HP Hewlett Packard Computer Drive Ultrium Tape Drive User Manual

HP Ultrium tape drives

Technical reference manual

Generation 3 drives

Volume 5—Unix configuration guide

Part number: Q1538–90925 Volume 5

Edition 6.1, December 2004

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Contents

The purpose of this m a n u a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rel a t e d documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Documents specific to HP Ultrium drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Document a t i o n m a p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General documents and standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Introduction

The Pur p ose of this M a n u a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Ultrium Driv e s i n a L i b r a r y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Backup Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2 HP-U X S ystems

HP Servers a n d W orkst a t ions—HP -UX 1 1.x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Det e rmining the SCSI I D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3

Creating the Device Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

W hat Next?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3 HP Al p ha UN I X

HP Alpha UNIX 5.x. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

W hat Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4 IBM (AI X )

Determining the SCSI ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Configuring the Device Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1

5 Linux

Determining the SCSI ID (Linux) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Configuring on Linux Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Using the Seek and Tell Features of mt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

W hat Next?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

6 Sun Systems, Solaris 8, 9, 10

Determining the SCSI ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Configuring the Device Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

HP-Data Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Contents

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7 Verifying the I n st a l l a t i o n

Verifying the Installation of the Drive (UNIX). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

To verify the installation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Example: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Contents

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The purpose of this manual

This is one of six volumes that document HP Ultrium drives. This volume provides background

information for driver and application developers. The following products are covered.

Capacities are when the drive is using data compression with a compression ratio of 2:1,

where applicable:

•

HP Ultrium Generation 3 Full-Height SCSI Internal Drive

HP Ultrium Generation 3 Full-Height FC Internal Drive

NOTE: Throughout this manual frequent reference is made to SCSI commands. For more

information on SCSI commands for HP Ultrium drives see volume 3, The SCSI Interface, of the

HP Ultrium Technical Reference Manual set. Ordering details are given below.

Related documents

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1 Introduction

The Purpose of this Manual

This manual provides basic information on configuring the drives with various operating

systems.

Please see the top-level release notes that accompany the drive for expected functionality and

features.

Ultrium drives are supported on the following pl a t f orms:

•

HP UNIX systems (HP-UX) (Chapter 2)

HP Alpha UNIX (Chapter 3)

IBM (AIX) (Chapter 4)

Linux (Chapter 5)

Sun Systems, Solaris 8, 9, 10 (Chapter 6)

For platforms not mentioned here, please contact HP because there may be new connectivity

details available that arrived after the release notes were published.

See Chapter 7 for details of how to verify the installation.

Ultrium Drives in a Library

Ultrium drives may also be used in a library. However, instructions about installing device

drivers for automatic robotics are not included in this manual.

Backup Applications

For optimum performance it is important to use a backup application that supports the drive’s

features within your system’s configuration. Please see the “Getting Started Guide” for more

information about usage models.

The following applications are suitable for use within an enterprise environment and have been

tested with Ultrium drives. They use the operating system’s standard, built-in device drivers, as

The Purpose of this Manual 11

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described in this manual. For further information about optimizing performance and making

full use of the drive’s functions, please contact the software manufacturer or HP

HP-UX

yes

AIX

yes

Sun, Solaris

Linux

yes

HP Omniback

yes

Legato Networker

Veritas NetBackup

yes

1. Cell Manager is only available on HP-UX or Windows

2. Redhat Server only (not Caldera, Suse, and so on)

Introduction

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2 HP-UXSystems

HP Servers and Workstations—HP-UX 11.x

NOTE: HP-UX 10.x is only supported by Generation 1 Ultrium drives.

Introduction

Before you install your tape drive log on to the HP web site, www.hp.com, and download the

latest hardware enablement patch bundle for your operating system. This ensures that you will

have the correct device driver for your tape drive.

Determining the SCSI ID

Before you configure your system to support your new HP Ultrium drive, you need to determine

what SCSI ID to use. The SCSI ID must be unique for each device attached to the SCSI bus. To

list the existing devices, use the following command:

% /sbin/ioscan -f

The output of this should look similar to the following example:

