Intel Switch ZT8101 User Manual
ZT8101 Switch  
User’s Manual  
December 2001  
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Contents  
Contents  
1
Introduction....................................................................................................................................9  
Highlights..............................................................................................................................9  
Ethernet Features.................................................................................................................9  
Layer 2 Switching Functions....................................................................9  
Layer 3 Switching Functions..................................................................10  
Additional Features................................................................................................10  
Front Panel Features .............................................................................10  
Management Functions .........................................................................11  
Warranty ................................................................................................11  
Product Information and Sales Support..............................................................................11  
2
Installation and Initial Setup.......................................................................................................13  
Installing the Board.............................................................................................................13  
Power on................................................................................................................14  
Uninstalling the Board.........................................................................................................14  
Identifying External Components........................................................................................15  
Status LEDs...........................................................................................................16  
Health Status LED .................................................................................16  
Hot Swap LED .......................................................................................16  
Port LEDs ..............................................................................................................16  
Link / Activity LED Mode........................................................................16  
Link / Speed LED Mode.........................................................................17  
Getting Started with Management ......................................................................................17  
Accessing the Local Console.................................................................................17  
To log in to the switch the first time........................................................18  
Setting the IP Address...........................................................................................18  
To configure the IP address...................................................................18  
Upgrading Firmware through Zmodem..................................................................19  
To upgrade the firmware using Zmodem...............................................19  
3
Switch Management and Operating Concepts .........................................................................21  
Managing the Switch ..........................................................................................................21  
Switch IP and MAC Addresses...........................................................................................22  
Port Configurations.............................................................................................................22  
Flow Control...........................................................................................22  
Port Security and MAC Address Learning .............................................23  
SNMP .................................................................................................................................23  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay..........................................................................................................23  
DNS Relay..........................................................................................................................24  
Packet Forwarding..............................................................................................................24  
MAC Address Aging Time .....................................................................................24  
MAC Address Forwarding......................................................................................24  
Storm Control.........................................................................................................25  
Traffic Control ........................................................................................................25  
IP Forwarding ........................................................................................................25  
ARP Table..............................................................................................25  
Router Ports...........................................................................................26  
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Contents  
Priority.................................................................................................................................26  
Filtering...............................................................................................................................26  
MAC Address Filtering...........................................................................27  
IP Address Filtering................................................................................27  
Port Mirroring......................................................................................................................27  
Spanning Tree Protocol......................................................................................................28  
STP Levels and Parameters..................................................................................28  
STP Parameters for the Switch Level....................................................29  
STP Parameters for the Port Level........................................................29  
Link Aggregation.................................................................................................................30  
VLANs.................................................................................................................................31  
Static Port-Based VLANs.......................................................................................31  
Static IEEE 802.1Q VLANs....................................................................................32  
GVRP.....................................................................................................32  
Ingress Checking ...................................................................................33  
Broadcast Storm Control and VLANs ....................................................................33  
Layer 3-Based VLANs ...........................................................................................34  
Multi-Netting...........................................................................................................34  
IP Interfaces........................................................................................................................34  
System IP Interface................................................................................34  
Additional IP Interfaces..........................................................................35  
IP Addressing Scheme ..........................................................................35  
Multicasting.........................................................................................................................36  
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP).......................................................36  
IGMP Queriers.......................................................................................................37  
IGMP Snooping .....................................................................................................37  
IGMP Group Settings.............................................................................................38  
Routing Protocols ...............................................................................................................38  
RIP.........................................................................................................................38  
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) ..........................................38  
Protocol-Independent Multicast - Dense Mode (PIM-DM).....................................39  
4
Using the Telnet Console ...........................................................................................................41  
Before You Start .................................................................................................................41  
General Deployment Strategy ...............................................................................41  
VLAN Layout..........................................................................................................42  
IP Addressing Scheme for VLANs.........................................................................42  
Static Route Assessment.......................................................................................42  
Getting Started....................................................................................................................43  
Console Usage Conventions .................................................................................43  
Connecting to the Switch.......................................................................................43  
To log in to the switch the first time........................................................44  
Main Menu.............................................................................................................45  
Creating User Accounts.........................................................................................46  
To create a new user account................................................................46  
Admin, User+ and Normal User Privileges ............................................47  
To log in once you have created a registered user................................47  
Saving Changes ....................................................................................................47  
To save changes to NV-RAM ................................................................48  
Reboot ...................................................................................................................48  
Basic Settings.....................................................................................................................48  
4
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Contents  
Switch Information .................................................................................................49  
Basic Switch Setup ................................................................................................49  
Network Management Setup .................................................................................51  
To configure SNMP................................................................................51  
To configure trap recipients ...................................................................51  
To configure the access list ...................................................................52  
Serial Port Settings................................................................................................52  
Port Configurations................................................................................................52  
Switch Utilities........................................................................................................53  
To update firmware................................................................................54  
To download a configuration file ............................................................54  
To upload a configuration file.................................................................54  
To upload a history log file.....................................................................54  
To test connectivity with ping.................................................................55  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay.............................................................................................55  
To enable the BOOTP/DHCP relay agent .............................................55  
DNS Relay.............................................................................................................56  
To configure DNS Relay services..........................................................56  
Network Monitoring.............................................................................................................57  
Port Statistics.........................................................................................................57  
To view port utilization ...........................................................................57  
To view port error statistics....................................................................58  
To view an analysis of packet sizes and types ......................................59  
Address Tables......................................................................................................59  
To view the MAC address table.............................................................59  
To view the IP address table..................................................................60  
To view the routing table........................................................................60  
To view the ARP table ...........................................................................61  
Status.....................................................................................................................61  
To view GVRP status.............................................................................61  
To view the router ports .........................................................................61  
To view the IGMP snooping status ........................................................62  
To view the IP multicast forwarding table ..............................................62  
To view the IGMP group table ...............................................................62  
To view the DVMRP routing table..........................................................63  
To view the switch’s history log..............................................................63  
Advanced Setup .................................................................................................................64  
Spanning Tree .......................................................................................................64  
To configure global STP switch settings................................................64  
To define the port members of an STP group........................................65  
Forwarding.............................................................................................................66  
To configure MAC address aging ..........................................................66  
To configure unicast MAC address forwarding......................................67  
To configure multicast MAC address forwarding ...................................67  
To configure storm control .....................................................................68  
To configure advanced traffic control.....................................................68  
To configure static IP routes ..................................................................69  
To configure static ARP .........................................................................69  
IP Address Filtering ...............................................................................................69  
To specify an IP address for filtering......................................................69  
MAC Address Priority ............................................................................................70  
Mirroring Configurations ........................................................................................71  
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To configure a port for mirroring ............................................................71  
VLAN Configuration...............................................................................................71  
To configure GVRP globally...................................................................71  
To create or modify a port-based VLAN ................................................72  
To create or modify an 802.1Q VLAN....................................................72  
To configure the member ports of an 802.1Q VLAN..............................73  
Link Aggregation....................................................................................................74  
To configure a link aggregation group ...................................................74  
Layer 3 IP Networking ........................................................................................................74  
Setting Up IP Interfaces.........................................................................................75  
To set up IP Interfaces on the switch.....................................................75  
RIP Configuration ..................................................................................................75  
To configure RIP....................................................................................75  
Multicast Global Configurations.............................................................................76  
To configure globally the multicast protocols.........................................76  
IGMP Configuration ...............................................................................................77  
To configure IGMP snooping .................................................................77  
To configure IGMP for an IP interface ...................................................78  
DVMRP Interface Configuration ............................................................................78  
To configure DVMRP for an IP interface................................................78  
PIM-DM Interface Configurations ..........................................................................79  
To configure PIM-DM for an IP interface ...............................................79  
Static Router Port ..................................................................................................79  
To configure a static router port.............................................................80  
5
Using the Web Console .............................................................................................................81  
Before You Start .................................................................................................................81  
General Deployment Strategy ...............................................................................81  
VLAN Layout..........................................................................................................82  
IP Addressing Scheme for VLANs.........................................................................82  
Static Route Assessment.......................................................................................82  
Getting Started....................................................................................................................83  
Logging In..............................................................................................................83  
Configuration Options............................................................................................84  
User Accounts .......................................................................................................85  
Admin and User Privileges.....................................................................85  
Saving Changes ....................................................................................................86  
To retain any configuration changes permanently.................................86  
Restart ...................................................................................................................87  
Factory Reset ........................................................................................................87  
To reset the switch to factory default values..........................................87  
Basic Settings.....................................................................................................................87  
Switch Information .................................................................................................88  
Basic Switch Setup................................................................................................88  
Serial Port Settings................................................................................................90  
Port Configurations................................................................................................90  
Network Management............................................................................................90  
To configure SNMP community strings..................................................91  
To configure trap recipients ...................................................................91  
To configure management station IP addresses ...................................92  
Switch Utilities........................................................................................................92  
6
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To update firmware................................................................................92  
To download a configuration file ............................................................93  
To upload a configuration file.................................................................93  
To upload a history log file.....................................................................93  
To test connectivity with ping.................................................................94  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay Agent ..................................................................................94  
To configure the BOOTP/DHCP relay agent .........................................94  
To configure the static BOOTP relay setup ...........................................95  
DNS Relay.............................................................................................................95  
To configure DNS Relay ........................................................................96  
To configure the static DNS table ..........................................................96  
Network Monitoring.............................................................................................................96  
Port Statistics.........................................................................................................97  
To view port utilization ...........................................................................97  
To view port error statistics....................................................................97  
To view an analysis of packet sizes and types ......................................98  
Address Tables......................................................................................................99  
To view the MAC address table.............................................................99  
To view the IP address table..................................................................99  
To view the routing table......................................................................100  
To view the ARP table .........................................................................100  
Status...................................................................................................................101  
To view GVRP Status ..........................................................................101  
To view router ports .............................................................................101  
To view IGMP snooping status ............................................................102  
To view the IP multicast forwarding table ............................................102  
To view the IGMP group table .............................................................102  
To view the DVMRP routing table........................................................103  
To view the switch’s history log............................................................103  
Advanced Setup ...............................................................................................................104  
Spanning Tree Protocol .......................................................................................104  
To configure STP switch settings.........................................................104  
To define the port members of an STP group......................................106  
Forwarding...........................................................................................................106  
To configure MAC address aging ........................................................107  
To configure unicast MAC address forwarding....................................107  
To configure multicast MAC address forwarding .................................107  
To configure storm control ...................................................................108  
To configure advanced traffic control...................................................108  
To configure static IP routes ................................................................109  
To configure static ARP .......................................................................109  
IP Address Filtering .............................................................................................110  
To specify an IP address for filtering....................................................110  
MAC Address Priority ..........................................................................................110  
To set up a MAC address priority ........................................................110  
Mirroring Configurations ......................................................................................111  
To configure a port for mirroring ..........................................................111  
VLAN Configurations ...........................................................................................112  
To configure GVRP globally.................................................................112  
To configure a port-based VLAN .........................................................112  
To configure an 802.1Q VLAN.............................................................112  
To configure member ports of an 802.1Q VLAN..................................113  
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Link Aggregation..................................................................................................113  
To configure a link aggregation group .................................................114  
Layer 3 - IP Networking ....................................................................................................114  
Setting Up IP Interfaces.......................................................................................114  
To set up IP interfaces on the switch...................................................114  
RIP Configuration ................................................................................................115  
To globally enable or disable RIP ........................................................115  
To configure RIP interface settings......................................................115  
Multicast Global Configurations...........................................................................116  
To configure globally the multicast protocols.......................................116  
IGMP Configurations ...........................................................................................117  
To configure IGMP snooping ...............................................................117  
To configure IGMP for an IP interface .................................................118  
DVMRP Interface Configurations.........................................................................118  
To configure DVMRP for an IP interface..............................................118  
PIM-DM Setup .....................................................................................................119  
To configure PIM-DM for an IP interface .............................................119  
Static Router Port Settings ..................................................................................119  
To configure a static router port...........................................................120  
A
Agency Approvals.....................................................................................................................121  
CE Certification....................................................................................121  
Safety...................................................................................................121  
Emissions Test Regulations.................................................................121  
Regulatory Information .....................................................................................................122  
FCC—Federal Communications Commission (USA) ..........................122  
Industry Canada (Canada)...................................................................122  
Product Safety Information ...............................................................................................123  
Safety Precautions...............................................................................123  
Product Safety Information ...............................................................................................124  
AC and/or DC Power Safety Warning (AC and/or DC Powered Units)124  
Rack Mount Enclosure Safety..............................................................124  
Revision History  
Date  
Revision  
Description  
Made technical corrections.  
December 6, 2001  
November 14, 2001  
November 9, 2001  
00.2  
00.1a  
00.1  
Added agency approvals.  
First draft.  
8
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Introduction  
1
The ZT8101 board is a high performance managed switch that supports both Layer 2 and Layer 3  
features. For fast connection speeds and flexibility, it has 24 10/100 Mbps Fast Ethernet ports and 2  
gigabit Ethernet ports in a 6U CompactPCI* form factor board. The in-chassis switch minimizes  
external wiring and needs no extra rack height, thus improving density and reliability.  
You can manage the switch from a terminal, with Telnet, from a Web browser, or through IPMI via  
the Chassis Management Module (ZT7101). The ZT8101 routes and switches at full wire speed  
with its non-blocking architecture, and it has sophisticated multicast protocols to limit unnecessary  
traffic. It provides an in-chassis switch fabric that you can configure to operate in a redundant  
configuration.  
Highlights  
• Full wire speed on all ports  
• VLAN ID tagging and priority queues  
• Port aggregation  
• Port mirroring  
• Packet filtering  
• Multicast and broadcast storm control  
• DHCP/BOOTP packet forwarding  
• RIP (v1 and v2), DVMRP, PIM-DM  
• Low port latency  
• Hot-swappable board with LED indicator  
Ethernet Features  
Layer 2 Switching Functions  
• 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 1000BASE-T port functions  
— 22 10/100 Fast Ethernet ports to the mid-plane connectors  
— 2 10/100 Fast Ethernet ports (RJ45) on the font panel  
— 2 100/1000 Ethernet ports (RJ45) on the front panel  
• Auto-negotiation function for speed (10 MB/100 MB/1000 MB), duplex (full/half), and flow-  
control  
• Back pressure flow control for half-duplex mode  
• IEEE 802.3x compliant flow control for full-duplex mode  
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Introduction  
• Per device packet buffer: 512 KB  
• 8.8 Gbps switching fabric capacity  
• Store and forward switching forwarding mode  
• 8 KB Layer 2 MAC address  
• Broadcast and multicast storm control  
• Port mirroring  
• Port aggregation  
• IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol  
• IEEE 802.1Q tagged VLANs  
• GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol) for automatic VLAN configuration  
• IEEE 802.1p priority support with 4 priority queues  
• IGMP Snooping with broadcast control  
Layer 3 Switching Functions  
• Wire speed IP forwarding rate per system  
• Hardware-based Layer 3 IP switching  
• 2 KB Layer 3 IP address entries  
• RIP (Routing Information Protocol) v1 and v2  
• IP v4  
• IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) v2  
• PIM-DM (Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode)  
• DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) v3  
• IP multi-netting  
• IP fragmentation  
• Path MTU discovery  
• IEEE 802.1D frame support  
• DHCP/BOOTP relay  
Additional Features  
Front Panel Features  
• 2 10/100 RJ45 ports  
• 2 100/1000 RJ45 ports  
• RS 232 serial console port  
• Status LEDs for port link, speed, and activity  
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Introduction  
Management Functions  
• RS-232 port for out-of-band management and system diagnostics  
• Telnet remote control console  
• Web-based management console  
• SNMP v1 Agent  
• Supported MIBs  
— MIB-II  
— Bridge MIB  
— RMON MIB (Statistics, History, Alarm, Event)  
— RIP MIB  
— CIDR MIB  
— 802.1p MIB  
• TFTP  
• IP filtering on management interface  
• DHCP client  
• Password enabled  
Warranty  
2 years  
Product Information and Sales Support  
Tel. (805) 541-0488  
www.Intel.com  
[email protected]  
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Introduction  
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Installation and Initial Setup  
2
This chapter provides installation and initial setup information for the switch.  
Installing the Board  
These instructions explain the mechanical aspects of installing a ZT8101board. The board should  
be installed in a PICMG* 2.16 compliant fabric slot.  
1. System power does not need to be off to insert a ZT8101 board.  
2. Prepare the board by opening the injector/ejector mechanisms.  
Injector/Ejector Operations  
Open  
Closed  
3. Carefully align the edges of the board with the left and right card guides in the appropriate slot.  
It may be helpful to look into the enclosure to verify correct alignment of the rails in the  
guides.  
4. Taking care to keep the board aligned in the guides, slide the board in until the injector/ejector  
mechanisms engage the retention bars.  
5. Simultaneously push in the board and rotate the injector/ejector mechanisms to their closed  
positions (rotate inward) to seat the backplane connectors. When the board is in place, it will  
boot if the system power is on.  
6. Make the desired connections at the faceplate and configure the board.  
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Installation and Initial Setup  
Power on  
After the power switch is turned on, the LED indicators should respond as follows:  
• All LED indicators will momentarily blink, which represents a reset of the system.  
• The board status LED indicator will blink while the switch loads onboard software and  
performs a self-test. After approximately 20 seconds, the LED will light again to indicate the  
switch is in a ready state.  
• The hot-swap LED indicator will be off.  
• The port LED indicators will be off if there is no Ethernet connection and on if there is an  
Ethernet connection.  
Uninstalling the Board  
These instructions explain the mechanical aspects of removing a ZT8101 board from a system.  
1. You do not need to turn off the system power to remove a ZT8101 board.  
2. Disconnect connections at the faceplate (Ethernet and serial ports).  
3. The board should be in a “safe” state to be removed or data may be lost. Signal the system that  
a board is about to be removed by partially unlatching the ejectors on the board to be removed.  
Do not fully open the ejectors, as this levers the board out of the enclosure and prematurely  
breaks its backplane connection.  
4. Wait for the blue hot swap LED on the board's faceplate to light; this indicates that board  
processes have finished and the board is safe to extract. If the hot swap LED fails to light after  
30 seconds, re-latch the ejectors and unlatch them again. In this case, the board is safe to  
extract (though the hot swap LED may not light).  
5. Once the hot swap LED lights, open the injector/ejector mechanisms fully, rotating the handles  
outward until the board disengages from the backplane (refer to “Injector/Ejector Operations”  
on page 13).  
6. Slide the board evenly out of the enclosure.  
7. Install a replacement board or cover the empty slot with a filler panel to maintain the  
enclosure's shielding and cooling performance.  
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Installation and Initial Setup  
Identifying External Components  
This chapter describes the front panel and the LED indicators of the ZT-8101switch. The front  
panel consists of LED indicators, a management serial port, a toggle button, two 10/100 Ethernet  
ports, and two 100/1000 Ethernet ports.  
Management Serial Port  
1
3
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10  
12  
14  
16  
18  
20  
22/f  
Ethernet Channel LEDs  
(Activity/Speed)  
11  
13  
15  
17  
19  
21  
23  
25  
24  
26  
Front Panel Ethernet Port LEDs  
(Activity/Speed)  
LINK  
ACT  
Toggle Activity/Speed LEDs Pushbutton  
SPEED  
23  
10/100 Ethernet Ports  
24  
25  
26  
100/1000 Ethernet Ports  
STATUS  
Board Status  
Hot Swap  
HOT SWAP  
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Installation and Initial Setup  
Status LEDs  
The two LEDs at the bottom of the font panel are status LEDs. The top LED indicates the overall  
status of the board and the bottom LED indicates the hot swap status of the board.  
Health Status LED  
Status  
Meaning  
Off  
Not powered.  
Green  
Powered and functioning normally.  
Attention needed due to one of the following conditions:  
• Over temperature  
• Backend supplies exceeding voltage limits  
• IPMB time outs  
Amber  
Hot Swap LED  
Status  
Meaning  
Off  
Switch is active or in the process of shutting down; do not remove it.  
Safe to remove the switch.  
Blue  
Port LEDs  
The LED array on the front panel displays information about all the Ethernet links on the board. A  
green/amber two-color LED is used for each of the 26 Ethernet port connections (24 10/100 + 2  
Gigabit). A push-button switch just below the array toggles the LED display from Link /Activity  
mode to Link / Speed mode. The default LED mode is Link /Activity. When you depress the switch  
button, the LEDs are in Link/Speed mode.  
Link / Activity LED Mode  
Status  
Meaning  
Off  
No Ethernet connection.  
Solid Green  
Good connection, link present.  
Blinking Green  
Port is transmitting or receiving packets (activity is on going).  
Port is not forwarding packets. The port has been disabled by management, an  
address violation has occurred, or the port is being blocked by STP.  
Solid Amber  
Note: After a port is reconfigured, the port LED can remain amber for as long as  
30 seconds while STP checks the switch for loop paths. When the STP checking  
is completed, the port then resumes displaying its current connection status.  
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Installation and Initial Setup  
Link / Speed LED Mode  
Port Type  
Status  
Meaning  
10/100  
Off  
10 Mb/s  
Solid Green  
Solid Green  
Solid Amber  
100 Mb/s  
100 Mb/s  
1000 Mb/s  
100/1000  
Getting Started with Management  
The switch contains the following components:  
• A CPU  
• Memory for data storage  
• Flash memory for configuration data, operational programs, and SNMP agent firmware.  
These components allow you to manage and monitor the switch from either the board’s serial port  
or the network itself. You can configure and manage the switch from these locations:  
• A terminal or a workstation running terminal emulation software and connected to the switch  
via the RS-232 port.  
• A workstation connected to the network and running Telnet.  
• A workstation connected to the network and running a Web browser.  
To access the switch via Telnet or a Web browser, you must assign the switch an appropriate IP  
address for your network. To do this, you must access the switch using the RS-232 port via the  
Local Console.  
This section explains how to  
• Set up access to the Local Console  
• Configure the switch’s IP address  
Once you complete these tasks, you can access the switch from any of the three locations. Since the  
Local Console and the Telnet Console use the same interface, chapter 4 explains how to access the  
switch using Telnet and then explains all the configuration and management options in this  
interface. Chapter 5 explains the Web Console. Both the Web and the Telnet/Serial interfaces  
expose the same functionality. Chapter 3 describes some basic concepts that you should be familiar  
with before configuring the switch.  
Accessing the Local Console  
The Local Console is a terminal or a workstation running a terminal emulation program that is  
connected directly to the switch via the RS-232 console port on the front of the switch. Such a  
connection is referred to as an “Out-of-Band” connection because the console is connected to the  
switch using a different circuit than the circuit used for normal network communications. The  
Local Console can be used to set up and manage the switch even when the network is down.  
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Installation and Initial Setup  
The serial port on the front panel uses Cisco* cable kit (Order Number: ACS-DSBUASYN). This  
kit includes a DB25 terminal adapter, a DB-9 terminal adapter, and RJ-45 rollover cable.  
A terminal (such as a VT-100) or a computer running a terminal emulation program (such as  
HyperTerminal, which is automatically installed with Windows*) is connected to this cable.  
The serial port is set at the factory for the following configuration:  
• Baud rate:  
• Data width:  
• Parity:  
9600  
8 bits  
None  
1
• Stop bits:  
• Flow Control: None  
Make sure the terminal or computer you are using to make this connection is configured to match  
these settings.  
If you are having problems making this connection on a computer, make sure the emulation is set  
to VT-100. If you still don’t see anything, press CTRL+R to refresh the screen.  
To log in to the switch the first time  
The usernames and passwords used to access the switch are case sensitive; therefore, “S” is not the  
same as “s.”  
When you first connect to the switch, you will be presented with a login screen.  
1. Use the Arrow keys or the Tab key to move to the Username field. Leave the field blank and  
press Enter. There is no initial username.  
2. Move to the Password field. Leave the field blank and press Enter. There is no initial  
password. The Main Menu appears.  
The first created user automatically gets administrator privileges. One of your first configuration  
tasks should be to create at least one Admin-level user for the switch to protect it from  
unauthorized users.  
Press CTRL+R to refresh the screen. This command can be used at any time to force the console  
program in the switch to refresh the console screen.  
Setting the IP Address  
You use the Basic Network Setup menu to set the boot-up operation for obtaining an IP address or  
to manually assign the IP address for the switch. The switch needs a valid IP address for your  
network to access the switch via Telnet or the Web.  
To configure the IP address  
1. From the Main Menu, select Basic Network Setup and press Enter.  
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Installation and Initial Setup  
2. To configure the IP address, use the Arrow keys or the Tab key to modify the settings in the  
New Switch IP Settings column.  
Parameter  
Get IP From  
Default  
Manual  
Description  
Specifies the method for assigning the switch an IP address.  
Use the spacebar to toggle to Manual, DHCP, or BOOTP.  
IP Address  
10.90.90.90  
255.0.0.0  
Specifies the IP address assigned to the switch.  
Specifies the subnet mask assigned to the switch and to the  
other devices on this segment of the network.  
Subnet Mask  
Specifies the IP address of the device that routes to different  
networks. A gateway must be defined if the workstation you  
are going to use for switch management is located on a  
different IP segment than the switch.  
Default Gateway  
VLAN Name  
0.0.0.0  
default  
Specifies the name of the VLAN that contains the  
workstations that you will use to manage the switch. This  
VLAN must already exist.  
3. To configure a name and contact information for the switch, enter information in the following  
fields.  
Parameter  
Description  
Specifies the name assigned to the switch. If you are installing multiple  
switches, you should give each a unique name.  
Name  
Location  
Contact  
Specifies the physical location of the switch.  
Specifies the name of the person responsible for the switch.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
5. Press Escape to return to the Main Menu.  
6. To save your changes to NV-RAM, highlight Save Changes and press Enter.  
To continue configuring the switch, see chapter 4 for information on this interface. See chapter 5  
for information about using the Web Console.  
Upgrading Firmware through Zmodem  
Generally, TFTP is the first choice to use to upgrade firmware. The Telnet Console and the Web  
Console both have options for upgrading the firmware using a TFTP server (see chapters 4 and 5).  
