Kodak Duplicating 2462/4462 Microfilm
Kodak Direct Duplicating 2468/3468/4468 Microfilm
Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate 2470 Microfilm
Kodak Duplicating, Direct Duplicating Microfilms and
Positive Print Duplicating Microfilms are primarily
intended for creating multiple distribution copies of
camera film masters, and occasionally as intermediate
print film masters, when creating large quantities of
duplicates such that the original camera film is not at
risk of damage. The Kodak Direct Duplicating
Intermediate Microfilm is typically used as an
intermediate print master but may also be used as a
distribution copy. All duplicating microfilms use a
“contact-printing” method, such that the master and
duplicate are brought into intimate contact during
exposure. A description of each follows.
Description
Kodak Duplicating Microfilms are silver-halide films
designed for making high quality duplicates of original
camera and other duplicate microfilms. Depending on
the film type used, these films can either maintain or
reverse image polarity. These duplicating microfilms
can be used in a variety of manufacturer’s silver
duplicators. Kodak Duplicating Microfilms are fine
grain, high resolution microfilms with the exposure and
development latitude to duplicate/enhance varying
quality originals.
Product applications
Eastman Kodak Company produces a family of
duplicating films (2462, 4462), a family of direct
duplicating microfilms (2468, 3468, 4468) and one
direct duplicating intermediate microfilm (2470). They
all require conventional processing. Direct duplicating
films maintain image polarity between generations.
Duplicating microfilm reverses polarity.
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The following “duplication tree” illustrates how the
various duplicating microfilms are used to produce the
desired contrast and image polarity of distribution
copies. As an example, 3N is showing 3rd generation
negative-appearing distribution copies.
CN = Camera Negative
LC = Low Contrast
MC = Medium Contrast
HC = High Contrast
st
1 = 1 generation
nd
2 = 2 generation
rd
3 = 3 generation
N = Negative polarity
P = Positive polarity
D = Distribution
Physical properties
Exposure
The following table indicates value for 1/25-second
tungsten exposures calculated using the formula 45/H,
where H is the exposure in lux-seconds required for a
density of .10 (1.20 for x462 Microfilm) above minimum
density with indicated processing. This number can be
used directly with incident-light meters.
Nominal thickness data (mils)
Microfilm
Base*
Total**
(mils Estar)
2462, 2468,
2470
4.0
4.2
Meter Setting Value*
3468
2.5
7.0
2.7
7.2
x462
x468
2470
2.1
0.2
4462, 4468
* Static-resistant—process-survivable
**Unprocessed
0.12
*Recommended processes
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Reciprocity data
Exposure guidelines - x468 and 2470
For the Direct Duplicating Microfilms (x468 and 2470),
tungsten exposures from 100 to 0.001 seconds, and
processing in a Kodak Prostar Processor as
recommended, reciprocity failure is negligible and no
correction is normally needed. Similar results are
expected with other recommended processes.
Print density decreases with increased exposure and
increases with added development for the direct
duplicating microfilms. For intermediate duplicating
masters, generally the D-min in the master should be
printed to the density in the following table. 2470
Microfilm is generally not used for distribution copies. If
it is used as a distribution copy, reduce D-min levels to
the levels indicated for x468 Microfilm.
With Duplicating Microfilm x462 and using other than
1/50 second tungsten exposures, correct for reciprocity
failure at a density of 1.20 above D-min as follows:
Microfilm Exposure Control
x462 Microfilms
Exposure Time (seconds)
Print D-min of master to a density on
the duplicate as specified below:
100
10
1
1/10 to
1/100
x462
x468
2470
.08 to .15
.10 to .15
.15 to .25
Speed change (%) -75
Effective meter
-50
1.0
+1
-20
1.6
none
setting*
0.5
2.1
Correction in
camera stops
Processing Information
+2
+1/3 none
Processors and processing chemicals
*for Kodak Prostar Processor and continuous strand.
Kodak Duplicating Microfilms can be processed in
most typical continuous-strand type medium and deep-
tank processors utilizing common Kodak Processing
Chemicals and parameters. However, they are
compatible with all standard microfilm processing
equipment and high quality microfilm chemicals,
although results may vary.