Class

I H/W Path

Driver

S/W State H/W Type Description

=================================================================================

root

GSCtoPCI

c720

tgt

CLAIMED BUS_NEXUS

1 8

CLAIMED BUS_NEXUS Psudo Bus Converter

CLAIMED BUS_NEXUS GSCtoPCI Bridge

CLAIMED INTERFACE SCSI C895 Ultra2 Wide LVD

CLAIMED DEVICE

0 8/0

ext_bus

target

ctl

1 8/0/2/0

0 8/0/2/0.7

1 8/0/2/0.7.0 sctl

CLAIMED DEVICE

CLAIMED INTERFACE PCI(10110019) -- Built-in #1

bus_adapter CLAIMED BUS_NEXUS Core I/O Adapter

Initiator

lan

0 8/0/20/0

1 8/16

btlan3

tty

0 8/16/4

2 8/16/5

1 8/16/5.5

asio0

c720

tgt

CLAIMED INTERFACE Built-in RS-232C

CLAIMED INTERFACE Built-in SCSI

CLAIMED DEVICE

ext_bus

target

disk

target

ctl

0 8/16/5.5.0 sdisk

2 8/16/5.7 tgt

2 8/16/5.7.0 sctl

CLAIMED DEVICE

SEAGATE ST34573N

Initiator

CLAIMED PROCESSOR Processor

CLAIMED MEMORY Memory

processor 0 62

memory 0 63

processor

memory

After you have installed the new tape drive, you can check that it has been attached

successfully. From a shell window (hpterm/xterm), execute ioscanto display the list of

attached devices.

HP Servers and Workstations—HP-UX 11.x 13

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For an HP Ultrium drive, execute the following:

% /sbin/ioscan -f | grep "Ultrium"

The new lines should look similar to the following, where the 4in the Ifield represents the

instance of the SCSI tape driver, not the SCSI ID:

tape

4 2/0/1.5.0 stape

CLAIMED

DEVICE

Ultrium 3-SCSI

NOTE: If you are installing the drive onto a Storage Area Network (SAN), the fibre channel/

SCSI bridge will also appear in the list of attached devices.

If you cannot find the Ultrium drive, this may be because the kernel does not contain the

correct driver. Use the System Administration Manager (sam) to add stapeto the kernel:

To add stapeto the kernel using sam:

1. % sam

2. Select the following:

Kernel Configuration

Drivers

3. Highlight the stapedriver. If the driver has not been added to the kernel, both Current State

and Pending State will read “Out”.

4. Select the following:

Actions

Add Driver to Kernel

The Pending State will now read “In”.

5. To add the new driver to the kernel, select:

Actions

Create a New Kernel

6. The stapedriver will now be added to the kernel and then the system will reboot.

Creating the Device Files

Once you have verified the tape drive connection, you will need to create the appropriate

device files for the drive. Normally, you would have rebooted your system after attaching the

tape drive, and this process runs insf. However, if you have not rebooted your system since

attaching the drive, you can create device files by one of two ways, either through the System

Administration Manager (sam), or by executing the mksfcommand.

To add device files using sam:

This is the recommended and simplest way to create device files.

HP-UX Systems

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1. % sam

This will bring up the graphical user interface for the utility.

2. Select the following:

Peripheral Devices

Tape Drives

samwill then scan the system for any tape drives connected.

When an HP Ultrium Generation 3 drive is found, it will be displayed as:

Hardware Path

===========================================================

8/0/2/0.3.0 stape HP Ultrium 3-SCSI

Driver

Description

3. Highlight the Ultrium drive and select the following from the tool bar:

Actions

Create Device Files

Create Default Device Files

This will create default device files for the drive. To view the device files that have been

created, select:

Actions

Create Device Files

Show Device Files

where:

Device File

Description

is the instance number of the drive:

m

AT&T encoding, rewind driver

AT&T encoding, non-rewind driver

Berkeley encoding, rewind driver

mn

mb

mnb

<X>

<Y>

<Z>

is the card number,

is the target number,

is the LUN number:

cXtYbZBEST

Best compression driver, AT&T encoding, with rewind

Best compression driver, Berkeley encoding, with rewind

Best compression driver, AT&T encoding, non-rewind

Best compression driver, Berkeley encoding, non-rewind

cXtYbZBESTb

cXtYbZBESTn

cXtYbZBESTnb

4. When you have exited sam, run ioscanto see the tape drive:

%/sbin/ioscan -C tape -fn

HP Servers and Workstations—HP-UX 11.x 15

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To create device files using mksf:

NOTE: This method is not recommended.

1. Run insfas follows:

% /sbin/insf -C tape

2. Create the device files for the devices using the mksfcommand as follows:

% /sbin/mksf -d stape -I <instance> [-n] [-u] /dev/rmt/X<name>

where:

Argument

-d stape

Description

Specifies the SCSI tape driver

-I <instance>

Specifies the tape drive’s hardware address via the instance of the SCSI tape

driver. The first instance is 0, the second 1, and so on.

[-n]

[-u]

Specifies no rewind; absence of this parameter indicates rewind mode

Specifies Berkeley mode; absence of this parameter indicates AT&T mode.

Berkeley and AT&T modes differ in their read-only close behavior:

•

In Berkeley mode, the tape position will remain unchanged by a device

close operation.