However, you can also use Zmodem to upgrade the firmware from the serial port.  
Note: If FLASH becomes corrupted because you lose power when upgrading the firmware, you must use  
Zmodem to fix the problem.  
To upgrade the firmware using Zmodem  
1. Obtain the runtime firmware.  
2. Using Windows HyperTerminal*, log in to the switch through the serial port.  
3. From the Main Menu, select Reboot and press Enter.  
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Installation and Initial Setup  
4. When the power on self test message appears, press the # key and wait for the following  
message:  
Please change your baud rate to 115200 for the Zmodem upgrade, or  
press CTRL+C to go to the BOOT Menu.  
If you press CTRL+C, you can configure the baud rate to a different value.  
5. Change HyperTerminal’s baud rate to match the target’s setting.  
6. Use the Send File function of HyperTerminal to upgrade the firmware.  
When the download is completed, Zmodem will display a message indicating that it is done  
and then a message about loading the Runtime image.  
7. Change the baud rate of HyperTerminal back to 9600 bps.  
8. Disconnect and reconnect.  
9. Log in to the switch.  
10. From the main menu, select Switch Information and press Enter. Verify the firmware  
version.  
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Switch Management and Operating  
Concepts  
3
This chapter describes many of the concepts you need to understand to configure and manage the  
switch. It also describes many of the features available for managing the switch. The instructions  
for configuring the switch are in chapter 4 (Telnet Console) and chapter 5 (Web Console).  
Managing the Switch  
The ZT8101 switch has three methods for configuring switch parameters and viewing switch status  
and statistics:  
• Serial—The switch’s serial port on the front panel allows a terminal or a PC running terminal  
emulation software to be connected to the switch and configure the switch. It uses the same  
application that is used over Telnet. The serial port is usually used only for initial set up, such  
as configuring the switch’s IP address, or when the network is down. It can also be used to  
upgrade the switch’s firmware with Zmodem.  
• Telnet—The switch's embedded Telnet server allows users from remote systems, which are  
running a Telnet application over TCP/IP, to log in to the switch, configure it, and view the  
status of and statistics from the ports. The current implementation allow eight 8 Telnet sessions  
to be active at the same time.  
• Web—The switch's embedded Web server allows users from remote systems, which are  
running a Web browser, to log in to the switch, configure it, and view the status of and  
statistics from the ports. The current implementation allows five HTTP sessions to be active at  
the same time.  
The switch also contains the following utilities:  
• Ping—The Ping utility invokes the ICMP echo request and echo reply messages. A host or  
gateway sends an ICMP echo request message to a specified destination. Any computer that  
receives an echo request formulates an echo reply and transmits it to the original sender. The  
echo request and associated reply can be used to test whether a destination is reachable and  
responding. Five ping sessions can be supported simultaneously.  
• TFTP—This protocol is used to transfer files without any kind of authentication. It runs on  
top of UDP, using timeout and retransmission to ensure that data arrives. The switch's TFTP  
client allows users to copy files from and to a remote system that is running the TFTP server  
protocol. The TFTP client allows only one user to access it and transfer files.  
You can use the TFTP client to do the following:  
— Download firmware.  
— Download or upload a switch configuration file.  
— Upload the switch's history log.  
Some TFTP servers cannot determine when a transaction is aborted. In these cases, you must  
reboot the switch, which restarts the TFTP server and re-initializes the TFTP transaction.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
• Switch diagnostics—The PROM loader automatically runs memory diagnostics each time the  
switch is booted.  
• Reset to factory defaults—The switch includes an option that allows you to reset the  
configuration to the factory defaults. You can select to reset the IP address or save your  
configured IP address.  
Switch IP and MAC Addresses  
Each switch must be assigned its own IP Address. The switch's default IP address is 10.90.90.90.  
You can change the default switch IP address to meet the specification of your networking address  
scheme.  
The switch is also assigned a unique MAC address by the factory. You cannot change this MAC  
address.  
In addition, you can also set an IP address for a gateway router. This becomes necessary when the  
network management station is located on a different IP network from the switch, making it  
necessary for management packets to go through a router to reach the network manager, and vice  
versa.  
For security, you can list the IP addresses of the network management stations that you want to  
manage the switch. If you list IP addresses, only those workstations have access; all others will be  
denied.  
You can also configure a VLAN for the network that the management stations are on, and then  
configure the switch for this VLAN.  
Port Configurations  
By default, the switch is configured to use auto-negotiation to determine each port's speed and  
duplex setting. The user can modify this and configure a port to use a specified configuration. The  
Ethernet ports have the following characteristics:  
Ethernet Port  
Link Speed  
Duplex  
Fast Ethernet (10/100)  
Gigabit Ethernet  
10/100 Mbps  
Half, Full  
Full  
100/1000 Mbps  
Flow Control  
All ports have a traffic limit because they have a limited buffer space to receive incoming frames.  
Upon reaching the limit, a port either starts dropping packets or triggers flow control. The ZT8101  
switch uses the following methods for flow control:  
• 802.3x flow control—The switch sends PAUSE frames, which request remote ports to delay  
sending packets for a period of time. Sending ports suspend further frame transmission until  
the specified time period has elapsed.  
• 802.3x compliant flow control—The switch does not send PAUSE frames, but it does  
respond to them.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
• Back pressure—The switch fakes a collision and then transmits a jam sequence to ensure all  
stations are notified of the “collision.” This causes the sending ports to trigger their back-off  
routines and reduces the amount of traffic on the port.  
The port type and duplex mode determine which type of flow control is used. The following table  
lists the port types and their flow control methods.  
Port Type  
Duplex Mode  
Flow Control  
Fast Ethernet (10/100)  
Fast Ethernet (10/100)  
Gigabit Ethernet  
Half  
Full  
Full  
Back pressure  
802.3x compliant  
802.3x  
Port Security and MAC Address Learning  
For security purposes, you can disable MAC address learning on one or more ports. When MAC  
address learning is disabled, a port cannot discover MAC addresses. The port receives only  
broadcast traffic and packets with destination MAC addresses that match the port's MAC address.  
The default value for each port is learning enabled.  
SNMP  
The switch has an embedded Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) agent which is  
compliant with SNMPv1. This agent monitors the status of the board’s hardware and the traffic  
passing through its ports. A computer attached to the network, called a management station, can  
access this information. The switch uses the following features to control access to its information:  
• Community strings—You can configure up to four community strings so that only authorized  
management stations can access the agent. You can set each string to grant either read only or  
read/write access.  
• IP address—You can restrict access to specified IP addresses. You can enter up to three IP  
addresses which restricts access to these specified management stations.  
You can also specify which management agents receive the trap messages generated by the SNMP  
agent. These trap messages are status messages that alert you of events such as authentication  
failure, STP topology changes, and link status changes on the port.  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay  
BOOTP and DHCP allow stations to obtain boot and TCP/IP information dynamically. The relay  
agent allows them to obtain this information when the BOOTP/DHCP server is not on the same IP  
interface as the end station. You can configure the switch so that the messages are forwarded from  
one interface to the appropriate server on another interface.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
DNS Relay  
The Domain Name System (DNS) is used to map names to IP addresses. DNS relay enables the  
switch to act as a DNS cache or proxy. It forwards DNS requests to DNS servers only if it can’t  
resolve the name from its cache.  
If you enable DNS relay on the switch, you can specify a primary and secondary DNS server to  
forward requests that the switch cannot resolve. You can also specify that requests destined for  
specific DNS servers should be first serviced by looking in the switch’s table.  
Packet Forwarding  
The switch maintains a forwarding table. This table contains the relationship between a destination  
MAC or IP addresses and the Ethernet port or gateway router the destination resides on. This  
information is then used to forward packets. This reduces the traffic congestion on the network,  
because packets, instead of being transmitted to all ports, are transmitted to the destination port  
only. For example, if Port 1 receives a packet destined for a station on Port 2, the switch transmits  
that packet through Port 2 only, and transmits nothing through the other ports. This process is  
referred to as “learning” the network topology.  
You can configure forwarding rules for the following:  
• MAC address aging  
• MAC address forwarding  
• IP address to a specified gateway  
• IP address to a specified MAC address  
MAC Address Aging Time  
The aging time affects the learning process of the switch. Dynamic forwarding table entries, which  
are made up of the source and destination MAC addresses and their associated port numbers, are  
deleted from the table if they are not accessed within the aging time.  
The aging time can be 10 — 1,000,000 seconds with a default value of 300 seconds. A very long  
aging time can result in dynamic forwarding table entries that are out-of-date or no longer exist.  
This may cause incorrect packet forwarding decisions by the switch.  
If the aging time is too short, however, many entries may be aged out too soon. This will result in a  
high percentage of received packets whose source addresses cannot be found in the forwarding  
table, in which case the switch will broadcast the packet to all ports, negating many of the benefits  
of having a switch.  
Static forwarding entries are not affected by the aging time.  
MAC Address Forwarding  
The switch allows you to configure how unicast and multicast packets are forwarded.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
• For unicast packets, you specify the MAC address and then either select the port that they will  
be forwarded to or have them dropped (called “BlackHole”).  
• For multicast packets, you specify the MAC address and then select the ports they can be  
forwarded to.  
Storm Control  
You can also set thresholds to control broadcast and multicast storms. When the threshold is  
exceeded, the switch drops the multicast or broadcast traffic. When traffic levels drop below the  
threshold, the switch resumes forwarding the traffic again.  
The thresholds are applied to all Ethernet ports and cannot be set for individual ports. The threshold  
specifies in thousands the number of broadcast or multicast packets per second a port can receive  
before triggering a storm control response. The possible range is 0 — 255 KB packets per second.  
This threshold can be configured to apply to broadcast packets, to multicast packets, or to both.  
Traffic Control  
You can also set thresholds for the amount of traffic a port can handle before triggering flow  
control. The flow control threshold sets the limit for the maximum amount of memory a port can  
use to hold packets. When a port reaches this limit, the port sends a signal to slow down the packets  
coming in:  
• Ports in half-duplex mode assert a jamming signal.  
• Ports in full-duplex mode send PAUSE frames.  
You can set the flow control thresholds for individual ports and then monitor the status.  
IP Forwarding  
You can configure how packets are forwarded, based on their IP address, by configuring entries for  
the ARP table and the routing table.  
ARP Table  
The ARP table maintains the mappings from Internet addresses (IP) to hardware addresses (MAC).  
There are two types of ARP entries: dynamic and static.  
When a static ARP entry is added to the switch’s ARP table, the switch does not send an ARP  
query to the configured IP address. This allows the switch to connect to devices that have not  
implement ARP.  
The ARP table has the following characteristics:  
• Static entries have higher precedence than dynamic entries. Therefore, a static entry will not be  
overwritten by a dynamic entry.  
• The aging time for dynamic entries is 20 minutes. This value is not configurable.  
• The table can be up to 2 KB in size.  
• Up to 32 static entries are allowed in the table.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
Router Ports  
Router ports allow multicast packets to be propagated throughout the network. Router ports can be  
either static or dynamic. Static router ports are special routes that you manually enter into the  
switch’s routing table. Usually it is a port that has a router attached to it, and the router has a  
connection to a WAN or to the Internet. Static router ports should be used sparingly, because when  
a network failure occurs, they do not change. However, they can reduce network traffic by  
eliminating the need for a routing protocol on a local network. For example, a local network, which  
has only one link to the network, is an ideal candidate for a static route. You can also use them to  
restrict the transmission path a datagram must follow, based on the datagram's destination address.  
You can add up to 32 static entries into the routing table.  
Dynamic router ports are added by the switch. The switch monitors each port for UDP multicast  
packets and IGMP multicast group membership reports. When these packets are detected on a port,  
that port is dynamically assigned as a router port.  
Priority  
MAC address priority is a Layer 2 Class of Service. It allows certain frames, based on their MAC  
address, to receive special handling.  
The frames can be prioritized based on where the MAC address appears:  
• The source only  
• The destination only  
• Both the source and destination  
Frames that match the criteria are given a priority tag. The switch supports only four hardware  
priority levels per egress port, so the eight levels are mapped to four as listed in the table below.  
Priority in Frames  
0 - 1  
Priority Queue of ASIC  
0
1
2
3
2 - 3  
4 - 5  
6 - 7  
After an Ethernet frame has been prioritized, the switch forwards the Ethernet frame using the strict  
priority-based scheduling algorithm. With this policy, any packets residing in a higher priority  
queue are always transmitted first. Only when these queues are empty are packets in lower priority  
queues transmitted.  
Filtering  
A filtering database is used to segment the network and control communication between segments.  
It can also filter packets off the network for intrusion control. Static filtering entries can be made by  
MAC or IP addresses.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
Each port on the switch is a unique collision domain, and the switch filters (discards) packets  
whose destination lies on the same port as where it originated. This keeps local packets from  
disrupting communications on other parts of the network.  
The switch does some filtering automatically:  
• Dynamic filtering—The switch automatic learns and ages MAC addresses and their location  
on the network. Filtering occurs to keep local traffic confined to its segment.  
• Filtering done by the Spanning Tree Protocol—STP filters packets based on topology,  
ensuring that signal loops don't occur.  
• Filtering done for VLAN integrity—The switch filters packets from a member of a VLAN  
(VLAN 2, for example) destined for a device on another VLAN (VLAN 3).  
You can also manually configure the switch to drop packets from specified MAC and IP addresses.  
Whenever a switch encounters a packet originating from, or destined to, a MAC address or an IP  
address entered into the filter table, the switch discards the packet.  
MAC Address Filtering  
When filtering by MAC address, you have two options:  
• Static—This option allows you to specify which port handles the packets from the specified  
MAC address.  
• BlackHole—This option allows you to have the switch drop the packets from, or to, a  
specified MAC address.  
IP Address Filtering  
When filtering by IP address, you have three options. You can have the switch drop the packet  
based on where the IP address appears:  
• In the source  
• In the destination  
• In both the source and destination  
The table can contain 32 entries, and two table entries are needed to configure a bi-direction filter.  
Port Mirroring  
Port mirroring allows the traffic on a particular port to be monitored by sending copies of the  
packets to a target port. You can then attach a logic analyzer or a RMON probe to the target port  
and study the traffic crossing the source port in a completely unobtrusive manner. You can  
configure only one port to be a target port, but you can select multiple ports to be mirrored to this  
target port. For optimum performance, you should mirror three or fewer ports at any given time.  
You can select which traffic is mirrored. For a given mirrored port (or source port), you can select  
to mirror only incoming traffic, only outgoing traffic, or both.  
When mirroring ports, remember the following:  
• The source port cannot be the target port.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
• The target port cannot belong to a link aggregation group.  
• The target port should be operating at the same or higher speed than the source port. If the  
target port is operating at a lower speed than the source port, packets will be lost.  
Spanning Tree Protocol  
The IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol allows for the blocking of links between switches that  
form loops within the network. When multiple links between switches are detected, a primary link  
is established. Duplicated links are blocked from use and become standby links. The protocol  
allows for the duplicate links to be used in the event of a failure of the primary link.  
It is possible to cause serious degradation of network performance if the Spanning Tree is  
incorrectly configured. The switch’s default global setting should be used by the majority of  
installations.  
The ZT8101 switch performs the following functions:  
• Creates a single spanning tree from any combination of switching or bridging elements.  
• Creates multiple spanning trees from any combination of ports contained within a single  
switch, in user-specified groups.  
• Automatically reconfigures the spanning tree to compensate for the failure, addition, or  
removal of any element in the tree.  
• Reconfigures the spanning tree without operator intervention.  
STP Levels and Parameters  
The ZT8101 switch allows for two levels of operation: the switch level and the port level. The  
switch level forms a spanning tree consisting of links between one or more switches. The port level  
constructs a spanning tree consisting of groups of one or more ports. The STP operates in much the  
same way for both levels.  
• On the switch level, STP calculates the Bridge Identifier for each switch and then sets the Root  
Bridge and the Designated Bridges.  
• On the port level, STP sets the Root Port and the Designated Ports.  
The factory default settings should cover the majority of installations. Setting up STP using values  
other than the defaults can be complex. Therefore, we recommend that you keep the default factory  
settings, and STP will automatically assign root bridges/ports and block loop connections.  
Influencing STP to choose a particular switch as the root bridge using the Priority setting, or  
influencing STP to choose a particular port to block using the Port Priority and Port Cost settings  
is, however, relatively simple.  
For example, if all switches have STP enabled with default settings, the switch with the lowest  
MAC address in the network becomes the root switch. By increasing the priority (lowering the  
priority number) of the best switch, STP can be forced to select the best switch as the root switch.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
STP Parameters for the Switch Level  
The following are the user-configurable STP parameters for the switch level.  
Parameter  
Description  
Default Value  
Specifies the combination of the user-set priority and  
the switch’s MAC address. The bridge identifier  
consists of two parts: a 16-bit priority and a 48-bit  
Ethernet MAC address. The only portion that a user  
can configure is the priority.  
Bridge Identifier  
32768 + MAC address  
Specifies the relative priority for each switch. Lower  
Priority  
numbers specify a higher priority and a greater chance 32768  
of a given switch being elected as the root bridge  
Specifies the length of time between broadcasts of the  
hello message by the switch. It can be set from 1 — 10  
seconds. This interval is not used until the switch  
Hello Time  
2 seconds  
becomes (if ever) the root bridge.  
The Hello Time parameter cannot be longer than the  
Max Age parameter.  
Measures the age of a received BPDU for a port, and  
ensures that the BPDU is discarded when its age  
exceeds the value of the Max Age parameter.  
Max Age  
20 seconds  
15 seconds  
It can be set from 6 — 40 seconds.  
Specifies the time a port can remaining in the listening  
state while moving from the blocking state to the  
forwarding state.  
Forward Delay  
It can be set from 4 — 30 seconds.  
Use the following formulas when setting these parameters:  
• Max Age = 2 x (Forward Delay -1second)  
• Mag Age = 2 x (Hello Time + 1 second)  
STP Parameters for the Port Level  
The following are the user-configurable STP parameters for the port or port group level.  
Variable  
Description  
Default Value  
A relative priority for each port. Lower numbers specify  
a higher priority and a greater chance of a given port  
being elected as the root port  
Port Priority  
32768  
•
•
•
100 for 10 Mbps Fast  
Etherenet ports  
A value used by STP to evaluate paths. STP calculates  
path costs and selects the path with the minimum cost  
as the active path.  
19 for 100 Mbps Fast  
Ethernet ports  
Port Cost  
4 for 1000 Mbps Gigabit  
Ethernet ports  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
Link Aggregation  
Link aggregation allows several ports to be grouped so that they can act as a single port. This is  
done to either increase the bandwidth of a network connection or to ensure fault recovery. The  
group has the following assignments:  
• Master port—This port is the Ethernet port with the lowest port number. All member ports  
are configured to use its port settings and become members of its VLAN.  
• Anchor port—This port is in charge of sending control packets, such as spanning tree  
BPDUs, and also the flooding of multicast frames. When a link change event occurs in the  
group, the anchor port may be re-elected.  
When a link aggregation group is deleted or disabled, the ports retain their reassigned port settings.  
They do not recover their original port settings. For example, suppose that Port 1 belongs to  
VLAN1 and Port 2 belongs to VLAN2. When you create a group with a starting point of Port 1 and  
a width of 2, Port 2 will be added to VLAN1 and removed from VLAN2 automatically. If you  
delete or disable the group later, the Port 2 will still be assigned to VLAN1.  
The switch also assigns the group a anchor port. This port is in charge of sending control packets  
and also the flooding of multicast frames. When a link change event occurs in the group, the anchor  
port may be re-elected.  
The ZT8101 supports six link aggregation groups, which may include from 2 — 8 switch ports  
each, except for a gigabit link aggregation group, which consists of the two gigabit Ethernet ports  
on the front panel.  
Remember the following guidelines when creating a link aggregation group:  
• The ports used in a group must all be of the same media type (10/100 Mbps fiber or 100/1000  
Mbps fiber).  
• The ports used for each group must all be on the same switch.  
• The ports in a group must be contiguous (they must have sequential port numbers).  
• Ports can only be assigned to one link aggregation group.  
• None of the ports in a group can be configured as a mirror source port or a mirror target port.  
• All of the ports in a group must be treated as a whole when added to or deleted from a VLAN.  
• STP will use the port parameters of the base port in the calculation of port cost and in  
determining the state of the link aggregation group. The following formula is used to calculate  
the path cost:  
path cost of master port - the number of ports in the group  
• STP treats all ports in a link aggregation group as a single port and will block the entire group  
if it is a redundant link.  
• Data transmitted to a specific host (destination address) will always be transmitted over the  
same port in the group. This allows packets in a data stream to arrive in the same order they  
were sent.  
• The configuration of the lowest numbered port in the group becomes the configuration for all  
of the ports in the aggregation group. This port is called the base port of the group, and all  
configuration options—including the VLAN configuration—that can be applied to the base  
port are applied to the entire link aggregation group.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
• Load balancing is automatically applied to the links in the aggregation group, and a link failure  
within the group causes the network traffic to be directed to the remaining links in the group.  
• Switches that use a load-balancing scheme that sends the packets of a host-to-host data stream  
over multiple ports cannot have a trunk connection with the ZT8101 switch.  
• Enable the group prior to connecting any cable between the switches to avoid creating a data  
loop. Disconnect all link aggregation cables or disable the ports before removing a link  
aggregation group to avoid creating a data loop.  
VLANs  
VLANs allow you to group some physical ports as if they were on the same LAN. VLAN can be  
created either statically or dynamically.  
• Static VLAN—Ports are assigned to a specific VLAN.  
• Dynamic VLAN—Using GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol), ports are allowed to  
dynamically join a VLAN group.  
VLANs reduce traffic because traffic between VLANs is restricted. Bridges forward unicast,  
multicast, and broadcast traffic only on LAN segments that serve the VLAN to which the traffic  
belongs.  
For static VLAN configuration, the switch supports two kinds of VLANs:  
• Static port—Uses untagged frames.  
• Static IEEE 802.1Q VLAN—Uses tagged or untagged frames. Ports that use tagged frames  
can belong to more than one VLAN.  
By default, all ports belong to a special VLAN called “default.” This default VLAN is a static  
IEEE802.1Q VLAN, which has the following unique characteristics:  
• The name and the type fields are read-only.  
• It cannot be deleted.  
• It can contain no VLAN members.  
• Its VID is 1, which cannot be changed.  
All user-configured VLANs have the following characteristics:  
• The size of VLAN name field is 32 bytes.  
• Ingress checking is set to on.  
• Up to 32 static VLANs can be configured.  
The switch supports a maximum of 255 VLANs (64 static, the rest dynamic).  
Static Port-Based VLANs  
A port-based VLAN is the easiest type to configure on the switch because you only need to specify  
the following:  
• VLAN name  
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• Member ports  
The complexity of the VLAN configuration is hidden. The switch applies the following rules when  
it creates the VLAN:  
• Tagged frames are discarded. With port-based VLANs, frames are assumed to be untagged, so  
that the VLAN members do not receive frames coming from another VLAN.  
• VLAN ID is assigned using an internal algorithm. The switch allocates the largest free VLAN  
ID that is smaller than 4095 (for example, 4094, 4093, 4092).  
• The member port’s PVID is assigned as the VLAN ID.  
• A port can only belong to one port-based VLAN.  
Static IEEE 802.1Q VLANs  
IEEE 802.1Q VLANS have the following characteristics:  
• Use filtering to assign packets to VLANs.  
• Assume the presence of a single global spanning tree.  
• Use an explicit tagging scheme with one-level tagging.  
A static IEEE 802.1Q VLAN is more complex than a port-based VLAN, but it is also more  
flexible. You can configure ports to be tagged, untagged, or forbidden.  
• Tagged Member Port—Ports with tagging enabled put the VID number, priority and other  
VLAN information into the header of all packets that flow into and out of it. If a packet has  
previously been tagged, the port will not alter the packet, thus keeping the VLAN information  
intact. The VLAN information in the tag can then be used by other 802.1Q-compliant devices  
on the network to make packet forwarding decisions. The tagging feature allows VLANs to  
span multiple 802.1Q-compliant switches through a single physical connection and allows  
Spanning Tree to be enabled on all ports and work normally. Tagged ports can belong to more  
than one 802.1Q VLAN.  
• Untagged Member Port—Ports with untagging enabled will strip the 802.1Q tag from all  
packets that flow into and out of it. If the packet doesn't have an 802.1Q VLAN tag, the port  
will not alter the packet. Thus, all packets received by and forwarded by an untagging port will  
have no 802.1Q VLAN information. Untagging is used to send packets from an 802.1Q-  
compliant network device to a non-compliant network device and allow VLANs to work with  
legacy switches that don't recognize VLAN tags in packet headers. The receiving port can only  
forward untagged packets to the VLAN it belongs to.  
• Forbidden Port—The forbidden flag designates the port as not being a member of the VLAN  
and prevents packets tagged with the VLAN’s VID from entering the port.  
You can enable or disable the following per port for IEEE 802.1Q VLANs:  
• GVRP  
• Ingress Checking  
GVRP  
GVRP (Group VLAN Registration Protocol) must be enabled globally on the switch before  
individual ports can be enabled.  
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A global flag controls the switch’s ability to participate in dynamically configured VLANs. If the  
GVRP flag is enabled, ports can dynamically register to be a member of a VLAN. If the flag is  
disabled, only statically configured ports can be members of VLANs.  
The default value is disabled.  
Ingress Checking  
An ingress port is a port on a switch where packets are flowing into the switch and VLAN  
forwarding decisions must be made. Packets are forwarded according to the following rules:  
• If ingress checking is disabled on a port, the switch forwards all incoming tagged frames, even  
when the receiving port is not a member of the destination VLAN of the frame.  
• If ingress checking is enabled on a port, the switch examines the VLAN information in the  
packet header (if present) and decides whether to forward the packet.  
When ingress checking is enabled, the switch uses different rules based on whether the incoming  
packet is tagged. If the packet is tagged with VLAN information, the ingress port uses the  
following rules to determine whether to forward the packet.  
