Celestron Telescope C100ED R User Manual

Advanced Series

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

C80ED-R

●

C100ED-R

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Light Control .................................................................................................................................... 27

Factory Settings................................................................................................................................ 27

Version ............................................................................................................................................. 27

Get Alt-Az ........................................................................................................................................ 27

Goto Alt-Az...................................................................................................................................... 27

Hibernate .......................................................................................................................................... 27

Turn On/Off GPS ............................................................................................................................. 27

TELESCOPE BASICS ................................................................................................................................................. 29

Image Orientation ..................................................................................................................................... 29

Focusing ................................................................................................................................................... 30

Aligning the Finderscope ......................................................................................................................... 30

Calculating Magnification ........................................................................................................................ 30

Determining Field of View ....................................................................................................................... 31

General Observing Hints........................................................................................................................... 31

ASTRONOMY BASICS............................................................................................................................................... 32

The Celestial Coordinate System.............................................................................................................. 32

Motion of the Stars ................................................................................................................................... 33

Finding the North Celestial Pole............................................................................................................... 35

Declination Drift Method of Polar Alignment.......................................................................................... 36

CELESTIAL OBSERVING......................................................................................................................................... 37

Observing the Moon ................................................................................................................................. 37

Lunar Observing Hints.............................................................................................................................. 37

Observing the Planets ............................................................................................................................... 37

Observing the Sun..................................................................................................................................... 37

Solar Observing Hints............................................................................................................................... 38

Observing Deep Sky Objects.................................................................................................................... 38

Seeing Conditions..................................................................................................................................... 38

Transparency............................................................................................................................................. 38

Sky Illumination ....................................................................................................................................... 38

Seeing ....................................................................................................................................................... 38

ASTROPHOTOGRAPHY........................................................................................................................................... 40

Piggyback................................................................................................................................................. 40

Short Exposure Prime Focus Photography ............................................................................................... 41

Terrestrial Photography ............................................................................................................................ 42

Metering.................................................................................................................................................... 42

Reducing Vibration................................................................................................................................... 42

Auto Guiding ............................................................................................................................................ 43

TELESCOPE MAINTENANCE................................................................................................................................. 44

Care and Cleaning of the Optics............................................................................................................... 44

OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES..................................................................................................................................... 45

APPENDIX A – TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................... 47

APPENDIX B – GLOSSARY OF TERMS ............................................................................................................... 48

APPENDIX C – LONGITUDES AND LATITUDES ................................................................................................ 51

APPENDIX D – RS-232 CONNECTION ................................................................................................................... 56

APPENDIX E – TIME ZONE MAP ........................................................................................................................... 58

SKY MAPS.................................................................................................................................................................... 60

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Congratulations on your purchase of the Celestron Advanced Series telescope (AST)! The Advanced Series of telescopes come

in standard (non-computerized) and computerized GT models. The Advanced Series is made of the highest quality materials to

ensure stability and durability. All this adds up to a telescope that gives you a lifetime of pleasure with a minimal amount of

maintenance. Furthermore, your Celestron telescope is versatile — it will grow as your interest grows.

The Advanced GT Series ushers in the next generation of computer automated telescopes. The Celestron Advanced GT series

continues in this proud tradition combining large aperture optics with the sophistication and ease of use of our computerized

GoTo mount.

If you are new to astronomy, you may wish to start off by using the built-in Sky Tour feature, which commands the telescopes to

find the most interesting objects in the sky and automatically slews to each one. Or if you are an experienced amateur, you will

appreciate the comprehensive database of over 40,000 objects, including customized lists of all the best deep-sky objects, bright

double stars and variable stars. No matter at what level you are starting out, the Advanced Series telescopes will unfold for you

and your friends all the wonders of the Universe.

Some of the many standard features of the Advanced GT include:

•

Fully enclosed optical encoders for position location.

Ergonomically designed mount that disassembles into compact and portable pieces.

Database filter limits for creating custom object lists.

Storage for programmable user defined objects; and

Many other high performance features!

The AST’s deluxe features combine with Celestron’s legendary optical systems to give amateur astronomers the most

sophisticated and easy to use telescopes available on the market today.

Take time to read through this manual before embarking on your journey through the Universe. It may take a few observing

sessions to become familiar with your telescope, so you should keep this manual handy until you have fully mastered your

telescope’s operation. The Advanced GT hand control has built-in instructions to guide you through all the alignment procedures

needed to have the telescope up and running in minutes. Use this manual in conjunction with the on-screen instructions provided

by the hand control. The manual gives detailed information regarding each step as well as needed reference material and helpful

hints guaranteed to make your observing experience as simple and pleasurable as possible.