•

In AT&T mode, a device close operation will cause the tape to be

repositioned just after the next tape filemark (the start of the next file).

In most cases, Berkeley mode should be used.

/dev/rmt/X<name> Specifies the path of the device file, where:

Specifies the tape device identifier. Use the next available

identifier. You can examine the contents of /dev/rmtusing the

lscommand to determine which identifiers have already been

used.

<name> Specifies the short name (in HP-UX 9.x-style) of the device file:

mnb No rewind, compression disabled, Berkeley-mode device

hnb No rewind, compression disabled, Berkeley-mode device

mnb No rewind, compression disabled, Berkeley-mode device

hnb No rewind, compression enabled, Berkeley-mode device

See the man page (man 1m mksf) for other options of the mksfcommand. The stapesection

covers the SCSI tape driver options. The man page man 7 mtdescribes the long filenames used

in HP-UX 10.x and later.

Example:

To create a device file with the following characteristics:

HP-UX Systems

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•

A hardware address specified by instance 5 (-I 5)

No rewind (-n)

Berkeley mode tape positioning on close (-u)

A filename of 4mnb, where 4is the tape device identifier (/dev/rmt/4mnb)

You would execute the following:

% /sbin/mksf -d stape -I 4 -n -u /dev/rmt/4mnb

You can check that the appropriate device file was created using the lssfcommand as

follows:

% /sbin/lssf /dev/rmt/4mnb

This should produce the following output to show that the device file now exists:

stape card instance 0 SCSI target 6 SCSI LUN 0 berkeley no rewind

BEST density at address 2/0/1.6.0 /dev/rmt/4mnb

To create a device file for Ultrium in uncompressed mode, you should use a command such as:

mksf -H -a -b U_18

and for compressed mode (default):

mksf -H -a -b U_18C

The hardware path can be found from previous ioscanoutput.

What Next?

Once the device files have been created, you should confirm that your new tape drive is

working properly. Chapter 7, “Verifying the Installation” provides instructions on backing up

and restoring a sample file to test your installation.

What Next? 17

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HP-UX Systems

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3 HP Alpha UNIX

HP Alpha UNIX 5.x

1. Add the following entry to your /dev/ddr.dbasefile:

SCSIDEVICE

Type = tape

Name = “HP” “Ultrium”

PARAMETERS:

TypeSubClass

BlockSize

= lto

= 262144

= 0

# Linear Tape Open

TagQueueDepth

MaxTransferSize

= 0xffffff # 16Mb - 1

# Seconds

ReadyTimeSeconds = 120

SyncTransfers

WideTransfers

InquiryLength

= enabled

= 0x20

DENSITY:

DensityNumber

OneFileMarkOnClose = yes

= 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

DensityCode

Blocking

= 0x44

= 0

CompressionCode

Buffered

= 1

Speed

= 0

MODESELECT:

ModeSelectNumber = 0

SavePage

= No

PageFormat

= scsi2

= yes

= 16

BlockDescriptor

TransferLength

Hdr.Tape.BufferMode = 0x1

Hdr.MediumType = 0

HP Alpha UNIX 5.x 19

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Data.UBYTE[0]

Data.UBYTE[1]

Data.UBYTE[2]

Data.UBYTE[3]

= 0x3D # Vendor Unique Page Code 3D

= 0x02

= 0x01

= 0x00

2. Rebuild the kernel by running /sbin/ddr_config, then reboot the system with the tape

drive attached. The device files for the Ultrium drive will be generated in /dev/tape and /

dev/ntapewhen you reboot.

3. The names of the device files can be interpreted as follows:

Devices in the /dev/ntape directory are “no-rewind” devices. Those in /dev/tapewill do

a rewind on close.

The device files then have the syntax: tapeX_dn

For example, /dev/ntape/tape66_d1 is a device file for device 66, no-rewind using

density number 1. Since all density numbers have the same parameters it does not matter

which density number file is used.

What Next?

Once the device files have been created, you should confirm that your new tape drive is working

properly. Chapter 7, “Verifying the Installation” provides instructions on backing up and restoring

a sample file to test your installation.

HP Alpha UNIX

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4 IBM (AIX)

Determining the SCSI ID

Before you configure your system to support your Ultrium drive, you need to determine which

SCSI ID to use. IDs must be unique for each device attached to the SCSI bus. To list the existing

devices, use the following command:

% lsdev -C |grep SCSI

This will produce output that looks similar to:

scsi0 Available 00-00-0S Standard SCSI I/O Controller

hdisk0 Available 10-60-00-0,0 16 Bit LVD SCSI Disk Drive

rmt1 Defined 00-00-0S-2,0 Other SCSI Tape Drive

The SCSI ID is in the series 00-00-0S-X,0, where X is the SCSI ID. Review the list of existing

SCSI IDs and choose an available ID to assign to the new tape drive.