• It determines if the ingress port itself is a member of the tagged VLAN. If it is not, the packet  
is dropped.  
• If the ingress port is a member of the 802.1Q VLAN, the switch determines if the destination  
port is a member of the 802.1Q VLAN. If it is not, the packet is dropped.  
• If the destination port is a member of the 802.1Q VLAN, the packet is forwarded, and the  
destination port transmits it to its attached network segment.  
If the packet is not tagged with VLAN information, the ingress port tags the packet with its own  
PVID as a VID (if the port is a tagging port). It then uses the following rules to determine whether  
to forward the packet:  
• If the destination port is a member of the same VLAN (has the same VID) as the ingress port,  
the packet is forwarded, and the destination port transmits it on its attached network segment.  
• If it is not a member of the same VLAN, the packet is dropped.  
This process is used to conserve bandwidth within the switch by dropping packets that are not on  
the same VLAN as the ingress port at the point of reception. This eliminates the subsequent  
processing of packets that will just be dropped by the destination port.  
Broadcast Storm Control and VLANs  
The ZT8101 switch has broadcast sensors and filters built into each port to control broadcast  
storms, but VLANs can also be used to segment broadcast domains. They do this by forwarding  
packets only to ports that are members of the same VLAN. Other parts of the network are  
effectively shielded. Thus, the smaller the broadcast domain, the smaller effect a broadcast storm  
will have. Because VLANs are implemented at each switch port, they can be quite effective in  
limiting the scope of broadcast storms.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
Layer 3-Based VLANs  
Layer 3-based VLANs use network-layer addresses (subnet address for TCP/IP) to determine  
VLAN membership. These VLANs are based on Layer 3 information, but this does not constitute a  
“routing” function.  
Note: The ZT8101 allows an IP subnet to be configured for each 802.1Q VLAN that exists on the switch.  
Even though a switch inspects a packet's IP address to determine VLAN membership, no route  
calculation is performed, the RIP protocol is not employed, and packets traversing the switch are  
bridged using the Spanning Tree algorithm.  
A switch that implements Layer 3 (or subnet) VLANs without performing any routing function  
between these VLANs is referred to as performing “IP switching.”  
• IP switching does not allow packets to cross VLANs (in this case, IP subnets) without a  
network device performing a routing function between the VLANs (IP subnets).  
• The ZT8101 switch does not directly support IP switching; however, you can configure the  
switch to imitate this behavior by assigning IP subnets to configured VLANs and then  
disabling the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). This prevents packets from crossing IP  
subnets without going through an external router.  
Multi-Netting  
In legacy networks, multi-netting is commonly used to configure a physical router port with more  
than one IP interface. In a Layer 3 switch, an IP interface is bound to a single VLAN. To  
accommodate multi-netting, you must configure two or more tagged VLANs to span the same  
physical ports and then assign each VLAN a different IP address.  
The VLANs must include tagged ports, because untagged ports can only belong to one VLAN.  
IP Interfaces  
An IP interface associates an IP address with a specific VLAN, which allows the VLAN to be  
configured for RIP and multicasting protocols. Each VLAN must be configured prior to setting up  
the corresponding IP interface. The switch has one pre-configured IP interface. You can add  
additional IP interfaces for each user-defined VLAN.  
System IP Interface  
The switch’s pre-configured IP interface is called System. This name cannot be modified. By  
default, the System IP interface is bound to the default VLAN (VID=1). This VLAN contains all  
the switch's Ethernet ports.  
You can assign or change the IP address of the System IP interface with a manual assignment,  
BOOP, or DHCP. The switch uses the IP address assigned to the switch as the IP address for the  
System IP interface.  
Note: BOOTP and DHCP are only available for the System IP interface.  
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Additional IP Interfaces  
To add an IP interface to the switch, you must first configure a VLAN and then associate an IP  
address (subnet mask and gateway) with the VLAN. These user-defined IP interfaces differ from  
the System IP interface in the following ways:  
• They cannot use BOOTP/DHCP to get a dynamic IP address. They must be assigned a manual  
IP address.  
• They can be renamed. However, when the change is applied, all other settings for the IP  
interface are changed to their default values. This includes the settings for RIP and the IP  
multicast protocols.  
IP Addressing Scheme  
An IP addressing scheme must be established and implemented when the IP interfaces are set up on  
the switch.  
For example:  
VLAN Name  
VID  
Switch Ports  
5, 6, 7, 8, 21, 22, 23, 24  
System (default)  
Engineering  
Marketing  
Finance  
1
2
3
4
5
6
9, 10, 11, 12  
13, 14, 15, 16  
17, 18, 19, 20  
1, 2, 3, 4  
Sales  
Backbone  
25, 26  
In this case, six IP interfaces (or six subnets) are required, so a CIDR notation of 10.32.0.0/11 (or a  
11-bit) addressing scheme will work. This addressing scheme will give a subnet mask of  
11111111.11100000.00000000.00000000 (binary) or 255.224.0.0 (decimal).  
A10.xxx.xxx.xxx IP address notation provide six network addresses. For example:  
VLAN Name  
VID  
Network Address  
System (default)  
Engineering  
Marketing  
Finance  
1
2
3
4
5
6
10.32.0.0  
10.64.0.0  
10.96.0.0  
10.128.0.0  
10.160.0.0  
10.192.0.0  
Sales  
Backbone  
The six IP interfaces, each with an IP address listed in the table above and a subnet mask of  
255.224.0.0, can be entered into the Setup IP Interface form.  
IP interfaces consist of two parts—a subnet mask and an IP address.  
Each IP interface listed above provides a maximum of 2,097,150 unique IP addresses per interface  
(assuming the 10.xxx.xxx.xxx notation).  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
Multicasting  
Multicasting is a group of protocols and tools that enable a single source point to send packets to  
groups of multiple destination points with persistent connections that last for some amount of time.  
The main advantage of multicasting, when compared to broadcasting, is a decrease in the network  
load.  
• Broadcast packets are sent to all devices on a subnetwork.  
• Unicast packets are sent from a single network device to another single network device.  
• Multicast packets are sent to a group of network devices.  
The following table lists some of the permanently assigned multicast addresses.  
Address  
Description  
Base Address (reserved)  
224.0.0.0  
224.0.0.1  
224.0.0.2  
224.0.0.3  
224.0.0.4  
224.0.0.5  
224.0.0.6  
224.0.0.7  
224.0.0.8  
224.0.0.9  
224.0.0.10  
224.0.0.11  
224.0.0.12  
224.0.0.13  
224.0.0.14  
224.0.0.15  
224.0.0.16  
224.0.0.17  
224.0.0.18  
All Systems on this subnet  
All Routers on this subnet  
Unassigned  
DVMRP Routers  
OSPF IGP Routers  
OSPF IGP Designated Routers  
ST Routers  
ST Hosts  
All RIP2 Routers  
All IGRP Routers  
Mobile Agents  
DHCP Servers and Relay Agents  
All PIM Routers  
RSVP Encapsulation  
All CBT Routers  
Designated Sbm  
All Sbms  
VRRP  
224.0.0.19 through 224.0.0.225 except  
224.0.0.21  
Unassigned  
224.0.0.21  
DVMRP on MOSPF  
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)  
Multicasting relies on the concept of nodes joining and leaving multicast groups. Nodes use IGMP  
to join and then leave a multicast group. Based on the IGMP reports the switch receives from the  
nodes, it can decide whether to forward a multicast packet on a particular interface.  
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The ZT8101 switch supports both IGMPv1 and IGMPv2. You can select which version to use on a  
particular VLAN.  
IGMPv2 is an enhancement to the original IGMP and includes a few extensions such as a  
procedure for the election of the multicast querier for each LAN, explicit leave messages for faster  
pruning, and group-specific query messages.  
IGMP Queriers  
An IGMP querier sends IGMP Query packets periodically to help to maintain the multicast group  
information for a VLAN. When IGMP Snooping is enabled for a VLAN, the switch uses the  
following states to determine whether the VLAN becomes a querier:  
• Non-Querier—Prevents the VLAN from becoming a querier.  
• V1 Querier—Enables the sending of IGMPv1 query packets. If no querier is present in the  
VLAN or the VLAN’s IP address is smaller than current V1 querier, the switch becomes the  
querier for the VLAN. IGMPv2 group-specific query and leave packets are not handled.  
• V2 Querier—If a V1 querier is present in the VLAN, the switch remains silent. If no querier  
is present in the VLAN or the VLAN’s IP address is smaller than current V2 querier, the  
switch becomes the querier for the VLAN. The switch then handles IGMPv2 group-specific  
query and leave packets.  
When receiving an IGMPv2 leave packet, the IGMP interface issues an IGMPv2 group specific  
query packet immediately and waits one second to check if any IGMP reports are received on the  
ports. If not, the port is removed from the IGMP group member list, and the group's multicast data  
is not forwarded to this port until an IGMP report is received again.  
If the IGMP interface is designated as the IGMP querier, the switch uses the following intervals for  
sending query packets:  
• When you enable IGMP snooping or boot the switch with the querier option enabled, the first  
query packet will not be sent for 255 seconds. This time delay is non-standard.  
• The second query packet will be sent after the Startup Querier Interval, which is one fourth of  
the Query Interval. By default, this is 31 seconds.  
• The next query packets will be sent periodically according to the Query Interval. The default  
Query Interval is 125 seconds.  
IGMP Snooping  
IGMP Snooping is a feature that reduces the flooding of IP multicast traffic. The default behavior  
for handling a multicast packet is to flood the packet to all members of a VLAN. With IGMP  
Snooping, only the active member ports receive the data.  
All groups learned by IGMP Snooping are recorded in an internal group table with the VLAN ID  
and Multicast Group Address used as the table’s index. The table’s port list stores the active  
member ports for this group. This table can contain a maximum of 128 groups. If the active  
multicast groups exceed this limit, the new group’s data will be flooded in the VLAN.  
You can globally enable or disable IGMP Snooping on the switch. You can also enable or disable  
the snooping for a specific VLAN. You must enable IGMP globally for it to be enabled on a  
specific VLAN. By default, the IGMP global flag is off and VLAN flag is on. Thus, when you  
enable IGMP globally, it is enabled on all VLANs.  
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You can configure the switch to snoop and to keep track of IGMP groups. These two interact in the  
following ways:  
• If the IP interface has IGMP Snooping configured for the associated VLAN, the configuration  
of IGMP Snooping will be overwritten by the IGMP group settings. On such VLANs, the per-  
VLAN flag is the only available configurable option on the IGMP Snooping screen.  
• If the IGMP group settings are disabled on the interface, IGMP Snooping on the VLAN  
becomes configurable and the switch uses these settings for the VLAN.  
Note: The switch supports a maximum of 255 VLANs and a maximum of 128 IGMP Snooping groups. If  
you create more than 128 VLANs with IGMP Snooping enabled, some of those VLANs will not be  
added to the IGMP Snooping table and the group’s data will be flooded in the VLAN.  
IGMP Group Settings  
An IP host uses IGMP to register its IP multicast group membership with the switch. Periodically,  
the switch queries the multicast group to see if the group is still in use and takes one of the  
following actions:  
• If the group is still active, a single IP host responds to the query, and the group registration is  
maintained.  
• If the group is inactive and a report is not received within the time limit for a response, the  
group registration is removed.  
Routing Protocols  
This section presents an overview of routing protocols that the switch supports.  
RIP  
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector protocol that uses hop count as its  
criteria for making routing decisions. The ZT8101 switch supports both RIP v1 and RIP v2. You  
can configure the following RIP options:  
• Enable or disable RIP on the switch  
• Enable or disable transmitting RIP packets on a specific IP interface  
• Enable or disable receiving RIP packets on a specific IP interface  
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)  
The Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) is a hop-based method of building  
multicast delivery trees from multicast sources to all network nodes. Because the delivery trees are  
“pruned” and use the “shortest path,” DVMRP is relatively efficient. Because multicast group  
membership information is forwarded by a distance-vector algorithm, propagation is slow.  
DVMRP is optimized for high delay (high latency) and relatively low bandwidth networks, and it  
can be considered as a “best-effort” multicasting protocol.  
The switch supports DVMRP v3.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
Protocol-Independent Multicast - Dense Mode (PIM-DM)  
The Protocol Independent Multicast - Dense Mode (PIM-DM) protocol should be used in networks  
with a low delay (low latency) and high bandwidth because PIM-DM is optimized to guarantee  
delivery of multicast packets, not to reduce overhead. The switch supports PIM-DM v2.  
The PIM-DM multicast routing protocol assumes that all downstream routers want to receive  
multicast messages and relies on explicit prune messages from downstream routers to remove  
branches from the multicast delivery tree that do not contain multicast group members.  
PIM-DM has no explicit “join” messages. It relies on periodic flooding of multicast messages to all  
interfaces. It then waits for the following:  
• A timer to expire (the join/prune interval)  
• The downstream routers to transmit explicit “prune” messages indicating that there are no  
multicast members on their respective branches.  
PIM-DM then removes these branches (“prunes” them) from the multicast delivery tree.  
Because a member of a pruned branch of a multicast delivery tree may want to join a multicast  
delivery group (at some point in the future), the protocol periodically removes the prune  
information from its database and floods multicast messages to all interfaces on that branch. The  
interval for removing prune information is the join/prune interval.  
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Switch Management and Operating Concepts  
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Using the Telnet Console  
4
Your ZT8101 Fast Ethernet Switch supports a console management interface that allows you to set  
up and control your switch, either with an ordinary terminal (or terminal emulator) or over a TCP/  
IP network using a Telnet application. This chapter describes how to use the Telnet Console to  
access the switch, change its settings, and monitor its operation.  
Note: Switch configuration settings that are saved with APPLY are only active until the switch is  
rebooted. Settings that are saved to non-volatile RAM (with the Save Changes option from the  
Main Menu) are retained.  
Before You Start  
The ZT8101 switch supports a wide array of functions and provides great flexibility and increased  
network performance by eliminating the routing bottleneck between networks: the WAN, the  
Internet, and the intranet. This new generation switch performs routing functions in hardware  
rather than software. To take full advantage of this flexibility and rich feature set, you need to  
carefully plan a deployment strategy that will maximize the potential of the ZT8101 switch.  
This plan should include a  
• “General Deployment Strategy”  
• “VLAN Layout”  
• “IP Addressing Scheme for VLANs”  
• “Static Route Assessment”  
General Deployment Strategy  
• Determine how to segment the network—This involves creating VLANs in an existing  
Layer 2 switched network.  
• Develop an IP addressing scheme—This involves allocating a block of IP addresses to each  
network segment. Each network subnet is then assigned a network address and a subnet mask.  
• Determine which network resources must be shared by the subnets and how they will be  
shared—You can connect shared resources directly to the Layer 3 switch, if need be. Or you  
can set up static routes to make the shared resources accessible.  
• Determine how each subnet will communicate with the WAN or Internet—Again, static  
routes should be determined and default gateways identified.  
• Develop a security scheme—Some subnets on the network need more security or should be  
isolated from the other subnets. You can use MAC and IP filtering. You can also configure one  
or more VLANs on the Layer 3 switch without an IP subnet. Without a subnet mask, these  
VLANs function as a Layer 2 VLAN and require an external router to connect to the rest of the  
network.  
• Develop a policy scheme—Some subnets will have a greater need for multicasting  
bandwidth, for example. A policy is a mechanism to alter the normal packet forwarding in a  
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Using the Telnet Console  
network device, and can be used to intelligently allocate bandwidth to time-critical  
applications such as the integration of voice, video, and data on the network.  
• Develop a redundancy scheme— Planning redundant links and routes to network-critical  
resources can save valuable time in case a link or a device fails. You can use the Spanning Tree  
Protocol to block the redundant link until it is needed.  
VLAN Layout  
VLANs on the ZT8101 switch have more functions than on a traditional Layer 2 switch and must  
therefore be laid-out and configured with more care. Layer 3 VLANs could be thought of as  
network links rather than as a collection of associated end users. Further, Layer 3 VLANs are  
assigned an IP network address and subnet mask to enable IP routing between them.  
Layer 3 VLANs must be configured on the switch before they can be assigned IP subnets. Also, the  
static VLAN configuration is specified on a per port basis. On the ZT8101 switch, a VLAN can  
consist of end nodes, just like a traditional Layer 2 switch. But a VLAN can also consist of one or  
more Layer 2 switches, each of which is connected to multiple end nodes or network resources.  
For example, a Layer 3 VLAN, consisting of four ports, could be connected to four switches. If  
these switches each have 24 ports, then the Layer 3 VLAN would contain 96 (4 x 24) end nodes.  
Assigning an IP subnet to the Layer 3 VLAN would allow wire-speed IP routing from the WAN to  
each end node and between end nodes.  
Therefore, the IP subnets for a network must be determined first, and the VLANs configured on the  
switch to accommodate the IP subnets. Finally, the IP subnets can be assigned to the VLANs.  
IP Addressing Scheme for VLANs  
The ZT8101 switch allows the assignment of IP subnets to individual VLANs. Any VLAN  
configured on the switch that is not assigned an IP subnet will behave as a Layer 2 VLAN and will  
not be capable of IP routing.  
Developing an IP addressing scheme is a complex subject. As you are developing your scheme,  
remember that the switch requires a unique IP address for all the anticipated end nodes on each  
Layer 3 VLAN. The switch treats a VLAN with an IP network address and subnet mask as an IP  
interface in an IP routing mode.  
Static Route Assessment  
You need to define static routes for the following types of subnets:  
• Subnets not accessible through the default route  
• Subnets that the switch does not already know about internally  
• Subnets not learned through the dynamic routing protocols  
You determine how these packets are routed by entering static routes into the switch’s static/default  
routing table.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
Getting Started  
This section describes the conventions (function keys and entry fields) and explains how to log in  
to the switch for the first time.  
Console Usage Conventions  
You can use the following function keys with the Telnet Console.  
Key  
Action  
Arrows  
Tab  
Moves the cursor around the screen.  
Moves the cursor to the next menu or field.  
Moves the cursor to the previous menu or field.  
Returns to the previous screen.  
Backspace  
Esc  
CTRL+T  
CTRL+R  
Returns to the Main Menu.  
Refreshes the current screen.  
Applies the settings. This is the same as highlighting  
APPLY and pressing Enter.  
CTRL+A  
CTRL+P  
CTRL+N  
Spacebar  
Displays the previous page of information.  
Displays the next page of information.  
Shows the next available option in a selection box.  
You use the following fields to enter or select items.  
Field  
Description  
[Entry]  
Allows you to input a string or integer value.  
Allows you to use the spacebar to toggle though a list  
of options.  
<Toggle>  
BUTTON  
Allows the user to highlight it and press Enter to  
perform the designated action such as APPLY or  
SAVE.  
The default mode for an Edit field is insert. You can use the Insert key to toggle between insert and  
overstrike.  
The APPLY button (or CTRL+A) only applies for the current session. Use Save Changes from the  
Main Menu for permanent changes. Save Changes enters the current switch configuration into  
non-volatile RAM for use the next time the switch is rebooted.  
Connecting to the Switch  
You can use this interface by connecting an RS-232C serial cable to the switch’s front panel serial  
port and to a VT100-compatible terminal or to a computer running an ordinary terminal emulator  
program (for example, the terminal program included with the Windows operating system). Set the  
terminal parameters to these values:  
• VT-100/ANSI compatible  
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Using the Telnet Console  
• 9,600 baud  
• 8 data bits  
• No parity  
• One stop bit  
• No flow control  
You can also access the same functions over a Telnet interface. Once you have set an IP address for  
your switch, you can use a Telnet program (in VT-100 compatible terminal mode) to access and  
control the switch. All of the screens are identical, whether accessed from the serial port or from a  
Telnet interface.  
To log in to the switch the first time  
The passwords used to access the switch are case sensitive; therefore, “S” is not the same as “s.”  
When you first connect to the switch, a login screen appears.  
1. In a command window, enter Telnet <IP_address>.  
Replace <IP_address> with the address assigned to the switch.  
2. In the Username field press Enter. There is no initial username.  
3. In the Password field, press Enter. There is no initial password. The Main Menu appears.  
The first created user automatically has Admin privileges. One of your first configuration tasks  
should be to create at least one Admin-level user for the switch to protect it from unauthorized  
users.  
Press CTRL+R to refresh the screen. This command can be used at any time to force the console  
program in the switch to refresh the console screen.  
Note: If the arrow keys don’t work, check your terminal preferences and make sure you have enabled VT  
100 Arrows.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
Main Menu  
The Main Menu has these options.  
ZT8101 Switch Management  
Layer 3 Switch  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------  
Main Menu  
Basic Setup:  
Advanced Setup:  
Switch Information  
Basic Switch Setup  
Serial Port Settings  
Port Configurations  
User Accounts  
Network Management  
Switch Utilities  
Network Monitoring  
Spanning Tree  
Forwarding  
IP Address Filtering  
MAC Address Priority  
Mirroring Configurations  
VLAN Configurations  
Link Aggregation  
Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup  
Save Changes  
Logout  
Reboot  
*******************************************************************************  
Function: Browse switch information.  
Message:  
For Help, press F1  
• Basic Setup  
— Switch Information—Display information about the switch’s hardware and firmware.  
— Basic Switch Setup—Configure the switch’s IP address.  
— Serial Port Settings—Configure the switch’s serial port that is used for Telnet  
communication and terminal sessions.  
— Port Configurations—Enable/disable individual ports and set their speed and duplex  
state.  
— User Accounts—Set up user accounts, change their passwords, and modify their access  
rights.  
— Network Management—Set up SNMP traps and community strings.  
— Switch Utilities—View the history log, ping other devices, and manage firmware and  
configuration files.  
— Network Monitoring—View various statistics by port or protocol and to view various  
routing tables.  
• Advanced Setup  
— Spanning Tree—Enable/disable the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) for the switch and on  
individual ports.  
— Forwarding—Reduce traffic congestion on the network by configuring MAC address  
aging, unicast packet forwarding, storm control, and static IP routes.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
— IP Address Filtering—Configure filters to drop packets from specified IP addresses or  
MAC addresses.  
— MAC Address Priority—Configure specified MAC addresses for priority handling on  
source address, destination address, or both.  
— Mirroring Configurations—Configure a source port to send a copy of its data to a target  
port for monitoring and troubleshooting.  
— VLAN Configurations—Set up and administer VLANs on the switch.  
— Link Aggregation—Combine ports on the switch to increase bandwidth.  
— Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup—Configure IP interfaces, RIP, and multicast routing  
protocols.  
• Save Changes—Save the switch’s current settings in non-volatile RAM (NV_RAM) so that  
they are not lost when the switch is rebooted.  
• Logout—Returns you to the login screen and closes your account.  
• Reboot—Select which configuration file is used when the switch restarts.  
Creating User Accounts  
Access to the console is controlled via user accounts. You can create up to six accounts, one of  
which must be an Admin-level account. The other five accounts can be any combination of  
Admin-level and User-level accounts.  
To create a new user account  
1. From the Main Menu, select User Accounts and press Enter.  
2. Use the spacebar to toggle the Action field to Add.  
3. Enter the new username, assign an initial password, and then confirm the new password.  
Determine whether the new user should have Admin or User privileges. Use the spacebar to  
toggle between these options. (The next section describes the differences between these  
levels.)  
The first user you create must be assigned Admin privileges.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter to make the user addition effective.  
A listing of all user accounts and access levels is shown below the user setup menu. This list is  
updated when Apply is executed.  
5. To delete a user, toggle the Action field to Delete, enter the username, highlight APPLY, and  
press Enter.  
You must enter an account’s password to delete it.  
6. To modify a user’s password or privileges, toggle the Action field to Update, enter the  
username, the old password, and then modify the New Password and/or the Access Level  
fields. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
Note: Remeber that APPLY makes changes to the switch configuration for the current session only. All  
changes (including user additions or updates) must be entered into non-volatile RAM using the  
Save Changes command on the Main Menu, if you want these changes to be permanent.  
Admin, User+ and Normal User Privileges  
The switch uses two levels of user privileges: Admin and User. Some menu selections available to  
users with Admin privileges may not be available to those with User privileges.  
The table summarizes the Admin and User privileges:  
Admin  
User  
Switch Configuration Management  
Configuration  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Read Only  
Read Only  
Read Only  
No  
Network Monitoring  
SNMP Community Strings and Trap Stations  
Update Firmware and Configuration Files  
Ping; Read Only access  
to BOOTP/DHCP Relay  
and DNS Relay.  
Switch Utilities  
Yes  
Factory Reset  
Reboot Switch  
Advanced Setup  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
No  
No  
Read Only  
User Account Management  
Add/Update/Delete User Accounts  
View User Accounts  
Yes  
Yes  
No  
No  
To log in once you have created a registered user  
1. From the Login screen, type in your username and press Enter.  
2. Type in your password and press Enter.  
The main menu screen will be displayed based on your access level or privilege.  
Saving Changes  
The ZT8101 switch has two levels of memory: normal RAM and non-volatile or NV-RAM.  
Configuration changes are made effective by highlighting APPLY and pressing Enter. When you  
do this, the settings are immediately applied to the switch software in RAM and immediately take  
effect.  
Some settings, though, require you to restart the switch before they will take effect. Restarting the  
switch erases all settings in RAM and reloads the stored settings from the NV-RAM. Thus, it is  
necessary to save all setting changes to NV-RAM before rebooting the switch.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
To save changes to NV-RAM  
1. To retain any configuration changes permanently, from the Main Menu select Save Changes  
and press Enter.  
2. Answer Yes to the confirmation prompt.  
Reboot  
1. From the Main Menu, select Reboot and press Enter.  
2. Highlight one of these options and press Enter.  
Option  
Description  
Restarts the switch. Any configuration settings not  
saved using Save Changes from the Main Menu will  
be lost. The switch’s configuration will be restored to  
the last configuration saved in NV-RAM.  
Reboot  
Saves the current configuration to NV-RAM (identical  
to using Save Changes) and then restarts the switch.  
Save Configuration & Reboot  
Restarts the switch using the default factory  
configuration. All custom configuration data will be  
lost.  