Your telescope is designed to give you years of fun and rewarding observations. However, there are a few things to consider

before using your telescope that will ensure your safety and protect your equipment.

Warning

‰

Never look directly at the sun with the naked eye or with a telescope (unless you have the proper

solar filter). Permanent and irreversible eye damage may result.

Never use your telescope to project an image of the sun onto any surface. Internal heat build-up can damage the telescope

and any accessories attached to it.

Never use an eyepiece solar filter or a Herschel wedge. Internal heat build-up inside the telescope can cause these devices to

crack or break, allowing unfiltered sunlight to pass through to the eye.

‰

Never leave the telescope unsupervised, either when children are present or adults who may not be familiar with the correct

operating procedures of your telescope.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Fig 1-2 - The Advanced GT Series

C80-GT Shown

Objective Lens

Declination Motor Drive

RA /Dec locks

Counterweight Bar

Counterweights

Center Leg Brace / Accessory Tray A.

2" Steel Tripod

Hand Control

R.A. Motor Drive / Control Panel

10.

11.

12.

13.

Focuser

Diagonal

Eyepiece

Finderscope

CONTROL PANEL

Hand Control Port

Dec Motor Port

Autoguide Port

12v Output Jack

ON/OFF Switch

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

This section covers the assembly instructions for your Celestron Advanced Series Telescope (AST). Your AST

telescope should be set up indoor the first time so that it is easy to identify the various parts and familiarize yourself

with the correct assembly procedure before attempting it outdoor.

21021/21022

C80ED-R

21026 / 21027

C100ED-R

Diameter

Focal Length

Eyepiece

Finderscope

Mount

80mm (3.2") refractor

600mm F/7.5

20mm - 1.25" (30x)

6x30

100mm (4.0") refractor

900mm F/9

20mm - 1.25" (45x)

9x50

CG-5 Equatorial

2" Stainless Steel

The Sky L1

CG-5 Equatorial

2" Stainless Steel

The Sky L1

Tripod

Software

Counterweight

1-7lb

1-7lb, 1-4lb

Setting up the Tripod

The CG-5 tripod comes with an all metal center leg brace / accessory tray to give rock solid support to the mount.

The tripod comes fully assembled with a metal plate, called the tripod head, that holds the legs together at the top.

In addition, there is a central rod that extends down from the tripod head that attaches the equatorial mount to the

tripod. To set up the tripod:

1. Stand the tripod upright and pull the tripod legs apart until each

leg is fully extended. The tripod will now stand by itself. Once

the tripod is set up, you can adjust the height at which it stands.

Equatorial

2. Loosen the lever on the leg clamp so that the tripod leg can be

Mount

adjusted.

3. Slide the center portion of the tripod leg away from the tripod

Azimuth

Alignment Screws

head until it is at the desired height.

4. Tighten the levers on each leg clamp to hold the legs in place.

Tripod

Head

Alignment

Peg

Attaching the Equatorial Mount

Mounting

Knob

The equatorial mount allows you to tilt the telescope’s axis of

rotation so that you can track the stars as they move across the

sky. The CG-5 mount is a German equatorial mount that

Figure 2-3

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

attaches to the tripod head. On one side of the tripod head there is a metal alignment peg for aligning the mount.

This side of the tripod will face north when setting up for an astronomical observing session. To attach the

equatorial head:

1. Locate the azimuth adjustment screws on the equatorial mount.

2. Retract the screws so they no longer extend into the azimuth housing on the mount. Do NOT remove the screws

since they are needed later for polar alignment.

3. Hold the equatorial mount over the tripod head so that the azimuth housing is above the metal peg.

4. Place the equatorial mount on the tripod head so that the two are flush.

5. Tighten the knob (attached to the central rod) on the underside of the tripod head to hold the equatorial mount firmly

in place.

Attaching the Center Leg Brace

Slide the accessory tray over the central rod so that each arm of the tray is pushing against the inside of the

tripod legs.

Thread the accessory tray knob on to the central rod and tighten.

Installing the Counterweight Bar

To properly balance the telescope, the mount comes with a counterweight bar and at least one counterweight

(depending on model). To install the counterweight

bar:

1. Locate the opening in the equatorial mount on the

DEC axis

Mounting Knob

Figure 2-3

2. Thread the counterweight bar into the opening until

tight.

Central Rod

3. Tighten the counterweight bar lock nut fully for added

support (see fig 2-5).

Accessory Tray

Once the bar is securely in place you are ready to

attach the counterweight.

