables or disables GMRP for this port. When enabled, this
port will allow endstations to register with multicast groups
using GMRP.
Note that GMRP must be enabled for the switch before this
setting can take effect (chapter 3 “Configuring Global Bridge
Settings”).
IGMP and IGMP Snooping also provide multicast filtering. For
multilayer mode, the full IGMP protocol set is automatically
enabled / disabled along with DVMRP. (See “IGMP Protocol”
on chapter 4, “Configuring DVMRP” on chapter 3, and
“Configuring IGMP Snooping” on chapter 3.)
Ingress
Disabled If enabled, incoming frames for VLANs which do not include
this ingress port in their member set will be discarded at the
ingress port.
Filtering4
2. This switch supports Quality of Service (QoS) by using two priority queues, with
Weighted Fair Queuing for each port. Inbound frames that do not have VLAN tags
are tagged with the input port’s default ingress user priority, and then placed in the
appropriate priority queue at the output port. The default priority for all ingress ports
is zero. Therefore, any inbound frames that do not have priority tags will be placed in
the low priority queue of the output port. (Note that if the output port is an untagged
member of the associated VLAN, these frames are stripped of all VLAN tags prior to
transmission.)
3. If you want to create a small port-based VLAN for just one or two switches, you can
assign ports to the same untagged VLAN (and use a separate connection where a
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VLAN crosses the switches). However, to participate in a VLAN group that extends
beyond this switch, we recommend using the VLAN ID for that group (using VLAN
tagging for Layer 2 mode, or a common PVID for multilayer mode).
When operating the switch in Layer 2 mode, ports assigned to a large VLAN group
that crosses several switches must use VLAN tagging. But when operating in
multilayer mode, this switch does not currently support tagging, so you should set
the PVID to the same value at both ends of the link (if the device you are attaching
to is VLAN-aware), and configure an IP interface for this VLAN if you need to
connect it to other groups. (This limitation will be removed for future firmware
versions.)
4. This control does not affect VLAN independent BPDU frames, such as GVRP or STP.
However, they do affect VLAN dependent BPDU frames, such as GMRP.
3.6.4.2.VLAN Table Configuration
Use this screen to create a new VLAN or modify the settings for an existing VLAN.
Parameter Description
VLAN
The ID for the VLAN currently displayed.
Range: 1-4094
(Port)
Port entries may be marked as:
N: (Normal) Uses GVRP to determine port membership.
S: (Static) Adds port as a static entry. GVRP protocol messages are still
forwarded through this port.
R: (Registration Fixed) Adds port as a static entry. GVRP protocol is
disabled.
X: (Forbidden) Disables GVRP for this VLAN on the specified port.
If a removed port is no longer assigned to any other group as an untagged
port, it will automatically be assigned to VLAN group 1 as untagged.
Note:
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To add a new VLAN, enter a new VLAN number in the VID field, select the port
members, and press Add. To modify a VLAN, click on the edit icon ( ) for the
required entry, modify the port settings, and press Save. To delete a VLAN, click
on the edit icon ( ) for the required entry, and then press Delete.
3.6.5.Configuring IGMP Snooping
Multicasting is used to support real-time applications such as video conferencing or
streaming audio. A multicast server does not have to establish a separate connection
with each client. It merely broadcasts its service to the network, and any hosts which
want to receive the multicast register with their local multicast switch / router. Although
this approach reduces the network overhead required by a multicast server, the
broadcast traffic must be carefully filtered at every multicast switch / router it passes
through to ensure that traffic is passed on only to the hosts which subscribed to this
service.
This switch uses IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Snooping to monitor for
any attached hosts who want to receive a specific multicast service. It looks up the IP
Multicast Group used for this service, and adds any port which received a similar
request to that group.
You can use the IGMP Snooping Configuration screen to configure multicast filtering as
shown below.
Parameter Default Description
IGMP
Snooping
Status¹
Disabled If enabled, the switch will monitor network traffic to determine
which hosts want to receive multicast traffic. This is also
referred to as IGMP Snooping.
IGMP Router 5
Timeout
A switch port that stops receiving multicast protocol packets for
this interval will be removed from the IGMP forwarding list.
Range: 3 - 5 minutes
IGMP Group 5
Timeout
The time between spotting an IGMP Report message for an IP
multicast address on a specific port before the switch removes
that entry from its list.
Range: 3 - 5 minutes
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Act as IGMP Disabled If enabled, the switch can serve as the “querier,” which is
Querier²
responsible for asking hosts if they want to receive multicast
traffic.
1. This item is only displayed for Layer 2 mode. For multilayer mode, the full IGMP
protocol set is automatically enabled / disabled along with DVMRP. (See IGMP on
chapter 4. See DVMRP on chapter 3 “Configuring DVMRP” and chapter 4 “DVMRP
Routing Protocol”.)
2. This item is only displayed for Layer 2 mode. When IGMP is enabled for multilayer
mode, the switch will always serve as the querier if elected.
3.6.6.Configuring IP Settings
If this switch is set to multilayer mode (chapter 2 “Setting the System Operation Mode”),
the IP Menu will be displayed. Use this menu to configure the IP subnets for each VLAN
on your switch, the unicast and multicast routing protocols, static ARP entries, static IP
routes, and the default IP route.
Parameter Description
Subnet
Configuration
IP Subnet Configuration Specifies the IP interface for VLANs
configured on this switch, including the subnet
address and routing protocols.
Port Group Configuration See “VLAN Table Configuration” on chapter 3.
Protocol
Configures ARP timeout, enables Proxy ARP, sets the preferred servers
Configuration for BOOTP / DHCP Relay, as well as enabling / configuring unicast and
multicast protocols globally for this switch.
Static ARP Used to map an IP address to a specific physical MAC address.
Configuration
Static Route Used to configure static routes to other IP networks, subnetworks, or
hosts.
Default
Route
Defines the router to which this switch will forward all traffic for unknown
networks.
3.6.6.1.Subnet Configuration
Use this menu to specify an IP interface for any VLAN configured on this switch that
needs to communicate with a device outside of its own group (that is, another network
segment). You also need to define a VLAN for each IP subnet connected directly to this
switch. Note that you must first create a VLAN as described under “Configuring Virtual
LANs” on chapter 3 before configuring the corresponding subnet.
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Parameter
Description
IP Address
The IP address associated with the specified VLAN interface. By
convention, the last three digits should be set to “254” to readily
distinguish this device as a router port.
Subnet Mask A template that identifies the address bits in the host address used for
routing to specific subnets. Each bit that corresponds to a “1” is part of
the network / subnet number and each bit that corresponds to “0” is part
of the host number.
VLAN
The VLAN associated with this IP interface.
Proxy ARP
Enables or disables Proxy ARP for the interface. This feature allows the
switch forward an ARP request from a node in the attached subnetwork
(that does not have routing or a default gateway configured) to a remote
subnetwork. (See “Proxy ARP” on chapter 4.)
Note that Proxy ARP must be enabled globally for the switch before this
setting can take effect. (See “Protocol Configuration” on chapter 3.)
RIP
Routing Information Protocol for unicast routing.
Open Shortest Path First unicast routing protocol.
Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.
OSPF
DVMRP
Note:
To add an IP interface, specify the interface settings in the dialog box at the
bottom of the screen, and press Add. To modify an interface, click on the edit icon
( ) for the required entry, update the interface settings in the dialog box at the
bottom of the screen, and press Save. To delete an interface, click on the edit
icon ( ) for the required entry, and then press Delete.
Adding an IP Interface
To add an IP interface, specify the interface settings in the dialog box at the bottom of
the screen. Configure the IP address, assign an existing VLAN group to this interface,
enable the required routing protocols, and then press Add. To configure the unicast and
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multicast routing protocols, you must edit an existing entry (as described in the following
section) and press the Advanced button for RIP or DVMRP.
Modifying an IP Interface
To modify an IP interface, click on the edit icon ( ) for the required entry, update the
interface settings in the dialog box at the bottom of the screen, use the Advanced button
to configure the unicast and multicast routing protocols (as described in the following
sections), and then press Save.
Configuring RIP
The Routing Information Protocol is used to specify how routers exchange routing table
information. (See “RIP and RIP-2 Dynamic Routing Protocols” on chapter 4.) When RIP
is enabled on this routing switch, it broadcasts RIP messages to all devices in the
network every 30 seconds, and updates its own routing table when RIP messages are
received from other routers. RIP messages contain both the IP address and a metric for
each destination network it knows about, and the metric indicates the number of hops
from this device to the destination network.
You can use the following menu to specify authentication, the protocol used for sending
or receiving routing messages on this port, the default metric used in calculating the
best path, and enable or disable Poison Reverse.
Parameter
Authentication Authentication can be used to ensure that routing information comes
Type from a valid source.
Authentication A simple password must be provided if authentication is enabled. (An
Description
Key
authentication string is case sensitive, and can be up to 16
characters.)
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Send Type
The protocol used for traffic sent out this port:
RIP1 Broadcast: Route information is broadcast to other routers on
the network using RIPv1.
RIP2 Broadcast: Route information is broadcast to other routers on
the network using RIPv2.
RIP2 Multicast: Route information is multicast to other routers on
the network using RIPv2.
Do Not Send:
The switch will passively monitor route information
advertised by other routers attached to the network.
Receive Type
The routing protocol messages accepted on this port includes RIP1,
RIP2, RIP1 / RIP2, or Do Not Receive.
Default Metric A “metric” indicates the number of hops between the switch and the
destination network.
The “default metric” is used for the default route in RIP updates
originated on this interface. A value of zero indicates that no default
route should be originated; in this case, a default route via another
router may be propagated.
Range: 0-15
Poison
Reverse*
Directs routes back to an interface port from which they have been
acquired, but sets the distance vector metrics to infinity.
* This is a method of preventing routing information from looping back to the source.
Note that Split Horizon is also enabled on this switch for this purpose. (See “RIP and
RIP-2 Dynamic Routing Protocols” on chapter 4.)
Configuring OSPF
Open Shortest Path First is more suited for large area networks which experience
frequent changes in the links. It also allows for subnets. This protocol actively tests the
status of each link to its neighbors to generate a shortest-path tree, and builds a routing
table based on this information. (See “OSPFv2 Dynamic Routing Protocol” on chapter 4.)
OSPF then utilizes IP multicast to propagate routing information. A separate routing
area scheme is also used to further reduce the amount of routing traffic (chapter 3
‘’Router ID”).
You can use the following menu to specify the area identifier or other key routing
parameters as shown in the following table.
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Parameter
Default Description
A 32-bit integer uniquely identifying an OSPF protocol
Area ID¹
broadcast area. This identifier can be in the form of an IP
address or integer. Each port on the switch can be configured
to represent one OSPF area.
ID 0.0.0.0 is used for the OSPF backbone.
Router Priority 1
The priority used when selecting the designated router and
designated backup router.
Range: 0-255; Disable election: 0
Transit Delay 1 second The estimated number of seconds it takes to transmit a link
state update packet over this interface.
Range: 0-3600 seconds
Retransmit
Interval
5
The number of seconds between retransmitting link-state
seconds advertisements to router adjacencies on this interface. This
value is also used when retransmitting database descriptions
and link-state request packets.
Range: 0-3600 seconds
Hello
10
The interval, in seconds, between sending Hello packets out
Interval²
seconds the router interface.
Range: 1-65535 seconds
Dead
40
The number of seconds that a router’s Hello packets have not
Interval²
seconds been seen before its neighbors declare the router down. This
should be a multiple of the Hello interval.
Range: 1-65535 seconds
1. The Area ID is used to specify a group of contiguous networks and hosts. OSPF
protocol broadcast messages are restricted by area to limit their impact on network
performance.
2. This value must be the same for all routers attached to a common network.
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Configuring DVMRP
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol is used to route multicast traffic to nodes
which have requested a specific multicast service via IGMP. (See “DVMRP Routing
Protocol” on chapter 4.) To configure DVMRP, you must specify the routing metric,
probe interval, and neighbor router timeout.
Parameter Default Description
Metrics
1 hop
This value is used to select the best reverse path to networks
that are connected directly to an interface on this switch.
Range: 1-31 hops
Probe
10
The interval between sending neighbor probe messages to the
Interval
seconds multicast group address for all DVMRP routers.
Range: 5-30 seconds
Neighbor
Timeout
35
The interval to wait without hearing from a DVMRP neighbor
seconds before declaring it dead. This is used for timing out routes, and
for setting the children and leaf flags.
Range: 10-8000 seconds
Note:
IGMP is automatically enabled / disabled along with DVMRP. (See “IGMP
Protocol” on chapter 4.)