Reboot & Load Factory Default Configuration  
Restarts the switch using the default factory  
configuration, except the user configured IP address  
will be retained. All other configuration data will be  
lost.  
Reboot & Load Factory Default Configuration  
Except IP Address  
3. Highlight Yes on the confirmation prompt and press Enter.  
Basic Settings  
This section explains some of the basic options for configuring the switch.  
Condition  
Task  
Configure the options in the Network Management  
Setup screens.  
Using SNMP for network management.  
Use the Switch Utilities to save configurations for use  
on multiple switches.  
Installing more than one switch.  
Use the Ping Test utility from the Switch Utilities  
menu.  
Testing communication with other devices.  
Need to set the port settings for the serial port to  
values other than the default values.  
Configure the options with the Serial Port Settings  
screen.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
Switch Information  
The Switch Information screen displays descriptive information about the switch.  
From the Main Menu, select Switch Information. This screen contains the following information.  
Field  
Device Type  
Description  
Specifies the product name: ZT8101 Fast-Ethernet Switch.  
Specifies the unique MAC address assigned to the switch. This address is not  
configurable.  
MAC Address  
Boot PROM Version  
Firmware Version  
Specifies the version of the switch’s boot code.  
Specifies the version of the firmware installed on the switch. You can update this  
using a switch utility.  
Hardware Version  
Device S/N  
Specifies the hardware version of the main board.  
Specifies the serial number of the device.  
Specifies the name assigned to the switch system. If you are installing multiple  
switches, you should give each a unique name.  
Name  
Location  
Contact  
Specifies the area or location where the switch resides.  
Specifies the contact person for the switch.  
Spanning Tree  
GVRP  
Indicates whether STP is enabled or disabled.  
Indicates whether the Group VLAN Registration Protocol is enabled or disabled.  
Indicates whether the Internet Group Management Protocol Snooping is enabled  
or disabled.  
IGMP Snooping  
RIP  
Indicates whether the Routing Information Protocol is enabled or disabled.  
Indicates whether Protocol Independent Multicast - Dense Mode is enabled or  
disabled.  
PIM-DM  
Indicates whether the Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol is enabled or  
disabled.  
DVMRP  
Basic Switch Setup  
Use the Basic Network Setup menu to set the boot-up operation for obtaining an IP address or to  
manually assign the IP address for the switch.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Basic Network Setup and press Enter.  
2. To configure the IP address, use the Arrow keys or the Tab key to modify the settings in the  
New Switch IP Settings column.  
Parameter  
Default  
Description  
Specifies the method for assigning the switch an IP address.  
Use the spacebar to toggle to Manual, DHCP, or BOOTP.  
(For more information about these options, see the  
descriptions below.)  
Get IP From  
Manual  
Specifies the IP address assigned to the switch. Only  
available for the Manual option.  
IP Address  
10.90.90.90  
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Parameter  
Default  
Description  
Specifies the subnet mask assigned to the switch and to the  
other devices on this segment of the network. Only available  
for the Manual option.  
Subnet Mask  
255.0.0.0  
Specifies the IP address of the device that routes to different  
networks. A gateway must be defined if the workstation you  
are going to use for switch management is located on a  
different IP segment than the switch. Only available for the  
Manual option.  
Default Gateway  
VLAN Name  
0.0.0.0  
default  
Specifies the name of the VLAN that the switch resides in.  
This VLAN must already exist.  
3. To configure a name and contact information for the switch, enter information in these fields.  
Parameter  
Description  
Specifies the name assigned to the switch. If you are installing multiple  
switches, you should give each a unique name.  
Name  
Location  
Contact  
Specifies the physical location of the switch.  
Specifies the name of the person responsible for the switch.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Get IP From Description  
The switch uses the Get IP From setting to determine where to get its IP address. You must use the  
Manual option if you want to configure multiple IP interfaces. The manual option is also more  
convenient if you are going to manage the switch with Telnet Console or Web Console. Both of  
these consoles require you to know the IP address, and although BOOTP/DHCP usually assign the  
same IP address when a device reboots, there is no guarantee.  
• BOOTP—The switch sends out a BOOTP broadcast request when it is powered up. The  
BOOTP protocol allows IP addresses, network masks, and default gateways to be assigned by  
a central BOOTP server. If this option is set, the switch looks first for a BOOTP server to  
provide it with this information.  
• DHCP—The switch sends out a DHCP broadcast request when it is powered up. The DHCP  
protocol allows IP addresses, network masks, and default gateways to be assigned by a DHCP  
server. If this option is set, the switch looks first for a DHCP server to provide it with this  
information.  
• Manual—The switch uses the entered IP address, Subnet Mask, and Default Gateway. These  
entries should be of the form xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx, where each xxx is a number (represented in  
decimal form) between 0—255. This option requires entries in these fields:  
— IP Address—This address should be a unique address on the network assigned to the  
switch by the network administrator.  
— Subnet Mask—This is a bitmask that determines the extent of the subnet that the switch  
is on. The value should be 255.0.0.0 for a Class A network, 255.255.0.0 for a Class B  
network, and 255.255.255.0 for a Class C network, but custom subnet masks are allowed.  
— Default Gateway—This IP address determines where packets with a destination address  
outside the current subnet are sent. This is usually the address of a router or a host acting  
as an IP gateway. If your network is not part of an intranet, or you do not want the switch  
to be accessible outside your local network, you can leave this field unchanged.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
Network Management Setup  
You use the Network Management Setup screens to display and modify parameters for the Simple  
Network Management Protocol (SNMP). The switch includes an on-board SNMP agent that  
monitors the status of its hardware, as well as the traffic passing through its ports. A computer  
attached to the network, called a Network Management Station (NMS), can be used to access this  
information. Access rights to the on-board agent are controlled by community strings. To  
communicate with the switch, the NMS must first submit a valid community string for  
authentication.  
To configure SNMP  
You can configure up to four community strings.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Management | SNMP Configurations and press  
Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies a string of up to 20 characters used for authentication of clients  
wanting access to the switch’s SNMP agent.  
Community String  
Specifies the level of access for an authorized client. Use the spacebar to  
toggle between Read and R/W (read-write).  
Rights  
Status  
Specifies whether the current string is Enabled or Disabled. This is used to  
temporarily limit access to the switch’s SNMP agent. Use the spacebar to  
toggle between Enabled and Disabled.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
To configure trap recipients  
The Trap Recipient Setup screen allows you to specify which management stations receive  
authentication failure messages or other trap messages from the switch. Up to three trap recipients  
may be entered.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Management | SNMP Configurations | Trap  
Recipients Setup and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
Specifies the IP address of the management station that will receive traps  
generated by the switch.  
Specifies a string of up to 20 characters used for authentication of users  
wanting to receive traps from the switch’s SNMP agent. This is similar to a  
password in that stations that do not know the correct string cannot receive  
or request SNMP information from the switch.  
SNMP Community String  
Status  
Enables or disables the selected community string. This is used to  
temporarily limit a station from receiving traps generated by the switch. Use  
the spacebar to toggle between Enabled and Disabled.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
To configure the access list  
You can specify the IP addresses of up to three management stations that will be allowed access to  
the management agent of the switch. If you enter IP addresses in this form, only the management  
stations with those IP addresses are allowed to access the management agent of the switch. All  
other IP addresses will be blocked.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Management | Access List Setup and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Port  
Description  
Specifies the IP addresses of the management stations that you want to  
access to the switch’s management agent.  
Specifies the ZT8101 switch port that the management station will use for  
access. Enter a number from 1—26.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Serial Port Settings  
The Serial Port Settings screen allows the configuration of the switch’s serial port, which is on the  
front panel. Terminals must match these settings to connect to the switch.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Serial Port Settings and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Sets the serial bit rate that will be used for communication the next time the  
switch is restarted. This setting applies only when the serial port is being  
used for out-of-band management. Available speeds are 9600, 19,200,  
38,400 and 115,200 bits per second. The default setting is 9600.  
Baud Rate  
Sets the time the interface can be idle before the switch automatically logs  
out the user. The options are Never, 2, 5, 10, or 15 minutes.  
Auto-Logout  
Values for data bits (the number of bits used to represent one character of data) and stop bits  
(the number of bits used to mark the end of a unit of transmission) are displayed but are not  
configurable.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Port Configurations  
You can enable or disable a specific port and set its speed and duplex state.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Port Configurations and press Enter.  
2. Using the spacebar, toggle the View Ports field to view the ports you want to configure.  
3. To configure a specific port, in the Configure Port field enter the port number or a range of  
ports. To configure a single port, enter that port number in both the To and From field.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
4. Use the spacebar to toggle these fields to the appropriate value.  
Field  
Description  
State  
Enables or disables the currently selected ports.  
Specifies the speed and full- or half-duplex state of the ports. For 100 Mpbs  
ports the choices are Auto, 10/Half, 10/Full, 100/Half, and 100/Full. For  
gigabit ports, the choices are Auto,1000/Full, and 100/Full.  
Speed/Duplex  
Flow Control  
Specifies the flow control mode for the port.  
Enables or disables dynamic learning of MAC addresses. You can disable  
MAC learning to increase the security of a specific port. Such ports only  
receive broadcast traffic and packets that have a destination MAC address  
that matches the port’s MAC address.  
Learn  
5. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Switch Utilities  
You can upgrade the switch’s firmware by transferring a new firmware file from an TFTP (Trivial  
File Transfer Protocol) server to the switch. You can also load a configuration file into the switch  
from an TFTP server or save the switch’s configuration file and a history log to an TFTP server.  
The TFTP server must be running TFTP server software to perform the file transfer. TFTP server  
software is a part of many network management software packages, or can be obtained as a  
separate program.  
The switch utilities also allow you to ping stations and to configure DNS relay and BOOTP/DHCP  
relay.  
To access these utilities, from the Main Menu select Switch Utilities and press Enter.  
Switch Utilities  
Layer 3 Switch  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------  
Switch Settings  
Server IP Address  
Switch IP Address  
Subnet Mask  
: 10.40.44.60  
: 10.90.90.90  
: 255.0.0.0  
: 0.0.0.0  
Gateway Router  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------  
TFTP Services  
Others  
Download Firmware from TFTP Server  
Ping Test  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay  
DNS Relay  
Download Configuration from TFTP Server  
Upload Settings to TFTP Server  
Upload History Log to TFTP Server  
Upload History Log to TFTP Server  
*******************************************************************************  
Function:  
Message:  
CTRL+T = Main Menu  
Esc = Previous screen  
CTRL+R = Refresh  
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Using the Telnet Console  
To update firmware  
The switch is rebooted after new firmware is downloaded. If you have any current settings that you  
have not saved to non-volatile RAM, use the Save Changes option on the Main Menu before  
starting these steps.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Switch Utilities | Download Firmware from TFTP Server and  
press Enter.  
2. In the Server IP Address field, enter the IP address of the TFTP server.  
3. In the Path\Filename field, enter the path and the filename to the firmware file on the TFTP  
server., based from the root of the server.  
4. Highlight SAVE SETTINGS and press Enter. This saves the IP address of the TFTP server so  
that the next time you access this screen, you won’t have to enter the address or the  
path\filename.  
5. To start the download, highlight DOWNLOAD and press Enter.  
When the download is completed, the switch automatically reboots and executes the new runtime  
firmware.  
Note: If FLASH becomes corrupted because you lose power when upgrading the firmware, you must use  
Zmodem to fix the problem. See “Upgrading Firmware through Zmodem” on page 19.  
To download a configuration file  
1. From the Main Menu, select Switch Utilities | Download Configuration from TFTP Server  
and press Enter.  
2. In the Server IP Address field, enter the IP address of the TFTP server.  
3. In the Path\Filename field, enter the path and the filename to the file on the TFTP server.  
4. To start the download, highlight DOWNLOAD and press Enter.  
When the download is completed, the switch saves the configuration in NV-RAM and  
automatically reboots.  
To upload a configuration file  
1. From the Main Menu, select Switch Utilities | Upload Settings to TFTP Server and press  
Enter.  
2. In the Server IP Address field, enter the IP address of the TFTP server.  
3. In the Path\Filename field, enter the path on the TFTP server and the filename.  
4. Highlight SAVE SETTINGS and press Enter. This saves the IP address of the TFTP server so  
that the next time you access this screen, you won’t have to enter the address.  
5. To start the file transfer to the TFTP server, highlight UPLOAD and press Enter.  
To upload a history log file  
1. From the Main Menu, select Switch Utilities | Upload History Log to TFTP Server and  
press Enter.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
2. In the Server IP Address field, enter the IP address of the TFTP server.  
3. In the Path\Filename field, enter the path on the TFTP server and the filename.  
4. Highlight SAVE SETTINGS and press Enter. This saves the IP address of the TFTP server so  
that the next time you access this screen, you won’t have to enter the address.  
5. To start the file transfer to the TFTP server, highlight UPLOAD and press Enter.  
To test connectivity with ping  
1. From the Main Menu, select Switch Utilities | Ping Test and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
Specifies the IP address of the network device to ping.  
Number of Repetitions  
Default timeout  
Specifies the number of test packets to send. Three is the usual number.  
Specifies the number of seconds to wait between sending the packets.  
3. To start the test, highlight START and press Enter.  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay  
BOOTP/DHCP relay agent enables end stations to use a BOOTP or DHCP server to obtain TCP/IP  
configuration information or boot files to be loaded into memory, even if the servers are not on the  
local IP interface. The following conditions determine whether you need to enable BOOTP/DHCP  
relay:  
• If the BOOTP or DCHP server and end station are on the same IP interface, no relay agent is  
necessary.  
• If the servers and the end stations are on different IP interfaces, a relay agent is necessary for  
the switch to forward the messages.  
The relay agent forwards these packets between IP interfaces, and therefore must know the IP  
addresses of the BOOTP and DHCP servers and their respective subnet names (or IP interface  
names).  
When the switch receives packets destined for a BOOTP or DHCP server, it forwards them to  
specific servers as defined in the following configuration. The switch also forwards packets from  
the BOOTP or DHCP servers to the appropriate subnets.  
To enable the BOOTP/DHCP relay agent  
1. From the Main Menu, select Switch Utilities | BOOTP/DHCP Relay and press Enter.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay Status  
Enables or disables the BOOTP/DHCP relay function.  
Sets the maximum number of hops (routers) that the BOOTP  
messages can be relayed through. If a packet’s hop count is  
more than the hop count limit, the packet is dropped. The  
range is between 1—16 hops. The default value is 4.  
BOOTP HOPS Count Limit  
Sets the minimum time (in seconds) that the switch will wait  
before forwarding a request packet. If the value in the  
seconds field of the packet is less than the relay time  
threshold, the packet will be dropped. The range is between  
1—9999 seconds. The default value is 0 seconds.  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay Time Threshold  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. If you enabled BOOTP/DHCP Relay, highlight BOOTP/DHCP Relay Interface  
Configuration and press Enter.  
5. Toggle the Action field to Add and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the subnet name (IP interface name) of the network that the  
BOOTP or DHCP server is located on.  
Interface Name  
Specifies the IP address of the BOOTP or DHCP relay server. Multiple  
servers may be entered for a given subnet name (IP interface name).  
BOOTP/DHCP Server  
6. Highlight APPLY and press Enter to make the change current.  
7. To modify an entry in the table, toggle the Action field to Modify, enter the changes, highlight  
APPLY, and press Enter.  
8. Use Save Changes on the Main Menu to enter the table into NV-RAM.  
DNS Relay  
DNS relay enables the switch to act as a DNS cache or proxy and to forward DNS requests to the  
DNS server only when required. Whether you enable DNS relay depends upon whether you want  
to  
• Save a DNS server or a linking WAN extraneous or repetitive traffic.  
• Try to shorten the response time for a DNS request on a slow or long WAN.  
• Change or control the IP response for a series of DNS requests.  
• Control which servers are used for DNS.  
When the switch receives packets destined for a DNS server and the requests are not statically  
defined in the switch or previously cached, the switch forwards them to the servers as defined in  
the following configuration. The switch also forwards packets from the DNS servers back to the  
appropriate subnets.  
To configure DNS Relay services  
1. From the Main Menu, select Switch Utilities | DNS Relay and press Enter.  
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2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
DNS Relay State  
Enables or disables DNS relay on the switch.  
Name Server [1]  
Specifies the IP address of the primary DNS server.  
Specifies the IP address of a secondary DNS server.  
Enables or disables the DNS cache on the switch.  
Name Server [2]  
DNS Relay Cache Status  
Enables or disables the DNS Static Table Lookup function on the  
switch.  
DNS Static Table Lookup Status  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. If you enabled DNS Static Table Lookup, highlight Static Table Configuration and press  
Enter.  
5. Toggle the Action field to Add and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the DNS server.  
Domain Name  
IP Address  
Status  
Specifies the IP address of the DNS relay server.  
Enables or disables the entry for static look up.  
6. Highlight APPLY and press Enter to make the change current.  
7. To modify an entry in the table, toggle the Action field to Modify, enter the changes, highlight  
APPLY, and press Enter.  
8. Use Save Changes on the Main Menu to enter the table into NV-RAM.  
Network Monitoring  
This section explains how to monitor the following aspects of the switch:  
• “Port Statistics” (packets, errors, and utilization)  
• “Address Tables” (MAC, IP, routing, and ARP)  
• “Status” (switch history, router port table, IP multicast forwarding table, and other such tables)  
Port Statistics  
To view port utilization  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | Port Utilization and press Enter.  
2. To change the refresh interval, toggle the Refresh Interval field to a new value.  
3. To clear the statistics and gather new information, highlight CLEAR COUNTERS and press  
Enter.  
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The Port Utilization screen displays these statistics.  
Column  
Description  
Port  
Identifies the port.  
TX/sec  
RX/sec  
Displays the number of packets transmitted per second.  
Displays the number of packets received per second.  
Displays the calculated percentage of the bandwidth being used by the device  
attached to the port.  
%Util.  
To view port error statistics  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | Port Error Packets and press Enter.  
2. In the Port field, enter the port number to view.  
3. Toggle the Interval field to suspend or a value from 2 seconds to 1 minute. This field sets the  
interval at which the error statistics are updated.  
4. To clear the statistics and gather new, highlight CLEAR COUNTERS and press Enter.  
The screen displays these statistics.  
Field  
Description  
Rx Frames—Received packets  
Alignment. For 10 Mbps ports, the counter records CRC errors (Frame  
Check Sequence (FCS) and alignment errors). For 100 Mbps ports, the  
counter records the sum of CRC errors and code errors (frames received  
with rxerror signal).  
CRC Error  
Small. The total number of frames received that were shorter than 64 octets  
long (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and were otherwise  
well formed.  
Undersize  
Oversize  
Fragment  
Jabber  
Long. The total number of frames received that were longer than 1518  
octets (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and were otherwise  
well formed.  
Small with alignment error. The total number of frames received that were  
shorter than 64 octets in length (excluding framing bits, but including FCS  
octets) and had either an FCS or an alignment error.  
Long with alignment error. The total number of frames received that were  
longer than 1518 octets (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets),  
and had either an FCS or an alignment error.  
Total dropped. The total number of events in which packets were dropped  
due to a lack of resources.  
Drop Pkts  
Tx Frames—Transmitted packets  
ExDefer  
Delayed. The number of frames for which the first transmission attempt on a  
particular interface was delayed because the medium was busy.  
Alignment. For 10 Mbps ports, the counter records CRC errors (FCS or  
alignment errors). For 100 Mbps ports, the counter records the sum of CRC  
errors and code errors (frames received with rxerror signal).  
CRC Error  
Late Coll.  
Late Collisions. The number of times that a collision is after the allowable  
the detection period.  
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Field  
Ex. Coll.  
Description  
Excessive Collisions. The number of frames for which transmission failed  
due to excessive collisions.  
Single Collision Frames. The number of successfully transmitted frames for  
which transmission is inhibited by more than one collision.  
Single Coll.  
Coll.  
Total Collisions. An estimate of the total number of collisions on this network  
segment.  
To view an analysis of packet sizes and types  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | Port Packet Analysis and press Enter.  
2. In the Port field, enter the port number to be analyzed.  
3. Toggle the Interval field to suspend or to a value from 2 seconds to 1 minute. This field sets the  
interval at which the statistics are updated.  
4. To clear the statistics and gather new, highlight CLEAR COUNTERS and press Enter.  
The screen displays these statistics (RX indicates received and TX indicates transmitted).  
Column  
Description  
The size in octets (bytes) of frames or the type of frame transferred through the  
switch.  
Frame Size or Type  
The total number of frames transferred through the switch, of the corresponding  
size or type.  
Frame Counts  
Frames/sec  
The number of frames per second transferred through the switch, of the  
corresponding size or type.  
Total  
The total number of bytes or frames received or transmitted.  
Total/sec  
The total number of bytes or frames received or transmitted per second.  
Address Tables  
To view the MAC address table  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | MAC Address Table and press Enter.  
2. Toggle the Browse By field to ALL, MAC Address, Port, or VLAN. This sets a filter to  
determine which MAC addresses to display. The ALL option specifies no filter.  
— The MAC Address option allows you to enter a specific address.  
— The Port option allows you to enter a port number  
— The VLAN option allows you to enter a VLAN name.  
3. Highlight BROWSE and press Enter to populate the table.  
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The following information is displayed for each MAC address.  
Column  
Description  
VID  
The VLAN ID of the VLAN the port is a member of.  
The name of the VLAN.  
VLAN Name  
MAC Address  
Port  
The MAC address.  
The port corresponding to this MAC address. CPU is used to identify the  
MAC address for the switch.  
How the switch discovered the MAC address. The possible entries are  
Dynamic, Self, and Static. Self is used to identify the MAC address for the  
switch.  
Type  
4. To clear all entries and force the switch to rebuild the table, highlight CLEAR ALL and press  
Enter. If you have selected to browse by port, you will have the option of clearing all the  
entries for the specified port.  
To view the IP address table  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | IP Address Table and press Enter.  
2. To find a particular IP address, enter the IP address in the Jump to IP Address field, highlight  
FIND, and press Enter. To find all IP address known by the switch, enter 0.0.0.0 for the IP  
address.  
The following information is displayed about each IP address.  
Column  
Interface  
Description  
The name of the IP interface corresponding to the IP address.  
The IP address corresponding to the IP interface name.  
The port the IP address is associated with.  
IP Address  
Port  
Learned  
The method the switch used to discover the IP address, either Dynamic or Static.  
To view the routing table  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | Routing Table and press Enter.  
2. To find a particular IP address, enter the following in the appropriate fields: the IP address, the  
subnet mask, and the gateway. Highlight FIND, and press Enter.  
The following information is displayed in the table.  
Column  
IP Address  
Description  
The IP address corresponding to the subnet mask and gateway.  
The subnet mask corresponding to the IP address.  
Subnet Mask  
Gateway  
The gateway used to reach the IP address.  
Interface Name  
Hops  
The IP interface name corresponding to the IP address.  
The number of hops (routers) between the switch and the IP address.  
The routing protocol used to link the switch to the IP address.  
Protocol  
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To view the ARP table  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | ARP Table and press Enter.  
2. Enter the IP interface name and the IP address, highlight FIND, and press Enter.  
The following information is displayed in the table.  
Column  
Description  
Interface  
The IP interface name corresponding to the IP address.  
The IP address that corresponds to the MAC address.  
The MAC address that corresponds to the IP address.  
IP Address  
MAC Address  
The method that was used to enter the IP address and MAC address pair  
into the ARP table. The possible entries are Static, Dynamic, and Local.  
Type  
3. To delete an entry from the table, enter its information in the fields, highlight CLEAR, and  
press Enter.  
Status  
To view GVRP status  
From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | GVRP and press Enter. The GVRP Status  
screen contains the following information.  
Field  
Description  
The number of VLANs that have been defined for the  
switch.  
Number of IEEE 802.1Q VLANs  
IEEE 802.1Q VLAN ID  
Current Egress Ports  
Current Untagged Ports  
The ID assigned to the currently displayed VLAN.  
The ports in the VLAN that are egress ports.  
The ports in the VLAN that are untagged.  
The status of the VLAN, whether it is a permanent  
definition or whether the ports dynamically joined the  
VLAN.  
Status  
The time the VLAN was created or last modified,  
relative to when the switch was last booted.  
Creation time since switch power up  
Note: If more than one IEEE 802.1Q VLAN has been defined for the switch, use CTRL+N to view the  
status of the other VLANs.  
To view the router ports  
Router ports can be either static or dynamic. Static ports are ports that you manually configure to  
route UDP multicast packets. Dynamic ports are added by the switch when the switch detects UDP  
multicast packets and IGMP multicast group membership reports on a port.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | Router Ports and press Enter.  
2. In the VLAN Name field, enter the name of the VLAN to search for router ports. Highlight  
FIND and press Enter.  
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The Router Port table contains the VLAN name, and under the port groupings (1 to 8, 9 to 16, 17 to  
24, and 25 to 26), a port is assigned an “S” if the port is a static router port, a “D” if the port has  
been dynamically assigned to be a router port, or a “-” if the port is not a router port.  
To view the IGMP snooping status  
You can view IGMP group information for each VLAN.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | IGMP Snooping Status and press Enter.  
2. In the VLAN Name field, enter the name of the VLAN to retrieve IGMP snooping  
information. Highlight FIND and press Enter.  
The IGMP Snooping Status screen contains the following information.  
Column  
Description  
Multicast group  
MAC address  
Reports  
The IP address of a multicast group learned by IGMP snooping.  
The corresponding MAC address learned by IGMP snooping.  
The number of IGMP reports for the listed source.  
To view the IP multicast forwarding table  
You can browse the IP multicast forwarding table for static and dynamic (learned) entries. You can  
also search the table using a combination of a multicast group IP address, a multicast source IP  
address, and a subnet mask.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | IP Multicast Forwarding Table and  
press Enter.  
2. Enter the following: a multicast group address, a source IP address, and a source subnet mask  
address. To find all multicast groups known to the switch, use 0.0.0.0 for all the addresses.  
3. Highlight FIND and press Enter.  
The IP Multicast Forwarding Table contains the following information.  