Accessory

Tray Knob

Figure 2-4

Since the fully assembled telescope can be quite heavy, position the mount so that the polar axis is pointing

towards north before the tube assembly and counterweights are attached. This will make the polar alignment

procedure much easier.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Installing the Counterweight

The Advanced Equatorial mount comes with either one or two counterweights (depending on the model). To install

the counterweight(s):

Counterweight Bar

1. Orient the mount so that the counterweight bar points toward the

ground .

Locking Nut

Counterweight

Bar

2. Remove the counterweight safety screw on the end of the

counterweight bar (i.e., opposite the end that attaches to the mount).

Locking Screw

3. Loosen the locking screw on the side of the counterweight.

4. Slide the counterweight onto the shaft (see Figure 2-5).

5. Tighten the locking screw on the side of the weight to hold the

counterweight in place.

Counterweight

Safety Screw

6. Replace the counterweight safety screw.

Figure 2-5

Attaching the Hand Control Holder

(Advanced GT Models Only)

Hand Control

Holder

The Advanced GT telescope models come with a hand control

holder to place the computerized hand control. The hand control

holder comes in two pieces: the leg clamp that snaps around the

tripod leg and the holder which attaches to the leg clamp. To

attach the hand control holder:

1. Place the leg clamp up against one of the tripod legs and

press firmly until the clamp wraps around the leg.

2. Slide the back of the hand control holder downward into

the channel on the front of the legs clamp (see Fig 2-6)

until it snaps into place.

Leg Clamp

Figure 2-6

Attaching the Slow Motion Knobs

(For Non-GT Models Only)

The Advanced Series (non-GT models) comes with

two slow motion control knobs that allows you to

make fine pointing adjustments to the telescope in

both R.A. and Declination. To install the knobs:

1. Locate the hard plastic shell under the R.A. shafts.

2. Remove either of the two oval tabs by pulling tightly.

3. Line up the flat area on the inner portion of the R.A.

slow motion knob with the flat area on the R.A. shaft

(see Fig 2-7).

Figure 2-7

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

4. Slide the R.A. slow motion knob onto the R.A. shaft.

The knob is a tension fit, so sliding it on holds it in place. As mentioned above, there are two R.A. shafts, one on

either side of the mount. It makes no difference which shaft you use since both work the same. Use whichever one

you find more convenient. If, after a few observing sessions, you find the R.A. slow motion knob is more accessible

from the other side, pull firmly to remove the knob, then install it on the opposite side.

The DEC slow motion knob attaches in the same manner as the R.A. knob. The shaft that the DEC slow motion

knob fits over is toward the top of the mount, just below the telescope mounting platform. Once again, you have two

shafts to choose from. Use the shaft that is pointing toward the ground. This makes it easy to reach while looking

through the telescope, something which is quite important when you are observing.

Attaching the Telescope Tube to the Mount

The telescope attaches to the mount via a dovetail slide bar mounting bracket which is mounted along the

Advanced

GT Users!

bottom of the telescope tube. Before you attach the optical tube,

make sure that the declination and right ascension clutch knobs

are tight. This will ensure that the mount does not move suddenly

while attaching the telescope. To mount the telescope tube:

Declination

Index Marks

In order for the GT computerized mount to function properly,

before installing the optical tube, the mounting platform must be

positioned so that the Declination Index Marks are aligned (see Fig

2-8).

1 Locate the mounting bracket from the box containing the equatorial

mount head.

Figure 2-8

2 Attach the mounting bracket to the tube rings so that the tapered (narrow)

end is against the bottom of the tube rings.

3 Loosen the hand knob on the side of the CG-5

mount.

4 Slide the mounting bracket that is attached to

the bottom of the tube rings into the recess on the

top of the mounting platform (see figure 2-9).

5 Tighten the telescope mounting screw on the

CG-5 mount to hold the telescope in place.

6 Hand tighten the mounting platform safety

screw until the tip touches the side of the mounting

bracket.

NOTE: Never loosen any of the knobs on the

telescope tube or mount other than the R.A. and

DEC clutch knobs.

Figure 2-9

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

The Optical Tube

Objective Lens

Tube Ring

Clamp

Finderscope

Quick-release

Finderscope

Bracket

Dovetail / Photo

Tripod Mount

Focuser Knob

Focuser

Installing the Finderscope

To install the finderscope onto the telescope you must first mount the finderscope through the finder bracket and

then attach it to the telescope. Toward the rear of the telescope tube, near the focusing assembly, there is a small

bracket with a set screw in it. This is where the finderscope bracket will be mounted. To install the finderscope:

1. Slide the rubber O-ring over the eyepiece end of the finderscope and roll it 2/3 of the way up the

finderscope.