Configuring the Device Files

To install an HP Ultrium drive on an IBM workstation you will need to create the appropriate

device files for the drive.

NOTE: Do not choose the smit option of “4mm2gb” as the Tape Device Type. This is reserved

for Connor drives. If you use it with HP drives, you will get the error “Device to be

configured does not match the physical device at the specified connection

location”.

To change to variable block mode, use the following procedure:

1. If you are using a graphics terminal running X-Windows, then at a Windows terminal, type:

smit tape

If you are using a non-graphics terminal, at the command line type:

% smit -C tape

2. If no device has been configured at this address before, select “add a tape drive” to set

up the address. From the pop-up window, select “ost” or “Other SCSI tape drive” as the

tape drive you wish to change and choose connection addresses as appropriate.

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3. Select from the window: “change/show characteristics of a tape drive”

4. From the pop-up window, select “ost” or “Other SCSI tape drive” as the tape drive you

wish to change. Do not choose “4mm2gb”.

5. Change the block size field to 0, and click on the “DO” button or press [Enter] to apply the

change.

HP Ultrium drives will work with tar, cpio, backup, restoreand dd. For systems other than the

43P, the drive is also boot-capable, provided a boot tape is generated using mkszfileand

mksysb.

Once the device files have been created, you should confirm that your new tape drive is

working properly. Chapter 7, “Verifying the Installation” provides instructions on backing up

and restoring a sample file to test your installation.

Device Filenames under AIX

Use device filenames as listed below for the combination of Rewind on Close, Retension on

Open, and Compression that you want:

Filename

Rewind on Close

Retension on Open

Compression

enabled

disabled

/dev/rmtn

Yes

/dev/rmtn.1

/dev/rmtn.2

/dev/rmtn.3

/dev/rmtn.4

/dev/rmtn.5

/dev/rmtn.6

/dev/rmtn.7

The nin the filename is the instance number assigned to the drive by the operating system,

where 0 is the first device, 1 is the second and so on.

Rewind on Close

Retension on Open

Compression

Normally, the drive repositions the tape to BOT (Beginning of Tape) when

the device file is closed. Using the no rewind option is useful when creating

and reading tapes that contain multiple files.

Retensioning consists of winding to EOT (End of Tape) and then rewinding

to BOT, in order to reduce errors. If this option is selected, the tape is

positioned at BOT as part of the open process.

Compression can be disabled or enabled.

IBM (AIX)

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5 Linux

Determining the SCSI ID (Linux)

Look at the output of dmesgto find out what SCSI channel number is used for each connection.

To find out the SCSI IDs in use on each channel, type:

cat /proc/scsi/scsi

This will produce output similar to the following for each device:

Attached Devices

Host: SCSI0 Channel: 00 Id:00 Lun:00

Vendor: HP Model ------------

Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI Revision 02

Look at the ID information to establish which IDs are in use.

Configuring on Linux Systems

No changes are needed to support Ultrium on Linux platforms, however you should ensure that

you have the relevant drivers loaded.

To see the device drivers loaded currently, execute an lsmodcommand, this will give output

like:

Module

sgm

Size

Used by

4376

ide-scsi

lockd

sunrpc

7200

30792

53316

24656

sym53c8xx 52096

aic7xxx

136184 2

The lines of interest here are:

This is the tape driver. Its presence in the output of the lsmodcommand shows

that the tape driver is loaded.

Determining the SCSI ID (Linux) 23

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sym53c8xx

aic7xxx

This is a SCSI chipset driver for the LSI Logic family of HBAs (amongst others).

This is a SCSI chipset driver for the Adaptec 7xxx chipset family (such as

Adaptec 29160LP).

Latest SCSI controller drivers for Linux will be available from the manufacturer’s web site.

In order to communicate with a tape device, the operating system needs to have drivers for the

tape and the underlying transport mechanism (the host bus adaptor) loaded. Ensure that both

are available as either loadable modules (for example, usable with insmodand visible with

lsmod) or are statically built into your kernel.

NOTE: In order to add drivers to the statically built kernel you need the Linux source code

available on disk and knowledge of how to use the kernel building tools that ship with various

Linux distributions. This should not be attempted by novice users.

In order to determine if the drive has been detected by the tape driver at module load time,

execute:

dmesg | grep "st"

This should find a number of lines. One should look like:

Detected SCSI tape st0 at scsi1, channel 0, id 5, lun 0

To load the tape driver module if it is not loaded as above, execute:

insmod st

to load it. This should happen naturally if your system is rebooted after attaching the drive.