Column  
Description  
Multicast Group  
Source IP Addr.  
The IP address of a multicast group used in the search for a specific entry.  
The IP address of a multicast source used in the search for a specific entry.  
The subnet mask of a multicast source used in the search for a specific  
entry.  
Source Mask  
The IP address of the next hop router between the multicast group and the  
source.  
Upstream Neighbor  
Expire Time  
Prot.  
The number of seconds the packets from the multicast source can live.  
The multicast routing protocol used by the current source.  
To view the IGMP group table  
You can view IGMP information for an IP interface name and a multicast group IP address.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | IGMP Group Table and press Enter.  
2. Enter the name of an IP interface and the IP address of a multicast group. To find all multicast  
groups, use 0.0.0.0 for the address.  
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3. Highlight FIND and press Enter.  
The IGMP Group table contains the following information.  
Column  
Description  
The IP interface associated with the multicast group.  
Interface Name  
Multicast Group  
Last Reporter IP  
Querier IP  
The IP address of the multicast group associated with the IP interface.  
The IP address of the member that responded with the last report.  
The IP address of the member elected to be the querier for the group.  
The time when the next report is due.  
Expire  
To view the DVMRP routing table  
You can search the DVMRP routing table with an IP address and subnet mask combination.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | DVMRP Routing Table and press  
Enter.  
2. Enter an IP address and a subnet mask.  
3. Highlight FIND and press Enter.  
The DVMRP Routing Table contains the following information:  
Column  
Description  
Source Address  
Source Mask  
The source IP address used to retrieve this information.  
The source subnet mask used to retrieve this information.  
The IP address of the next hop router for the source address.  
Next-hop Router  
The number of hops (routers) between the multicast group member and the  
switch.  
Hop  
The method the switch used to discover the source address, either Static or  
Dynamic.  
Learned  
Interface  
Exp  
The IP interface name of the source address.  
The number of seconds before the entry expires. Expired entries display  
H-D (hold down) for 120 seconds before they are removed.  
To view the switch’s history log  
From the Main Menu, select Network Monitoring | Switch History and press Enter. The Switch  
History screen contains the following information.  
Column  
Description  
A counter incremented whenever an entry to the switch’s history log is made. The  
table displays the last entry (highest sequence number) first.  
Seq. #  
The time the history log entry was made. The time is specified in days, hours, and  
minutes since the switch was last restarted.  
Time  
Log Text  
The text describing the event that triggered the history log entry.  
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Advanced Setup  
Most of the following options can be configured independently of the other options. However, you  
must configure a VLAN before you can configure an IP interface for it.  
Spanning Tree  
The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) prevents loops in a network by allowing only one active path  
between any two network devices at a time. (For more information about using this protocol, refer  
to “Spanning Tree Concepts” in chapter 3.)  
STP operates on two levels. On the switch level, the settings are globally implemented. On the port  
level, the settings are implemented on a user-defined group basis. STP must be enabled on the  
switch for it to be enabled on a particular port.  
To configure global STP switch settings  
1. From the Main Menu, select Spanning Tree and press Enter.  
2. Using the spacebar, toggle the Status field to Enabled or Disabled.  
The factory default settings should cover the majority of installations, and most installations  
should keep these default settings.  
3. To change the factory default settings, configure these fields.  
Field  
Default  
Description  
Specifies the maximum time (in seconds) the switch will wait  
for a configuration message from the root bridge. At the end  
of this time, the switch will start sending out its own  
configuration messages for permission to become the root  
bridge.  
The device with the lowest bridge identifier becomes the  
root bridge (see the Priority field).  
Max Age  
20  
Max Age must be set within the following range:  
•
The minimum value is the higher of 6 or [2 x (Hello Time  
+1)]  
•
The maximum value is the lower of 40 or [2 x (Forward  
Delay -1)]  
Specifies the time interval (in seconds) between two  
configuration messages. The root bridge sends these  
messages at this interval to inform all other devices that it is  
the root bridge. This time will be used if and when your  
switch becomes the root bridge.  
Hello Time  
2
It can be set from 1—10 seconds.  
The Hello Time cannot be longer than the Max Age.  
Otherwise, a configuration error occurs.  
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Field  
Default  
Description  
Specifies the maximum time (in seconds) the root device will  
wait before changing states (for example, from listening to  
blocking, from blocking to forwarding). This delay is required  
because every device must receive information about  
topology changes before it starts to forward packets. In  
addition, each port needs time to listen for conflicting  
information that would make it return to a blocking state;  
otherwise, temporary data loops might result.  
Forward Delay  
15  
•
•
Maximum value is 30  
Minimum value is the higher of 4 or [(Max. Age / 2) +1]  
Priority is used in selecting the root bridge, root port, and  
designated port. The device with the highest priority  
becomes the STP root bridge. The lower the numeric value,  
the higher the priority. If all devices have the same priority,  
the device with the lowest MAC address will become the  
root bridge.  
Priority  
32768  
Range: 0 to 65535.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
The following information is displayed about STP.  
Field  
Description  
Designated Root Bridge  
Root Priority  
The IP address of the current root bridge for the STP group.  
The current value of the bridge priority for the group.  
The currently assigned cost for the route from the designated STP-group  
port to the root bridge.  
Cost to Root  
Root Port  
The port number of the root port.  
The time (in seconds) since the last change in the root bridge or designated  
STP-group port.  
Last Topology Change  
Topology Change Count  
The number of topology changes since the switch was last restarted.  
To define the port members of an STP group  
The switch allows you to configure Spanning Tree Groups that consist of a group of ports that will  
be handled as though they were a single spanning tree device. An STP group uses the switch-level  
parameters entered above, with the addition of port priority and port cost.  
An STP group spanning tree works in the same way as the switch-level spanning tree, but the root  
bridge concept is replaced with a root port concept. A root port is a port of the group that is elected  
(on the basis of port priority and port cost) to be the connection to the network for the group.  
Redundant links will be blocked, just as redundant links are blocked on the switch level.  
An STP port group should correspond to a VLAN group of ports.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Spanning Tree | Port Settings and press Enter.  
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2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the range of ports to view. The Fast Ethernet ports are displayed  
for configuration in groups of 12, and the two gigabit Ethernet ports are  
displayed together.  
View Ports  
Specifies a specific port or range of ports to configure. To configure a  
specific port, enter the port number in both the from and to field.  
Configure Port  
Port Cost  
Specifies the port cost. It can be set between 1—65535. The lower the cost,  
the greater the probability the port will be chosen as the designated port  
(chosen to forward packets). The default value for the 10/100 ports is 19,  
and for the 100/1000 ports it is 4.  
Specifies the port priority. It can be set between 0—255. The default is 128.  
The lower the priority, the greater the probability the port will be chosen as  
the root port. If two ports have the same priority, the port with the lowest port  
number is selected. For example, STP chooses port 1 instead of port 5 if  
they both have the same priority.  
Priority  
State  
Enables or disables STP on the specified port or range of ports.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
The table displays this additional information about the port.  
Column  
Connection  
Description  
Displays the port’s speed, duplex mode, and flow control method.  
Displays whether the port is Disabled or Forwarding.  
Displays the assigned STP group name for the port.  
Status  
STP Name  
Forwarding  
Forwarding reduces traffic congestion on the network because packets are transmitted only to the  
destination port rather than to all ports. The switch maintains a number of static forwarding tables  
which you can manually configure for MAC, IP, and ARP forwarding.  
This section explains how to configure  
• MAC address aging  
• MAC forwarding (unicast MAC address, multicast MAC address, and storm control)  
• IP forwarding (static and default routes, static ARP)  
To configure MAC address aging  
A very long MAC address aging time can result in out-of-date dynamic entries that may cause  
incorrect packet filtering and forwarding decisions. A very short aging time may cause entries to be  
aged out too soon, which results in a high percentage of received packets whose source addresses  
cannot be found in the address table. In this case, the switch must broadcast the packet to all ports,  
negating many of the benefits of having a switch.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Forwarding and press Enter.  
2. In the MAC Address Aging Time field, specify the length of time a learned MAC address can  
remain in the forwarding table without being accessed (that is, how long a learned MAC  
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Address is allowed to remain idle). The aging time can be set to any value between 10—  
1,000,000 seconds. The default is 300 seconds (5 minutes).  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
To configure unicast MAC address forwarding  
Unicast addresses are used to transmit messages from a single network device to another, single  
network device. You can specify to have these addresses statically forwarded to a specified port or  
to have the switch drop them.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Forwarding | Unicast MAC Address Settings and press Enter.  
2. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify and configure these fields.  
Field  
MAC Address  
Description  
Specifies the unicast MAC address in the packets.  
Specifies whether to forward the packets (Static) or to drop the packets  
(BlackHole).  
Type  
Specifies which port to use for forwarding the packets. This option is not  
available if BlackHole is specified as the type.  
Port  
VLAN Name  
Specifies the VLAN to which the MAC address belongs.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. To delete an entry, toggle the Action field to Delete, enter the MAC address, highlight APPLY,  
and press Enter.  
To configure multicast MAC address forwarding  
The multicast MAC address settings configure the switch to forward multicast packets from a  
specific MAC address to a specified VLAN. The port settings determine which ports can join the  
VLAN to forward the multicast packets.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Forwarding | Multicast MAC Address Settings and press  
Enter.  
2. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
VLAN Name  
Multicast MAC Address  
Specifies the VLAN to which the multicast MAC packets are forwarded.  
Specifies the MAC address of the source of multicast packets.  
Specifies how the port can join the multicast group. You can enter the  
values for the individual ports directly from the keyboard or you can use the  
spacebar to toggle between E, F, and -.  
•
E (Engress)—Specifies that the port is a static member of the multicast  
group.  
Port  
•
•
F (Forbidden)—Restricts the port from joining the multicast group.  
- (None)—Specifies that the port has no restrictions and that it can join  
the multicast group dynamically.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
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4. To modify an entry, toggle the Action field to Add/Modify, enter the VLAN Name and MAC  
address, configure the ports, highlight APPLY, and press Enter.  
5. To delete an entry, toggle the Action field to Delete, enter the VLAN Name and MAC address,  
highlight APPLY, and press Enter.  
To configure storm control  
The storm control settings allow you to specify thresholds for broadcast or multicast traffic that  
will activate storm control. When the threshold is exceeded, the switch drops the broadcast or  
multicast traffic. When the traffic level drops below the threshold, the switch resumes forwarding  
the traffic again.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Forwarding | Broadcast/Multicast Storm Control and press  
Enter.  
2. Configure these fields for each port group.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies, in thousands, the number of broadcast or multicast packets per  
second a port can receive before triggering a storm control response.  
Upper Threshold (Kpps)  
Broadcast Storm Mode  
Multicast Storm Mode  
Enables or disables storm control for broadcast packets.  
Enables or disables storm control for multicast packets.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
To configure advanced traffic control  
Advance traffic control sets the threshold for the amount of traffic a port can handle before  
triggering flow control. You must enable flow control on the ports before you can set a flow control  
threshold.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Forwarding | Advance Traffic Control and press Enter.  
2. Toggle the View Ports field to the group of ports you want to configure.  
3. In the field, enter a port or a range of ports to configure. To configure a single port, enter that  
port number in both the to and from field.  
4. In the Flow Control Threshold field, enter a value from 2—57344.  
5. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
The table displays the following information about the ports:  
Field  
Description  
Port  
The port number.  
Flow Control Threshold  
Drop Packet  
The current value of the flow control threshold.  
A status field that indicates whether the port is currently dropping packets.  
A status field that indicates whether the port is currently implementing flow  
control.  
Flow Control Status  
Port Connection  
A status filed that indicates the port’s speed, duplex mode, and flow control  
mode.  
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To configure static IP routes  
1. From the Main Menu, select Forwarding | Static/Default Routes and press Enter.  
2. Toggle the Action field to Add and configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
Specifies the IP address to be statically entered into the IP forwarding table.  
Specifies the corresponding subnet mask for the IP address.  
Subnet Mask  
Gateway IP  
Specifies the address of the next hop gateway for the IP address. This is  
usually a router with a connection to a WAN or the Internet.  
Specifies the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) metric. This is the number  
of hops between the IP address and the Gateway. This is a number  
between 1 and 15.  
Metric  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. To delete a route, toggle the Action field to Delete, enter the route information in the fields,  
highlight APPLY, and press Enter.  
To configure static ARP  
The ARP table maps an IP address to a device’s MAC address.  
1. From the Main Menu, select Forwarding | Static ARP and press Enter.  
2. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the IP interface of the IP address that you are adding to the static  
ARP table.  
Interface Name  
IP Address  
Specifies the IP address of the end node or station.  
MAC Address  
Specifies the MAC address corresponding to the IP address.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. To delete an entry, toggle the Action field to Delete, enter the entry’s information in the fields,  
highlight APPLY, and press Enter.  
IP Address Filtering  
You can manually configure the switch to drop packets from specified MAC and IP addresses. For  
information about specifying MAC addresses to drop, see the Forwarding | Unicast MAC  
Address Setting screen.  
To specify an IP address for filtering  
1. From the Main Menu, select Filtering | IP Address Filtering and press Enter.  
2. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
Specifies the IP address of the packets you want dropped.  
Specifies the condition for filtering the packets:  
•
•
•
Dst. (destination)—Packets with the above IP address as their  
destination will be dropped.  
Source/Destination  
Src. (source)—Packets with the above IP address as their source will  
be dropped.  
Either—All packets with the above IP address will be dropped.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
5. To remove an entry, toggle the Action field to Delete, enter the IP address and the direction,  
highlight APPLY, and press Enter.  
MAC Address Priority  
You can specify a MAC address so that packets with this address are given special handling, either  
a higher or lower priority than normal traffic.  
Note: If flow control is enabled, a small of amount of low priority traffic may be forwarded before high  
priority traffic.  
1. From the Main Menu, select MAC Address Priority and press Enter.  
2. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify and configure these fields.  
Field  
VLAN Name  
Description  
Specifies the name of VLAN on which this MAC address resides.  
Specifies the MAC address to set a priority for.  
MAC Address  
User Priority  
Specifies the priority for this MAC address. The levels are 0 —7, with 7  
being the highest priority.  
Specifies the state under which the above priority will be active. The options  
are  
•
•
•
Dst. (destination)—Packets with the above MAC address as their  
destination will be given the selected priority.  
Source/Destination  
Src. (source)—Packets with the above MAC address as their source  
will be given the selected priority.  
Either—All packets with the above MAC address will be given the  
selected priority.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. To delete an entry, toggle the Action field to Delete, enter the MAC address, highlight APPLY,  
and press Enter.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
Mirroring Configurations  
Incoming or outgoing traffic from any source port can be mirrored for real-time analysis. A logic  
analyzer or a RMON probe can then be attached to study the traffic crossing the source port in a  
completely unobtrusive manner. When mirroring port traffic, remember these conditions:  
• The target port should be operating at the same or higher speed than the source port. If the  
target port is operating at a lower speed than the source port, packets will be lost.  
• For optimum performance, you should mirror three or fewer ports at any given time.  
To configure a port for mirroring  
1. From the Main Menu, select Mirroring Configurations and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the port where information will be duplicated and sent for capture  
and network analysis. This is the port where a network analyzer would be  
attached to capture packets duplicated from the source port.  
Target Port  
Specifies which port to be mirror and which packets to be mirror. This port is  
the source of the packets. Use one of these values:  
•
•
•
•
R—Mirror incoming packet  
T—Mirror outgoing packets  
Mirrored Port  
B—Mirror both incoming and outgoing packets  
- (none)—Do not mirror  
Use the spacebar to toggle these values for a specific port. If the port has an  
X, this port cannot be selected for mirroring.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. To modify a target port in the table of current settings, enter the port number in the Target Port  
field, change the mirror port value, highlight APPLY, and press Enter.  
VLAN Configuration  
The switch allows the assignment of an IP interface to each VLAN. A VLAN must be configured  
before setting up its IP interface. You can create either a port-based or an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN. By  
default, all ports belong to an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN called “default.” Although this VLAN cannot  
be deleted, all member ports can be assigned to other VLANs.  
To configure GVRP globally  
The global GVRP flag determines whether GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration Protocol) is enabled  
on the switch so that the switch can share VLAN information with other switches, and VLANs can  
span multiple switches. When this flag is disabled, VLANs are confined to the physical  
connections of the switch. By default, this flag is disabled.  
1. From the Main Menu, select VLAN Configurations and press Enter.  
2. Use the spacebar to toggle the Switch GVRP field to Enabled or Disabled.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
To create or modify a port-based VLAN  
1. From the Main Menu, select VLAN Configurations | Configure VLAN Settings and press  
Enter.  
2. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the VLAN for which ports are to be configured. The  
name can be up to 32 characters. Once created, a VLAN name cannot be  
modified.  
VLAN Name  
Specifies the type of VLAN. Use the spacebar to toggle the type to Port  
Based VLAN.  
VLAN Type  
Membership  
Specifies the status of the port. You can enter the status indicators of  
individual ports directly from the keyboard or you can use the spacebar to  
toggle between M and -.  
•
•
M (member)—Designates the port as a static member.  
- (non-member)—Designates the port as not being a member of the  
VLAN.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
To create or modify an 802.1Q VLAN  
1. From the Main Menu, select VLAN Configurations | Configure VLAN Settings and press  
Enter.  
2. Using the spacebar, toggle the Action field to Add/Modify.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the VLAN for which ports are to be configured. The  
name can be up to 32 characters. Once created, the name cannot be  
modified.  
VLAN Name  
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Field  
VLAN Type  
Description  
Specifies the type of VLAN. Use the spacebar to toggle the type to 1Q  
VLAN.  
VID  
Specifies an identifier for the VLAN. Enter a number from 2—4094.  
Specifies the status of the port. You can enter the status indicators of  
individual ports directly from the keyboard or you can use the spacebar to  
toggle between U, T, F, and - .  
•
U (Untagged)—Designates the port as an untagged member of the  
VLAN. When an untagged packet is transmitted by the port, the packet  
header remains unchanged. When a tagged packet exits the port, the  
tag is stripped and the packet is changed to an untagged packet. If the  
port is attached to a device that is not IEEE 802.1Q VLAN compliant  
(VLAN-tag unaware), then the port should be set to U - Untagged.  
•
T (Tagged)—Designates the port as a tagged member of the VLAN.  
When an untagged packet is transmitted by the port, the packet header  
is changed to include the 32-bit tag associated with the PVID (Port  
VLAN Identifier). When a tagged packet with a different VID exits the  
port, the packet header is unchanged. If the port is attached to a device  
that is IEEE 802.1Q VLAN compliant, (VLAN-tag aware), then the port  
can be set to T - Tagged.  
Membership  
•
•
F (Forbidden)—Designates the port as not being a member of the  
VLAN and prevents packets tagged with the VLAN’s VID from entering  
the port.  
- (non-member)—Designates the port as not being a member of the  
VLAN.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
5. To enter the change into non-volatile RAM, highlight Save Changes from the Main Menu and  
press Enter.  
To configure the member ports of an 802.1Q VLAN  
1. From the Main Menu, select VLAN Configurations | IEEE 802.1Q Port Settings and press  
Enter.  
2. Highlight the Configure Port field and enter the range of port numbers you want to configure.  
To configure a single port, enter that port number in both the to and from field.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Enables or disables ingress filter checking. Ingress Filtering allows the port  
to compare the VID tag of an incoming packet with the PVID number  
assigned to the port. If the two are different, the port filters (drops) the  
packet. Use the spacebar to toggle between On and Off.  
Ingress Checking  
Enables or disables GVRP (Group VLAN Registration Protocol). This allows  
the switch to share VLAN information with other switches so that a VLAN  
can span multiple switches.  
GVRP  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
Link Aggregation  
Link aggregation allows several ports to be grouped together so that they can act as a single port.  
This is done to either increase the bandwidth of a network connection or to increase fault tolerance.  
Link Aggregation is most commonly used to link a bandwidth-intensive network device or devices  
—such as a server or server farm—to the backbone of a network.  
You can configure up to six aggregation groups, each using from two to eight ports between any  
two ZT8101 switches or other switches that support Etherchannel. Etherchannel is only required  
for this first release. In the second release, the ports can be from any switch that is compliant with  
802.1ad.  
To configure a link aggregation group  
1. From the Main Menu, select Link Aggregation and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies one of the six possible link aggregation groups configurable on the  
switch.  
Group ID  
Starting Port  
Group Width  
Status  
Specifies the first port in the group. This port is called the master port.  
Specifies the number of ports, in sequential order from the master port, that  
will be included in the link aggregation group.  
Enables or disables the link aggregation group.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
The table displays the following additional information.  
Column  
Description  
Specifies which member port is the master port. The master port is always  
the lowest numbered port. All member ports are configured to use its  
settings and become members of its VLAN.  
Master  
Anchor  
Specifies which member port is the anchor port. The anchor port is  
responsible for the flooding of multicast frames and for sending control  
packets.  
Layer 3 IP Networking  
This section describes how to configure:  
• IP Interfaces  
• RIP  
• Multicast routing protocols  
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Using the Telnet Console  
Setting Up IP Interfaces  
Each IP interface on the switch corresponds to a VLAN. A VLAN, which does not have a  
corresponding IP interface defined for it, will function as a Layer 2-only VLAN.  
The switch allows ranges of IP addresses (OSI Layer 3) to be assigned to VLANs (OSI Layer 2).  
Each VLAN must be configured prior to setting up the corresponding IP interface.  
To set up IP Interfaces on the switch  
1. From the Main Menu, select Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup | IP Interface Settings and  
press Enter.  
2. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the IP interface. The default VLAN interface name is  
System.  
Interface Name  
Specifies the IP address of the IP interface (sometimes referred to as a  
network address).  
IP Address  
Subnet Mask  
VLAN Name  
State  
Specifies the subnet mask for the IP address.  
Specifies the VLAN that is assigned to this IP interface. This VLAN must  
already exist. The IP interface gets its port membership from the VLAN.  
Enables or disables the IP interface.  
4. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
The Action field can be toggled between Add/Modify and Delete using the space bar. This enables  
the addition/modification of a new or existing IP interface entry or the deletion of an existing entry.  
If you modify an existing IP interface and apply the changes, the RIP and IP multicast interface  
configurations are reset to default values.  
RIP Configuration  
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector protocol that uses the hop count as its  
criteria for making routing decisions. RIP is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), which means that  
it performs routing within a single autonomous system.  
To configure RIP  
1. From the Main Menu, select Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup | RIP Configurations and press  
Enter.  
2. Using the space bar, toggle the RIP Status field to Enabled or Disabled. This function allows  
the RIP protocol to be turned on or off without changing the RIP setup.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. On the RIP Configurations menu, select RIP Interface Settings.  
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5. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the IP interface on which RIP is to be set up. This  
interface must be previously configured on the switch.  
Interface Name  
Specifies which version of the RIP protocol will be used to transmit RIP  
packets. This field toggles between Disabled, V1 Only, V1 Compatible,  
and V2 Only. Disabled prevents the transmission of RIP packets.  
TX Mode  
RX Mode  
Specifies which version of the RIP protocol will be used to interpret received  
RIP packets. This field toggles between Disabled, V1 Only, V2 Only, and  
V1 and V2. Disabled prevents the reception of RIP packets.  
Enables or disables authentication between routers. When authentication is  
enabled, a password is used to authenticate communication between  
routers on the network. Authentication is only supported when RIP is in V1  
Compatible or V2 mode.  
Authentication  
Password  
Specifies the password to be used to authenticate communication between  
routers on the network.  
6. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Multicast Global Configurations  
The Multicast Global Configurations screen is only for globally enabling or disabling the multicast  
routing protocols on the switch. Each VLAN or IP Interface uses these global values unless you  
configured it to use specialized settings. The protocol must be enabled globally before you can  
enable it on a specific VLAN or IP interface. (RIP is globally set up with the RIP Configuration  
option.)  
To configure globally the multicast protocols  
1. From the Main Menu, select Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup | Multicast Global  
Configurations and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Enables or disables, globally, Internet Group Management Protocol  
(IGMP) snooping. This protocol allows the switch to forward  
multicast traffic intelligently on the switch.  
Switch IGMP Snooping  
Enables or disables, globally, the Distance-Vector Multicast Routing  
Protocol (DVMRP).  
DVMRP State  
PIM-DM State  
Enables or disables, globally, the Protocol Independent Multicasting  
- Dense Mode (PIM-DM) multicasting protocol.  
DVMRP Include Report From  
Unknown Neighbors  
Enables or disables receiving DVMRP reports from unknown  
neighbors.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Each protocol has a corresponding configuration screen. You access these screens from the Layer  
3 - IP Networking Setup screen.  
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IGMP Configuration  
The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) allows the switch to forward multicast traffic  
intelligently on the switch. The switch “snoops” the IGMP query and report messages and forwards  
traffic only to the ports that request the multicast traffic. This prevents the switch from  
broadcasting the traffic to all ports and possibly affecting network performance.  
IGMP requires a network device that learns about the presence of multicast groups on its subnets  
and that keeps track of group membership. Multicasting is not connection oriented, so data is  
delivered to the requesting hosts on a best-effort level of service.  
The switch has two configuration screens for IGMP:  
• The IGMP snooping screen allows you to configure the switch for snooping and querying.  
• The IGMP interface screen allows you to configure the switch to keep track of IGMP groups.  
To configure IGMP snooping  
1. From the Main Menu, select Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup | IGMP Snooping  
Configurations and press Enter.  
2. Using the spacebar, toggle the Action field to either Add/Modify or Delete and configure  
these fields.  
Field  
VLAN Name  
Description  
Specifies the name of the VLAN you want to configure.  
Specifies whether this VLAN should respond to IGMP queries. Three  
options are available:  
•
•
•
No—Prevents this VLAN from becoming a querier.  
Querier Version  
V1—Enables the sending of IGMP query packets when needed.  
V2—Enables the sending of IGMP query and leave packets according  
to the IGMP V2 specification.  
Use the spacebar to toggle between the options.  
Specifies the permitted packet loss on a link. Enter a value between 2—255.  