2. Insert the eyepiece end of the finderscope through the

bracket until the O-ring presses tightly between the finder

and the inside of the bracket.

3. Tighten the adjustment screws until they make contact with

the finderscope body.

4. Locate the mounting bracket near the front (open) end of the

telescope.

5. Loosen the set screw on the mounting bracket on the telescope.

Figure 2-10

6. Slide the finder bracket (attached to the finderscope) into the mounting bracket on the telescope.

7. The finderscope bracket will slide in from the back. The finderscope should be oriented so that the

objective lens is toward the front (open) end of the telescope.

8. Tighten the set screw on the mounting bracket to hold the finderscope in place.

For information on aligning your finderscope, see Telescope Basics section of this manual.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Installing the Eyepieces

The eyepiece, or ocular as it is also called, is an optical element that magnifies the image focused by the telescope.

Without the eyepiece it would be impossible to use the telescope visually. The eyepiece fits directly into the focuser.

To attach an ocular:

Focuser Tension

1. Loosen the set screw on the eyepiece adapter so that

it does not obstruct the inner diameter of the barrel.

Screw

1 ¼" Eyepiece

Adapter

2. Slide the chrome portion of the eyepiece into the

focuser.

3. Tighten the set screw to hold the eyepiece in place.

T-Adapter

Thread

2" Focuser

Barrel

To remove the eyepiece, loosen the set screw on the

focuser and slide the eyepiece out. You can replace

it with another ocular.

Focuser Knob

Figure 2-11

Eyepieces are commonly referred to by focal length and barrel diameter. The focal length of each eyepiece is

printed on the eyepiece barrel. The longer the focal length (i.e., the larger the number) the lower the eyepiece

magnification (i.e., power) and the shorter the focal length (i.e., the smaller the number) the higher the

magnification. Generally, you will use low-to-moderate power when viewing. For more information on how to

determine power, see the section on “Calculating Magnification.”

Your telescope can use eyepieces with both a 1-1/4" barrel diameter and 2" barrel diameter. To use a 2" barrel

eyepiece, the 1 1/4" eyepiece adapter must first be removed. To do this, simply loosen the two chrome thumbscrews

located around the focuser barrel (see figure 2-11) and remove the 1 1/4" adapter. Once removed, a 2" eyepiece or

accessory can be inserted directly into the focuser barrel and secured with the two thumb screws.

Balancing the Tube in R.A.

To eliminate undue stress on the mount, the telescope should be properly balanced around the polar axis. In

addition, proper balancing is crucial for accurate tracking if using an optional motor drive. To balance the mount:

1. Release the R.A. Clamp (see figure 2-15) and position the telescope off to one side of the mount (make sure that the

mounting bracket screw is tight). The counterweight bar will extend horizontally on the opposite side of the mount

(see figure 2-12).

2. Release the telescope — GRADUALLY — to see which way the telescope “rolls.”

3. Loosen the set screw on the counterweight.

4. Move the counterweight to a point where it balances the telescope (i.e., it remains stationary when the R.A. clamp is

released).

5. Tighten the set screw to hold the counterweight(s) in place.

These are general balance instructions and will reduce undue stress on the mount. When taking astrophotographs,

this balance process should be done for the specific area at which the telescope is pointing.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Balancing the Telescope in DEC

The telescope should also be balanced on the declination axis to prevent any sudden motions when the DEC clamp

(Fig 2-5) is released. To balance the telescope in DEC:

1. Release the R.A. clamp and rotate the telescope so that it is on one side of the mount (i.e., as described in the

previous section on balancing the telescope in R.A.).

2. Lock the R.A. clamp to hold the telescope in place.

3. Release the DEC clamp and rotate the telescope until the tube is parallel to the ground (see figure 2-13).

4. Release the tube — GRADUALLY — to see which way it rotates around the declination axis. DO NOT LET GO

OF THE TELESCOPE TUBE COMPLETELY!

5. Loosen the screws that hold the telescope tube inside the mounting rings and slide the telescope either forwards or

backwards until it remains stationary when the DEC clamp is released.

6. Tighten the tube ring screws firmly to hold the telescope in place.

Figure 2-12

Figure 2-13

Like the R.A. balance, these are general balance instructions and will reduce undue stress on the mount. When taking

astrophotographs, this balance process should be done for the specific area at which the telescope is pointing.