When the STdriver module has been added, a list of tape device files will be created

automatically. They reside in the /dev/directory and have the syntax:

/dev/stp or dev/nstp

where:

is the instance number of the device file. (If only one drive is connected to the system, this will

be 0.)

indicates that this is a no-rewind driver.

In order to enable large transfers under Linux (>64 KB per write), edit the file

/usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi/st_options.hand change the definition of

ST_BUFFER_BLOCKS.

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If you want requests to space to end of data to be faster, you should also enable

ST_FAST_MTEOMin the same file. After changing this file, rebuild the modules and install the

new binary. At the very least, this requires:

make modules

make modules_install

from the /usr/src/linuxdirectory. See your kernel documentation.

Using the Seek and Tell Features of mt

In order to use the seek and tell features of mt, you must tell the stdriver that HP Ultrium drives

use logical block addressing.

You can do this by using the command:

mt -f <device file> stsetoptions scsi2logical

where /dev/stpis the device file.

Note however that this information is not preserved across reboots, so you need to execute this

command each time the syst e m comes up. T h e stini t utility offers a convenient way of

handling this; see the relevant manpage for more information. If you use this approach, set the

manufacturer parameter to HPand the model to “Ultrium 3-SCSI”.

What Next?

Once the device files have been created, you should confirm that your new tape drive is

working properly. Chapter 7, “Verifying the Installation” provides instructions on backing up

and restoring a sample file to test your installation.

What Next? 25

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Linux

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6 Sun Systems, Solaris 8, 9, 10

Determining the SCSI ID

Before you configure your system to support an HP Ultrium drive, you need to determine which

SCSI ID to use. IDs must be unique for each device on attached to the SCSI bus.

1. Use the modinfo command to identify SCSI controller drivers installed on the system:

% modinfo | grep "HBA Driver"

This will produce output similar to the following:

106 780a0000 102b3 50 1 glm (GLM SCSI HBA Driver)

110 780b4000 1272c 228 1 qus (isp10160 HBA Driver)

For the adapter to which the new tape drive is attached, you will need to determine what

SCSI IDs are already used.

2. Determine the SCSI IDs of the existing devices attached to the SCSI controller:

For all adapters:

% dmesg | egrep ".*xxx.*target" | sort | uniq

where xxx= the type of adapter (esp, glm, fas, qusor isp), as appropriate.

For example, for an ESP-based adapter:

% dmesg | egrep ".*esp.*target" | sort | uniq

This produces a list similar to:

sd0 at esp0: target 0 lun 0 sd6 at esp0: target 6 lun 0

This indicates that SCSI IDs 0 and 6 are used for existing devices. SCSI ID 7 is generally

used for the adapter itself. In this situation, you would use a SCSI ID from 1 to 5 for the new

tape drive.

Determining the SCSI ID 27

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Configuring the Device Files

Determine the device file by typing:

% ls -l /dev/rmt/*m | grep "st@X"

where Xis the SCSI ID. Identify the line for the tape drive. For example, if the drive was at SCSI

ID 2, look for the line containing “st@2,0”. This might be as follows (but on a single line):

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 63 Mar 1 00:00 /dev/rmt/0m

../../devices/sbus@1f,0/espdma@e,8400000/esp@e, 8800000/st@2,0:m

Here you could use /dev/rmt/0m(shown underlined above) as the device file.

Only if necessary, make the following file modifications to enhance performance:

1. In the file /kernel/drv/st.conf, after these lines:

########

#ident "@(#)st.conf

1.6

93/05/03 SMI"

add the following depending on which version of operating system you are installing (there

are 6 significant spaces between HP and Ultrium in line 2):

for Solaris 8 without st patch:

tape-config-list =

"HP

Ultrium 3","HP Ultrium LTO 3","HP_LTO_GEN_3";

HP_LTO_GEN_3 = 1,0x36,0,0xd639,4,0x44,0x44,0x44,0x44,3;

name="st" class="scsi"

target=X lun=0;

where Xis the SCSI target address of the device you have attached.

for Solaris 9 and 10 (and 8 with st patch):

tape-config-list =

"HP

Ultrium 3","HP Ultrium LTO 3","HP_LTO_GEN_3";

HP_LTO_GEN_3 = 2,0x3B,0,0x18659,4,0x44,0x44,0x44,0x44,3,60,1200,

600,1200,600,600,18000;

name="st" class="scsi"

target=X lun=0;

where Xis the SCSI target address of the device you have attached.

See “HP-Data Values” on page 29 below for the values of the parameters in these lines.