3.6.6.2.Protocol Configuration
Use the Protocol Configuration screen to globally enable or disable unicast or multicast
routing protocols for the switch.
Parameter
ARP
Description
Sets the aging time for dynamic ARP entries.
RIP
Sets the interval at which the switch advertises known routes,
enables or disables advertising the switch as the default router, and
enables or disables advertising static routes.
OSPF
Organizes an autonomous system into normal, stub, or not so stubby
areas; configures a range of subnet addresses for which link state
advertisements can be aggregated; and configure virtual links for
areas that do not have direct physical access to the OSFP
backbone, to add redundancy, or to merge backbone areas.
Defines the preferred servers or the outbound subnetworks for
Boot Relay
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broadcasting a BOOTP / DHCP request.
IGMP Snooping Enables or disables IGMP Snooping. The Advanced menu sets the
timeout for inactive multicast ports or for specific multicast flows
when there are no longer any clients. See chapter 3 “Configuring
IGMP Snooping”.
Note:
Once RIP and DVMRP have been enabled globally (chapter 2 “Protocol
Configuration”), you can enable or disable them for any specific subnet via the
Subnet Configuration menu (chapter 3 “Subnet Configuration”).
Setting the ARP Timeout
You can use the following configuration screen to modify the aging time for dynamically
learned entries in the ARP cache.
Parameter
Default
Description
ARP Timeout 20 minutes The time that dynamically learned entries are retained in
the ARP cache.
Range: 0-999 minutes, where 0 disables aging
Setting the RIP Advertisement Policy
You can use the following configuration screen to set the timing interval and policies RIP
uses to advertise route information.
Parameter
Default
Description
RIP Update
Time
30 seconds The interval at which RIP advertises known route
information.
Range: 0-999 seconds, where 0 disables route
advertisements
Default Route
Advertisement
Disabled
Enables or disables advertising this switch as a default
router.
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Static Route
Disabled
Enables or disables advertisement of static routes.
Advertisement
Configuring Global Settings for OSPF
To implement OSPF for a large network, you must first organize the network into logical
areas to limit the number of OSPF routers that actively exchange Link State
Advertisements (LSAs). You can then define an OSPF interface by assigning an IP
interface configured on this switch to one of these groups. This OSPF interface will send
and receive OSPF traffic to neighboring OSPF routers.
You can further optimize the exchange of OSPF traffic by specifying an area range that
covers a large number of subnetwork addresses. This is an important technique for
limiting the amount of traffic exchanged between Area Border Routers (ABRs).
And finally, you must specify a virtual link to any OSPF area that is not physically
attached to the OSPF backbone. Virtual links can also be used to provide a redundant
link between contiguous areas to prevent areas from being partitioned, or to merge
backbone areas.
The following menu items provide all the global configuration options for OSPF:
Parameter
Description
Area ID
Configuration
Defines a area within which all OSPF routers actively exchange
routing information to ensure that they all have an identical link
state database.
OSPF Area Range Defines a range of subnetwork addresses. An area range is used
Configuration
to summarize route information exchanged between Area Border
Routers.
OSPF Virtual Link Defines a virtual link that can be used to connect an OSPF area
Configuration
not physically adjacent to the OSPF backbone, or to create a
backup link to any area.
OSPF Host Route Configures the route to a specific host within the area.
Configuration
OSPF Area Configuration
OSPF protocol broadcast messages (i.e., Link State Advertisements) are restricted by
area to limit their impact on network performance. Before assigning an Area ID to a
specific OSPF interface (see chapter 3 “Configuring OSPF”), you must first specify the
Area ID in this table. Each entry in this table identifies a logical group of OSPF routers
that actively exchange Link State Advertisements (LSAs) to ensure that they share an
identical view of the network topology. You can configure the area as a normal one
which can send and receive external Link State Advertisements (LSAs), a stubby area
that cannot send or receive external LSAs, or a not-so-stubby area (NSSA) that can
import external route information into its area.
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Parameter Description
Area ID
An OSPF area identifier configured for a group of OSPF routers. (For
information on how to assign this identifier to a specific interface, see
chapter 3 “Configuring OSPF”.)
Type
Indicates area type:
Normal An area which can send or receive external route information.
Stub
An area which cannot send or receive external route
information. It relies on a single default route provided by its
Area Border Router (ABR) to access destinations outside of the
stub. A stub can be used to reduce the amount of topology data
that has to be exchanged over the network.
NSSA
A not so stubby area cannot send but can receive external
route information. The ABR imports external routes and floods
this information to all routers within the NSSA.
An Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) can import external routes and flood
this information to the entire Autonomous System.
Note:
To add an Area ID, click the string (Add New Entry). The screen can be show as
below. Specify the identifier and type in the dialog boxes at the bottom of the
screen, and press Save. To delete an Area ID, click on the Delete icon ( ) for the
required entry.
OSPF Area Range Configuration
After you configure an area identifier, you can specify a subnetwork address range that
covers all the individual networks in this area. This technique limits the amount of traffic
exchanged between Area Border Routers (ABRs) by allowing them to advertise a single
summary range. By summarizing routes, the routing changes within an area do not
have to be updated in the backbone ABRs or in other areas.
To optimize the route summary, first configure all the OSPF routers in an area so that
they fall within a contiguous address range. The route summary consists of an address
and mask, where the mask can be a Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM). Using
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VLSMs allows you to configure each subnetwork within a larger network with its own
subnet mask. This provides a longer subnet mask that covers fewer host IP addresses,
thereby reducing the size of the routing tables that have to be exchanged. (For more
information on VSLMs, see RFCs 1219 and 1878.)
Parameter
Description
Area Identity
An OSPF area that includes all the OSPF routers within the assigned
address range.
IP Address
The IP address used to calculate the area range.
Address Mask The subnet mask used to calculate the area range.
Advertisement Enables or disables advertising for this range.
Note:
To add an Area Range, click the string (Add New Entry). The screen can be show
as below. Specify the required parameters in the dialog boxes at the bottom of the
screen, and press Save. To delete an Area Range, click on the Delete icon ( ) for
the required entry.
OSPF Virtual Link Configuration
All OSPF areas must connect to the backbone. If an area does not have a direct
physical connection to the backbone, you can configure a virtual link that provides a
logical path to the backbone. To connect an isolated area to the backbone, the logical
path can cross a single nonbackbone area to reach the backbone. To define the path,
you must specify one endpoint on the ABR that connects the isolated area to the
common nonbackbone area, and the other endpoint on the ABR that connects this
common nonbackbone area and the backbone itself. (However, note that you cannot
configure a virtual link that runs through a stub or NSSA area.)
Virtual links can also be used to create a redundant link between any area and the
backbone to help prevent partitioning, or to connect two existing backbone areas into a
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common backbone.
To configure a virtual link, specify the transit area through which the endpoint routers
connect, and the address of the router on this side of the link.
Parameter
Description
Area ID
An identifier for the transit area the virtual link crosses.
Neighbor Router ID The IP address of the OSPF router on this end of the virtual link.
Note:
To add a Virtual Link, click the string (Add New Entry). The screen can be show
as below. Specify the required parameters in the dialog boxes at the bottom of the
screen, and press Add. To delete or modify a Virtual Link, click on the edit icon ( )
for the required entry, and then press Delete or Save.
OSPF Host route Configuration
A host route is a prefix that will be advertised as a stub network in one of the router’s
link state advertisements. These prefixes may be IP addresses of hosts directly
attached to the router, which themselves do not run OSPF. The router advertises these
addresses by proxy.
Parameter
IP Address
Cost
Description
The IP address of this host.
The link state cost of this host. The range is 0 - 65535.
The area that the host belongs to.
Area ID
Note:
To add a Host Route, click the string (Add New Entry). The screen can be show
as below. Specify the required parameters in the dialog boxes at the bottom of the
screen, and press Save. To delete a Virtual Link, click on the Delete icon ( ) for
the required entry.
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Configuring BOOTP / DHCP Relay
If a DHCP / BOOTP server is not located in the same subnet with a host, you can
configure this switch to forward any host configuration queries to a server located on
another subnet or on another network. Depending on the configuration setup, the switch
either:
• Forwards the packet to a preferred server as defined in the switch configuration using
unicast routing, or
• Broadcasts the DHCP Request again to another directly attached IP subnet specified
in the switch configuration.
Specify the address for any DHCP server, or specify the subnet address for an
outbound IP interface already configured on this switch (chapter 3 “Subnet
Configuration”) as described in the following screens.
Parameter
Description
Index Server Address Used to define any preferred DHCP servers or the outbound
subnetwork for relaying a DHCP request broadcast. (Up to five
entries are permitted.)
Note:
To add a Relay Server, specify the IP address in the dialog box at the bottom of
the screen, and press Add. To delete a Relay Server, click on the edit icon ( ) for
the required entry, and then press Delete.
IGMP Snooping Configuration
If enabled, you can use the IGMP Snooping Configuration screen to configure multicast
filtering as shown below. (For further details see “Configuring IGMP Snooping” on
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chapter 3.)
Parameter Default Description
IGMP
Router
Timeout
5
A switch port that stops receiving multicast protocol packets for
this interval will be removed from the IGMP forwarding list.
Range: 3 - 5 minutes
IGMP
Group
Timeout
5
The time between last spotting an IGMP Report message for an
IP multicast address on a specific port and the switch removing
that entry from its list.
Range: 3 - 5 minutes
3.6.6.3.Static ARP Configuration
Use the following screen to display or edit entries in the Static ARP Table. Entries added
to this table are retained until the associated IP interface is deleted or the switch is reset
to the factory defaults.
Parameter
IP Address
MAC Address
Interface
Description
IP address statically mapped to a physical MAC address.
MAC address statically mapped to the corresponding IP address.
The index number of the IP interface that will use this static ARP entry.
See chapter 3 “Subnet Configuration” or chapter 3 “Displaying Subnet
Information”.
Note:
To add a static address, specify it in the dialog box at the bottom of the screen,
and press Add. To delete a static address, click on the edit icon ( ) for the
required entry, and then press Delete.
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3.6.6.4.Static Route Configuration
This switch can be configured to dynamically learn the routes to other IP networks,
subnets or hosts using unicast or multicast routing protocols. If the route to a specific
destination cannot be learned via these protocols, or you wish to restrict the path used
for transmitting traffic to a destination, it can be statically configured using the Static
Route Table.
Before defining a static route, remember that you must first configure at least one IP
interface on this switch (chapter 3 “Subnet Configuration”). Static routes take
precedence over dynamically learned routes and remain in the table until you remove
them or the corresponding IP interface from this switch.
Parameter
Description
Destination
Network
A destination network, subnet or host.
Destination Mask The subnet mask that specifies the bits to match. A routing entry will
be used for a packet if the bits in the address set by the destination
mask match the Destination Network.
VLAN
The VLAN within which the gateway or destination address resides.
Next Hop
The IP address of the router at the next hop.
Note that the network portion of the next hop must match that used
for one of the subnet IP interfaces configured on this switch. (See
“Subnet Configuration” on chapter 3.)
Type
The IP route type for the destination network. This switch supports
the following types:
Direct: A directly connected subnetwork.
Indirect: A remote IP subnetwork or host address.
Routing Metric*
A relative measure of the path cost from this switch to the destination
network.
*This value depends on the specific routing protocol.
Note:
To add a static route, specify it in the dialog boxes at the bottom of the screen,
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and press Add. To delete a static route, click on the edit icon ( ) for the required
entry, and then press Delete.
3.6.6.5.Configuring the Default Route
Defines the router to which this switch will forward all traffic for unknown networks. The
default route can be learned from RIP protocol (chapter 3 “Configuring RIP”) or
manually configured. If the switch does not contain a default route, any packet that does
not match an entry in the routing table (chapter 3 “Routing Table”) will be dropped. To
manually configure a default route, enter the next hop in the following table.
Parameter
Description
VLAN
The VLAN which has the IP interface to the default router.
Next Hop Address The IP address of the default router.
Metric
The number of hops required to reach the default router.
3.6.7.Configuring Security Filters
You can use the Security menu to filter MAC and IP addresses.
Parameter
Description
MAC Filtering
Configuration
Specifies the source or destination MAC address for any traffic to
be filtered from the switch.
IP Filtering
Configuration*
Specifies the source or destination IP address for any traffic to be
filtered from the switch.
Security Mode
Configuration the security mode.
* This menu item is only displayed when intelligent switch is set to multilayer mode.
3.6.7.1.Configuring MAC Address Filters
Any node that presents a security risk or is functioning improperly can be filtered from
this switch. You can drop all the traffic from a host device based on a specified MAC
address. Traffic with either a source or destination address listed in the Security Filtering
Configuration table will be filtered.