IMPORTANT: For best results and to avoid aeration,
always add chemical concentrate to
water, not water to concentrate.
Processor set up: Specifications for all Kodak Duplicating Microfilms†
Developer
Fixer
Wash
Temp
°F (°C)
Dry
Temp
°F (°C)
Dilution
Conventional
Processor
Dwell
Temp
Dwell
sec.
Temp
sec.
°F (°C)
°F (°C)
Dev
Fix
Kodak Prostar
13.5
100
13.5
96
96
135
Ready to Ready to
(37.8)
(35.6)
(35.6)
(57.2)
Use
1:7
Use
1:3
Deep tank
90*
85
(29.4)
45-90
85
(29.4)
80
(26.7)
160 Max
(71.1)
† Starting points and mixed formats.
NOTES: The dwell times and temperatures are starting points only. Specific systems or customer needs may demand variation
from these values based on photographic aims. Dwell time is determined by timing film speed from entrance roller to
exit roller while running in the processor. Deep tank times given should match the photographic results of a Prostar
Processor; significantly shorter development times are achievable with these films by using higher exposure conditions
without any detriment to image quality.
For x462 Microfilms, the starting dwell time for the developer is 68 seconds.
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Replenishment rates
Before-process handling and storage
Development/transport time and transport rates are set
to achieve desired photographic aims; replenishment
rate settings are determined by multiplying the
transport speed by the required replenishment rates for
the appropriate film width being used.
Handling
Total safelight exposure, whether before or after image
exposure, should not exceed 30 minutes. For
darkroom handling, x468 and 2470 Microfilms should
use a Kodak 1 Safelight Filter / red or Kodak 2
Safelight Filter / dark red, in a suitable safelight lamp
with a 15-watt bulb, located at least 4 feet (1.2 meters)
from the film. x462 Microfilms should use a Kodak OA
Safelight Filter /greenish yellow, with the same lamp
distance conditions. When using gooseneck lamps
with contact printers, a Kodak 1 Safelight Filter / red is
required.
Use the chart and formula provided to determine the
developer and fixer replenishment rates (mL/min) by
multiplying transport speed (ft/min) (which is
determined by dividing the path length of the developer
tank in feet by the dwell time in seconds and
multiplying by 60; see example) and the appropriate
processor replenishment specification (mL/linear ft).
Storage
Replenishment mL/Linear Ft
For optimum life of Direct Duplicating Microfilms (x468
and 2470), keep unopened packages at 55°F (13°C),
at 50 percent relative humidity or below, and protected
from radiation and x-rays. Film stored at higher
temperatures or humidities for a period of six months
or more may lose photographic speed or D-max.
Duplicating Microfilm (x462) can be stored at 70°F
(21°C) at 50 percent relative humidity or below, and
protected from radiation and x-rays. To avoid moisture
condensation on film that has been refrigerated, allow
cold film to reach approximate room temperature
before opening the package (about 3 hours if
refrigerated, 5 hours if frozen).
16 mm
Dev Fix
35 mm
105 mm
Dev Fix Dev Fix
Kodak
Prostar
0.75 0.75 1.5
1.5
2.5
N/A N/A
Deep
Tank
1.00 1.25 2.0
6.0
7.5
NOTE: These are starting point recommendations.
Actual settings may require adjustments to
maintain process activity levels. Shorter dwell
times are acceptable; however, exposure
adjustments will be necessary.
After-process and storage information
Image stability and keeping
Transport
Replenishment/
feet of film
(mL/Lft)
Replenishment
rate
These microfilms are manufactured to ANSI and ISO
specifications for extended term storage use. When
processed as recommended, these microfilms meet
both ANSI and ISO specifications for microfilms
intended for long-term storage. These microfilms have
a Life Expectancy LE-500 rating.
speed
X
=
(ft/min)
(mL/min)
A calculation of replenisher rate follows:
For Processor:
Type of FIlm:
Dwell:
Allen M-70 Processor
35 mm (2468 Microfilm)
70 seconds
ISO 19801 2002, Photography — Processed Silver-
Gelatin Type Black-and-White Film — Specifications
for Stability, state that the maximum permissible
concentration of thiosulfate ion is 0.014 grams per
square meter (1.4 micrograms per square centimeter).