Adjusting the Mount

In order for a motor drive to track accurately, the telescope’s axis of rotation must be parallel to the Earth’s axis of

rotation, a process known as polar alignment. Polar alignment is achieved NOT by moving the telescope in R.A. or

DEC, but by adjusting the mount vertically, which is called altitude, and horizontally, which is called azimuth. This

section simply covers the correct movement of the telescope during the polar alignment process. The actual process

of polar alignment, that is making the telescope’s axis of rotation parallel to the Earth’s, is described later in this

manual in the section on “Polar Alignment.”

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Adjusting the Mount in Altitude

•

To increase the latitude of the polar axis, tighten the rear latitude adjustment screw and loosen the front screw (if

necessary).

To decrease the latitude of the polar axis, tighten the front (under the counterweight bar) latitude adjustment screw

and loosen the rear screw (if necessary).

The latitude adjustment on the CG-5 mount has a range from approximately 30° going up to 60°.

It is best to always make final adjustments in altitude by

Rear Latitude

moving the mount against gravity (i.e. using the rear

latitude adjustment screw to raise the mount). To do this

you should loosen both latitude adjustment screws and

manually push the front of the mount down as far as it

will go. Then tighten the rear adjustment screw to raise

the mount to the desired latitude.

Adjustment

Screw

Front Latitude

Adjustment Screw

Azimuth

Adjustment

Knobs

For Advanced GT users, it may be helpful to remove the

front latitude adjustment screw completely. This will

allow the mount to reach lower latitudes without the

screw coming into contact with the R.A. motor assembly.

Figure 2-14

To remove the latitude screw, first use the rear screw to raise the mount head all the way up. Then remove the front

latitude screw completely. Now you should be able to manually move the mount head all the way to its lowest

latitude. Now, using only the rear screw, raise the mount to your desired latitude.

Adjusting the Mount in Azimuth

For rough adjustments in azimuth, simply pick up the telescope and tripod and move it. For fine adjustments in

azimuth:

1. Turn the azimuth adjustment knobs located on either side of the azimuth housing (see Fig 2-14). While standing

behind the telescope, the knobs are on the front of the mount.

• Turning the right adjustment knob clockwise moves the mount toward the right.

• Turning the left adjustment knob clockwise moves the mount to the left.

Both screws push off of the peg on the tripod head, which means you may have to loosen one screw while tightening

the other. The screw that holds the equatorial mount to the tripod may have to be loosened slightly.

Keep in mind that adjusting the mount is done during the polar alignment process only. Once polar aligned, the

mount must NOT be moved. Pointing the telescope is done by moving the mount in right ascension and declination,

as described earlier in this manual.

Attaching the Declination Cable (For GT Models Only)

The Advanced Series mount comes with a declination cable that connects from the R.A. motor drive electronic panel

to the Dec motor drive. To attach the motor cable:

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Locate the Declination cable and plug one end of the cable into the port on the electronics panel labeled DEC Port

and plug the other end of the cable into the port located on the declination motor drive (see Fig 2-15).

Powering the Telescope

The Advanced GT can be powered by the supplied car battery adapter or optional 12v AC adapter. Use only

adapters supplied by Celestron. Using any other adapter may damage the electronics or cause the telescope not to

operate properly, and will void your manufacturer's warranty.

1. To power the telescope with the car battery adapter (or 12v AC adapter), simply plug the round post into the

12v outlet on the electronic panel and plug the other end into your cars cigarette lighter outlet or portable

power supply (see Optional Accessories). Note: to prevent the power cord from being accidentally pulled

out, wrap the power cord around the strain relief located below the power switch.

2. Turn on the power to the telescope by flipping

the switch, located on the electronics panel, to

DEC Locking

the "On" position.

Clamp

R.A. Locking

Clamp

Declination Cable

Input Port

Declination Cable

Output Port

12v Power Input

On/Off Switch

Figure 2-15

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

The Advanced Series GT, computerized version of each telescope has a hand controller designed to give you instant

access to all the functions that your telescope has to offer. With automatic slewing to over 40,000 objects, and

common sense menu descriptions, even a beginner can master its variety of features in just a few observing sessions.

Below is a brief description of the individual components of the computerized hand controller:

1. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Window: Has a dual-line, 16 character display screen that is backlit for

comfortable viewing of telescope information and scrolling text.

2. Align: Instructs the telescope to use a selected star or object as an alignment position.

3. Direction Keys: Allows complete control of the telescope in any direction. Use the direction keys to move

the telescope to the initial alignment stars or for centering objects in the eyepiece.

Figure 3-1

The Advanced GT Hand Control

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

4. Catalog Keys: The Advanced Series has keys on the hand control to allow direct access to each of the

catalogs in its database. The hand control contains the following catalogs in its database:

Messier – Complete list of all Messier objects.