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Note:
To add a MAC address to the security filter, press Add. To delete an address, click
on the edit icon ( ) for the required entry, and then press Delete.
3.6.7.2.Configuring IP Address Filters
If any node presents a security risk, you can filter all traffic for this node by entering its
address into the IP Security Filter. Any packet passing through the switch that has a
source or destination IP address matching an entry in this table will be filtered.
Note:
To add an IP address to the security filter, press Add. To delete an address, click
on the edit icon ( ) for the required entry, and then press Delete.
3.6.7.3.Configuring Security Mode
In default type, the switch can auto learning the MAC Address from each port.
If you want to let someone to use a specifies port and the other people can not use. You
should disable the auto learning function and setup the uplink port (if one packet’s DA
does not define in any port, it would be forwarding to the uplink port). Then you must to
set the static unicast address on the port that you allow someone to use.
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3.7.Monitoring the Switch
The Network Monitor Menu provides access to port statistics, address tables, STA
information, VLANs registration and forwarding information, multicast groups, and
subnet addresses. Each of the screens provided by these menus is described in the
following sections.
Menu
Description
Port Statistics
Displays statistics on port traffic, including information from the
Interfaces Group, Ethernet-like MIB, and RMON MIB.
Layer 2 Address
Table
Contains the unicast address table.
Bridge Menu
VLAN Menu
IP Multicast
Displays Spanning Tree settings for the overall switch and for
specific ports.
Displays ports dynamically learned through GMRP or GVRP, and
ports that are currently forwarding VLAN traffic.
Displays all the multicast groups active on this switch, including the
Registration Table¹ multicast IP address and the corresponding VLANs.
IP Menu²
Displays all the IP subnets used on this switch, as well as the
corresponding VLANs and ports. Also contains the ARP table,
routing table, multicast menu, and OSPF menu.
1. This menu is displayed only if intelligent switch is set to Layer 2 mode or the switch
is management model.
2. This menu is displayed if the intelligent switch is set to multilayer mode.
3.7.1.Displaying Port Statistics
Port Statistics display standard statistics on network traffic from the Interfaces Group
and Ethernet-like MIBs, as well as a detailed breakdown of traffic based on the RMOM
MIB.
Parameter
Description
Port Statistics
Displays standard statistics on network traffic passing through the
selected port.
RMON Statistics Displays detailed statistics for the selected port, such as packet type
and frame size counters.
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3.7.1.1.Displaying Ethernet Port Statistics
Port Statistics display key statistics from the Interfaces Group and Ethernet-like MIBs for
each port. Error statistics on the traffic passing through each port are displayed. This
information can be used to identify potential problems with the switch, such as a faulty
port or unusually heavy loading. The values displayed have accumulated since the last
system reboot.
Select the required port. The statistics displayed are indicated in the following figure and
table.
Parameter
Description
Interfaces Group
In Octets
The total number of octets received on the interface, including
framing characters.
In Unicast Pkts. The number of subnetwork-unicast packets delivered to a
higher-layer protocol.
In Non-Unicast
Pkts.
The number of non-unicast (that is, subnetwork- broadcast or
subnetwork-multicast) packets delivered to a higher-layer protocol.
In Discards
The number of inbound packets which were chosen to be discarded
even though no errors had been detected to prevent their being
deliverable to a higher-layer protocol. One possible reason for
discarding such a packet could be to free up buffer space.
In Errors
The number of inbound packets that contained errors preventing
them from being deliverable to a higher-layer protocol.
Alignment Errors The number of alignment errors (missynchronized data packets).
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Out Octets
The total number of octets transmitted out of the interface, including
framing characters.
Out Unicast Pkts. The total number of packets that higher-level protocols requested be
transmitted to a subnetwork-unicast address, including those that
were discarded or not sent.
Out Non-Unicast The total number of packets that higher-level protocols requested be
Pkts.
transmitted to a non- unicast (that is, a subnetwork-broadcast or
subnetwork-multicast) address, including those that were discarded
or not sent.
Out Discards
The number of outbound packets which were chosen to be
discarded even though no errors had been detected to prevent their
being transmitted. One possible reason for discarding such a packet
could be to free up buffer space.
Out Errors
The number of outbound packets that could not be transmitted
because of errors.
CRC Errors
Number of Ethernet Cyclic Redundancy Check errors detected by
this device.
Ethernet-Like
Single Collisions The number of successfully transmitted frames for which
transmission is inhibited by exactly one collision.
Deferred
Transmissions
A count of frames for which the first transmission attempt on a
particular interface is delayed because the medium was busy.
Excessive
Collisions
The number of frames for which transmission failed due to excessive
collisions.
Drop Events
The total number of events in which packets were dropped due to
lack of resources.
Octets
Number of octets passing through this port.
Multiple Collisions A count of successfully transmitted frames for which transmission is
inhibited by more than one collision.
Late Collisions
The number of times that a collision is detected later than 512
bit-times into the transmission of a packet.
Carrier Sense
Errors
The number of times that the carrier sense condition was lost or
never asserted when attempting to transmit a frame.
Fragments
Jabbers
Note:
The total number of frames received that were less than 64 octets in
length (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and
contained either an FCS or alignment error.
The total number of frames received that were longer than 1518
octets (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets), and
contained either an FCS or alignment error.
Statistics are refreshed every 10 seconds by default (chapter 3 “Configuring the
Serial Port”).
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3.7.1.2.Displaying RMON Statistics
Use the RMON Statistics screen to display key statistics for each port from RMON
group 1. (RMON groups 2, 3 and 9 can only be accessed using SNMP management
software.) The following screen displays the overall statistics on traffic passing through
each port. RMON statistics provide access to a broad range of statistics, including a
total count of different frame types and sizes passing through each port. Values
displayed have been accumulated since the last system reboot.
Parameter
Description
Drop Events
The total number of events in which packets were dropped
due to lack of resources.
Received Bytes
Total number of bytes of data received on the network. This
statistic can be used as a reasonable indication of Ethernet
utilization.
Received Frames
Broadcast Frames
The total number of frames (bad, broadcast and multicast)
received.
The total number of good frames received that were directed
to the broadcast address. Note that this does not include
multicast packets.
Multicast Frames
The total number of good frames received that were directed
to this multicast address.
CRC / Alignment Errors The number of CRC / alignment errors (FCS or alignment
errors).
Undersize Frames
The total number of frames received that were less than 64
octets long (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets)
and were otherwise well formed.
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Oversize Frames
Fragments
The total number of frames received that were longer than
1518 octets (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets)
and were otherwise well formed.
The total number of frames received that were less than 64
octets in length (excluding framing bits, but including FCS
octets) and contained either an FCS or alignment error.
Jabbers
The total number of frames received that were longer than
1518 octets (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets),
and contained either an FCS or alignment error.
Collisions
The best estimate of the total number of collisions on this
Ethernet segment.
64 Byte Frames
The total number of frames (including bad packets) received
and transmitted that were 64 octets in length (excluding
framing bits but including FCS octets).
65-127 Byte Frames
128-255 Byte Frames
256-511 Byte Frames
The total number of frames (including bad packets) received
and transmitted where the number of octets fall within the
specified range (excluding framing bits but including FCS
512-1023 Byte Frames octets).
1024-1518 Byte Frames
1519-1536 Byte Frames
Note:
Statistics are refreshed every 10 seconds by default (chapter 3 “Configuring the
Serial Port”).
3.7.2.Layer 2 Address Table
This menu includes the unicast address table.
Menu
Description
Unicast Address Table Provides a full listing for unicast addresses.
3.7.2.1.Displaying the Unicast Address Table
The Unicast Address Table contains the MAC addresses associated with each port that
is, the source port associated with the address). The information displayed in the
Address Table is indicated in the following figure and table.
Parameter
Address
Port
Description
The MAC address of a node seen on this switch.
The port whose address table includes this MAC address.
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3.7.3.Displaying Bridge Information
The Bridge menu is used to display settings for the Spanning Tree Algorithm. For a
more detailed description of how to use this algorithm, refer to “Spanning Tree
Algorithm” on chapter 4.
Menu
Description
Spanning Tree
Displays a full list of STA values used for the bridge.
Bridge Information
Spanning Tree Port Displays a list of STA values used for each port, including status,
Information designated cost, designated bridge, and designated port.
3.7.3.1.Viewing the Current Spanning Tree Information
The STA Bridge Information screen displays a summary of STA information for the
overall bridge. To make any changes to these parameters, use the Bridge STA
Configuration menu as described on chapter 3 “Configuring Global Bridge Settings”.
The parameters shown in the following figure and table describe the current Bridge STA
settings.
Parameter
Description
Priority
Device priority is used in selecting the root device, root port, and
designated port. The device with the highest priority becomes the
STA root device. However, if all devices have the same priority, the
device with the lowest MAC address will then become the root
device.
Hello Time
Max Age
The time interval (in seconds) at which the root device transmits a
configuration message.
The maximum time (in seconds) a device can wait without
receiving a configuration message before attempting to
reconfigure.
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Forward Delay
Hold Time
The maximum time (in seconds) the root device will wait before
changing states (i.e., listening to learning to forwarding).
The minimum interval between the transmission of consecutive
Configuration BPDUs.
Designated Root
The priority and MAC address of the device in the Spanning Tree
that this switch has accepted as the root device.
Root Cost
Root Port
The path cost from the root port on this switch to the root device.
The number of the port on this switch that is closest to the root.
This switch communicates with the root device through this port. If
there is no root port, then this switch has been accepted as the
root device of the Spanning Tree network.
Configuration
Changes
The number of times the Spanning Tree has been reconfigured.
Topology Up Time The time since the Spanning Tree was last reconfigured.
3.7.3.2.Displaying the Current STA for Ports
The parameters shown in the following figure and table are for port STA Information.
Parameter Description
Type
Shows port type as:
100BASE-TX:
10BASE-T / 100BASE-TX
100BASE-FX
100BASE-FX:
1G BASE-SX/LX: 1000BASE-SX/LX (multimode/ single mode)
1G BASE-T:
1000BASE-T
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Status
Displays current state of this port within the Spanning Tree:
Disabled No link has been established on this port. Otherwise, the port
has been disabled by the user or has failed diagnostics.
Blocking Port receives STA configuration messages, but does not
forward packets.
Listening Port will leave blocking state due to a topology change, start
transmitting configuration messages, but does not yet
forward packets.
Learning Port has transmitted configuration messages for an interval
set by the Forward Delay parameter without receiving
contradictory information. Port address table is cleared, and
the port begins learning addresses.
Forwarding The port forwards packets, and continues learning
addresses.
The rules defining port status are:
• A port on a network segment with no other STA-compliant bridging
device is always forwarding.
• If two ports of a switch are connected to the same segment and there
is no other STA device attached to this segment, the port with the
smaller ID forwards packets and the other is blocked.
• All ports are blocked when the switch is booted, then some of them
change state to listening, to learning, and then to forwarding.
Designated The cost for a packet to travel from this port to the root in the current
Cost Spanning Tree configuration. The slower the media, the higher the cost.
Designated The priority and MAC address of the device through which this port must
Bridge (ID) communicate to reach the root of the Spanning Tree.
Designated The priority and number of the port on the designated bridging device
Port (ID)
through which this switch must communicate with the root of the Spanning
Tree.
3.7.4.Displaying VLAN Information
These menus display information on the ports that have been automatically learned via
GVRP and all those ports that have been configured by dynamic or static means to
forward VLAN traffic.
Menu
Description
VLAN Dynamic
Registration
Information
Shows the ports that have been automatically learned via GVRP.
VLAN Forwarding Shows all those ports that have been configured by either dynamic
Information or static means to forward VLAN traffic.
3.7.4.1.VLAN Dynamic Registration Information
This table shows the ports that have been automatically learned via GVRP.
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3.7.4.2.VLAN Forwarding Information
Shows all those ports that have been configured by either dynamic or static means to
forward VLAN traffic.
3.7.5.IP Multicast Registration Table
This table displays all the multicast groups active on the switch, including the multicast
IP address and the corresponding VLANs.
Parameter
Description
VLAN
A VLAN with host members that have asked to receive the indicated
multicast service.
Multicast IP
A source IP address that represents a specific multicast service.
Multicast Group The ports that belong to the indicated VLAN group.
Ports
Learned By
Shows if this entry was learned dynamically or via IGMP Snooping.
An entry is learned dynamically if a multicast packet was seen
crossing the port, or via IGMP Snooping if an IGMP registration
packet was seen crossing the port.
3.7.6.IP Menu
This menu contains IP subnets information, the ARP cache, routing table, as well as
multicast groups and multicast routing information.