Thiosulfate limits for Class 1 grain apply to this
microfilm.
Developer Film Path:
84 feet
Replenishment (Dev):
Calculated transport speed:
2 (from table above)
84 feet x 60 sec/min = 72 feet/min
70 sec
(transport speed)
Results:
72 feet/min x 2 mL/ft = 144 mL/min
replenishment rate for developer
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ANSI ISO 18911 2000, Photography — Processed
Safety Photographic Films-Storage Practices, gives
appropriate conditions for extended term (permanent)
and long-term storage films. Information is also
available in Kodak Publication D-31, Storage and
Preservation of Microfilms. Extended term storage
conditions require a temperature of less that 70°F
(21°C) and 20- to 50-percent RH for polyester base
microfilm.
Characteristic curves
Kodak Duplicating Microfilm 2462/4462
Kodak Microfilm Developer and Replenisher (1:7),
Kodak Prostar Processor, Diffuse Visual
These ANSI/ISO Standards can be obtained by
contacting: Association for Information and Image
Management International (AIIM), 1100 Wayne
Avenue, Suite 1100, Silver Spring, MD 20910-5603,
301-587-8202.
NOTE: Refer to the latest revision of each ANSI or
ISO Standard specified.
Log Exposure (lux seconds)
Image structure
Resolving power: Based on recommended process.
Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate
Microfilm 2470
Kodak Direct Duplicating Microfilm 2468/3468/4468
Kodak Microfilm Developer and Replenisher (1:7),
Kodak Prostar Processor, Diffuse Visual
Film
Test-Object Contrast
Lines/mm
x462
1.6:1 (ISO-RPL)
1000:1 (ISO-RP)
250
630
x468
2470
1.6:1 (ISO-RPL)
1000:1 (ISO-RP)
400
1000
1.6:1 (ISO-RPL)
1000:1 (ISO-RP)
400
1000
These values were determined according to a method
similar to ANSI/ISO 6328-2000, Photography —
Photographic Materials — Determining of ISO
Resolving Power, except the light source used was a
high-pressure mercury arc.
Log Exposure (lux seconds)
2468/3468/4468
2470
NOTE: While the data presented are typical of production
coatings, they do not represent standards which
must be met by Eastman Kodak Company. Varying
storage, exposure, and processing conditions will
affect results. The company reserves the right to
change and improve the product characteristics at
any time.
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Modulation transfer function curves
Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate Microfilm 2470
Kodak Direct Duplicating Microfilm 2468/3468/4468
Tungsten; Kodak Prostar Plus Developer,
Kodak Duplicating Microfilm 2462/4462
Tungsten; Kodak Prostar Plus Developer,
Kodak Prostar Processors; Diffuse Visual
Kodak Prostar Processors; Diffuse Visual
Spatial Frequency (cycles/mm)
Spatial Frequency (cycles/mm)
2470
x468
NOTE: While the data presented are typical of production coatings, they do not represent standards which must be met by
Eastman Kodak Company. Varying storage, exposure, and processing conditions will affect results. The company
reserves the right to change and improve the product characteristics at any time.
These values represent 1,000 times the standard
deviation of density produced by the granular structure
of the material when a uniformly exposed and
developed sample is scanned with a densitometer
calibrated to read American Standard diffuse visual
density, and having a circular measuring aperture with
the indicated diameter.
Modulation transfer function
The MFT curve was determined using a method similar
to that described in ANSI PH2.39-1977 (R1990),
Photographic Modulation Transfer Function of
Continuous-Tone Black-and-White Photographic Films,
Method of Measuring.
Diffuse RMS granularity
Determined at a net diffuse density of 1.00, using the
aperture indicated.
Granularity is an objective measurement of the spatial
variation of sample density that generally correlates
with graininess, which is the subjective effect of the
image nonuniformity upon an observation when
comparisons are made at the same density level.