Sun Systems, Solaris 8, 9, 10

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2. If you are replacing an existing tape device on the same SCSI ID, remove the contents of

the /dev/rmtdirectory as follows:

% cd /dev/rmt

% rm *

3. Do a reconfigure boot:

% cd /

% touch /reconfigure

% sync;halt

4. When the system is down, reboot:

% boot -r

Make sure you include the -rswitch, so that the device directory is reconfigured using the

new data.

5. You should now be able to use the drive.

— Use /dev/rmt/Xcbif you require a compression rewind device file, where Xis the relevant

device address.

— Use /dev/rmt/Xcbnwhen you require a compression non-rewind device.

Once the device files have been created, you should confirm that your new tape drive is

working properly. Chapter 7, “Verifying the Installation” provides instructions on backing up

and restoring a sample file to test your installation.

HP-Data Values

The values for HP_LTO_GEN_nand name, which provide normal LTO mode, have the following

meanings:

The syntax for HP_LTO_GEN_non Solaris 9 is:

<drive type> = <version>, <type>, <bsize>, <options>,

<no. of densities>, <density 0>, <density 1>,

<density 2>,<density 3>, <default density>,

<non-motion timeout>, <read/write timeout>,

<rewind timeout>, <space timeout>, <load timeout>,

where:

Parameter

<type>

Value

Meaning

1or 2

Indicates the format of the following parameters.

0x36or The value for an Ultrium drive in /usr/include/sys/mtio.h. For

0x3B

Solaris 8, 0x36 indicates a type of MT_ISOTHER. Later versions of

Solaris support the value 0x3B which indicates a type of MT_LTO.

HP-Data Values 29

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Parameter

Value

Meaning

<bsize>

Indicates variable block size.

<options> 0xd639or This value is derived from constants provided in /usr/include/sys/

0x18659 scsi/targets/stdef.h. The value determines which operations the

driver can perform with the attached device by using a unique value for

each feature and then adding them together to form the options value.

Supported features will vary with OS revision, and may include the

following:

0x001 Device supports variable length records.

0x008 Device can backspace over files (as in the ‘mt bsf’ option).

0x010 Device supports backspace record (as in ‘mt bsr’).

0x020 Device requires a long time-out period for erase functions.

0x040 Device will automatically determine the tape density.

0x0200 Device knows when end of data has been reached.

0x0400 Device driver is unloadable.

0x1000 Time-outs five times longer than normal.

0x4000 Driver buffers write requests and pre-acknowledges success

to application.

0x8000 Variable record size not limited to 64 KB.

0x10000 Device determines which of the two mode pages the device

supports for selecting or deselecting compression.

So 0xd639indicates variable record length, bsfand bsrenabled, long

timeouts for erase, EOD recognition, Unloadable device driver, 5 x

longer timeouts, buffer writes and pre-acknowledge sucess, variable

records not limited to 64 KB, auto-density over-ride and MODE SELECT

compression.

<no. of

There are four densities following in the parameter list.

densities>

0x00

Creates a device file with compression disabled.

<density 3> 0x40,

The density code for data compression enabled by default.

0x42or

0x44

<default

density>

Density 3 (0x44) is the default for Generation 3 drives.

All timeouts are in seconds

Values for the parameters for nameare as follows:

Parameter

target

lun

Value

Meaning

Xspecifies the SCSI ID (target) of the device.

Specifies the LUN for the device.

Sun Systems, Solaris 8, 9, 10

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7 Verifying the Installation

Verifying the Installation of the Drive (UNIX)

As part of the installation process, you will have installed the appropriate device driver for your

UNIX system, and created device files to communicate with the tape drive.

This section describes how you can verify that the installation has been performed correctly.

In outline, the procedure is as follows:

1. Check the tape drive responds to a rewind command.

2. Write test data to a tape.

3. Read the test data from the tape.

4. Compare the data read from the tape with the original data on disk.

To verify the installation:

1. Test the SCSI connection to the tape drive by doing a rewind operation:

a. If there is a tape cartridge already in the drive, remove it.

b. Insert a tape cartridge.

c. Rewind the tape using the command line:

% mt -f <device file> rewind

For example, on HP-UX:

% mt -f /dev/rmt/0mnb rewind

If the command completes successfully, there will be no feedback. If it fails, you will see an

error message on the console. The hardware installation may be faulty. Check the

troubleshooting section of the User’s Guide for help in identifying the problem.

2. Write a sample file to tape, using ‘tar’:

% cd /

% tar cvf <device file> <file>

The options to tarhave the following meanings:

Create a new archive (backup file) on the device.

Operate in verbose mode.

Verifying the Installation of the Drive (UNIX) 31

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Specify the device file explicitly.