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Menu
Description
Subnet Information Displays all the IP subnets configured on this switch, as well as the
corresponding VLANs and ports.
ARP Table
Shows the IP-to-MAC addresses discovered by ARP.
Routing Table
Shows the routes through which all recognized Ethernet networks
(and the corresponding VLAN) can be reached.
Multicast Table
OSPF Table
Displays all the multicast groups active on this switch, including the
multicast IP address and the corresponding VLANs. Also includes
the IGMP registration table, the multicast forwarding cache, and
DVMRP routing information.
Displays a link state advertisement summary, the neighbor table,
and the virtual neighbor table.
3.7.6.1.Displaying Subnet Information
You can display a list of all the IP interfaces configured on this switch. This table
includes the gateway address, corresponding VLAN, and member ports that use this
address.
Parameter
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Description
The address for an IP interface on this switch.
A template that identifies the address bits in the host address used for
routing to specific subnets. Each bit that corresponds to a “1” is part of
the network / subnet number; each bit that corresponds to “0” is part of
the host number.
VLAN
The VLAN group associated with this IP interface.
Port Members The ports that can be reached through this IP interface.
3.7.6.2.ARP Table
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) defines a method for extracting a host’s Ethernet
address from its Internet address. This table shows the IP-to-MAC address cache
discovered via ARP.
Parameter
Description
IP Address
IP addresses for which ARP has resolved the physical address
through a broadcast message.
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MAC Address
VLAN
MAC address that maps to the corresponding IP address.
The VLAN group to which this host has been assigned.
Port
The port this to which host device is attached. (Port “0” refers to an
interface defined on this switch.)
3.7.6.3.Routing Table
The Routing Table lists the routes through which all recognized Ethernet networks (and
corresponding VLANs) can be reached. This table includes all routes learned through
routing protocols or manual configuration.
Parameter
Description
Destination
Network
A destination network, subnet or host.
Destination
Mask
The subnet mask that specifies the bits to match. A routing entry will
be used for a packet if the bits in the address set by the destination
mask match the Destination Network.
VLAN
The VLAN within which the gateway or destination address resides.
The IP address of the router at the next hop.
Next Hop
Type
The IP route type for the destination network. This switch supports the
following types:
Direct:
Indirect:
Myself:
Bcast:
Mcast:
Invalid:
A directly connected subnetwork.
A remote IP subnetwork or host address.
A switch IP address on a specific IP subnetwork.
A subnetwork broadcast address.
An IP multicast address.
A illegal IP address to be filtered.
Protocol
The route was learned in one of the following ways:
Local: Manually configured
Mgmt. : Set via SNMP
ICMP:
RIP:
Obtained via ICMP redirect.
Learned via RIP protocol.
OSPF: Learned via OSPF protocol.
Other: Learned by some other method.
Route Tag
The route tag represents the device that originated this routing entry.
Route Aging
The number of seconds elapsed since this route was last updated or
otherwise determined to be correct. (This entry only applies to RIP.)
Routing Metric A relative measure of the path cost from this switch to the destination
network. (This value depends on the specific routing protocol.)
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3.7.6.4.Multicast Table
You can use this menu to display all the multicast groups currently active on this switch,
the IGMP cache, the multicast forwarding cache, and DVMRP routing information.
Parameter
Description
IP Multicast
Displays all active multicast groups, including the multicast IP
Registration Table address and the corresponding VLANs. (See chapter 3 “IP
Multicast Registration Table”.)
IGMP Cache
Displays all active multicast groups, including the IP interface each
entry appears on, the entry age, and the time left before the entry
is aged out.
Multicast
Displays all active multicast groups, including the multicast source
Forwarding Table address, the upstream neighbor, the multicast routing protocol, and
the entry age.
DVMRP Routing
Table
Displays the source address for each known multicast service, the
upstream neighbor, the IP interface each entry appears on, the
routing metric, and the entry age.
DVMRP Neighbor Displays all the neighbor routers accessible through each IP
Table
interface, including the entry age, the time left before the entry is
aged out, the protocol version, and the number of routing updates
received from each neighboring router.
Displaying IGMP Cache
The switch provides a local registry of active multicast groups for each IP interface,
including the age and expiration time for each entry.
Parameter
Description
Group Address
An IP multicast group address with subscribers directly attached or
downstream from this switch.
Interface
Reporter
The IP interface on this switch that has received traffic directed to
the IP multicast group address. (See chapter 3 “Displaying Subnet
Information”.)
The IP address of the source of the last membership report
received for this IP Multicast group address on this interface. If no
membership report has been received, this object has the value
0.0.0.0.
Up Time
The time elapsed since this entry was created.
Expire Time
The time remaining before this entry will be aged out. (The default
is 260 seconds.)
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V1 Timer
The time remaining until the switch assumes that there are no
longer any IGMP Version 1 members on the IP subnet attached to
this interface. (The default is 400 seconds.)
If the switch receives an IGMP Version 1 Membership Report, it
sets a timer to note that there are Version 1 hosts present which
are members of the group for which it heard the report.
If there are Version 1 hosts present for a particular group, the
switch will ignore any Leave Group messages that it receives for
that group.
Displaying the Multicast Forwarding Cache
The switch maintains a cache of multicast routing entries used to calculate the delivery
tree in multicast routing protocols. The Multicast Forwarding Cache includes the
subnetwork that contains the multicast source and the nearest upstream neighbor for
each known multicast group address.
Parameter
Description
Group Address
An IP multicast group address with subscribers directly attached or
downstream from this switch.
Source Address The IP subnetwork at the root of the multicast delivery tree. This
subnetwork contains a known multicast source.
Mask
Subnet mask that is used for the source address. This mask
identifies the host address bits used for routing to specific subnets.
Upstream
Neighbor
The IP address of the network device immediately upstream for this
group.
Protocol
Up Time
The multicast routing protocol associated with this entry.
The time elapsed since this entry was created.
Displaying the DVMRP Routing Table
The DVMRP Routing Table contains all the IP multicast routes learned by the DVMRP
protocol. The routes displayed in this table are used by this switch to forward new IP
multicast traffic. They do not reflect active multicast flows.
Parameter
Description
Source Address The IP subnetwork at the root of the multicast delivery tree. This
subnetwork contains a known multicast source.
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Subnet Mask
Subnet mask that is used for the source address. This mask
identifies the host address bits used for routing to specific subnets.
Upstream
Neighbor
The IP address of the network device immediately upstream for this
multicast delivery tree.
Interface
The IP interface on this switch that connects to the upstream
neighbor. (See chapter 3 “Displaying Subnet Information”.)
Metric
The metric for this interface used to calculate distance vectors.
The time elapsed since this entry was created.
Up Time
Displaying the DVMRP Neighbor Table
The DVMRP Neighbor Table contains the switch’s DVMRP neighbors, as discovered by
receiving DVMRP protocol messages.
Parameter
Description
Interface
The IP interface on this switch that connects to the upstream neighbor.
(See chapter 3 “Displaying Subnet Information”.)
Neighbor
Address
The IP address of the network device immediately upstream for this
multicast delivery tree.
UpTime
The time since this device last became a DVMRP neighbor to this
switch.
ExpireTime
Version
The time remaining before this entry will be aged out.
The neighboring router’s DVMRP version number.
Rcv Route
The total number of routes received in valid DVMRP packets from this
neighbor. This can be used to diagnose problems such as unicast
route injection, as well as giving an indication of the level of DVMRP
route exchange activity.
3.7.6.5.OSPF Table
You can use this menu to display the OSPF router linkages for the autonomous system
based on the Link State Table, Neighbor Table, and Virtual Neighbor Table.
Parameter
Description
Interface Table
Link State Table
Neighbor Table
Virtual Neighbor Table
Displays a summary link state advertisements.
Displays current neighbor routers.
Displays current virtual neighbors.
Displaying the Interface Table
The OSPF Interface Table contains the parameters of OSPF interfaces configured on
this router.
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Parameter
IP Address
Router ID
Description
The IP address of this OSPF interface.
Router ID for this router.
Designated
Router
The IP of the designated router. The designated router advertises the
link state of the OSPF Area.
Backup DR
The backup designated router. If the designated router fails, the
backup designated router takes its place.
Status
Events
This interface’s status in this OSPF area.
The number of events since the designated router was selected.
Displaying the Link State Table
The link state table displays all advertisements in the link state database. This database
contains linkage information for all the areas to which this router is attached. Note that
all the routers within an area exchange information to ensure that they maintain an
identical link state database. This database can therefore be used to troubleshoot
network configuration problems.
Parameter
Description
Area ID
An OSPF area identifier configured for a group of OSPF routers. (For
information on how to assign this identifier to a specific interface, see
chapter 3 “Configuring OSPF”.)
Type
The link state advertisement type:
RtrLSA:
Router LSA – All area routers advertise the state of links
from the router itself to the its local area.
NetLSA: Network LSA – The designated router for each area
advertises the link state for each transit area; i.e., an area
with more than one attached router. This LSA includes
information about each router attached to the area,
including the designated router itself.
SumLSA: Summary LSA – Advertise the cost to a specific
subnetwork outside the router’s area, or the cost to a
specific autonomous system boundary router.
ExtLSA: External LSA – Advertises link state information for each
known network outside the autonomous system.
Link State ID
Router ID
The identifier for the router originating this entry, usually in the form of
an IP address.
The IP address of the originating router.
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SN
The link state sequence number, used to remove previous duplicate
LSAs.
Age
The number of seconds since this LSA was originated.
Displaying the Neighbor Table
Each router exchanges link state information with all neighbors physically attached to
the same network segment. This table displays a summary of the link state for all
adjacent neighbors. (Note that neighboring routers are discovered by this device via
Hello messages.)
Parameter
IP Address
ID
Description
IP address of the neighboring router.
The index number of the router interface to which this neighbor is
attached. For IP protocol, this value will always be zero.
Router ID
Option
The OSPS identifier for the neighboring router.
The optional OSPF capabilities supported by the neighbor. The
neighbor's optional OSPF capabilities are also listed in its Hello
packets. This enables received Hellos to be rejected (i.e., neighbor
relationships will not even start to form) if there is a mismatch in
certain crucial OSPF capabilities. The OSPF optional capabilities
currently accepted include external routing capability and TOS
capability.
You need to map the binary bits to the supported options. For
example, “3” indicates both routing capability and TOS capability.
Priority
The neighbor’s router priority. This priority is used in electing the
designated router for the area in which it exists. This value will be set
to zero if this router cannot be elected.
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State
The communication state for two adjacent routers:
Down:
This is the initial state of a neighbor conversation. It
indicates that there has been no recent information
received from the neighbor.
Attempt: This state is only valid for neighbors attached to
non-broadcast networks. It indicates that no recent
information has been received from the neighbor, but that
the router is attempting to contact the neighbor by sending
Hello packets.
Init:
A Hello packet has recently been seen from the neighbor.
However, bidirectional communication has not yet been
established with the neighbor.
2-Way:
Communication between the two routers has been
established. This is the most advanced state short of
beginning adjacency establishment. Note that both the
Designated Router and Backup Designated Router are
selected from the set of neighbors in state 2-Way or
greater.
ExStart:
This is the first step in creating an adjacency between the
two neighboring routers. The goal of this step is to decide
which router is the master, and to decide upon the initial
sequence number. Neighbor conversations in this state or
greater are called adjacencies.
Exchange: The router is describing its entire link state database by
sending database description packets to the neighbor.
(Each database description packet has a sequence
number, and is explicitly acknowledged.) All adjacencies in
Exchange state or greater are used by the flooding
procedure. In fact, these adjacencies are fully capable of
transmitting and receiving all types of OSPF routing
protocol packets.
Loading: Link State Request packets are sent to the neighbor
asking for more recent advertisements that have been
discovered (but not yet received) in the Exchange state.
Full:
The neighboring routers are fully adjacent. These
adjacencies will now appear in router links and network
links advertisements.
Events
The number of events encountered that cause a neighbor state
change since boot up.
Displaying the Virtual Neighbor Table
Virtual links can be used to link an area isolated from the backbone, to create a
redundant link between any area and the backbone to help prevent partitioning, or to
connect two existing backbone areas into a common backbone. Note that the processes
of establishing a active link between virtual neighbors is similar to that used for
physically adjacent neighbors.
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Parameter
Description
Area ID
The transit area the virtual link must cross to connect the border
routers.
Router ID
IP Address
Option
The OSPF identifier for the router at the other end of the link.
IP address of the border router at the other end of the link.
The optional OSPF capabilities supported by the neighbor. The
neighbor's optional OSPF capabilities are also listed in its Hello
packets. This enables received Hellos to be rejected (i.e., neighbor
relationships will not even start to form) if there is a mismatch in
certain crucial OSPF capabilities. The OSPF optional capabilities
currently accepted include external routing capability and TOS
capability.