48-Micrometer
Aperture Value
48-Micrometer
Aperture Value
Broadly speaking, granularity measurements with the
48-micrometer aperture will indicate the magnitude of
the graininess sensation produced by viewing the
diffusely illuminated sample with 12X monocular
magnification.
x462
x468
2470
5
15
10
10
less than 5
less than 5
It should be noted that if the viewing conditions are
changed from the specified conditions, the published
RMS values may no longer correctly indicate the
relative sensations of graininess produced by various
samples.
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Spectral sensitivity curves
Kodak Duplicating Microfilm 2462/4462
Effective Exp 1.4 sec; All recommended processes;
Diffuse Visual; D=1.0>D-min
Kodak Direct Duplicating Intermediate
Microfilm 2470
All recommended processes; D=1.0>D-min
Wavelength (nm)
Wavelength (nm)
Kodak Direct Duplicating
Microfilm 2468/3468/4468
Effective Exp 14 sec; All recommended processes;
Diffuse Visual; D=1.0>D-min
Wavelength (nm)
NOTE: While the data presented are typical of production coatings, they do not represent standards which must be met by
Eastman Kodak Company. Varying storage, exposure, and processing conditions will affect results. The company
reserves the right to change and improve the product characteristics at any time.
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Ordering information: Microfilms
NOTE: Contact your Regional Sales Manager if you have any questions.
Code
Mil
Format
Spec
649
649
778
778
778
914
914
649
778
778
649
914
649
684
778
914
Description
Type Z plastic core
No/Case
CAT No.
833 2512
843 8061
802 9720
829 2716
819 3492
836 3301
843 2668
810 5652
811 3896
801 0357
803 3482
801 9341
817 9749
825 8345
875 1778
827 4292
2462
4
16 mm x 1000 ft
16 mm x 2000 ft
35 mm x 1000 ft
35 mm x 2000 ft
35 mm x 2000 ft
105 mm x 500 ft
105 mm x 500 ft
16 mm x 1000 ft
35 mm x 1000 ft
35 mm x 2000 ft
16 mm x 2500 ft
105 mm x 500 ft.
16 mm x 1000 ft
35 mm x 1000 ft
35 mm x 2000 ft
105 mm x 500 ft.
10
Type Z plastic core
10
Type K plastic core
10
Type K plastic core
Pallet Pk
Type K plastic core
5
4
4462
2468
7
4
Paperboard core, no keyway
Paperboard core, no keyway
Type Z plastic core
160
10
10
5
Type K plastic core
Type K plastic core
3468
4468
2470
2.5
7
Type Z plastic core
10
4
Paperboard core, no keyway
Type Z plastic core
4
10
10
5
Type K plastic core
Type K plastic core
Paperboard core, no keyway
4
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Ordering information: Chemicals
Chemical
Microfilm DEVELOPER and Replenisher — Concentrate
1 gal — 4/case
CAT No.
Working Strength Solutions
at 1:7 yields
32 gal
177 8869
190 1917
50 gal — 1 drum
400 gal
Microfilm FIXER and Replenisher — Concentrate
1 gal — 4/case
at 1:3 yields
16 gal
817 7222
190 1164
50 gal — 1 drum
200 gal
Kodak Prostar Processors
Ready-to-use solution
4 gal
Prostar Plus Developer: 1 gal — 4/case
Prostar Plus Fixer: 1 gal — 4/case
102 2490
102 2656
4 gal
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) on the chemicals (only) are available by calling: 1-800-242-2424, ext. 43.
chemicals for which you need MSDSs. Material Safety Data Sheets for the actual working solutions and caution
labels for the processor tanks are also available by calling the same number.
READ THIS NOTICE:
The sensitometric curves and data in this publication represent product tested under the conditions of exposure
and processing specified. They are representative of production coatings and, therefore, do not apply directly to a
particular box or roll of photographic material. They do not represent standards or specifications which must be met
by Eastman Kodak Company. The company reserves the right to change and improve product characteristics at
any time.
Eastman Kodak Company
343 State Street
Rochester, NY 14650 U.S.A.
© Kodak, 2008. All rights reserved.
TM: Kodak, Estar, Prostar
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