The default is 2.  
Robustness Variable  
Query Interval  
Max Response Time  
State  
Specifies the time that can elapse between general IGMP queries. Enter a  
value between 1—65535 seconds. The default is 125.  
Specifies the maximum time the switch can wait for IGMP member reports.  
Enter a value between 1—25. The default is 10 seconds.  
Enables or disables learning about IGMP groups. If enabled, the switch  
limits multicast forwarding to active member ports.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter to make the changes.  
These conditions affect the fields on the IGMP snooping screen:  
• The switch IGMP snooping flag must be enabled for these settings to have any effect.  
• If the IGMP settings have been enabled for the IP interface associated with the VLAN you  
select, the only field available on the IGMP snooping screen is the State field.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
To configure IGMP for an IP interface  
1. From the Main Menu, select Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup | IGMP Interface  
Configurations and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the IP interface you want to configure. The IP address  
field displays the address which corresponds to the entered IP interface.  
Interface Name  
Specifies the version number of IGMP to be used with the IP interface. Use  
the spacebar to toggle between 1 and 2.  
Version  
Specifies the time (in seconds) between the transmission of IGMP query  
packets. Enter a value between 1—65535 seconds. The default is 125.  
Query Interval  
Max Response Time  
Specifies the maximum time the switch can wait for reports from members.  
Enter a value between 1—25. The default is 10 seconds.  
Specifies the permitted packet loss on a link. Enter a value between 1—255.  
The default is 2.  
Robustness Variable  
State  
Enables or disables IGMP on this IP interface.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Note: When IGMP is enabled on an interface, the switch IGMP snooping flag is set to Enabled and  
becomes a read-only parameter.  
DVMRP Interface Configuration  
The Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) is a hop-based method of building  
multicast delivery trees from multicast sources to all nodes of a network. Because the delivery trees  
are “pruned” and use the “shortest path,” DVMRP is relatively efficient. Because multicast group  
membership information is forwarded by a distance-vector algorithm, propagation is slow.  
DVMRP is optimized for high delay (high latency) and relatively low-bandwidth networks, and it  
can be considered as a “best-effort” multicasting protocol.  
To configure DVMRP for an IP interface  
1. From the Main Menu, select Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup | DVMRP Interface  
Configurations and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the interface to configure. This must be a previously  
defined IP interface.  
Interface Name  
Specifies the maximum interval the switch will wait to hear from a neighbor.  
Neighbor Timeout Interval If this interval expires, the switch assumes that this neighbor is down. Enter  
a value from 1—65535. The default is 35.  
Specifies the interval between probes. A probe is a query to other routers to  
Probe Interval  
determine if a multicast group is present on a given router subnetwork.  
Enter a value from 1—65535 seconds. The default is 10.  
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Field  
Description  
Specifies the cost for this path. The higher the assigned cost, the less likely  
it is that multicast packets will be routed over this interface (provided that  
other path options exist). Enter a value between 1—31. The default is 1.  
Metric  
State  
Enables or disables DVMRP for this interface.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
PIM-DM Interface Configurations  
The Protocol Independent Multicast - Dense Mode (PIM-DM) protocol should be used in networks  
with a low delay (low latency) and high bandwidth because PIM-DM is optimized to guarantee  
delivery of multicast packets, not to reduce overhead.  
To configure PIM-DM for an IP interface  
1. From the Main Menu, select Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup | PIM-DM Interface  
Configurations and press Enter.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of an IP interface that you want to configure for PIM-DM.  
This must be a previously-defined IP interface. The IP Address field  
displays the address associated with the IP interface.  
Interface Name  
Specifies the interval between sending Hello packets to other routers on the  
network. The Hello messages are used by the router to determine whether it  
is the root router on the delivery tree or not. If the router does not receive a  
Hello message within the Hello Interval, it will begin transmitting Hello  
messages to advertise its availability to become the root router. The range is  
between 1—65535 seconds. The default is 30 seconds.  
Hello Interval  
State  
Disables or enables PIM-DM for this IP interface.  
Specifies the interval for performing these tasks:  
•
•
Removing prune information from a branch of a multicast delivery tree.  
Flooding multicast messages to all branches of that delivery tree.  
Join-Prune Interval  
These two actions are equivalent. The range is between 1— 65535  
seconds. The default is 60 seconds.  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
Static Router Port  
A static router port allows UDP multicast and IGMP packets to be forwarded to a designated port  
regardless of VLAN configuration.  
A router port functions within Layer 2 of the OSI model. A static router port is a port that has a  
router attached to it. Generally, this router would have a connection to a WAN or to the Internet.  
Establishing a router port will allow multicast packets coming from the router to be propagated  
through the network. It also allows multicast messages coming from the network to be propagated  
to the router.  
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Using the Telnet Console  
The purpose of a router port is to enable UDP multicast packets and IGMP multicast group  
membership messages to reach multiple ports of a multi-port router. Routers do not implement  
IGMP snooping or transmit/forward IGMP report packets. Thus, forwarding all IP UDP multicast  
packets to a static router port on the ZT8101 switch guarantees that all ports of a multi-port router,  
which are attached to the switch, can reach all multicast group members through the attached  
router’s other ports.  
A router port interacts with multicast packets in these ways:  
• All IGMP report packets will be forwarded to the router port.  
• IGMP queries (from the router port) will be flooded to all ports.  
• All UDP multicast packets will be forwarded to the router port. Because routers do not send  
IGMP reports or implement IGMP snooping, a multi-port router connected to the router port  
of the Layer 3 switch would not be able to receive UDP data streams from its ports unless the  
UDP multicast packets were all forwarded to the router port.  
A router port will be dynamically configured when IGMP query packets, RIPv2 multicast,  
DVMRP multicast, PIM-DM multicast packets are detected flowing into a port.  
To configure a static router port  
1. From the Main Menu, select Layer 3 - IP Networking Setup | Static Router Port Settings  
and press Enter.  
2. Toggle the Action field to Add/Modify and configure these fields.  
Field  
VLAN Name  
Description  
Specifies the name of the VLAN the static router port resides on.  
Specifies the ports that you want to set up as static router ports. Each port  
can be set individually as a router port by highlighting the port’s entry using  
the Arrow keys. Use the spacebar to toggle between M (member) and -  
(non-member).  
Router Port  
3. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
4. To delete an entry, toggle the Action field to Delete and enter the VLAN name of the VLAN  
for which the router port table entry is to be deleted. Highlight APPLY and press Enter.  
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Using the Web Console  
5
The ZT8101 switch has an embedded Web server that allows you to manage the switch from  
anywhere on the network through a standard browser such as Netscape* Navigator or Microsoft*  
Internet Explorer. The Web browser communicates directly with the switch using the HTTP  
protocol.  
The Web Console program and the Telnet Console are different ways to access the same internal  
switching software and configure it. Thus, all settings found in the Web Console are the same as  
those found in the Telnet Console.  
Note: The Web Console does not accept Chinese language input (or other languages requiring 2 bytes per  
character).  
Before You Start  
The ZT8101 switch supports a wide array of functions and provides great flexibility and increased  
network performance by eliminating the routing bottleneck between networks: the WAN, the  
Internet, and the intranet. This new generation switch performs routing functions in hardware  
rather than software. To take full advantage of this flexibility and rich feature set, you need to  
carefully plan a deployment strategy that will maximize the potential of the ZT8101 switch.  
This plan should include a  
• “General Deployment Strategy”  
• “VLAN Layout”  
• “IP Addressing Scheme for VLANs”  
• “Static Route Assessment”  
General Deployment Strategy  
• Determine how to segment the network—This involves creating VLANs in an existing  
Layer 2 switched network.  
• Develop an IP addressing scheme—This involves allocating a block of IP addresses to each  
network segment. Each network subnet is then assigned a network address and a subnet mask.  
See the “IP Addressing and Subnetting” section in Chapter 3 for more information.  
• Determine which network resources must be shared by the subnets and how they will be  
shared—You can connect shared resources directly to the Layer 3 switch, if need be. Or you  
can set up static routes to make the shared resources accessible.  
• Determine how each subnet will communicate with the WAN or Internet—Again, static  
routes should be determined and default gateways identified.  
• Develop a security scheme— Some subnets on the network need more security or should be  
isolated from the other subnets. You can use MAC and IP filtering. You can also configure one  
or more VLANs on the Layer 3 switch without an IP subnet. Without a subnet mask, these  
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VLANs function as a Layer 2 VLAN and require an external router to connect to the rest of the  
network.  
• Develop a policy scheme—Some subnets will have a greater need for multicasting  
bandwidth, for example. A policy is a mechanism to alter the normal packet forwarding in a  
network device, and can be used to intelligently allocate bandwidth to time-critical  
applications such as the integration of voice, video, and data on the network.  
• Develop a redundancy scheme—Planning redundant links and routes to network-critical  
resources can save valuable time in case a link or device fails. You can use the Spanning Tree  
Protocol to block the redundant link until it is needed.  
VLAN Layout  
VLANs on the ZT8101 switch have more functions than on a traditional Layer 2 switch and must  
therefore be laid-out and configured with a more care. Layer 3 VLANs could be thought of as  
network links rather than as a collection of associated end users. Further, Layer 3 VLANs are  
assigned an IP network address and subnet mask to enable IP routing between them.  
Layer 3 VLANs must be configured on the switch before they can be assigned IP subnets. Also, the  
static VLAN configuration is specified on a per port basis. On the ZT8101 switch, a VLAN can  
consist of end-nodes, just like a traditional Layer 2 switch. But a VLAN can also consist of one or  
more Layer 2 switches, each of which is connected to multiple end nodes or network resources.  
For example, a Layer 3 VLAN, consisting of four ports, could be connected to four switches. If  
these switches each have 24 ports, then the Layer 3 VLAN would contain 96 (4 x 24) end nodes.  
Assigning an IP subnet to the Layer 3 VLAN would allow wire-speed IP routing from the WAN to  
each end node and between end nodes.  
Therefore, the IP subnets for a network must be determined first, and the VLANs configured on the  
switch to accommodate the IP subnets. Finally, the IP subnets can be assigned to the VLANs.  
IP Addressing Scheme for VLANs  
The ZT8101 switch allows the assignment of IP subnets to individual VLANs. Any VLAN  
configured on the switch that is not assigned an IP subnet will behave as a Layer 2 VLAN and will  
not be capable of IP routing.  
Developing an IP addressing scheme is a complex subject. As you are developing your scheme,  
remember that the switch requires a unique IP addreess for all the anticipated end nodes on each  
Layer 3 VLAN. The switch treats a VLAN with an IP network address and subnet mask as an IP  
interface in an IP routing mode.  
Static Route Assessment  
You need to define static routes for the following types of subnets:  
• Subnets not accessible through the default route  
• Subnets that the switch does not already know about internally  
• Subnets not learned through the dynamic routing protocols  
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You determine how these packets are routed by entering static routes into the switch’s static/default  
routing table.  
Getting Started  
The first step required to use the Web Console for the first time is to secure a browser such as  
Netscape Navigator or Microsoft Internet Explorer.  
The second step is to configure the IP address of the switch. This must be done manually through  
the serial port. See chapter 2 for instructions.  
Note: If you are using the Web Console on an isolated network without a DHCP server, ensure that your  
workstation’s subnet mask matches the subnet mask you assigned to the switch.  
Logging In  
1. To begin managing your switch simply, start the browser you have installed on your computer.  
2. Enter the IP address you have defined for the switch. The URL in the address bar should read  
something like: http://123.123.123.123, where the numbers 123 represent the IP address of the  
switch.  
The Factory default IP address for the switch is 10.90.90.90.  
3. In the page that opens, enter the name and password of an Admin user if an account has been  
created, or click the fields and press Enter if no user accounts have been created.  
The Switch Information screen appears.  
This chapter describes the switch management features that are available from the Web Console.  
The immediate sections below describe some basics about user accounts, saving changes, and  
resetting the switch to factory default settings. The subsequent sections describe the basic and  
advanced features.  
If no user accounts have been created, one of your first configuration tasks should be to create at  
least one Admin-level user to protect the switch from unauthorized users.  
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Configuration Options  
The left panel has these options.  
• Basic Setup  
— Switch Information—Display information about the switch’s hardware, firmware, and  
protocol configuration.  
— Basic Switch Setup—Configure the switch’s IP address.  
— Serial Port Settings—Configure the switch’s serial port that is used for Telnet  
communication and terminal sessions.  
— Port Configurations—Enable/disable individual ports and set their speed and duplex  
state.  
— User Accounts—Set up user accounts, change their passwords, and modify their access  
rights.  
— Network Management—Set up SNMP traps and community strings.  
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— Switch Utilities—View the history log, ping other devices, and manage firmware and  
configuration files.  
— Network Monitoring—View various statistics by port or protocol and to view various  
routing tables.  
— Factory Reset—Restart the switch using the default factory configuration.  
— Save Changes—Save the switch’s current settings in non-volatile RAM (NV_RAM) so  
that they are not lost when the switch is rebooted.  
— Reboot—Restart the switch.  
• Advanced Setup  
— Spanning Tree—Enable/disable the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) for the switch and on  
individual ports.  
— Forwarding—Reduce traffic congestion on the network by configuring MAC address  
aging, unicast packet forwarding, storm control, and static IP routes.  
— IP Address Filtering—Configure filters to drop packets from specified IP addresses or  
MAC addresses.  
— MAC Address Priority—Configure specified MAC addresses for priority handling on  
source address, destination address, or both.  
— Mirroring Configurations—Configure a source port to send a copy of its data to a target  
port for monitoring and troubleshooting.  
— VLAN Configurations—Set up and administer VLANs on the switch.  
— Link Aggregation—Combine ports on the switch to increase bandwidth.  
— Layer 3 IP Networking—Configure IP interfaces, RIP, and multicast routing protocols.  
User Accounts  
Access to the console is controlled via user accounts. You can create up to six accounts, one of  
which must be an Admin-level account. The other five accounts can be any combination of  
Admin-level and User-level accounts.  
1. Under Basic Setup in the left panel, click User Accounts.  
2. Click New to add a user.  
3. Enter a new username, assign an initial password, and then confirm the new password.  
Determine whether the user should have Admin or User privileges. (The next section describes  
the differences.) The first user created must be granted Admin privileges.  
4. Click Apply to make the user addition effective.  
The Apply button makes changes to the switch configuration for the current session only. If you  
want these changes to be permanent, all changes (including user additions or updates) must be  
entered into non-volatile ram using the Save Changes option in the left panel.  
Admin and User Privileges  
There are two levels of user privileges: Admin and User. Some menu selections available to users  
with Admin privileges may not be available to those with User privileges.  
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The table summarizes the Admin and User privileges:  
Admin  
User  
Switch Configuration Management  
Configuration  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
Read Only  
Read Only  
Read Only  
No  
Network Monitoring  
SNMP Community Strings and Trap Stations  
Update Firmware and Configuration Files  
Ping; Read Only access  
to BOOTP/DHCP Relay  
and DNS Relay.  
Switch Utilities  
Yes  
Factory Reset  
Reboot Switch  
Advanced Setup  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
No  
No  
Read Only  
User Account Management  
Add/Update/Delete User Accounts  
View User Accounts  
Yes  
Yes  
No  
No  
After establishing a User Account with Admin-level privileges, highlight Save Changes and press  
Enter. The switch will save any changes to its non-volatile RAM. You can now log in as that user  
and continue configuring the switch.  
Saving Changes  
The ZT8101 has two levels of memory; normal RAM and non-volatile or NV-RAM. Configuration  
changes are made effective when you click the Apply button. When you do this, the settings are  
immediately applied to the switching software in RAM and immediately take effect.  
Some settings, though, require you to restart the switch before they will take effect. Restarting the  
switch erases all settings in RAM and reloads the stored settings from the NV-RAM. Thus, it is  
necessary to save all setting changes to NV-RAM before rebooting the switch.  
To retain any configuration changes permanently  
1. In the left panel, click Save Changes.  
2. Click Save Configuration.  
A message appears verifying that your new settings have been saved to NV-RAM.  
Once the switch configuration settings have been saved to NV-RAM, they become the default  
settings for the switch. These settings will be used every time the switch is rebooted. You can use  
the Factory Reset option to return the switch to its factory configured settings.  
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Restart  
1. To restart the switch, in the left panel click Reboot.  
2. Click Yes to save the current switch configuration to non-volatile RAM (flash RAM), or No if  
you want to restart the switch using the last-saved (previous) configuration.  
3. Click Restart.  
Factory Reset  
The Factory Reset option is used to restart the switch using only the configuration that was  
supplied by the factory. A factory reset returns all configuration options to their default values and  
restores the switch’s configuration to the factory settings.  
All user-entered configuration information is lost.  
To reset the switch to factory default values  
1. In the left panel, click Factory Reset.  
2. Click Yes if you want the switch to retain its current IP address, or No to reset the switch’s IP  
address to the factory default of 10.90.90.90.  
3. Click Reboot.  
Basic Settings  
This section describes how to perform common monitoring and configuration tasks on the switch.  
Condition  
Task  
Configure the options in the Network Management  
Setup screens.  
Using SNMP for network management  
Use the Switch Utilities to save configurations for use  
on multiple switches.  
Installing more than one switch  
Use the Ping Test utility from the Switch Utilities  
menu.  
Testing communication with other devices  
Need to set the port settings for the serial port to  
values other than the default values  
Configure the options with the Serial Port Settings  
screen.  
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Switch Information  
The Switch Information screen displays descriptive information about the switch.  
In the left panel, click Switch Information. This screen contains the following information.  
Field  
Device Type  
Description  
Specifies the product name: ZT8101 Fast-Ethernet Switch.  
Specifies the unique MAC address assigned to the switch. This address is not  
configurable.  
MAC Address  
Boot PROM Version  
Firmware Version  
Specifies the version of the switch’s boot code.  
Specifies the version of the firmware installed on the switch. You can update this  
using a switch utility.  
Hardware Version  
Device S/N  
Specifies the hardware version of the main board.  
Specifies the serial number of the device.  
Specifies the name assigned to the switch system. If you are installing multiple  
switches, you should give each a unique name.  
Name  
Location  
Contact  
Specifies the area or location where the switch resides.  
Specifies the contact person for the switch.  
Spanning Tree  
GVRP  
Indicates whether STP is enabled or disabled.  
Indicates whether the Group VLAN Registration Protocol is enabled or disabled.  
Indicates whether the Internet Group Management Protocol Snooping is enabled  
or disabled.  
IGMP Snooping  
RIP  
Indicates whether the Routing Information Protocol is enabled or disabled.  
Indicates whether Protocol Independent Multicast - Dense Mode is enabled or  
disabled.  
PIM-DM  
Indicates whether the Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol is enabled or  
disabled.  
DVMRP  
Basic Switch Setup  
Use the Basic Switch Setup screen to set the boot-up option for obtaining an IP address or to  
manually assign an IP address for the switch.  
1. In the left panel, click Basic Switch Setup.  
This screen displays the current settings and allows you to configure these fields in the New  
Switch IP Settings form.  
2. To configure the IP address, configure these fields.  
Parameter  
Default  
Description  
Specifies the method for assigning the switch an IP address.  
Use the drop-down menu to select Manual, DHCP, or  
BOOTP. (For more information about these options, see the  
descriptions below.)  
Get IP From  
Manual  
IP Address  
10.90.90.90  
Specifies the IP address assigned to the switch.  
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Parameter  
Default  
255.0.0.0  
Description  
Specifies the subnet mask assigned to the switch and to the  
other devices on this segment of the network.  
Subnet Mask  
Specifies the IP address of the device that routes to different  
networks. A gateway must be defined if the workstation you  
are going to use for switch management is located on a  
different IP segment than the switch.  
Default Gateway  
VLAN Name  
0.0.0.0  
default  
Specifies the name of the VLAN that the switch resides in.  
This VLAN must already exist.  
3. To configure a name and contact information for the switch, enter information in these fields.  
Parameter  
Description  
Specifies the name assigned to the switch. If you are installing multiple  
switches, you should give each a unique name.  
Name  
Location  
Contact  
Specifies the physical location of the switch.  
Specifies the name of the person responsible for the switch.  
4. Click Apply.  
Get IP From Description  
The switch uses the Get IP From setting to determine where to get its IP address. You must use the  
Manual option if you want to configure multiple IP interfaces. The manual option is also more  
convenient if you are going to manage the switch with Telnet Console or Web Console. Both of  
these consoles require you to know the IP address, and although BOOTP/DHCP usually assign the  
same IP address when a device reboots, there is no guarantee.  
• BOOTP—The switch sends out a BOOTP broadcast request when it is powered up. The  
BOOTP protocol allows IP addresses, network masks, and default gateways to be assigned by  
a central BOOTP server. If this option is set, the switch looks first for a BOOTP server to  
provide it with this information.  
• DHCP—The switch sends out a DHCP broadcast request when it is powered up. The DHCP  
protocol allows IP addresses, network masks, and default gateways to be assigned by a DHCP  
server. If this option is set, the switch looks first for a DHCP server to provide it with this  
information.  
• Manual—The switch uses the entered IP address, Subnet Mask, and Default Gateway. These  
entries should be of the form xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx, where each xxx is a number (represented in  
decimal form) between 0 and 255. The fields that require entries under this option are as  
follows:  
— IP Address—This address should be a unique address on the network assigned to the  
switch by the network administrator.  
— Subnet Mask—This is a bitmask that determines the extent of the subnet that the switch  
is on. The value should be 255.0.0.0 for a Class A network, 255.255.0.0 for a Class B  
network, and 255.255.255.0 for a Class C network, but custom subnet masks are allowed.  
— Default Gateway—This IP address determines where packets with a destination address  
outside the current subnet are sent. This is usually the address of a router or a host acting  
as an IP gateway. If your network is not part of an intranet, or you do not want the switch  
to be accessible outside your local network, you can leave this field unchanged.  
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Serial Port Settings  
The Serial Port Settings screen allows the configuration of the switch’s serial port, which is on the  
front panel. Terminals must match these settings to connect to the switch.  
1. In the left panel, click Serial Port Settings.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Sets the serial bit rate that will be used for communication the next time the  
switch is restarted. This setting applies only when the serial port is being  
used for out-of-band management. Available speeds are 9600, 19,200,  
38,400, and 115,200 bits per second. The default setting is 9600.  
Baud Rate  
Sets the time the interface can be idle before the switch automatically logs  
out the user. The options are Never, 2, 5, 10, or 15 minutes.  
Auto-Logout  
Values for data bits (the number of bits used to represent one character of data) and stop bits  
(the number of bits used to mark the end of a unit of transmission) are displayed but are not  
configurable.  
3. Click Apply.  
Port Configurations  
You can enable or disable a specific port and set its speed and duplex state.  
1. In the left panel, click Port Configurations.  
2. Use the drop-down menu to select the port you want to configure.  
The Port Type and Connection fields will display the port’s current information.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
State  
Enables or disables the currently selected ports.  
Specifies the speed and full- or half-duplex state of the ports. For 100 Mpbs  
ports, the choices are Auto, 10/Half, 10/Full, 100/Half, or 100/Full. For  
gigabit ports, the choices are Auto,1000/Full, or 100/Full.  
Speed/Duplex  
Flow Control  
Specifies the flow control mode for the port.  
Enables or disables dynamic learning of MAC addresses. You can disable  
MAC learning to increase the security of a specific port. Such ports only  
receive broadcast traffic and packets that have a destination MAC address  
that matches the port’s MAC address.  
Learn  
Configure Ports from to  
Allows you to apply the configuration for multiple ports.  
4. Click Apply.  
Network Management  
You use the Network Management screens to display and modify parameters for the Simple  
Network Management Protocol (SNMP). The switch includes an on-board SNMP agent which  
monitors the status of its hardware, as well as the traffic passing through its ports. A computer  
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attached to the network, called a Network Management Station (NMS), can be used to access this  
information. Access rights to the on-board agent are controlled by community strings. To  
communicate with the switch, the NMS must first submit a valid community string for  
authentication.  
To configure SNMP community strings  
You can configure up to four community strings for SNMP authentication.  
1. In the left panel, click Network Management.  
2. In the top panel, click SNMP Community Setup.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies a string of up to 20 characters used for authentication of users  
wanting access to the switch’s SNMP agent.  
Community String  
Specifies the level of access for an authorized user. The level can be  
Read-Only or Read-Write.  
Rights  
Status  
Specifies whether the current string is Enabled or Disabled. This is used to  
temporarily limit access to the switch’s SNMP agent.  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure trap recipients  
The trap recipient screen allows you to specify which management stations will receive  
authentication failure messages or other trap messages from the switch. Up to three trap recipients  
may be entered.  
1. In the left panel, click Network Management.  
2. In the top panel, click SNMP Trap Recipients.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
Specifies the IP address of the management station that will receive traps  
generated by the switch.  
Specifies a string of up to 20 characters used for authentication of users  
wanting to receive traps from the switch’s SNMP agent. This is similar to a  
password in that stations that do not know the correct string cannot receive  
or request SNMP information from the switch.  
SNMP Community String  
Status  
Enables or disables the selected community string. This is used to  
temporarily limit a station from receiving traps generated by the switch.  
4. Click Apply.  
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To configure management station IP addresses  
You can specify the IP addresses of up to three management stations that will be allowed access to  
the management agent of the switch. If you enter IP addresses in this form, only the management  
stations with those IP addresses are allowed to access the management agent of the switch. All  
other IP addresses will be blocked.  
1. In the left panel, click Network Management.  
2. In the top panel, click Management Station IP Addresses.  
3. Configure the following fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
Specifies the IP addresses of the management stations that you want to  
access to the switch’s management agent.  
Port  
Specifies the ZT8108 switch port used for access.  
4. Click Apply.  
Switch Utilities  
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) services enable these maintenance tasks:  
• Upgrading the switch’s firmware by downloading a new firmware file from a TFTP server to  
the switch.  
• Downloading a configuration file from a TFTP server to the switch  
• Saving the switch’s settings to a TFTP server.  
• Saving the switch’s history log to a TFTP server.  