You need to map the binary bits to the supported options. For
example, “3” indicates both routing capability and TOS capability.
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State
The communication state for two adjacent routers:
Down:
This is the initial state of a neighbor conversation. It
indicates that there has been no recent information
received from the neighbor.
Attempt: This state is only valid for neighbors attached to
non-broadcast networks. It indicates that no recent
information has been received from the neighbor, but that
the router is attempting to contact the neighbor by sending
Hello packets.
Init:
A Hello packet has recently been seen from the neighbor.
However, bidirectional communication has not yet been
established with the neighbor.
2-Way:
Communication between the two routers has been
established. This is the most advanced state short of
beginning adjacency establishment. Note that both the
Designated Router and Backup Designated Router are
selected from the set of neighbors in state 2-Way or
greater.
ExStart: This is the first step in creating an adjacency between the
two neighboring routers. The goal of this step is to decide
which router is the master, and to decide upon the initial
sequence number. Neighbor conversations in this state or
greater are called adjacencies.
Exchange: The router is describing its entire link state database by
sending database description packets to the neighbor.
(Each database description packet has a sequence
number, and is explicitly acknowledged.) All adjacencies in
Exchange state or greater are used by the flooding
procedure. In fact, these adjacencies are fully capable of
transmitting and receiving all types of OSPF routing
protocol packets.
Loading: Link State Request packets are sent to the neighbor
asking for more recent advertisements that have been
discovered (but not yet received) in the Exchange state.
Full:
The neighboring routers are fully adjacent. These
adjacencies will now appear in router links and network
links advertisements.
Events
The number of events encountered that cause a neighbor state
change since boot up.
3.8.Resetting the System
Use the Restart command under the Main Menu to reset the management agent. The
reset screen is shown below.
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Parameter
Description
Reload Factory Defaults Reloads the factory defaults
Apply
Restarts the switch.
Note:
When restarting the system, it will always run the Power-On Self-Test. It will also
retain all system information, unless you elect to reload the factory defaults.
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4. Chapter 4: Advanced Topics
This switch supports both Layer 2, which is based on physical device addresses, and
Layer 3 switching, which is based on IP network addresses. These functions, along with
other advanced features are described in this chapter.
4.1.Layer 2 Switching
When a frame enters a port, its destination MAC address is checked in the address
database to see which port leads to this destination. If the destination address belongs
to the incoming port, the frame is dropped or “filtered.” If the destination port is found on
another port, the frame is forwarded to that port and queued for output. But, if the
destination address is not found in the address database, the frame is sent to one or
more output ports based on the rules for handling tagged or untagged VLAN frames.
If the source MAC address of the frame was not found in the address database, it is
recorded along with the incoming port number where it entered the switch. This
information is then used to make later decisions for frame forwarding.
During switching, the switch performs multiple steps, including:
• VLAN Classification
• Learning
• Filtering
• Forwarding
• Aging
The following sections provide additional information about the tasks the switch
performs during unicast and multicast switching.
4.1.1.Unicast Switching
This section describes VLAN classification, learning, filtering, and forwarding for unicast
switching.
• VLAN Classification—When the switch receives a frame, it classifies the frame in one
of two ways:
-
If the frame is untagged, the switch classifies the frame into the default VLAN
for the incoming port.
-
If the frame is tagged, the switch uses the tagged VLAN ID to identify the
broadcast domain of the frame.
• Learning—After VLAN classification, the switch checks the <source MAC address,
VLAN> pair in the address table to see whether this pair is known.
-If unknown, the switch adds this pair to the address table.
-
If known, the switch checks the pair for an incorrect Port ID. If the PID
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associated with the pair in the address table is different from the receiving port,
the switch modifies the PID in the address table.
• Filtering—After learning the address, the switch checks:
-
If the source or destination port is not in the forwarding state. (For example, if it
is in blocking state or has been disabled.)
-
If the source or destination MAC address is to be filtered.
If the source PID is the same as the destination PID.
-
If any of these conditions are met, the switch drops the received frame.
Otherwise, it continues with the forwarding process as described below.
• Forwarding—During the forwarding process, the switch checks whether the
<destination MAC address, VLAN> pair is unknown.
-
If unknown, the switch floods the received frame to all ports in the VLAN,
excluding the source port.
-
If known, the switch forwards the received frame to the port associated with the
pair. At the same time, the switch decides whether a VLAN tag needs to be
added to or stripped from the frame, depending on the VLAN tagged /
untagged configuration and VLAN ID for the output port.
• Aging—the switch performs the aging process for the <MAC addresses, VLAN> pair
in the MAC address table. Once a pair is aged out, the address table is modified.
4.1.2.Multicast Switching
For multicast switching, the switch checks whether the received frame is a Bridge
Protocol Data Unit (BPDU). If a BPDU is received, the switch forwards the frame for
processing by the Spanning Tree Protocol. Otherwise, the switch performs the following
processes:
• VLAN classification—same as for unicast switching (chapter 4 “Unicast Switching”).
• Learning—same as for unicast switching (chapter 4 “Unicast Switching”).
• Filtering—after learning, the switch checks the same filtering criteria used for unicast
switching (chapter 4 “Unicast Switching”), except there is no destination MAC
address to check.
• Forwarding—the switch floods the received multicast frame to all ports within the
VLAN, excluding the source port. At the same time, the switch decides whether a
VLAN tag needs to be added to or stripped from the frame, depending on the VLAN
tagged / untagged configuration and VLAN ID for the output port.
• Aging—same as for unicast switching (chapter 4 “Unicast Switching”).
4.1.3.Spanning Tree Algorithm
The Spanning Tree Algorithm (that is, the STA-configuration algorithm as outlined in
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IEEE 802.1D) can be used to detect and disable network loops, and to provide link
backup. This allows the switch to interact with other bridging devices (including
STA-compliant switches, bridges or routers) in your network to ensure that only one
route exists between any two stations on the network. If redundant paths or loops are
detected, one or more ports are put into a blocking state (stopped from forwarding
packets) to eliminate the extra paths. Moreover, if one or more of the paths in a stable
spanning tree topology fail, this algorithm will automatically change ports from blocking
state to forwarding state to reestablish contact with all network stations.
STA uses a distributed algorithm to select a bridging device (STA-compliant switch,
bridge or router) that serves as the root of the spanning tree network. It selects a root
port on each bridging device (except for the root device) which incurs the lowest path
cost when forwarding a packet from that device to the root device. Then it selects a
designated bridging device from each LAN which incurs the lowest path cost when
forwarding a packet from that LAN to the root device. All ports connected to designated
bridging devices are assigned as designated ports. After determining the lowest cost
spanning tree, it enables all root ports and designated ports, and disables all other ports.
Network packets are therefore only forwarded between root ports and designated ports,
eliminating any possible network loops.
Once a stable network topology has been established, all bridges listen for Hello BPDUs
(Bridge Protocol Data Units) transmitted from the Root Bridge. If a bridge does not get a
Hello BPDU after a predefined interval (Maximum Age), the bridge assumes that the link
to the Root Bridge is down. This bridge will then initiate negotiations with other bridges
to reconfigure the network to reestablish a valid network topology.
The following figure gives an illustration of how the Spanning Tree Algorithm assigns
bridging device ports.
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4.2.Layer 3 Switching
The two major functions provided by a Layer 3 switch include IP Switching and Routing
Path Management. When the switch is set to multilayer mode (chapter 2 ”Setting the
System Operation Mode”), it acts as a routing switch, with support for standard IP
routing and the ability to pass traffic between VLANs as required. However, when the
switch is first set to multilayer mode, no default routing is defined. As with all traditional
routers, the routing function must first be configured to work. (RIP: chapter 2 , 3
“Configuring RIP”; OSPF: chapter 2 ,3 “Configuring OSPF”).
4.2.1.Initial Configuration
In the default configuration, all ports belong to the same virtual LAN and the switch
provides only Layer 2 functionality. Therefore, you should first group all the ports that
belong to the same subnet into virtual LANs (chapter 2 , 3 “VLAN Table Configuration”).
By separating the switch into different VLANs, the network is partitioned into
subnetworks that are disconnected at Layer 2. Network traffic within the same subnet is
still switched using Layer 2 switching. And the VLANs can now be interconnected (only
as required) with Layer 3 switching.
Each VLAN represents a virtual interface to Layer 3. You just need to provide the
network addresses for each virtual interface (chapter 2 , 3 “Subnet Configuration”), and
the traffic between different subnetworks will be routed by Layer 3 switching.
Note:
When operating the switch in multilayer mode, this switch does not currently
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support tagging, so you should set the PVID to the same value at both ends of
the link (if the device you are attaching to is VLAN-aware), and configure an IP
interface for this VLAN if you need to connect it to other groups. (See “VLAN
Tagging” on chapter 2 and chapter 3.) This limitation will be removed for future
firmware versions.
4.2.2.IP Switching
IP Switching (or packet forwarding) encompasses tasks required to forward packets for
both Layer 2 and Layer 3, as well as traditional routing. These functions include:
• Layer 2 forwarding (switching) based on the Layer 2 destination MAC address
• Layer 3 forwarding (routing):
-
-
-
-
-
Based on the Layer 3 destination address
Replacing destination / source MAC addresses for each hop
Incrementing the hop count
Decrementing the time-to-live
Verifying and recalculating the Layer 3 checksum
If the destination node is on the same subnetwork as the source network, then the
packet can be transmitted directly without the help of a router. However, if the MAC
address is not yet known to the switch, an Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) packet
with the destination IP address is broadcast to get the destination MAC address from
the destination node. The IP packet can then be sent directly with the destination MAC
address.
If the destination belongs to a different subnet on this switch, the packet can be routed
directly to the destination node. However, if the packet belongs to a subnet not included
on this switch, then the packet should be sent to a router (with the MAC address of the
router itself used as the destination MAC address, and the destination IP address of the
destination node). The router will then forward the packet to the destination node via the
correct path. The router can also use the ARP protocol to find out the MAC address of
the destination node of the next router as necessary.
Note:
In order to perform IP switching, the switch should be recognized by other
network nodes as an IP router, either by setting it as the default gateway or by
redirection from another router via the ICMP process.
When the switch receives an IP packet addressed to its own MAC address, the packet
follows the Layer 3 routing process. The destination IP address is checked against the
Layer 3 address table. If the address is not already there, the switch broadcasts an ARP
packet to all the ports on the destination VLAN to find out the destination MAC address.
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After the MAC address is discovered, the packet is reformatted and sent out to the
destination. The reformat process includes decreasing the Time-To-Live (TTL) field of
the IP header, recalculating the IP header checksum, and replacing the destination MAC
address with either the MAC address of the destination node or that of the next hop
router.
When another packet destined to the same node arrives, the destination MAC can be
retrieved directly from the Layer 3 address table; the packet is then reformatted and
sent out the destination port. IP switching can be done at wire-speed when the
destination address entry is already in the Layer 3 address table.
If the switch determines that a frame must be routed, the route is calculated only during
setup. Once the route has been determined, all packets in the current flow are simply
switched or forwarded across the chosen path. This takes advantage of the high
throughput and low latency of switching by enabling the traffic to bypass the routing
engine once path calculation has been performed.
4.2.3.Routing Path Management
Routing Path Management involves the determination and updating of all the routing
information required for packet forwarding, including:
• Handling routing protocols
• Updating the routing table
• Updating the Layer 3 switching database
4.2.4.ICMP Router Discovery
Before a host can send IP datagrams beyond its directly attached subnet, it must find
the address of at least one operational router on that subnet. Typically, this can be
accomplished by reading a list of one or more router addresses from a configuration file
at startup time. On multicast links, some hosts also discover router addresses by
listening to routing protocol traffic.
The ICMP Router Discovery message is an alternative router discovery method that
uses a pair of ICMP messages on multicast links. It eliminates the need to manually
configure router addresses and is independent of any specific routing protocol.
ICMP Router Discovery messages are called “Router Advertisements” and “Router
Solicitations.” Each router periodically multicasts a Router Advertisement from each of
its multicast interfaces, announcing the IP address(es) of that interface. Hosts discover
the addresses of their neighboring routers simply by listening for advertisements. When
a host attached to a multicast link starts up, it may multicast a Router Solicitation to ask
for immediate advertisements, rather than waiting for the subsequent, periodic ones to
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arrive.
Router Discovery messages do not constitute a routing protocol; they merely enable
hosts to discover the existence of neighboring routers, but not which router provides a
route to a particular destination. If a host chooses a poor first-hop router for a particular
destination, it should receive an ICMP Redirect from that router, identifying a better one.