NGC – Complete list of all the deep-sky objects in the Revised New General Catalog.

Caldwell – A combination of the best NGC and IC objects.

Planets - All 8 planets in our Solar System plus the Moon.

Stars – A compiled list of the brightest stars from the SAO catalog.

List – For quick access, all of the best and most popular objects in the Advanced GT database have

been broken down into lists based on their type and/or common name:

Named Stars

Named Objects

Double Stars

Common name listing of the brightest stars in the

sky.

Alphabetical listing of over 50 of the most popular

deep sky objects.

Numeric-alphabetical listing of the most visually

stunning double, triple and quadruple stars in the

sky.

Variable Stars

Asterisms

Select list of the brightest variable stars with the

shortest period of changing magnitude.

A unique list of some of the most recognizable star

patterns in the sky.

CCD Objects

A custom list of many interesting galaxy pairs, trios

and clusters that are well suited for CCD imaging

with the Advanced GT telescope.

IC Objects

A complete list of all the Index Catalog deep-sky

objects.

Abell Objects

Constellation

A custom list of the Abell Catalog deep-sky

galaxies.

A complete list of all 88 constellations.

5. Info: Displays coordinates and useful information about objects selected from the Advanced GT database.

6. Tour: Activates the tour mode, which seeks out all the best objects for the current date and time, and

automatically slews the telescope to those objects.

7. Enter: Pressing Enter allows you to select any of the Advanced GT functions and accept entered

parameters.

8. Undo: Undo will take you out of the current menu and display the previous level of the menu path. Press

Undo repeatedly to get back to a main menu or use it to erase data entered by mistake.

9. Menu: Displays the many setup and utilities functions such as tracking rates and user defined objects and

many others.

10. Scroll Keys: Used to scroll up and down within any of the menu lists. A double-arrow will appear on the

right side of the LCD when there are sub-menus below the displayed menu. Using these keys will scroll

through those sub-menus.

11. Rate: Instantly changes the rate of speed of the motors when the direction buttons are pressed.

12. RS-232 Jack: Allows you to interface with a computer and control the telescope remotely.

Hand Control Operation

This section describes the basic hand control procedures needed to operate the GT Series Telescopes. These

procedures are grouped into three categories: Alignment, Setup and Utilities. The alignment section deals with the

initial telescope alignment as well as finding objects in the sky; the setup section discusses changing parameters

such as tracking mode and tracking rate; finally, the last section reviews all of the utilities functions such as

calibrating your mount, polar alignment and backlash compensation.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Alignment Procedures

In order for the telescope to accurately point to objects in the sky, it must first be aligned to three known positions

(stars) in the sky. With this information, the telescope can create a model of the sky, which it uses to locate any

object with known coordinates. There are many ways to align your telescope with the sky depending on what

information the user is able to provide: Auto Align allows the telescope to select three stars and uses the entered

time/location information to align the telescope; Auto Three Star Align involves the same process as Auto Align,

however it allows the user to select which star to use to align the telescope. Quick-Align will ask you to input all the

same information as you would for the Auto Align procedure. However, instead of slewing to the alignment stars

for centering and alignment, the telescope bypasses this step and simply models the sky based on the information

given. Finally, Last Alignment restores your last saved star alignment and switch position. Last Alignment also

serves as a good safeguard in case the telescope should lose power.

Startup Procedure

Before any of the described alignments are performed, the telescope mount needs to be positioned so that the index

marks are aligned on both the right ascension and declination axes (see Fig 2-8).

First index its switch position so that each axis has an equal amount of

travel to move in either direction. Once the index position has been set,

the hand control will display the last entered date and time information

stored in the hand control. Once the telescope is powered on:

Mount Calibration

After an Auto Align is successfully

completed, the hand control will

display the message, Calibrating...

1. Press ENTER begin the alignment process.

2. The hand control will ask the user to set the mount to its index

This automatic calibration routine is

necessary to calculate and

compensates for "cone" error

inherent in all German equatorial

position. Move the telescope mount, either manually or with

the hand control, so that the index marked in both R.A. and

Dec are aligned (see Fig 2-8). Press Enter to continue.

3. The hand control will then display the last entered local time,

date, time zone, longitude and latitude.

mounts.

Cone

error

the

inaccuracy that results from the

optical tube not being exactly

•

Use the Up/Down keys (10) to view the current

parameters.

perpendicular

the

mounts

•

Press ENTER to accept the current parameters.

Press UNDO to enter current date and time

information into the hand control. The following

information will be displayed:

declination axis as well as various

other inaccuracies such as backlash

in the mounts gears. The telescope

is able to automatically determine

the cone error value by always using

alignment stars on both sides of the

Time - Enter the current local time for your area. You can

enter either the local time (i.e. 08:00), or you can enter

military time (i.e. 20:00).