The TFTP server must be running TFTP server software to perform the file transfer. TFTP server  
software is a part of many network management software packages, or can be obtained as a  
separate program.  
The switch utilities also allow you ping stations and configure DNS relay and BOOTP/DHCP  
relay. The following sections describe how to perform these tasks.  
To update firmware  
1. In the left panel, click Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under TFTP Services, click Download Firmware from TFTP Server.  
3. In the Server IP Address field, enter the IP address of the TFTP server.  
4. In the Path \ Filename field, enter the full path with filename of the new firmware file on the  
TFTP server, based from the root of the server.  
5. To save this configuration information, click Save Settings. This saves the IP address of the  
TFTP server so that the next time you access this screen, you won’t have to enter the address  
or the path \ filename.  
6. To start the download, click Download.  
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When the download is completed, the switch automatically reboots and executes the new runtime  
firmware.  
To download a configuration file  
1. In the left panel, click Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under TFTP Services, click Download Configuration from TFTP Server.  
3. In the Server IP Address field, enter the IP address of the TFTP server.  
4. In the Path\ Filename field, enter the full path with filename of the configuration file on the  
TFTP server.  
5. To start the download, click Download.  
When the download is completed, the switch saves the configuration in NV-RAM and  
automatically reboots.  
Note: If FLASH becomes corrupted because you lose power when upgrading the firmware, you must use  
Zmodem to fix the problem. See “Upgrading Firmware through Zmodem” on page 19.  
To upload a configuration file  
You can save the switch's current settings to a TFTP Server. This saved file can then be used to  
reconfigure the switch or to configure another switch.  
1. In the left panel, click Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under TFTP Services, click Upload Settings to TFTP Server.  
3. In the Server IP Address field, enter the IP address of the TFTP server.  
4. In the Path\ Filename field, enter the location on the TFTP server to save the configuration.  
Include the full path and the filename in this field.  
5. To save this configuration information, click Save Settings. This saves the IP address of the  
TFTP server so that the next time you access this screen, you won’t have to enter the address  
or the path \ filename.  
6. To start the upload, click Upload.  
To upload a history log file  
1. In the left panel, click Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under TFTP Services, click Upload History Log to TFTP Server.  
3. In the Server IP Address field, enter the IP address of the TFTP server.  
4. In the Path\ Filename field, enter the location on the TFTP server to save the history log.  
Include the full path and the filename in this field.  
5. To save this configuration information, click Save Settings. This saves the IP address of the  
TFTP server so that the next time you access this screen, you won’t have to enter the address.  
6. To start the upload, click Upload.  
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To test connectivity with ping  
1. In the left panel, select Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under Others, click Ping Test.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Target IP Address  
Number of Repetitions  
Default timeout  
Specifies the IP address of the network device to ping.  
Specifies the number of test packets to send. Three is the usual number.  
Specifies the number of seconds to wait between sending the packets.  
4. To start the test, click Start.  
A window appears to display the results of the test. If you selected a large number of  
repetitions, you can select to stop and then resume the test.  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay Agent  
BOOTP/DHCP relay agent enables end stations to use a BOOTP or DHCP server to obtain TCP/IP  
configuration information or boot files to be loaded into memory, even if the servers are not on the  
local IP interface. These conditions determine whether you need to enable BOOTP/DHCP relay:  
• If the BOOTP or DCHP server and end station are on the same IP interface, no relay agent is  
necessary.  
• If the servers and the end stations are on different IP interfaces, a relay agent is necessary for  
the switch to forward the messages.  
The relay agent forwards these packets between IP interfaces, and therefore must know the IP  
addresses of the BOOTP and DHCP servers and their respective subnet names (or IP interface  
names).  
When the switch receives packets destined for a BOOTP or DHCP server, it forwards them to  
specific servers as defined in the following configuration. The switch also forwards packets from  
the BOOTP or DHCP servers to the appropriate subnets.  
To enable the BOOTP/DHCP relay agent, you must configure both the BOOT/DHCP Relay form  
and the Static Setup form.  
To configure the BOOTP/DHCP relay agent  
You must configure the relay agent so it can determine whether or not to forward a given BOOTP/  
DCHP packet.  
1. In the left panel, click Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under Others, click BOOTP/DHCP Relay.  
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3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay Status  
Enables or disables the BOOTP/DHCP relay function.  
Sets the maximum number of hops (routers) that the BOOTP  
messages can be relayed through. If a packet’s hop count is  
more than the hop count limit, the packet is dropped. The  
range is between 1—16 hops. The default value is 4.  
BOOTP Hops Count Limit  
Sets the minimum time (in seconds) that the switch will wait  
before forwarding a BOOTREQUEST packet. If the value in  
the seconds field of the packet is less than the relay time  
threshold, the packet will be dropped. The range is between  
1—9999 seconds. The default value is 4 seconds.  
BOOTP/DHCP Relay Time Threshold  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure the static BOOTP relay setup  
You must configure the BOOTP/DCHP relay agent so that it knows the servers’ IP addresses and  
subnet names (IP interface names).  
1. In the left panel, click Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under Others, click BOOTP/DHCP Relay Interface Configurations.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the subnet name (IP interface name) of the network that the  
BOOTP or DHCP server is located on.  
Interface Name  
Specifies the IP address of the BOOTP or DHCP relay server. Multiple  
servers may be entered for a given subnet name (IP interface name).  
BOOTP/DHCP Server  
4. Click Apply.  
The server is added to the BOOTP/DHCP Relay Setup list.  
5. To add another server, repeat steps 2 and 3. Each IP interface can be configured for four  
servers.  
6. To remove a server, select the server and click Delete.  
DNS Relay  
DNS relay enables the switch to act as a DNS cache or proxy and to forward DNS requests to the  
DNS server only when required. Whether you enable DNS relay depends upon whether you want  
to  
• Ssave a DNS server or the linking WAN extraneous or repetitive traffic.  
• Try to shorten the response time for a DNS request on a slow or long WAN.  
• Change or control the IP response for a series of DNS requests.  
• Control which servers are used for DNS.  
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Using the Web Console  
When the switch receives packets destined for a DNS server and the requests are not statically  
defined in the switch or previously cached, the switch forwards them to the servers as defined in  
the following configuration. The switch also forwards packets from the DNS servers back to the  
appropriate subnets.  
To configure DNS Relay  
1. In the left panel, click Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under Others, click DNS Relay.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
DNS Relay State  
Description  
Enables or disables DNS relay on the switch.  
Name Server [1}  
Specifies the IP address of the primary DNS server.  
Specifies the IP address of a secondary DNS server.  
Enables or disables the DNS cache on the switch.  
Name Server [2]  
DNS Relay Cache Status  
Enables or disables the DNS Static Table Lookup function on the  
switch.  
DNS Static Table Lookup Status  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure the static DNS table  
The second task is to tell the DNS relay agent where the servers are located in terms of IP addresses  
and subnet names (IP interface names).  
1. In the left panel, click Switch Utilities.  
2. In the top panel under Others, click DNS Relay - Static Table Configurations.  
3. Click New and configure these fields:  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the DNS server.  
Domain Name  
IP Address  
Status  
Specifies the IP address of the DNS relay server.  
Enables or disables the entry for static look up.  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To remove an entry, highlight it in the DNS Static Table and click Delete.  
Network Monitoring  
This section explains how to monitor the following aspects of the switch:  
• “Port Statistics” (packets, errors, and utilization)  
• “Address Tables” (MAC, IP, Routing, and ARP)  
• “Status” (switch history, router port table, IP multicast forwarding table, and other such tables)  
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Port Statistics  
To view port utilization  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Statistics, click Port Utilization.  
3. To change the refresh interval, select a value from the drop-down menu.  
4. To clear the gathered statistics, click Clear.  
The screen displays these statistics.  
Column  
Description  
Port  
Identifies the port.  
Tx/sec  
Rx/sec  
Displays the number of packets transmitted per second  
Displays the number of packets received per second  
Displays the calculated the percentage of the total bandwidth being used by the  
device attached to the port.  
%Utilization  
To view port error statistics  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Statistics, click Port Error Packets.  
3. In the Port field, select the port to view.  
4. In the Interval field, select the interval for updating the statistics.  
5. To clear the statistics and gather new information, click Clear.  
The screen displays these statistics.  
Field  
Description  
Rx Frames—Received packets  
Alignment. For 10 Mbps ports, the counter records CRC errors (FCS or  
alignment errors). For 100 Mbps ports, the counter records the sum of CRC  
errors and code errors (frames received with rxerror signal).  
CRC Error  
Undersize  
Oversize  
Small. The total number of frames received that were shorter than 64 octets  
long (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and were otherwise  
well formed.  
Long. The total number of frames received that were longer than 1518  
octets (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and were otherwise  
well formed.  
Small with alignment error. The total number of frames received that were  
shorter than 64 octets in length (excluding framing bits, but including FCS  
octets) and had either an FCS or an alignment error.  
Fragment  
Long with alignment error. The total number of frames received that were  
longer than 1518 octets (excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets),  
and had either an FCS or an alignment error.  
Jabber  
Total dropped. The total number of events in which packets were dropped  
due to a lack of resources.  
Drop Pkts  
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Field  
Description  
Tx—Transmitted packets  
Delayed. The number of frames for which the first transmission attempt on a  
particular interface was delayed because the medium was busy.  
ExDefer  
Alignment. For 10 Mbps ports, the counter records CRC errors (FCS or  
alignment errors). For 100 Mbps ports, the counter records the sum of CRC  
errors and code errors (frames received with rxerror signal).  
CRC Error  
Late Collisions. The number of times that a collision is detected later than  
512 bit-times into the transmission of a packet.  
Late Coll.  
Ex. Coll.  
Single Coll.  
Coll.  
Excessive Collisions. The number of frames for which transmission failed  
due to excessive collisions.  
Single Collision Frames. The number of successfully transmitted frames for  
which transmission is inhibited by more than one collision.  
Total Collisions. An estimate of the total number of collisions on this network  
segment.  
To view an analysis of packet sizes and types  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Statistics, click Port Packet Analysis.  
3. In the Port field, select the port to view.  
4. In the Interval field, select the interval for updating the statistics.  
5. To clear the statistics and gather new, click Clear.  
The tables contain the following information.  
Field  
Description  
The size in octets (bytes) of frames transmitted  
through the switch.  
Frame Size  
Frame Type  
Frame Counts  
The type of frame being transmitted  
The total number of frames transmitted through the  
switch of the corresponding size indicated.  
The number of frames per second transmitted  
through the switch of the corresponding size  
indicated.  
Frames/sec  
Packet Type  
Total  
Either received (Rx) or transmitted (Tx) packets.  
The total number of bytes or frames transmitted or  
received.  
The total number of bytes or frames received or  
transmitted per sec.  
Total/sec  
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Address Tables  
To view the MAC address table  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Tables, click MAC Address Table.  
3. Select how you want to view the MAC addresses:  
— Search Table By VLAN—Allows you to enter a VLAN name and find all known MAC  
addresses on that VLAN.  
— Search Table By MAC Address—Allows you to enter a specific MAC address or  
00-00-00-00-00-00 to list all known MAC addresses.  
— Search Table By Port—Allows you to enter a port number and find all MAC addresses  
known by that port.  
4. Click Find.  
The following information is displayed about each MAC address.  
Field  
Description  
VID  
The VLAN ID of the VLAN the port is a member of.  
The name of the VLAN corresponding to the MAC address.  
The MAC address of a device.  
VLAN Name  
MAC Address  
Port  
The port corresponding to the MAC address.  
How the switch discovered the MAC address. The possible entries are Dynamic,  
Self, and Static. Self is used to identify the switch.  
Learned  
To view the IP address table  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Tables, click IP Address Table.  
3. In the Start IP Address field, enter the IP address that you want the table to display first. The  
default value is 0.0.0.0 which displays all IP addresses in numerical order.  
4. Click Find to populate the table.  
The following information is displayed about each IP address.  
Field  
Description  
Interface  
The name of the IP Interface corresponding to the IP address.  
The IP address corresponding to the IP interface name.  
The port the IP address is associated with.  
IP Address  
Port#  
How the switch discovered the IP interface. The possible entries are Dynamic and  
Static.  
Learned  
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To view the routing table  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Tables, click Routing Table.  
3. In the entry boxes, enter the following information  
Field  
Description  
Destination Address  
Mask  
IP address of a learned or statically entered destination.  
The subnet mask corresponding to the above destination IP address.  
The default or next hop gateway to reach the destination.  
Gateway  
To find all known routes, enter 0.0.0.0 for all the addresses.  
4. Click Find.  
The following information is displayed in the table.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
The IP address corresponding to the subnet mask and gateway.  
The subnet mask corresponding to the IP address.  
The gateway used to reach the IP address.  
Netmask  
Gateway  
Interface Name  
Displays the IP interface name the destination resides on.  
Displays the number of hops (routers) between the switch and the  
destination.  
Hops  
Protocol  
Displays the routing protocol in use by the link to the destination.  
To view the ARP table  
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) table allows the switch to relate often used IP addresses to  
MAC addresses quickly, and without having to make ARP requests.  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Tables, click ARP Table.  
3. In the entry boxes, enter the following information.  
Field  
Description  
Interface Name  
Specifies the IP interface name to start the display of the ARP table.  
Specifies of an IP address to start the display of the ARP table. To find all  
entries associated with an IP interface, enter 0.0.0.0 for the IP address.  
IP Address  
4. Click Find.  
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The following ARP information is displayed.  
Field  
Description  
Interface Name  
IP Address  
The IP interface name corresponding to the IP address.  
The IP address that corresponds to the MAC address.  
The MAC address that corresponds to the IP address.  
MAC Address  
The method that was used to enter the MAC address and IP address pair  
into the ARP table. The possible entries are Static, Dynamic, and Local.  
Type  
Status  
To view GVRP Status  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Status, click GVRP Status.  
The screen contains this information.  
Field  
Description  
IEEE 802.1Q VLAN ID  
Status  
The ID assigned to the currently displayed VLAN.  
The status of the VLAN, whether it is a permanent  
definition or whether the ports dynamically joined the  
VLAN.  
The time the VLAN was created or last modified,  
relative to when the switch was last booted.  
Creation time since switch power up  
Current Egress Ports  
The ports in the VLAN which are egress ports.  
The ports in the VLAN which are untagged.  
Current Untagged Ports  
The number of VLANs that have been defined for the  
switch.  
Number of IEEE 802.1Q VLANs  
If more than one IEEE 802.1Q VLAN has been defined for the switch, click Next to view the status  
of the other VLANs.  
To view router ports  
Router ports can be either static or dynamic. Static ports are ports that you manually configure to  
route UDP multicast packets. Dynamic ports are added by the switch when the switch detects UDP  
multicast packets and IGMP multicast group membership reports on a port.  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Status, click Router Ports.  
3. In the VLAN field, enter the name of the VLAN to search for router ports.  
4. Click Find.  
The Router Port table contains the VLAN name, and under the port groupings (1 to 8, 9 to 16,  
17 to 24, and 25 to 26), a port is assigned an “S” if the port is a static router port, a “D” if the  
port has been dynamically assigned to be a router port, or a “-” if the port is not a router port.  
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To view IGMP snooping status  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Status, click IGMP Snooping Status.  
3. In the VLAN Name field, enter the name of the VLAN to retrieve IGMP snooping  
information.  
4. Click Find.  
The table displays this information.  
Field  
Description  
Multicast Group  
MAC Address  
The IP address of a multicast group learned by IGMP snooping.  
The corresponding MAC address learned by IGMP snooping.  
Displays the ports that have forwarded multicast packets from the above  
source.  
Port Map  
Reports  
The number of IGMP reports for the listed source.  
To view the IP multicast forwarding table  
You can browse the IP multicast forwarding table for static and dynamic (learned) entries. You can  
also search the table using a combination of a multicast group IP address, a multicast source IP  
address, and a subnet mask.  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Status, click IP Multicast Forwarding Table.  
3. Enter a multicast group address, a source IP address, and a source subnet mask address. To  
find all multicast groups known to the switch, use 0.0.0.0 for all the addresses.  
4. Click Find.  
The table displays this information.  
Column  
Description  
Multicast Group  
The IP address of a multicast group used in the search for a specific entry.  
The IP address of a multicast source used in the search for a specific entry.  
Source IP Address.  
The subnet mask of a multicast source used in the search for a specific  
entry.  
Source Mask  
The IP address of the next hop router between the multicast group and the  
source.  
Upstream Neighbor  
Expire Time  
Protocol  
The number of seconds the packets from the multicast source can live.  
The multicast routing protocol used by the current source.  
To view the IGMP group table  
You can search the IGMP table using a combination of an IP interface name and a multicast group  
IP address.  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Status, click IGMP Group Table  
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3. In the Interface Name field, enter the name of an IP interface.  
4. In the Multicast Group field, enter the IP address of a multicast group. To find all groups for  
the specified IP interface, use 0.0.0.0 for the address.  
5. Click Find.  
The table displays this information.  
Column  
Description  
Interface Name  
Multicast Group  
Last Reporter IP  
Querier IP  
The IP interface associated with the multicast group.  
The IP address of the multicast group associated with the IP interface.  
The IP address of the member which responded with the last report.  
The IP address of the member elected to be the querier for the group.  
The time when the next report is due.  
Expire  
To view the DVMRP routing table  
You can search the DVMRP routing table with an IP address and subnet mask combination.  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Status, click DVMRP Routing Table.  
3. Enter an IP address and a subnet mask.  
4. Click Find.  
The table displays this information:  
Column  
Description  
Source Address  
Source Mask  
The source IP address used to retrieve this information.  
The source subnet mask used to retrieve this information.  
The IP address of the next hop router for the source address.  
Next Hop Router  
The number of hops (routers) between the multicast group member and the  
switch.  
Hop  
The method the switch used to discover the source address, either Static or  
Dynamic.  
Learned  
Interface Name  
Expire  
The IP interface name of the source address.  
The number of seconds before the entry expires. Expired entries display  
H-D (hold down) for 120 seconds before they are removed.  
To view the switch’s history log  
1. In the left panel, click Network Monitoring.  
2. In the top panel under Status, click Switch History.  
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The Switch History screen contains this information  
Field  
Description  
A counter incremented whenever an entry to the switch’s history log is  
made. The table displays the last entry (highest sequence number) first.  
Sequence  
The time the history log entry was made. The time is specified in days,  
hours, and minutes since the switch was last restarted.  
Time  
Log Text  
Text describing the event that triggered the history log entry.  
Advanced Setup  
Most of the following options can be configured independently of the other options. However, you  
must configure a VLAN before you can configure an IP interface for it.  
Spanning Tree Protocol  
The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) prevents loops in a network by allowing only one active path  
between any two network devices at a time. (For more information about using this protocol, refer  
to “Spanning Tree Concepts” in chapter 3.)  
STP operates on two levels. On the switch level, the settings are globally implemented. On the port  
level, the settings are implemented on a user-defined group basis. STP must be enabled on the  
switch for it to be enabled on a particular port.  
To configure STP switch settings  
1. In the left panel, click Spanning Tree.  
2. In the top panel, click STP Switch Settings.  
3. In the Status field, select to Enabled or Disabled.  
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4. Configure the following fields. The factory default settings should cover the majority of  
installations, and most installations should keep these default settings.  
Field  
Default  
Description  
Specifies the maximum time (in seconds) the switch will wait  
for a configuration message from the root bridge. At the end  
of this time, the switch will start sending out its own  
configuration messages for permission to become the root  
bridge.  
The device with the lowest bridge identifier becomes the root  
bridge (see the Priority field).  
Max Age  
20  
Max Age must be set within the following range:  
•
The minimum value is the higher of 6 or [2 x (Hello Time  
+1)]  
•
The maximum value is the lower of 40 or [2 x (Forward  
Delay -1)]  
Specifies the time interval (in seconds) between two  
configuration messages. The root bridge sends these  
messages at this interval to inform all other devices that it is  
the root bridge. This time will be used if and when your switch  
becomes the root bridge.  
Hello Time  
2
It can be set from 1—10 seconds.  
The Hello Time cannot be longer than the Max Age;  
otherwise, a configuration error occurs.  
Specifies the maximum time (in seconds) the root device will  
wait before changing states (for example, from listening to  
blocking, from blocking to forwarding). This delay is required  
because every device must receive information about  
topology changes before it starts to forward packets. In  
addition, each port needs time to listen for conflicting  
information that would make it return to a blocking state;  
otherwise, temporary data loops might result.  
Forward Delay  
15  
•
•
Maximum value is 30  
Minimum value is the higher of 4 or [(Max. Age / 2) +1]  
Priority is used in selecting the root bridge, root port, and  
designated port. The device with the highest priority becomes  
the STP root bridge. The lower the numeric value, the higher  
the priority. If all devices have the same priority, the device  
with the lowest MAC address will become the root bridge.  
Priority  
32768  
Range: 0—65535.  
5. Click Apply.  
The following information is displayed about STP.  
Field  
Description  
Designated Root Bridge  
Root Priority  
The IP address of the current root bridge for the STP group.  
The current value of the bridge priority for the group.  
The currently-assigned cost for the route from the designated STP-group  
port to the root bridge.  
Cost to Root  
Root Port  
The port number of the root port.  
The time (in seconds) since the last change in the root bridge or designated  
STP-group port.  
Last Topology Change  
Topology Change Count  
The number of topology changes since the switch was last restarted.  
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To define the port members of an STP group  
The switch allows you to configure Spanning Tree Groups that consist of a group of ports that will  
be handled as though they were a single spanning tree device. An STP group uses the switch-level  
parameters entered above, with the addition of port priority and port cost.  
An STP group spanning tree works in the same way as the switch-level spanning tree, but the root  
bridge concept is replaced with a root port concept. A root port is a port of the group that is elected  
(on the basis of port priority and port cost) to be the connection to the network for the group.  
Redundant links will be blocked, just as redundant links are blocked on the switch level.  
An STP port group should correspond to a VLAN group of ports.  
1. In the left panel, click Spanning Tree.  
2. In the top panel, click STP Port Settings.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the port cost. It can be set between 1—65535. The lower the cost,  
the greater the probability the port will be chosen as the designated port  
(chosen to forward packets). The default value for the 10/100 ports is 19,  
and for the 100/1000 ports it is 4.  
Cost  
Specifies the port priority. It can be set between 0—255. The default is 128.  
The lower the priority, the greater the probability the port will be chosen as  
the root port. If two ports have the same priority, the port with the lowest port  
number is selected. For example, STP chooses port 1 over port 5 if they  
both have the same priority.  
Priority  
State  
Enables or disables STP on the specified port or range of ports.  
4. Click Apply.  
The Status field displays whether the port is Disabled or Forwarding. The STP Name field  
displays the assigned STP group name for the port.  
Forwarding  
Forwarding reduces traffic congestion on the network because packets are transmitted only to the  
destination port rather than to all ports. The switch maintains a number of static forwarding tables  
which you can manually configure for MAC, IP, and ARP forwarding.  
This section explains how to configure  
• MAC address aging  
• MAC forwarding (unicast MAC address, multicast MAC address, and storm control)  
• IP forwarding (static and default routes, static ARP)  
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To configure MAC address aging  
A very long MAC address aging time can result in out-of-date dynamic entries that may cause  
incorrect packet filtering and forwarding decisions. A very short aging time may cause entries to be  
aged out too soon, which results in a high percentage of received packets whose source addresses  
cannot be found in the address table. In this case, the switch must broadcast the packet to all ports,  
negating many of the benefits of having a switch.  
1. In the left panel, select Forwarding.  
2. In the top panel under MAC Forwarding, select MAC Address Aging Time.  
3. In the MAC Address Aging Time field, specify the length of time a learned MAC address can  
remain in the forwarding table without being accessed (that is, how long a learned MAC  
Address is allowed to remain idle). The aging time can be set to any value between 300—  
1,000,000 seconds. The default is 300 seconds (5 minutes).  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure unicast MAC address forwarding  
1. In the left panel, click Forwarding.  
1. In the top panel under MAC Forwarding, click Unicast MAC Address Settings.  
2. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
MAC Address  
Description  
Specifies the unicast MAC address in the packets.  
VLAN Name  
Type  
Specifies the VLAN to which the MAC address belongs.  
Specifies whether to forward the packets (Static) or to drop the packets  
(BlackHole).  
Specifies which port to use for forwarding the packets. This option is not  
available if BlackHole is specified as the type.  
Port  
3. Click Apply.  
4. To remove an entry for the Entries list, select the entry and click Delete.  
To configure multicast MAC address forwarding  
The multicast MAC address settings configure the switch to forward multicast packets from a  
specific MAC address to a specified VLAN. The port settings determine which ports can join the  
VLAN to forward the multicast packets.  
1. In the left panel, click Forwarding.  
2. In the top panel under MAC Forwarding, click Multicast MAC Address Settings.  
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3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
MAC Address  
Description  
Specifies the MAC address of the source of the multicast packets.  
Specifies which VLAN to forward the multicast packets to.  
Specifies how the port can join the multicast group.  
VLAN Name  
•
Engress—Specifies that the port is a static member of the multicast  
group.  
State  
•
•
Forbidden—Restricts the port from joining the multicast group.  
None—Specifies that the port has no restrictions and that it can join the  
multicast group dynamically.  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure storm control  
The storm control settings allow you to specify thresholds for broadcast or multicast traffic that  
will activate storm control. When the threshold is exceeded, the switch drops the broadcast or  
multicast traffic. When the traffic level drops below the threshold, the switch resumes forwarding  
the traffic again.  
1. In the left panel, click Forwarding.  
2. In the top panel under MAC Forwarding, click Broadcast/Multicast Storm Control.  
3. Configure these following fields for each port group.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies, in thousands, the number of broadcast or multicast packets per  
second a port can receive before triggering a storm control response.  
Upper Threshold (Kpps)  
Broadcast Storm Mode  
Multicast Storm Mode  
Enables or disables storm control for broadcast packets.  
Enables or disables storm control for multicast packets.  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure advanced traffic control  
Advance traffic control sets the threshold for the amount of traffic a port can handle before  
triggering flow control. You must enable flow control on the ports before you can set a flow control  
threshold.  