4.2.5.Proxy ARP
When a node in the attached subnetwork does not have routing or a default gateway
configured, ARP Proxy can be used to forward an ARP request to a remote subnetwork.
When the switch receives an ARP request for a remote network and ARP Proxy is
enabled, it determines if it has the best route to the remote network, and then answers
the ARP request by sending its own MAC address to the requesting node. That node
then sends traffic to the switch, which in turn uses its own routing table to forward the
traffic to the remote destination.
End stations that require Proxy ARP must view the entire network as a single network.
These nodes must therefore use a smaller subnet mask than that used by the switch or
other relevant network devices. Note that extensive use of Proxy ARP can adversely
affect the performance of the switch because it may lead to increased ARP traffic and
increased search time for larger ARP address tables.
4.2.6.Routing Protocols
The switch supports both static and dynamic routing.
• Static routing requires routing information to be stored in the switch either manually or
when a connection is set up by an application outside the switch.
• Dynamic routing uses a routing protocol to exchange routing information, calculate
routing tables, and respond to changes in the status or loading of the network.
Dynamic routing involves the determination and updating of all the routing information
required for packet forwarding, as listed on chapter 4 “Routing Path Management”.
• Handling routing protocols
• Updating the routing table
• Updating the Layer 3 switching database
The switch supports RIP, RIP-2 and OSPFv2 dynamic routing protocols.
4.2.6.1.RIP and RIP-2 Dynamic Routing Protocols
The RIP protocol is the most widely used routing protocol. The RIP protocol uses a
distance-vector-based approach to routing. Routes are determined on the basis of
minimizing the distance vector, or hop count, which serves as a rough estimate of
transmission cost. Each router broadcasts its advertisement every 30 seconds, together
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with any updates to its routing table. This allows all routers on the network to learn
consistent tables of next hop links which lead to relevant subnets.
Just as Layer 2 switches use the Spanning Tree Algorithm to prevent loops, routers also
use methods for preventing loops that would cause endless retransmission of data
traffic. RIP utilizes the following three methods to prevent loops from occurring:
• Split horizon—never propagate routes back to an interface port from which they have
been acquired.
• Poison reverse—propagate routes back to an interface port from which they have
been acquired, but set the distance-vector metrics to infinity. (This provides faster
convergence.)
• Triggered updates—whenever a route gets changed, broadcast an update message
after waiting for a short random delay, but without waiting for the periodic cycle.
RIP-2 is a compatible upgrade to RIP. RIP-2 adds useful capabilities for plain text
authentication, multiple independent RIP domains, variable length subnet masks, and
multicast transmissions for route advertising (RFC 1723).
There are several serious problems with RIP that you should consider. First of all, RIP
(version 1) has no knowledge of subnets, both RIP versions can take a long time to
converge on a new route after the failure of a link or router during which time routing
loops may occur, and its small hop count limitation of 15 restricts its use to smaller
networks. Moreover, RIP (version 1) wastes valuable network bandwidth by propagating
routing information via broadcasts; it also considers too few network variables to make
the best routing decision.
4.2.6.2.OSPFv2 Dynamic Routing Protocol
OSPF overcomes all the problems of RIP. It uses a link state routing protocol to
generate a shortest-path tree, then builds up its routing table based on this tree. OSPF
produces a more stable network because the participating routers act on network
changes predictably and simultaneously, converging on the best route more quickly than
RIP. Moreover, when several equal-cost routes to a destination exist, traffic can be
distributed equally among them.
OSPF looks at more than just the simple hop count. When adding the shortest path to
any node into the tree, the optimal path is chosen on the basis of delay,
throughput and connectivity. OSPF utilizes IP multicast to reduce the amount of routing
traffic required when sending or receiving routing path updates. The separate routing
area scheme used by OSPF further reduces the amount of routing traffic, and thus
inherently provides another level of routing protection. In addition, all routing protocol
exchanges can be authenticated. Finally, the OSPF algorithms have been tailored for
efficient operation in TCP / IP Internets.
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OSPFv2 is a compatible upgrade to OSPF. It involves enhancements to protocol
message authentication, and the addition of a point-to-multipoint interface which allows
OSPF to run over non-broadcast networks, as well as support for overlapping area
ranges.
Area Configuration – OSPF routers exchange information with other routers in their area
to determine the shortest path to every destination. Each router in a common area
should therefore have an identical map of their local network topology. At the top level,
the largest area is known as an Autonomous System, and contains all the routers in
your network. However, for large networks you should organize your OSPF routers into
smaller contiguous areas to reduce the amount of routing information that has to be
exchanged and to simplify network management.
When designing an OSPF network architecture, first create a backbone area to which
all other areas are adjacent. Note that when you enable OSPF for any IP interface on
the switch, it is assigned to the backbone by default (Area 0.0.0.0). As a general rule, no
area should contain more than 50 routers. To create a new area, designate an Area ID
that will be used by all of the other routers in this area, specify the area type as Normal,
Stub, or NSSA (chapter 2,3 “Configuring Global Settings for OSPF”), and then assign
the ID to an interface (chapter 2,3 “Configuring OSPF”). A Stub does not accept or send
external routing information. Instead, it uses a single default route for destinations
outside the area. Stubs further minimize the amount of routing data that has to be stored
or exchanged with other areas. An NSSA (Not-So-Stubby Area) is similar to a Stub,
except that it can import external route information into its area. Note that if there are
not external routes into your network, then there are no advantages to configuring a
Stub or NSSA.
Neighbors – Neighboring OSPF routers within a common area are found using Hello
messages. These messages also list the other routers from which the originator has
received hello messages. When a router finds its address in the hello messages
received from another router, both routers initiate communications as neighbors.
Only after these routers successfully exchange and synchronize their routing tables, will
they be considered fully adjacent (chapter 2 “Displaying the Interface Table” or chapter
3 “Displaying the DVMRP Neighbor Table”). Routing information is only exchanged
between adjacent neighbors.
Designated Router – A Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR)
are selected by the OSPF protocol for each area. The Designated Router exchanges
routing information with all other routers in its area, and then floods Link State
Advertisements (LSAs) to each router, allowing them to update their database. This
eliminates the need for each router to exchange information with every other router in its
area. The OSPF protocol selects the DR and BDR based on the router with the highest
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priority, or highest Router ID in case of a tie (chapter 2,3 “Configuring OSPF”).
Area Border Router – An Area Border Router (ABR) must be configured between each
area and the backbone. An ABR should be configured with an IP interface that connects
directly to both the backbone and the area on which it borders (chapter 2,3 “Adding an
IP Interface”). However, if an area is not physically connected to the backbone, you can
configure a virtual link that crosses a neighboring area to reach the backbone. Just
define an ABR (i.e., virtual neighbor) on the boundary between the isolated area and
transit area, as well as an ABR on the boundary between the transit area and the
backbone. An ABR can be situated between one or more areas, but we advise limiting
the maximum number of areas supported by a single ABR to three. You can also define
a virtual link as a backup path between an ABR and the backbone.
Area Range – An ABR maintains a separate routing table for each area to which it is
attached, and sends routing summaries for each attached area to the backbone, which
in turn distributes this information to other areas in the autonomous system. This
reduces the size of the routing tables that have to maintained throughout the system,
and prevents frequent updates from flooding the system whenever a link change occurs.
To configure a routing summary, you must define the OSPF Area Range for all the
networks within an ABR’s area. This range is specified with an IP address and network
mask (chapter 2 “OSPF Area Configuration” or chapter 3 “OSPF Area Range
Configuration”). Moreover, since OSPF supports Variable Length Subnet Masks
(VLSMs), you can specify a mask on a bit boundary, which can further reduce the
number of advertised addresses.
Autonomous System Boundary Router – An Autonomous System (AS) contains all the
routers in your network, each of which shares information with other routers to
determine a shortest-path route to every destination in the AS. However, when an AS is
connected to an outside network, it must import external routing information through an
Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR). An ASBR can import routing information
through other routing protocols such as RIP.
An ASBR will generate external link advertisements on selected interfaces if OSPF is
enabled globally (chapter 2 “Protocol Configuration”), and any of the following
conditions exist on an interface:
• RIP is enabled (chapter 2 “Adding an IP Interface” or chapter 3 “Adding an IP
Interface”), or
• RIP and OSPF are both disabled (chapter 2 “Adding an IP Interface” or chapter 3
“Adding an IP Interface”).
Link State Advertisements – Each router maintains a link state database that contains
information received from all the other routers within the same area (chapter 2
“Displaying the Interface Table” or chapter 3 “Displaying the Interface Table”). There are
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four types of Link State Advertisements (LSA). Router LSAs advertise area links known
by the originator, and are issued by all routers. Network LSAs advertise transit areas
through which traffic can be passed to reach other areas in the system. Network LSAs
contain information about all the routers that provide a link across the transit area, and
are issued by Designated Routers. Summary LSAs are issued by Area Border Routers
(ABR), and advertise routing information for a single subnetwork outside the ABR’s area
or for an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR). External LSAs are issued by
the ASBR, and contain information about external networks outside the AS.
Virtual Links – All areas within an Autonomous System must connect to the backbone.
In cases where an area cannot be physically connected to the backbone, you can
create a virtual link which crosses a transit area to reach the backbone. (Virtual links
can only span one intermediate area to reach the backbone.) Virtual links can be used
as a redundant link, preventing partitioning from the backbone. They can also be used
to merge two separate backbone areas.
To create a virtual link, you must specify an Area Border Router (ABR) and a common
transit area at both ends of the link (chapter 2 “OSPF Virtual Link Configuration” or
chapter 3 “OSPF Virtual Link Configuration”). One ABR will border on the target area
and the transit area, while the other borders on the transit area and the backbone. The
configuration on each router must include the transit area identifier and the ABR at the
other end of the link.
4.2.7.Non-IP Protocol Routing
The switch supports IP routing only. Non-IP protocols such as IPX and Appletalk cannot
be routed by this switch, and will be confined within their local VLAN group unless
bridged by an external router.
To coexist with a network built on multilayer switches, the subnetworks for non-IP
protocols must follow the same logical boundary as that of the IP subnetworks. A
separate multi-protocol router can then be used to link the subnetworks by connecting
to one port from each available VLAN on the network.
4.3.Virtual LANs
Switches do not inherently support broadcast domains, which can lead to broadcast
storms in large networks that handle a lot of traffic, such as NetBUEI or IPX. In
conventional networks with routers, broadcast traffic is split up into separate domains to
confine this traffic to the originating group and provide a much cleaner network
environment. Instead of using physically separate subnets which are linked by
traditionally slow routers, this switch creates segregated broadcast domains based on
easily configurable VLANs, and then links these VLANs as required with wire-speed
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routing.
An IEEE 802.1Q VLAN is a group of ports that can be located anywhere in the network,
but communicate as though they belong to the same physical segment. VLANs help to
simplify network management by allowing you to move devices to a new VLAN without
having to change any physical connections. VLANs can be easily organized to reflect
departmental groups (such as Marketing or R&D), usage groups (such as e-mail), or
multicast groups (used for multimedia applications such as videoconferencing).
VLANs provide greater network efficiency by reducing broadcast traffic, and allow you to
make network changes without having to update IP addresses or IP subnets. VLANs
inherently provide a high level of network security since traffic must pass through a
configured Layer 3 link to reach a different VLAN.
This switch supports the following VLAN features:
• Up to 256 VLANs based on the IEEE 802.1Q standard
• Distributed VLAN learning across multiple switches using explicit or implicit tagging
and GVRP protocol
• Port overlapping, allowing a port to participate in multiple VLANs
• End stations can belong to multiple VLANs
• Passing traffic between VLAN-aware and VLAN-unaware devices
• Priority tagging
4.3.1.Assigning Ports to VLANs
Before enabling VLANs for the switch, you must first assign each port to the VLAN
group(s) in which it will participate (chapter 2 “VLAN Table Configuration”). By default all
ports are assigned to VLAN 1 as untagged ports. Add a port as a tagged port (that is, a
port attached to a VLAN-aware device) if you want it to carry traffic for one or more
VLANs and if the device at the other end of the link also supports VLANs (chapter 2
“Configuring Virtual LANs” and chapter 3 “Configuring Virtual LANs”). Then assign the
port at the other end of the link to the same VLAN(s). However, if you want a port on this
switch to participate in one or more VLANs, but the device at the other end of the link
does not support VLANs, then you must add this port as an untagged port (that is, a
port attached to a VLAN-unaware device).