The arguments follow the cvfoptions in the command line. Their values depend on the

operating system; suggested values are given the appropriate operating system

chapter.The arguments are as follows:

<file>

The name of the device file for the drive.

Example: /dev/rmt/0m

The name of the file to archive, prefixed with ‘./’.

Example: ./stand/vmunix

NOTE: Make sure you prefix the file name with ‘.’ when you back it up to tape. If you do not,

the restore operation in step 3 will overwrite the original copy on disk.

3. Read the file back from tape:

% cd /tmp

% tar xvf <device file>

The ‘x’ option to tarhere means “extract from the archive”.

Use the same value for the <device file> argument as in step 2.

4. Compare the original with this retrieved file:

% cmp <original file> /tmp/<retrieved file>

This step compares the retrieved file and the original file byte by byte. If they are the same,

there should be no output, and this verifies that the installation is correct. The arguments are

as follows:

The name of the original file, prefixed with ‘/’.

Example: /stand/vmunix

The name of the file retrieved from the archive.

Example: stand/vmunix

Example:

Suppose you are verifying the installation of an HP Ultrium tape drive on an HP-UX 11.X

system. The procedure would be as follows.:

1. Change directory to root:

% cd /

2. Back up /stand/vmunixto tape:

% tar cvf /dev/rmt/0m ./stand/vmunix

Note the prefix of ‘.’ to the filename.

Verifying the Installation

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3. Change to the temporary directory:

% cd /tmp

4. Extract the file from the tape:

% tar xvf /dev/rmt/0m

5. Compare the original with the restored version:

% cmp /stand/vmunix /tmp/stand/vmunix

Note that the original filename is not prefixed with ‘.’.

Verifying the Installation of the Drive (UNIX) 33

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Verifying the Installation

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Glossary

AT&T mode

Berkeley and AT&T functional modes differ in “read-only” close functionality. In

AT&T mode, a device close operation will cause the tape to be repositioned just

after next filemark on the tape (the start of the next file).

Berkeley mode

Berkeley and AT&T functional modes differ in “read-only” close functionality. In

Berkeley mode the tape position will remain unchanged by a device close

operation.

BOT

Beginning Of Tape. The first point on the tape that can be accessed by the drive.

buffered mode

A mode of data transfer in write operations that facilitates tape streaming. It is

selected by setting the Buffered Mode Field to 1 in the SCSI MODE SELECT

Parameter List header.

compression

A procedure in which data is transformed by the removal of redundant information

in order to reduce the number of bits required to represent the data. This is

basically done by representing strings of bytes with codewords.

In Ultrium drives, the data is compressed using the LTO-DC compression format

which is based on ALDC (licensed from Stac/ IBM) with two enhancements. One

limits the increase in size of data that cannot be compressed that ALDC produces.

The other is the use of embedded codewords.

data transfer phase On a SCSI bus, devices put in requests to be able to transfer information. Once a

device is granted its request, it and the target to which it wants to send information

can transfer the data using one of three protocols (assuming both devices support

them): asynchronous, synchronous, and wide.

In asynchronous transfers, the target controls the flow of data. The initiator can only

send data when the target has acknowledged receipt of the previous packet. All

SCSI devices must support asynchronous transfer.

In synchronous data transfer, the initiator and target work in synchronization,

allowing transmission of a packet of data to start before acknowledgment of the

previous transmission.

In wide (16-bit) data transfer, two bytes are transferred at the same time instead of

a single byte.

HP Ultrium drives support asynchronous, synchronous and narrow (8-bit) wide

transfers.

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fibre channel

Fibre Channel provides an inexpensive yet expendable means of quickly

transferring data between workstations, mainframes, supercomputers, desktop

computers, storage devices, displays and other peripherals. Although it is called

Fibre Channel, its architecture represents neither a channel nor a real network

topology. It allows for an active intelligent interconnection scheme, called a fabric,

to connect devices. All a Fibre Channel port has to do is to manage a simple

point-to-point connection between itself and the fabric.

Several common ULPs (Upper Level Protocols) including IP and SCSI can run on

Fibre Channel, merging high-speed I/ O and network functionality in a single

connectivity technology.

filemark

A mark written by the host to the tape that can be searched for, often using the

drive’s fast-search capability. It does not necessarily separate files. It is up to the

host to assign a meaning to the mark.

immediate mode

A mode of responding to SCSI commands where the drive or other peripheral

does not wait until the command has finished before returning status information

back to the host. For writing filemarks, Immediate mode can significantly improve

the performance of systems that do not set the Immediate bit when sending a SCSI

WRITE FILEMARKS command. On the other hand, data is not flushed to tape in

response to a filemark command.

infinite flush

By default, the buffer in the drive is flushed every 5 seconds. Infinite flush avoids

frequent starting and stopping of the mechanism when using a very slow

application. It also avoids losing capacity through the flushing of partly written

groups. On the other hand, infinite flush means that data can remain in the buffer

for very long periods of time, and could be lost in the event of a power failure.