Meridian

Mechanical errors can be reduced

further by always centering

(see

Figure

3-2).

alignment stars using the up and

right arrow buttons as described in

the Pointing Accuracy box below.

•

Select PM or AM. If military time was entered,

the hand control will bypass this step.

Choose between Standard time or Daylight

Savings time. Use the Up and Down scroll buttons

(10) to toggle between options.

•

Select the time zone that you are observing from. Again, use the Up and Down buttons (10) to

scroll through the choices. Refer to Time Zone map in Appendix for more information.

Date - Enter the month, day and year of your observing session.

•

Finally, you must enter the longitude and latitude of the location of your observing site. Use

the table in Appendix C to locate the closest longitude and latitude for your current observing

location and enter those numbers when asked in the hand control, pressing ENTER after each

entry. Remember to select "West" for longitudes in North America and "North" for latitudes in

the North Hemisphere. For international cities, the correct hemisphere is indicated in the

Appendix listings.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

4. Select one of the four alignment methods as described below.

Note: If incorrect information is entered into the hand control, the UNDO button acts like a back space button

allowing the user to re-enter the correct data.

Auto Align

Auto Align allows the telescope to automatically choose three stars

(two on one side of the Meridian, and one on the opposite side) on

which to align itself. To Auto Align your telescope:

1. Select Auto Align from the alignment choices given.

Based on the date and time information entered, the

telescope will automatically select and go to a bright star

that is above the horizon.

•

If for some reason the chosen star is not visible

(perhaps behind a tree or building) press UNDO to

automatically select the next bright star from the

database star list.

2. Once the telescope is finished slewing to your first

alignment star, the display will ask you to use the arrow

buttons to align the selected star with the crosshairs in the

center of the finderscope. Once centered in the finder,

press ENTER.

3. The display will then instruct you to center the star in the

field of view of the eyepiece. When the star is centered,

press ALIGN to accept this star as your first alignment

star.

Figure 3-2

The Meridian is an imaginary line in the sky

that starts at the North celestial pole and

ends at the South celestial pole and passes

through the zenith. If you are facing South,

the meridian starts from your Southern

horizon and passes directly overhead to the

North celestial pole.

4. After the first alignment star has been entered the telescope will automatically select a second alignment

star on the same side of the Meridian and have you repeat this procedure for that star.

5. For the third alignment star, the telescope will select a bright star on the opposite side of the Meridian and

slew to it. Once again center the star in the crosshairs of the finderscope and then center the star in the

eyepiece, pressing ENTER when complete.

When the telescope has been aligned on all three stars the display will read Alignment Successful, and you are

now ready to find your first object.

Auto Three-Star Align

Auto Three-Star Alignment works much the same way as Auto Align, however

instead of automatically slewing to the alignment stars, the user is allowed to

select the alignment stars from a list. To use Auto Three-Star Align:

Pointing Accuracy

For the best possible

pointing accuracy, always

center the alignment stars

using the up arrow button

and the right arrow button.

1. Select Auto Three Star Align from the alignment choices given.

2. The hand control will display a recommended alignment star to

begin.

Approaching

from this

direction when looking

through the eyepiece will

eliminate much of the

• Press UNDO to display the next recommended star on the same

side of the Meridian, or

• Press the UP and DOWN arrows keys to scroll through the

compete list of available alignment stars to choose from.

3. Once the desired alignment star is displayed on the hand control

press ENTER to slew the telescope to the star.

backlash

between

the

gears and assures the

most accurate alignment

possible.

4. As with the Auto Align procedure, you will be asked to center the

star in the crosshairs of the finderscope and then center the star in

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

the eyepiece, pressing ENTER when complete.

NOTE: Although the telescope allows the user to select the alignment stars, for best all-sky pointing accuracy it is still necessary

to select two alignment stars on one side of the Meridian and the third star on the opposite side of the Meridian. For this reason,

the hand control will only display stars that are on the same side of the Meridian for the first two alignment stars, then will only

display stars on the opposite side of the Meridian for the third alignment star.

Quick-Align

Quick-Align uses all the date and time information entered at startup to align the telescope. However, instead of slewing to the

alignment stars for centering and alignment, the telescope bypasses this step and simply models the sky based on the information

given. This will allow you to roughly slew to the coordinates of bright objects like the moon and planets and gives the telescope

the information needed to track objects in any part of the sky (depending on accuracy of polar alignment). Quick-Align is not

meant to be used to accurately locate small or faint deep-sky objects or to track objects accurately for photography.