4.3.1.1.VLAN Classification
When the switch receives a frame, it classifies the frame in one of two ways. If the
frame is untagged, the switch assigns the frame to an associated VLAN (based on the
PVID of the receiving port (chapter 2 “VLAN Port Configuration” and chapter 3 “VLAN
Port Configuration”). But if the frame is tagged, the switch uses the tagged VLAN ID to
identify the port broadcast domain of the frame.
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4.3.1.2.Port Overlapping
Port overlapping can be used to allow access to commonly shared network resources
among different VLAN groups, such as file servers or printers. Note that if you
implement VLANs which do not overlap, but still need to communicate, you can connect
them by setting this switch to multilayer mode, and assigning an IP interface address to
the different VLANs. (See “Connecting VLAN Groups” on chapter 4.)
4.3.1.3.Port-based VLANs
Port-based (or static) VLANs are manually tied to specific ports. The switch’s forwarding
decision is based on the destination MAC address and its associated port. Therefore, to
make valid forwarding or flooding decisions, the switch must learn the relationship of the
MAC address to its related port—and thus to the VLAN—at run-time. However, when
GVRP is enabled, this process can be fully automatic.
4.3.1.4.Automatic VLAN Registration (GVRP)
GVRP defines a system whereby the switch can automatically learn the VLANs to which
each endstation should be assigned. If an endstation (or its network adapter) supports
the IEEE 802.1Q VLAN protocol, it can be configured to broadcast a message to your
network indicating the VLAN groups it wants to join. When this switch receives these
messages, it will automatically place the receiving port in the specified VLANs, and then
forward the message to all other ports. When the message arrives at another switch
that supports GVRP, it will also place the receiving port in the specified VLANs, and
pass the message on to all other ports. VLAN requirements are propagated in this way
throughout the network. This allows GVRP-compliant devices to be automatically
configured for VLAN groups based solely on endstation requests.
4.3.2.Forwarding Tagged / Untagged Frames
Ports can be assigned to multiple tagged or untagged VLANs. Each port on the switch is
therefore capable of passing tagged or untagged frames. To forward a frame from a
VLAN-aware device to a VLAN-unaware device, the switch first decides where to
forward the frame, and then strips off the VLAN tag. However, to forward a frame from a
VLAN-unaware device to a VLAN-aware device, the switch first decides where to
forward the frame, and then inserts a VLAN tag reflecting this port’s default VID. The
default PVID is VLAN 1 for all ports, but this can be changed (see chapter 2 “VLAN Port
Configuration” or chapter 3 “VLAN Port Configuration”).
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4.3.3.Connecting VLAN Groups
The switch supports communication within a common VLAN using store-and-forward
switching. However, if you have devices in separate VLANs that need to communicate,
and it is not practical to include these devices in a common VLAN, then the VLANs can
be connected via the Layer 3 routing provided by this switch.
Traditional routers use only physical port numbers in their routing tables, which provides
no support for VLANs. By contrast, this device supports Layer 3 routing by using both
logical and physical port numbers to support VLANs and Layer 3 switching
simultaneously.
By using the abstraction of a logical port number to represent a collection of physical
switch ports in the same VLAN, Layer 3 switching can occur from one VLAN to another
transparently, without changing the routing protocol and IP routing software, while Layer
2 switching is still used for intra-VLAN traffic.
The switch uses standard routing tables that are constructed via static configuration or
dynamic routing protocols such as RIP and OSPF. Each routing entry consists of a
network address (that is, an IP address with a subnet mask), and a virtual interface
number. Each virtual interface corresponds to a virtual LAN, identified by the VLAN ID.
Also note that multiple routing entries can be provided for the same virtual interface by
adding the required routing table entries for the same VLAN (chapter 2 “Subnet
Configuration” and chapter 3 “Subnet Configuration”). A typical VLAN configuration that
supports routing is shown below.
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4.4.Multicast Filtering
Multicasting sends data to a group of nodes instead of a single destination. The simplest
way to implement multicasting is to broadcast data to all nodes on the network.
However, such an approach wastes a great deal of bandwidth if the target group is small
compared to the overall broadcast domain.
Because applications such as videoconferencing and data sharing are now widely used,
efficient multicasting has become vital. A common approach is to use a group
registration protocol that allows nodes to join or leave multicast groups. A switch or
router can then easily determine which ports contain group members and send data out
to those ports only. This procedure is called multicast filtering.
The purpose of IP multicast filtering is to optimize a switched network’s performance, so
multicast packets will only be forwarded to those ports containing multicast group hosts
or multicast routers / switches, instead of flooding traffic to all ports in the subnet
(VLAN).
The routing switch supports IP multicast filtering not only by passively monitoring IGMP
Query and Report messages and DVMRP Probe messages to register end-stations as
multicast group members (Layer 2), but also by actively sending GMRP Query
messages to learn the location of multicast routers / switches and member hosts in
multicast groups within each VLAN (Layer 3). This switch also supports the DVMRP
multicast routing protocol required to forward multicast traffic to other subnets.
4.4.1.IGMP Snooping
A Layer 2 switch can passively snoop on IGMP Query and Report packets transferred
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between IP multicast routers / switches and IP multicast host groups to identify the IP
multicast group members. It simply monitors the IGMP packets passing through it, picks
out the group registration information, and configures multicast filters accordingly. IGMP
Snooping generates no additional network traffic, and allows you to significantly reduce
the multicast traffic passing through your switch.
4.4.2.IGMP Protocol
The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) runs between hosts and their
immediately adjacent multicast router / switch. IGMP is a multicast host registration
protocol that allows any host to inform its local router that it wants to receive
transmissions addressed to a specific multicast group.
A router, or multicast-enabled switch, can periodically ask their hosts if they want to
receive multicast traffic. If there is more than one router / switch on the LAN performing
IP multicasting, one of these devices is elected “querier” and assumes the role of
querying the LAN for group members. It then propagates the service requests on to any
adjacent multicast switch / router to ensure that it will continue to receive the multicast
service.
Based on the group membership information learned from IGMP, a router / switch can
determine which (if any) multicast traffic needs to be forwarded to each of its ports.
At Layer 3, multicast routers use this information, along with a multicast routing protocol
such as DVMRP, to support IP multicasting across the Internet.
Note that IGMP neither alters nor routes IP multicast packets. A multicast routing
protocol must be used to deliver IP multicast packets across different subnetworks.
Therefore, when DVMRP routing is enabled for a subnet on this switch, the switch will
automatically enable IGMP (chapter 2 “Configuring DVMRP” and chapter 3 “Configuring
DVMRP”).
4.4.3.GMRP Protocol
GARP Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP) allows network devices to register
endstations with multicast groups. GMRP requires that any participating network
devices or endstations comply with the IEEE 802.1p standard. Compliant endstations
can request to receive traffic from a multicast group simply by issuing a join packet that
includes a known multicast address. When the join packet reaches a port on the switch,
it configures this port to receive multicast traffic for the requested group, and then issues
a similar join packet to all other ports on the switch, informing them that incoming
multicast traffic for the stated group is to be forwarded to the requesting port.
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4.4.4.DVMRP Routing Protocol
The Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) behaves somewhat similarly
to RIP. A router supporting DVMRP periodically floods its attached networks to pass
information about supported multicast services along to new routers and hosts. Routers
that receive a DVMRP packet send a copy out to all paths (except the path back to the
origin). These routers then send a prune message back to the source to stop a data
stream if the router is attached to a LAN which does not want to receive traffic from a
particular multicast group. However, if a host attached to this routing switch issues an
IGMP message indicating that it wants to subscribe to the concerned multicast service,
this switch will use DVMRP to build up a source-rooted multicast delivery tree that
allows it to prevent looping and determine the shortest path to the source of this
multicast traffic.
When this switch receives the multicast message, it checks its unicast routing table to
locate the port that provides the shortest path back to the source. If that path passes
through the same port on which the multicast message was received, then this switch
records path information for the concerned multicast group in its routing table and
forwards the multicast message on to adjacent routers, except for the port through
which the message arrived. This process eliminates any potential loops from the tree
and ensures that the shortest path (in terms of hop count) is always used.
4.5.Class-of-Service (CoS) Support
The switch provides two transmit queues on each port, with a weighted fair queuing
scheme. This function can be used to provide independent priorities for various types of
data, such as real-time video or voice, and best-effort data.
Priority assignment to a packet in the switch can be accomplished in any of the
following ways:
• Priority can be explicitly assigned by endstations which have applications that require
a higher priority than best-effort. This switch utilizes the IEEE 802.1p and 802.1Q tag
structure to decide priority assignments for the received packets.
• A port may be manually configured as high priority. In this case, when any other port
receives traffic from a high-priority port, that traffic is automatically placed in the
high-priority output queue.
4.6.BOOTP / DHCP Relay
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), described in RFC 1541, is an extension
of the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP). DHCP allows hosts on a TCP / IP network to
dynamically obtain basic configuration information. When a DHCP client starts, it
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broadcasts a DHCP Request packet, looking for DHCP servers. DHCP servers respond
to this packet with a DHCP Response packet. The client then chooses a server to obtain
TCP / IP configuration information, such as its own IP address.
Since DHCP uses a broadcast mechanism, a DHCP server and its client must
physically reside on the same subnet. However, it is not practical to have one DHCP
server on every subnet; in fact in many cases, DHCP / BOOTP clients and their
associated DHCP / BOOTP server(s) do not reside on the same IP network or subnet.
In such cases, a third-party agent is required to transfer BOOTP messages between
clients and servers.
BOOTP / DHCP Relay, described in RFC 1542, enables a host to use a BOOTP or
DHCP server to obtain basic TCP / IP configuration information, even if the servers do
not reside on the local subnet. When a BOOTP / DHCP Relay Agent receives a DHCP
Request packet destined for a BOOTP / DHCP server, it inserts its own IP address into
the DHCP Request packet so the server knows the subnet where the client is located.
Then, depending on the configuration setup, the switch either:
• Forwards the packet to a specific server as defined in the switch’s configuration using
unicast routing, or
• Broadcasts the DHCP Request again to another directly attached IP subnet specified
in the switch configuration for the receiving IP subnet.
When the DHCP server receives the DHCP request, it allocates a free IP address for
the DHCP client from its scope in the DHCP client’s subnet, and sends a DHCP
Response back to the DHCP Relay Agent. The DHCP Relay Agent then broadcasts this
DHCP Response packet received from the DHCP server to the appropriate client.
4.7.Security Features
The switch provides security features which allow you to control management access
and network access as described in the following sections.
4.7.1.SNMP Community Strings
Access to the switch using network management tools is controlled by SNMP
community strings. This switch supports up to five community strings. A character string
indicating the access rights of the management community must be provided whenever
you send an SNMP message to the switch. Each community has either read-only or
read / write access rights. A community that has read-only access can use only use
GET and GETNEXT commands to view the current configuration settings and status of
the switch. But a community with read / write access can use GET and GETNEXT
commands, as well as the SET command to configure the switch.
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4.7.2.User Name and Passwords
This switch can also be accessed via a direct connection to the console port or through
a network connection using Telnet or a Web browser. When managing the switch by any
of these means, a user name and password is required to enter the system. The factory
defaults include two sets of user names and passwords. One set has administrator
rights, which allows you to view or modify system parameters. The other set has
read-only access, which allows you to view the status of the system, but not to modify it.
4.7.3.MAC Address Filters
If you discover that some nodes are sending abnormal or destructive data that could
adversely affect the network or cause security problems, you can set their MAC
addresses to be filtered by the switch. Any packets with a source or destination address
listed in the MAC address filter will then be dropped by the switch upon entry.
4.7.4.IP Address Filters
IP addresses can also be set to be filtered by the switch. IP packets with a source or
destination address listed in the IP address filter will be dropped by the switch upon
entry.
4.8.SNMP Management Software
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is a communication protocol designed
specifically for managing devices or other elements on a network. Network equipment
commonly managed with SNMP includes hubs, switches, bridges, routers and host
computers. SNMP is typically used to configure these devices for proper operation in a
network environment, as well as to monitor them to evaluate performance and detect
potential problems.
4.9.Remote Monitoring (RMON)
Remote Monitoring provides a cost-effective way to monitor large networks by placing
embedded or external probes on distributed network equipment (hubs, switches or
routers).RMON has already become a valuable tool for network managers faced with a
quickly changing network landscape that contains dozens to hundreds of separate
segments. RMON is the only way to retain control of the network and analyze
applications running at multi-megabit speeds. It provides the tools you need to
implement either reactive or proactive policies that can keep your network running
based on real-time access to key statistical information.
This switch provides support for mini-RMON which contains the four key groups
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required for basic remote monitoring. These groups include:
Statistics: Includes all the tools needed to monitor your network for common errors and
overall traffic rates. Information is provided on bandwidth utilization, peak utilization,
packet types, errors and collisions, as well as the distribution of packet sizes.