1. In the left panel, click Forwarding.  
2. In the top panel under MAC Forwarding, click Advance Traffic Control.  
3. Select the port you want to configure and click Edit.  
4. In the Flow Control Threshold field, enter a value from 2—57344.  
5. If you want this setting to apply to more than the selected port, select a group of ports in the  
Configure Port from field.  
6. Click Apply.  
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The table displays this information about the ports:  
Field  
Description  
Port  
The port number.  
The current value of the flow control threshold.  
Flow Control Threshold  
Drop Packet  
A status field that indicates whether the port is currently dropping packets.  
A status field that indicates whether the port is currently implementing flow  
control.  
Flow Control Status  
Port Connection  
A status filed that indicates the port’s speed, duplex mode, and flow control  
mode.  
To configure static IP routes  
1. In the left panel, click Forwarding.  
2. In the top panel under IP Forwarding, click Static/Default Routes.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
Specifies the IP address to be statically entered into the IP forwarding table.  
Specifies the corresponding subnet mask for the IP address.  
Subnet Mask  
Gateway IP  
Specifies the address of the next hop gateway for the IP address. This is  
usually a router with a connection to a WAN or the Internet.  
Specifies the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) metric. This is the number  
of hops between the IP address and the gateway. This is a number between  
1—15.  
Metric  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To delete a route, select the entry in the static/default route table and click Delete.  
To configure static ARP  
The ARP table maps an IP address to a device’s MAC address.  
1. In the left panel, click Forwarding.  
2. In the top panel under IP Forwarding, click Static ARP.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the IP interface of the IP address that you are adding to the static  
ARP table.  
Interface Name  
IP Address field  
MAC Address  
Specifies the IP address of the end node or station.  
Specifies the MAC address corresponding to the IP address.  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To delete a route, select the entry in the static ARP table and click Delete.  
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IP Address Filtering  
You can manually configure the switch to drop packets from specified MAC and IP addresses. For  
information about specifying MAC addresses to drop, see the Forwarding | Unicast MAC  
Address Setting screen  
To specify an IP address for filtering  
1. In the left panel, click IP Address Filtering.  
2. Click New and configure these fields:  
Field  
IP Address  
Description  
Specifies the IP address of the packets you want dropped.  
Specifies the condition for filtering the packets:  
•
•
•
Destination—Packets with the above IP address as their destination  
will be dropped.  
Source/Destination  
Source—Packets with the above IP address as their source will be  
dropped.  
Either—All packets with the above IP address will be dropped.  
3. Click Apply.  
The entry is added to the table.  
4. To remove an entry, select the entry in the table and click Remove.  
MAC Address Priority  
You can specify a MAC address so that packets with this address are given special handling, either  
a higher or lower priority than normal traffic.  
Note: If flow control is enabled, a small of amount of low priority traffic may be forwarded before high  
priority traffic.  
To set up a MAC address priority  
1. In the left panel, click MAC Address Priority.  
2. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
MAC Address  
Description  
Specifies the MAC address to set a priority for.  
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Field  
VLAN Name  
Description  
Specifies the name of VLAN on which this MAC address resides.  
Specifies the priority for this MAC address. The levels are 0—7, with 7 being  
the highest priority.  
User Priority  
Specifies the state under which the above priority will be active. The options  
are  
•
•
•
Destination—Packets with the above MAC address as their destination  
will be given the selected priority.  
Source/Destination  
Source—Packets with the above MAC address as their source will be  
given the selected priority.  
Either—All packets with the above MAC address will be given the  
selected priority.  
3. Click Apply.  
4. To remove an entry, select the entry in the table and click Delete.  
Mirroring Configurations  
Incoming or outgoing traffic from any source port can be mirrored for realtime analysis. A logic  
analyzer or a RMON probe can then be attached to study the traffic crossing the source port in a  
completely unobtrusive manner. When mirroring port traffic, remember the following conditions:  
• The target port should be operating at the same or higher speed than the source port. If the  
target port is operating at a lower speed than the source port, packets will be lost.  
• For optimum performance, you should mirror three or fewer ports at any given time.  
To configure a port for mirroring  
1. In the left panel, click Mirroring Configurations.  
2. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the port where information will be duplicated and sent for capture  
and network analysis. This is the port where a network analyzer would be  
attached to capture packets duplicated from the source port.  
Target Port  
Specifies which port to be mirror and which packets to be mirror. This port is  
the source of the packets. Use one of the following values:  
•
•
•
•
Rx—Mirror incoming packet.  
Tx—Mirror outgoing packets.  
Mirrored Port  
Both—Mirror both incoming and outgoing packets.  
None—Do not mirror.  
If the port is grayed out, the port cannot be selected for mirroring.  
3. Click Apply.  
4. To remove an entry, select the port and click None.  
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VLAN Configurations  
The switch allows the assignment of an IP interface to each VLAN. A VLAN must be configured  
before setting up its IP interface. You can create either a port-based or an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN. By  
default, all ports belong to an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN called “default.” Although this VLAN cannot  
be deleted, all member ports can be assigned to other VLANs.  
To configure GVRP globally  
The global GVRP flag determines whether GVRP (Group VLAN Registration Protocol) is enabled  
on the switch so that the switch can share VLAN information with other switches, and VLANs can  
span multiple switches. When this flag is disabled, VLANs are confined to the physical  
connections of the switch. By default, this flag is disabled.  
1. In the left panel, click VLAN Configurations.  
2. In the top panel, click Switch GVRP.  
3. Use the drop-down menu to select Enabled or Disabled.  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure a port-based VLAN  
Ports must be removed from another VLAN before they are available for assigning as static  
members of a port-based VLAN.  
1. In the left panel, click VLAN Configurations.  
2. In the top panel, click Port-Based VLANs.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the VLAN for which ports are to be configured. The  
name can be up to 32 characters. Once created, a VLAN name cannot be  
modified.  
VLAN Name  
Specifies which ports are static members of the VLAN. Click a port’s check  
box to add a port to the VLAN.  
Port Member  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To modify a VLAN, select it from the list and click Edit.  
To configure an 802.1Q VLAN  
1. In the left panel, click VLAN Configurations.  
2. In the top panel, click 802.1Q VLANs.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies an identifier for the VLAN. Enter a number from 2—4094.  
VLAN ID (VID)  
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Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the VLAN for which ports are to be configured. The  
name can be up to 32 characters. Once created, the name cannot be  
modified.  
VLAN Name  
Specifies the port’s membership status. Select the appropriate state by  
selecting a radial button for each port. Options which aren’t available are  
grayed out.  
•
Untagged—Designates the port as an untagged member of the VLAN.  
When an untagged packet is transmitted by the port, the packet header  
remains unchanged. When a tagged packet exits the port, the tag is  
stripped and the packet is changed to an untagged packet. If the port is  
attached to a device that is not IEEE 802.1Q VLAN compliant  
(VLAN-tag unaware), then the port should be set to U - Untagged.  
•
Tagged—Designates the port as a tagged member of the VLAN. When  
an untagged packet is transmitted by the port, the packet header is  
changed to include the 32-bit tag associated with the PVID (Port VLAN  
Identifier). When a tagged packet with a different VID exits the port, the  
packet header is unchanged. If the port is attached to a device that is  
IEEE 802.1Q VLAN compliant, (VLAN-tag aware), then the port can be  
set to Tagged.  
Membership  
•
•
Forbidden—Designates the port as not being a member of the VLAN  
and prevents packets tagged with the VLAN’s VID from entering the  
port.  
None—Designates the port as not being a member of the VLAN.  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure member ports of an 802.1Q VLAN  
1. In the left panel, click VLAN Configurations.  
2. In the top panel, click IEEE 802.1Q Port Settings.  
3. For each port, enable or disable the following:  
Field  
Description  
Specifies whether the port can dynamically become a member of a VLAN.  
This protocol allows the port to share VLAN information with other ports so  
that a VLAN can span multiple switches.  
GVRP  
Specifies whether a port checks the VID of incoming packets against its VID  
or PVID. If the two are equal, the port will receive the packet. It the two are  
unequal, the port will drop the packet. This is used to limit traffic to a single  
VLAN.  
Ingress Checking  
4. Click Apply.  
Link Aggregation  
Link aggregation allows several ports to be grouped together so that they can act as a single port.  
This is done to either increase the bandwidth of a network connection or to increase fault tolerance.  
Link Aggregation is most commonly used to link a bandwidth-intensive network device or devices  
—such as a server or server farm—to the backbone of a network.  
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You can configure up to six aggregation groups, each using from two to eight ports between any  
two ZT8101 switches or other switches that support Etherchannel. Etherchannel is only required  
for this first release. In the second release, the ports can be from any switch that is compliant with  
802.1ad.  
To configure a link aggregation group  
1. In the left panel, click Link Aggregation.  
2. Select a group to configure and click Edit.  
3. Configure these fields for the group.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the first port in the group. This port’s configuration (speed, full- or  
half-duplex, etc.) will be used by all of the ports in the group. This port  
becomes the master port.  
Starting Port  
Specifies the number of ports, in sequential order from the master port, that  
will be included in the group.  
Group Width  
Status  
Enables or disables the group.  
4. Click Apply.  
In addition to the configuration information, the table displays which port has been assigned to be  
the anchor port. The anchor port is responsible for the flooding of multicast frames and for sending  
control packets.  
Layer 3 - IP Networking  
This section describes how to configure  
• IP interfaces  
• RIP  
• Multicast routing protocols  
Setting Up IP Interfaces  
Each IP interface on the switch corresponds to a VLAN. A VLAN, which does not have a  
corresponding IP interface defined for it, will function as a Layer 2-only VLAN.  
The switch allows ranges of IP addresses (OSI Layer 3) to be assigned to VLANs (OSI Layer 2).  
Each VLAN must be configured prior to setting up the corresponding IP interface.  
To set up IP interfaces on the switch  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel under IP Interface Settings, click IP Interface Settings.  
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3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the name of the IP interface. The default VLAN interface name is  
System.  
Interface Name  
Specifies the IP address of the IP interface (sometimes referred to as a  
network address).  
IP Address  
Subnet Mask  
VLAN Name  
Specifies the subnet mask for the IP address.  
Specifies the VLAN that is assigned to this IP interface. This VLAN must  
already exist. The IP interface gets its port membership from the VLAN.  
Active  
Enables or disables the IP interface.  
Port Member  
Specifies the ports which are to be members of this IP interface.  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To delete an IP interface, highlight the interface and click Delete.  
If you modify an existing IP interface and apply the changes, the RIP and IP multicast interface  
configurations are reset to default values.  
RIP Configuration  
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector protocol that uses the hop count as its  
criteria for making routing decisions. RIP is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), which means that  
it performs routing within a single autonomous system.  
To globally enable or disable RIP  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel under IP Interface Settings, click RIP Status.  
3. In the RIP field, select either Disabled or Enabled.  
4. Click Apply.  
To configure RIP interface settings  
An IP Interface must be defined before you can configure its RIP settings.  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel under IP Interface Settings, click RIP Interface Settings.  
3. Select the interface you want to configure and click Edit.  
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4. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies which version of the RIP protocol will be used to transmit RIP  
packets. This field toggles between Disabled, V1 Only, V1 Compatible, and  
V2 Only. Disabled prevents the transmission of RIP packets.  
Tx Mode  
Rx Mode  
Specifies which version of the RIP protocol will be used to interpret received  
RIP packets. This field toggles between Disabled, V1 Only, V2 Only, and V1  
and V2. Disabled prevents the reception of RIP packets.  
Enables or disables authentication between routers. When authentication is  
enabled, a password is used to authenticate communication between  
routers on the network. Authentication is only supported when RIP is in V1  
Compatible or V2 mode.  
Authentication.  
Specifies the password to be used to authenticate communication between  
routers on the network.  
Password  
5. Click Apply.  
Multicast Global Configurations  
The Multicast Global Configurations screen is only for globally enabling or disabling the multicast  
routing protocols on the switch. Each VLAN or IP Interface uses these global values unless you  
configured it to use specialized settings. The protocol must be enabled globally before you can  
enable it on a specific VLAN or IP interface. (RIP is globally set up with the RIP Configuration  
option.)  
To configure globally the multicast protocols  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel under IP Multicast Routing Protocols, click Multicast Global  
Configurations.  
3. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Enables or disables, globally, Internet Group Management Protocol  
(IGMP) snooping. This protocol allows the switch to forward  
multicast traffic intelligently on the switch.  
Switch IGMP Snooping  
Enables or disables, globally, the Distance-Vector Multicast Routing  
Protocol (DVMRP).  
DVMRP  
DVMRP Include Report From  
Unknown Neighbors  
Enables or disables receiving DVMRP reports from unknown  
neighbors.  
Enables or disables, globally, the Protocol Independent Multicasting  
- Dense Mode (PIM-DM) multicasting protocol.  
PIM-DM  
4. Click Apply. Each protocol has a corresponding configuration form.  
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IGMP Configurations  
The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) allows the switch to forward multicast traffic  
intelligently on the switch. The switch “snoops” the IRMP query and report messages and forwards  
traffic only to the ports that request the multicast traffic. This prevents the switch from  
broadcasting the traffic to all ports and possibly affecting network performance.  
IGMP requires a network device that learns about the presence of multicast groups on its subnets  
and keeps track of group membership. Multicasting is not connection oriented, so data is delivered  
to the requesting hosts on a best-effort level of service.  
The switch has two configuration screens for IGMP:  
• The IGMP snooping screen allows you to configure the switch for snooping and querying.  
• The IGMP interface screen allows you to configure the switch to keep track of IGMP groups.  
To configure IGMP snooping  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel under IP Multicast Routing Protocols, click IGMP Snooping  
Configurations.  
3. Select a VLAN and click Edit.  
4. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies whether this VLAN should respond to IGMP queries. Three  
options are available:  
•
•
•
No—Prevents this VLAN from becoming a querier.  
Querier State  
V1—Enables the sending of IGMP query packets when needed.  
V2—Enables the sending of IGMP query and leave packets according  
to the IGMP V2 specification.  
Specifies the time that can elapse between general IGMP queries. Enter a  
value between 1—65535 seconds. The default is 125.  
Query Interval  
Robustness Variable  
Max Response  
State  
Specifies the permitted packet loss on a link. Enter a value between 2—255.  
The default is 2.  
Specifies the maximum time the switch can wait for IGMP member reports.  
Enter a value between 1—25. The default is 10 seconds.  
Enables or disables learning about IGMP groups. If enabled, the switch  
limits multicast forwarding to active member ports.  
5. Click Apply.  
The following conditions affect the fields on the IGMP snooping screen:  
• The switch IGMP snooping flag must be enabled for these settings to have any effect.  
• If the IGMP settings have been enabled for the IP interface associated with the VLAN you  
select, the only field available on the IGMP snooping screen is the State field.  
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To configure IGMP for an IP interface  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel under IP Multicast Routing Protocols, click IGMP Interface Configurations.  
3. Select an interface and click Edit.  
4. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the version number of IGMP to be used with the IP interface.  
Select between 1 and 2.  
Version  
Specifies the time (in seconds) between the transmission of IGMP query  
packets. Enter a value between 1—65535 seconds. The default is 125.  
Query Interval  
Specifies the maximum time the switch can wait for reports from members.  
Enter a value between 1—25. The default is 10 seconds.  
Max Response Time  
Specifies the permitted packet loss on a link. Enter a value between 1—255.  
The default is 2.  
Robustness Variable  
State  
Enables or disables IGMP on this IP interface.  
5. Click Apply.  
DVMRP Interface Configurations  
The Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) is a hop-based method of building  
multicast delivery trees from multicast sources to all nodes of a network. Because the delivery trees  
are “pruned” and use the “shortest path,” DVMRP is relatively efficient. Because multicast group  
membership information is forwarded by a distance-vector algorithm, propagation is slow.  
DVMRP is optimized for high delay (high latency) and relatively low-bandwidth networks, and it  
can be considered as a “best-effort” multicasting protocol.  
To configure DVMRP for an IP interface  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel, click DVMRP Interface Configurations.  
3. Select the interface and click Edit.  
4. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the maximum interval the switch will wait to hear from a neighbor.  
Neighbor Timeout Interval If this interval expires, the switch assumes that this neighbor is down. Enter  
a value from 1—65535. The default is 35.  
Specifies the interval between probes. A probe is a query to other routers to  
Probe Interval  
determine if a multicast group is present on a given router subnetwork.  
Enter a value from 1—65535 seconds. The default is 10.  
Specifies cost for this path. The higher the assigned cost, the less likely it is  
that multicast packets will be routed over this interface (provided that other  
path options exist). Enter a value between 1—31. The default is 1.  
Metric  
State  
Enables or disables DVMRP for this interface.  
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5. Click Apply.  
PIM-DM Setup  
The Protocol Independent Multicast - Dense Mode (PIM-DM) protocol should be used in networks  
with a low delay (low latency) and high bandwidth because PIM-DM is optimized to guarantee  
delivery of multicast packets, not to reduce overhead.  
To configure PIM-DM for an IP interface  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel, click PIM-DIM Interface Configurations.  
3. Select the interface and click Edit.  
4. Configure these fields.  
Field  
Description  
Specifies the interval between sending Hello packets to other routers on the  
network. The Hello messages are used by the router to determine whether it  
is the root router on the delivery tree or not. If the router does not receive a  
Hello message within the Hello Interval, it will begin transmitting Hello  
messages to advertise its availability to become the root router. The range is  
between 1—65535 seconds. The default is 30 seconds.  
Hello Interval  
Specifies the interval between transmitting (flooding to all interfaces)  
multicast messages to downstream routers, and automatically “pruning” a  
branch from the multicast delivery tree. This interval also determines the  
time interval the router uses to automatically perform the following:  
Join/Prune Interval  
•
•
Remove prune information from a branch of a multicast delivery tree.  
Begin to flood multicast messages to all branches of that delivery tree.  
These two actions are equivalent. The range is between 1— 65535  
seconds. The default is 60 seconds.  
State  
Disables or enables PIM-DM for this IP interface. The default is Disabled.  
5. Click Apply.  
Static Router Port Settings  
A static router port allows UDP multicast and IGMP packets to be forwarded to a designated port  
regardless of VLAN configuration.  
A router port functions within Layer 2 of the OSI model. A static router port is a port that has a  
router attached to it. Generally, this router would have a connection to a WAN or to the Internet.  
Establishing a router port will allow multicast packets coming from the router to be propagated  
through the network. It also allows multicast messages coming from the network to be propagated  
to the router.  
The purpose of a router port is to enable UDP multicast packets and IGMP multicast group  
membership messages to reach multiple ports of a multi-port router. Routers do not implement  
IGMP snooping or transmit/forward IGMP report packets. Thus, forwarding all IP UDP multicast  
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packets to a static router port on the ZT8101 switch guarantees that all ports of a multi-port router,  
which are attached to the switch, can reach all multicast group members through the attached  
router’s other ports.  
A router port interacts with multicast packets in these ways:  
• All IGMP report packets will be forwarded to the router port.  
• IGMP queries (from the router port) will be flooded to all ports.  
• All UDP multicast packets will be forwarded to the router port. Because routers do not send  
IGMP reports or implement IGMP snooping, a multi-port router connected to the router port  
of the Layer 3 switch would not be able to receive UDP data streams from its ports unless the  
UDP multicast packets were all forwarded to the router port.  
A router port will be dynamically configured when IGMP query packets, RIPv2 multicast,  
DVMRP multicast, PIM-DM multicast packets are detected flowing into a port.  
To configure a static router port  
1. In the left panel, click Layer 3 IP Networking.  
2. In the top panel, click Static Router Port Settings.  
3. Click New and configure these fields.  
Field  
VLAN Name  
Description  
Specifies the name of the VLAN that you want to configure a static router  
port for.  
Specifies the ports that you want to set up as static router ports. To select a  
port, click the port.  
Port Members  
4. Click Apply.  
5. To delete an entry from the table, select the entry and click Delete.  
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Agency Approvals  
A
CE Certification  
The ZT8101 meets the intent of Directive 89/336/EEC for Electromagnetic Compatibility & Low-  
Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC for Product Safety. The ZT8101 has been designed for NEBS/ETSI  
compliance.  
Safety  
Safety for Information Technology Equipment  
UL/cUL 60950  
(UL File # E179737)  
EN/IEC 60950  
Safety for Information Technology Equipment  
CB Certificate and Report  
CB Report Scheme  
Emissions Test Regulations  
FCC Part 15, Subpart B  
EN 55022  
CISPR 22  
Bellcore GR-1089  
EN 50081-1 Emissions  
GR-1089-CORE  
EN 55022  
Sections 2 and 3  
Class A Radiated  
EN 55022  
Power Line Conducted Emissions  
Power Line Harmonic Emissions  
Power Line Fluctuation and Flicker  
EN 61000-3-2  
EN 61000-3-3  
EN 55024 Immunity  
GR-1089-CORE  
EN 61000 4-2  
EN 61000 4-3  
EN 61000 4-4  
EN 61000 4-5  
EN 61000 4-6  
EN 61000 4-11  
GR-1089-CORE Sections 2 and 3  
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)  
Radiated Susceptibility  
Electrical Fast Transient Burst  
Power Line Surge  
Frequency Magnetic Fields  
Voltage Dips, Variations, & Short Interruptions  
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Regulatory Information  
FCC—Federal Communications Commission (USA)  
This product has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device  
pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection  
against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment.  
This product generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used  
in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio  
communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful  
interference, in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.  
Note: This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two  
conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any  
interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.  
Caution: If you make any modification to the equipment not expressly approved by Intel, you could void  
your authority to operate the equipment.  
Industry Canada (Canada)  
Cet appareil numérique respecte les limites bruits radioélectriques applicables aux appareils  
numériques de Classe A prescrites dans la norme sur le matériel brouilleur: "Appareils  
Numériques", NMB-003 édictée par le Ministre Canadien des Communications.  
This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class A limits for radio noise emissions from digital  
apparatus set out in the interference-causing equipment standard entitled: "Digital Apparatus,"  
ICES-003 of the Canadian Department of Communications.  
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Agency Approvals  
Product Safety Information  
Safety Precautions  
Review the following precautions to avoid injury and prevent damage to this product, or products to  
which it is connected. To avoid potential hazards, use the product only as specified.  
Read all safety information provided in the component product user manuals and understand the  
precautions associated with safety symbols, written warnings, and cautions before accessing parts  
or locations within the unit.  
Caution: To Avoid Electric Overload. To avoid electrical hazards (heat shock and/or fire  
hazard), do not make connections to terminals outside the range specified for that terminal.  
See the product user manual for correct connections.  
Caution: To Avoid the Risk of Electric Shock. When supplying power to the system, always  
make connections to a grounded main. Always use a power cable with a grounded plug (third  
grounding pin). Do not operate in wet, damp, or condensing conditions.  
Caution: System Airflow Requirements. Platform components such as single board  
computers, Ethernet switches, etc., are designed to operate with external air flow.  
Components can be destroyed if they are operated without external air flow. External air flow is  
normally provided by chassis fans when components are installed in compatible chassis.  
Filler panels must be installed over unused chassis slots so that airflow requirements are met.  
Refer to the product data sheet for airflow requirements if you are installing components in  
custom chassis.  
Warning: Microprocessor Heatsinks May Become Hot During Normal Operation. To avoid  
burns, do not allow anything to touch processor heatsinks.  
Caution: Do Not Operate Without Covers. To avoid electric shock or fire hazard, do not operate  
this product with any removed enclosure covers or panels.  
Caution: Do Not Operate in an Explosive Atmosphere. To avoid injury, fire hazard, or  
explosion, do not operate this product in an explosive atmosphere.  
Caution: If Your System Has Multiple Power Supply Sources. Disconnect all external power  
connections before servicing.  
Warning: Power Supplies Must Be Replaced by Qualified Service Personnel Only.  
Caution: Lithium batteries are not field-replacable units. There is a danger of explosion if a  
battery is incorrectly replaced or handled. Do not disassemble or recharge the battery. Do not  
dispose of the battery in fire. When the battery is replaced, the same type or an equivalent type  
recommended by the manufacturer must be used. Used batteries must be disposed of according  
to the manufacturer’s instructions. Return the unit to Intel for battery service.  
ZT8101 Users Guide  
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Agency Approvals  
Product Safety Information  
AC and/or DC Power Safety Warning (AC and/or DC Powered Units)  
The AC and/or DC Power cord is your unit’s main AC and/or DC disconnecting device, and  
must be easily accessible at all times. Auxiliary AC and/or DC On/Off switches and/or circuit  
breaker switches are for power control functions only (NOT THE MAIN DISCONNECT).  
For your safety, use only a power cord with a grounded plug. The enclosure is also provided with a  
separate Earth ground connection/stud. The Earth ground connection should be installed prior to the  
application of power or peripheral connections and should never be disconnected while power or  
peripheral connections exist.  
To reduce the possibility of electric shock from a telephone or Ethernet system, plug your enclosure  
into the power source before making these connects. Disconnect these connections before  
unplugging your enclosure from the power source.  
Warning: Verify Power Cord and Outlet Compatibility. Check to ensure you are using the  
appropriate power cords for your power outlet configurations. Visit the following Web site for  
additional information: http://kropla.com/electric2.htm.  
Rack Mount Enclosure Safety  
Your enclosure may be intended for stationary rack mounting. Mount in a rack designed to meet the  
physical strength requirements of NEBS GR-63-CORE and NEBS GR 487. Your system may have  
multiple power sources. Disconnect all power sources and external connections/cables prior to  
installing or removing your system from a rack frame.  
Prior to mounting, Intel recommends that you remove all hot-swappable equipment for optimum  
weight reduction. Be sure to mount your system in a way that ensures even loading of the rack.  
Uneven mechanical loading of weight can result in a hazardous condition. Secure all mounting bolts  
when installing the enclosure to the frame/rack.  
Caution: Avoid Electric Overload. To avoid electric shock or fire hazard, only connect your  
system to an input voltage source as specified in the product user manual.  
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