LUN

SAN

Logical Unit Number. A unique number by which a device is identified on the SCSI

bus. A tape drive has a fixed LUN of 0. In an autoloader, the changer mechanism

is LUN1.

Storage Area Network. A dedicated, high-speed network that establishes a direct

connection between storage elements and servers. The hardware that connects

workstations and servers to storage devices in a SAN is referred to as a fabric. The

SAN fabric enables any-server-to-any-storage device connectivity through the use

of Fibre Channel switching technology.

SCSI

Small Computer System Interface—a standard command specification and

command set that enables computers and peripherals to communicate with each

other. HP’s Ultrium drives adhere to the SCSI-3 specification and support all

features required by that standard.

Glossary

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Single-Ended and Low Voltage Differential SCSI

These terms define how the signals are transmitted along the cable.

With single-ended (SE) SCSI, each signal travels over a single wire and each

signal’s value is determined by comparing the signal to a paired ground wire.

Signal quality tends to decrease over longer cable lengths or at increased signal

speed.

With low voltage differential (LVD) signaling, signals travel along two wires and

the difference in voltage between the wire pairs determines the signal value. This

enables faster data rates and longer cabling with less susceptibility to noise than

SE signaling and reduced power consumption.

Narrow and Wide, Fast, Ultra and Ultra2 SCSI

Narrow SCSI devices can transfer data one byte at-a -time (and are sometimes

called “8-bit SCSI” devices). They can conform to either the SCSI-2 or SCSI-3

protocols. They have a 50 -pin connection to the SCSI bus.

Wide SCSI devices can transfer two bytes of data simultaneously (“16 -bit SCSI”).

They usually have a single, 68-pin connection to the SCSI bus. (This physical

arrangement is part of the SCSI-3 specification.) They may support either SCSI-2 or

SCSI-3 protocols. Wide and narrow devices can simultaneously be connected to

the same bus without problem, provided certain rules are followed.

Fast SCSI can transfer data at up to 10 MB/ sec, using a cable of up to 6 meters

total length.

Ultra SCSI can transfer data at up to 20 MB/ sec, but the cable length cannot

exceed 3 meters (it is also known as “Fast20”).

Ultra2 SCSI can transfer data at up to 80 MB/ sec, using a cable of up to 12

meters.

Ultra160 SCSI can transfer data at up to 160 MB/ sec, using a cable of up to 12

meters.

Ultra320 SCSI can transfer data at up to 320 MB/ sec, using a cable of up to 12

meters.

Ultra SCSI supports both SE and LVD interfaces. Although Ultra2 SCSI and above

can support SE devices, this is not recommended as the whole bus is slowed to

Ultra speeds; instead, use LVD devices only.

HP’s Ultrium drives are Ultra -320 compatible devices. They should be used only on

LVD host bus adapters for maximum performance.

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sequential access

Sequential access devices store data sequentially in the order in which it is

received. Tape devices are the most common sequential access devices. Devices

such as disk drives are direct access devices, where data is stored in blocks, not

necessarily sequentially. Direct access allows for speed of retrieval, but is

significantly more costly.

Glossary

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Index

synchronous data transfer

systems

HP-UX 13

Linux 23

AIX 21

ANSI 5

asynchronous data transfer

IBM (AIX) 2 1

determining SCSI ID 21

device fil e s 2 1

immediate mode 3 6

infinite flush 36

installation, verifying 31

AT&T mode 35

ultra SCSI 37

Berkeley mode 35

BOT 35

buffered mode 35

L i nux 23

determining SCSI I D 2 3

L U N 36

v erifying installation 31

L V D S CSI 37

wide da t a tr a n sfer 35

wide SCSI 37

compression 35

confirming installation 31

mode

AT&T 35

Berkeley 35

immediate 36

data transfer 35

device files

AIX 22

HP-UX 14

IBM (AIX) 21

Sun workstations 28

direct access 38

documents, related 5

n arrow SCSI 3 7

PC-based UNIX - Linux 23

fast SCSI 37

SCSI 5, 36

fibre channel 36

filemarks 36

filenames under AIX 22

SCSI ID, determining

HP-UX 13

IBM (AIX) 21

Linux 23

Sun workstations 27

sequential access 38

single-ended SCSI 37

Sun workstations

data values 29

determining SCSI ID 27

device files 28

HP Alpha 19

HP-UX systems 13

determining SCSI-ID 13

device files 14

Index

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Index

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