History: Can be used to create a record of network utilization, packet types, errors and
collisions. You need a historical record of activity to be able to track down intermittent or
recurring problems. Historical data can also be used to establish normal baseline activity,
which may reveal problems associated with high traffic levels, broadcast storms, or
other unusual events. Historical information can also be used to predict network growth
and to plan for expansion before your network becomes overloaded.
Alarms: Can be set to test data over any specified time interval, and can monitor
absolute or changing values (such as a statistical counter reaching a specific value, or a
statistic changing by a certain amount over the set interval). Alarms can be set to
respond to either rising or falling thresholds.
Events: Defines the action to take when an alarm is triggered. The response to an
alarm can include recording the alarm in the Log Table or sending a message to a trap
manager. Note that the Alarm and Event Groups are used together to record important
events or respond immediately to critical network problems.
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5. Appendix A: Troubleshooting
5.1.Troubleshooting Chart
Troubleshooting Chart
Symptom
Action
Cannot connect
using Telnet, Web
• Be sure you have configured the agent with a valid IP
address, subnet mask and default gateway (Layer 2).
browser, or SNMP • Check that you have a valid network connection to
software
the switch and that the port you are using has not
been disabled.
• Check network cabling between the management
station and the switch.
• If you cannot connect using Telnet, there may already
be four active sessions. Try connecting again at a
later time.
Cannot access the • Be sure you have set the terminal emulator program
onboard
configuration
to VT100 compatible, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity,
and 19200 bps.
program via a serial • Check that the null-modem serial cable conforms to
port connection
the pin-out connections provided in Appendix B.
Forgot or lost the
password
• Reinstall the switch firmware as described on the next
page.
5.2.Upgrading Firmware via the Serial Port
You can upgrade system firmware by connecting your computer to the serial port on the
switch and using a console interface package that supports the Xmodem protocol. (See
“Required Connections” on chapter 1.)
1. Restart the system by using the Restart System command, or by pulling out the
power cord to reset the power, waiting five seconds, and plugging it back in.
2. When the system initialization screen appears as shown below, press “D” to
download system firmware, and then indicate the code type (<r> Runtime image or
<d> Diagnostic image).
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POST Version V2.57
9/11/2001
------ Power-On Self Test (POST)------
Int. Loopback Testing SCC2 UART Channel ... PASS
Testing the System SDRAM .................. PASS
Int. Loopback Testing ____ UART Channel ... PASS
Int. Loopback Testing ____ UART Channel ... PASS
CPU Self Test ............................. PASS
Test Accessing Agent's Config EEPROM ...... PASS
FlashROM CheckSum Test .................... PASS
!!!Ifyouwanttodownloadimagefile,Pleasepress<D>todownload:
!!!
!!!
!!!
!!!
< r > Download Runtime image
< d > Download Diagnostic image
< c > Clear the system parameter
< q > QUITE r
Please input the Baud Rate as following :
Press 1: Baud Rate = 9600
Press 2: Baud Rate = 19200
Press 3: Baud Rate = 38400
Press 4: Baud Rate = 57600
Press 5: Baud Rate = 115200
Select a number and then press <ENTER> !!! 5
Please change local console BaudRate to exact rate and press
<ENTER>!!!
3. Change your baud rate to the selected value and press Enter to enable download.
From the terminal emulation program, select the file you want to download, set the
protocol to XModem, and then initialize downloading.
Notes:
1. If you use Windows HyperTerminal, disconnect , set the baud rate, and reconnect.
2. The download file should be a correct binary file for the switch; otherwise the agent
will not accept it.
3. After the file has been downloaded, the console screen will display information
similar to that shown below. Press Enter to download to permanent memory, change
the baud rate back to 19200, press Enter to start decompressing the new firmware,
then press Enter to open the Log-on screen.
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XModem Download to 0x00400020: ... SUCCESS !
(P)ermanent or (T)emporary Download: [P]
Update RunTime Image at 0x03040000 ... ... SUCCESS !
Change to original Baud Rate and Press <ENTER> to Run Application !!!
Decompress now............ !!!
run-time code starting now. !!! Starting System...
MAINBOARD OCTOPUS0 RAMBIST TEST......... PASS!
MAINBOARD OCTOPUS1 RAMBIST TEST......... PASS!
MAINBOARD OCTOPUS2 RAMBIST TEST......... PASS!
MAINBOARD OCTOPUS3 RAMBIST TEST......... PASS!
MAINBOARD DOLPHIN RAMBIST TEST......... PASS!
MAINBOARD STARFISH RAMBIST TEST......... PASS!
Press <Enter> to start UI
For details on managing the switch, refer to Chapter 2 for information on the out-of-band
console interface, or Chapter 3 for information on the Web interface.
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6. Appendix B: Pin Assignments
6.1.Console Port Pin Assignments
The DB-9 serial port on the switch’s rear panel is used to connect to the switch for
out-of-band console configuration. The onboard menu-driven configuration program can
be accessed from a terminal, a PC running a terminal emulation program, or from a
remote location via a modem connection. The pin assignments used to connect to the
serial port are provided in the following tables.
6.1.1.DB-9 Port Pin Assignments
EIA CCITT
Circuit Signal
Description
Switch’s PC DB9 Modem
DB9 DTE DB25
Signal
Direction
DTE Pin Pin #
#
DCE Pin DTE-DCE
#
CF
BB
BA
CD
AB
CC
CA
109
104
103
DCD (Data
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
<------
<------
------>
------>
-------
<------
------>
Carrier Detected)
RxD (Received
Data)
TxD (Transmitted 3
Data)
2
3
2
108.2 DTR (Data
Terminal Ready)
SG (Signal
4
5
6
7
20
7
102
107
105
Ground)
DSR (Data Set
Ready)
6
RTS
4
(Request-to-Send
)
CB
CE
106
125
CTS
(Clear-to-Send)
RI (Ring
8
9
8
9
5
<------
<------
22
Indicator)
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6.1.2.Console Port to 9-Pin COM Port on PC
Switch’s 9-Pin Serial
Port
CCITT Signal
PC’s 9-Pin COM
Port
1 DCD
2 RXD
3 TXD
4 DTR
5 SGND
6 DSR
7 RTS
8 CTS
9 RI
----------- DCD ------------
<--------- TXD ------------
----------- RXD ---------->
----------- DSR ---------->
----------- SGND ----------
----------- DTR ------------
----------- CTS ----------->
<--------- RTS -------------
----------- RI ---------------
1
3
2
6
5
4
8
7
9
6.1.3.Console Port to 25-Pin DCE Port on Modem
Switch’s 9-Pin Serial
Port
CCITT Signal
Modem’s 25-Pin DCE
Port
1 <--------- DCD ------------ 8
2 <--------- RXD ------------ 3
3 ----------- TXD ----------> 2
4 ----------- DTR ----------> 20
5 ----------- SGND ---------- 7
6 <--------- DSR ------------ 6
7 ----------- RTS -----------> 4
8 <--------- CTS ------------- 5
9 <--------- RI --------------- 22
6.1.4.Console Port to 25-Pin DTE Port on PC
Switch’s 9-Pin Serial
Port
Null Modem
PC’s 25-Pin DTE
Port
1 DCD
1
1 8 DCD
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
20
3
2
8
20
7
2 RXD
3 TXD
4 DTR
5 SGND
6 DSR
7 RTS
8 CTS
9 RI
3 TXD
2 RXD
20 DTR
7 SGND
6 DSR
4 RTS
5 CTS
22 RI
4
5
6
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7. Glossary
7.1.1.Bandwidth Utilization
The historical percentage of packets received as compared to total bandwidth.
7.1.2.BOOTP
Boot protocol used to load the operating system or configuration settings for devices
connected to the network.
7.1.3.Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
(DVMRP)
A distance-vector-style routing protocol used for routing multicast datagrams through the
Internet. DVMRP combines many of the features of RIP with Reverse Path
Broadcasting (RPB).
7.1.4.GARP VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP)
Defines a way for switches to exchange VLAN information in order to register necessary
VLAN members on ports along the Spanning Tree so that VLANs defined in each switch
can work automatically over a Spanning Tree network.
7.1.5.Generic Attribute Registration Protocol (GARP)
GARP is a protocol that can be used by endstations and switches to register and
propagate multicast group membership information in a switched environment so that
multicast data frames are propagated only to those parts of a switched LAN containing
registered endstations. Formerly called Group Address Registration Protocol.
7.1.6.Group Attribute Registration Protocol
See Generic Attribute Registration Protocol.
7.1.7.Generic Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP)
GMRP allows network devices to register endstations with multicast groups. GMRP
requires that any participating network devices or endstations comply with the IEEE
802.1p standard.
7.1.8.ICMP Router Discovery
ICMP Router Discovery message is an alternative router discovery method that uses a
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pair of ICMP messages on multicast links. It eliminates the need to configure router
addresses manually, and is independent of any specific routing protocol.
7.1.9.Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Commonly used to send echo messages (i.e., Ping) for monitoring purposes.
7.1.10.IEEE 802.1D
Specifies a general method for the operation of MAC bridges, including the Spanning
Tree Protocol.
7.1.11.IEEE 802.1Q
VLAN Tagging—Defines Ethernet frame tags which carry VLAN information. It allows
switches to assign endstations to different virtual LANs, and defines a standard way for
VLANs to communicate across switched networks.
7.1.12.IEEE 802.3ac
Defines frame extensions for VLAN tagging.
7.1.13.Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
A protocol through which hosts can register with their local router for multicast services.
If there is more than one multicast router on a given subnetwork, one of the routers is
made the “querier” and assumes responsibility for keeping track of group membership.
7.1.14.IGMP Snooping
Listening to IGMP Query and IGMP Report packets transferred between IP Multicast
Routers and IP Multicast host groups to identify IP Multicast group members.
7.1.15.In-Band Management
Management of the network from a station attached directly to the network.
7.1.16.IP Multicast Filtering
A process whereby this switch can pass multicast traffic along to participating hosts.
7.1.17.Layer 2
Data Link layer in the ISO 7-Layer Data Communications Protocol. This is related
directly to the hardware interface for network devices and passes on traffic based on
MAC addresses.
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7.1.18.Layer 3
Network layer in the ISO 7-Layer Data Communications Protocol. This layer handles the
routing functions for data moving from one open system to another.
7.1.19.Link Aggregation
See Port Trunk.
7.1.20.Management Information Base (MIB)
An acronym for Management Information Base. It is a set of database objects that
contains information about a specific device.
7.1.21.Multicast Switching
A process whereby the switch filters incoming multicast frames for services for which no
attached host has registered, or forwards them to all ports contained within the
designated multicast VLAN group.
7.1.22.Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that functions better over a larger network such as
the Internet, as opposed to distance-vector routing protocols such as RIP. It includes
features such as unlimited hop count, authentication of routing updates, and Variable
Length Subnet Masks (VLSM).
7.1.23.Out-of-Band Management
Management of the network from a station not attached to the network.
7.1.24.Port Mirroring
A method whereby data on a target port is mirrored to a monitor port for troubleshooting
with a logic analyzer or RMON probe. This allows data on the target port to be studied
unobstructively.
7.1.25.Port Trunk
Defines a network link aggregation and trunking method which specifies how to create a
single high-speed logical link that combines several lower-speed physical links.
7.1.26.Remote Monitoring (RMON)
RMON provides comprehensive network monitoring capabilities. It eliminates the polling
required in standard SNMP, and can set alarms on a variety of traffic conditions,
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including specific error types.
7.1.27.Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
The RIP protocol seeks to find the shortest route to another device by minimizing the
distance-vector, or hop count, which serves as a rough estimate of transmission cost.
RIP-2 is a compatible upgrade to RIP. It adds useful capabilities for subnet routing,
authentication, and multicast transmissions.
7.1.28.Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
The application protocol in the Internet suite of protocols which offers network
management services.
7.1.29.Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
A technology that checks your network for any loops. A loop can often occur in
complicated or backup linked network systems. Spanning Tree detects and directs data
along the shortest available path, maximizing the performance and efficiency of the
network.
7.1.30.Telnet
Defines a remote communication facility for interfacing to a terminal device over TCP /
IP.
7.1.31.Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
A TCP / IP protocol commonly used for software downloads.
7.1.32.Virtual LAN (VLAN)
A Virtual LAN is a collection of network nodes that share the same collision domain
regardless of their physical location or connection point in the network. A VLAN serves
as a logical workgroup with no physical barriers, and allows users to share information
and resources as though located on the same LAN.
7.1.33.XModem
A protocol used to transfer files between devices. Data is grouped in 128-byte blocks
and error-corrected.
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