To use Quick-Align, simply select Quick Align from the alignment options and press ENTER. The telescope will automatically

use the entered date/time parameters to align itself with the sky and display Alignment Successful.

NOTE: Once a Quick-Align has been done, you can use the Re-alignment feature (see below) to improve your

telescopes pointing accuracy.

Last Alignment

The Last Alignment method will automatically recall the last stored index positions to continue using the alignment

that was saved when the telescope was last powered down. This is a useful feature should your telescope

accidentally lose power or be powered down.

NOTE: Just like with Quick-Align, you can use the Re-alignment feature (see below) to improve your telescopes

pointing accuracy after using the Last Alignment method. To maintain a more accurate alignment over a series of

observing sessions, use the Hibernate feature described later in this chapter.

Re-Alignment

The Advanced Series telescopes have a re-alignment feature which allows you to replace any of the original

alignment stars with a new star or celestial object. This can be useful in several situations:

•

If you are observing over a period of a few hours, you may notice that your original two alignment

stars have drifted towards the west considerably. (Remember that the stars are moving at a rate of 15º

every hour). Aligning on a new star that is in the eastern part of the sky will improve your pointing

accuracy, especially on objects in that part of the sky.

If you have aligned your telescope using the Quick-Align method, you can use re-align to align on

actual objects in the sky. This will improve the pointing accuracy of your telescope without having to

re-enter addition information.

To replace an existing alignment star with a new alignment star:

1. Select the desired star (or object) from the database and slew to it.

2. Carefully center the object in the eyepiece.

3. Once centered, press the UNDO button until you are at the main menu.

4. With Advanced GTdisplayed, press the ALIGN key on the hand control.

5. The display will then ask you which alignment star you want to replace. Use the UP and Down scroll keys

to select the alignment star to be replaced. It is usually best to replace the star closest to the new object.

This will space out your alignment stars across the sky.

6. Press ALIGN to make the change.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Object Catalog

Selecting an Object

Now that the telescope is properly aligned, you can choose an object from any of the catalogs in the telescope's

extensive database. The hand control has a key (4) designated for each of the catalogs in its database. There are two

ways to select objects from the database: scrolling through the named object lists and entering object numbers.

Pressing the LIST key on the hand control will access all objects in the database that have common names or

types. Each list is broken down into the following categories: Named Stars, Named Object, Double Stars,

Variable Stars, Asterisms and CCD Objects. Selecting any one of these catalogs will display a numeric-

alphabetical listing of the objects under that list. Pressing the Up and Down keys (10) allows you to scroll

through the catalog to the desired object.

Helpful

Hint

When scrolling through a long list of objects, holding down either the Up or Down key will allow you to scroll

through the catalog more rapidly by only displaying every fifth catalog object.

Pressing any of the other catalog keys (M, CALD, NGC, or STAR) will display a blinking cursor below the name of

the catalog chosen. Use the numeric key pad to enter the number of any object within these standardized catalogs.

For example, to find the Orion Nebula, press the "M" key and enter "042".

Slewing to an Object

Once the desired object is displayed on the hand control screen, choose from the following options:

•

Press the INFO Key. This will give you useful information about the selected object such as R.A.

and declination, magnitude size and text information for many of the most popular objects.

Press the ENTER Key. This will automatically slew the telescope to the coordinates of the object.

Caution: Never slew the telescope when someone is looking into the eyepiece. The telescope can move at fast

slew speeds and may hit an observer in the eye.

Object information can be obtained without having to do a star alignment. After the telescope is powered on,

pressing any of the catalog keys allows you to scroll through object lists or enter catalog numbers and view the

information about the object as described above.

Finding Planets

Your telescope can locate all 8 of our solar systems planets plus the Moon. However, the hand control will only

display the solar system objects that are above the horizon (or within its filter limits). To locate the planets, press the

PLANET key on the hand control. The hand control will display all solar system objects that are above the horizon:

•

Use the Up and Down keys to select the planet that you wish to observe.

Press INFO to access information on the displayed planet.

Press ENTER to slew to the displayed planet.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Tour Mode

The Advanced Series telescopes include a tour feature which automatically allows the user to choose from a list of

interesting objects based on the date and time in which you are observing. The automatic tour will display only those

objects that are within your set filter limits (see Filter Limits in the Setup Procedures section of the manual). To

activate the Tour mode, press the TOUR key (6) on the hand control. The hand control will display the best objects

to observe that are currently in the sky.

•

To see information and data about the displayed object, press the INFO key.

To slew to the object displayed, press ENTER.

To see the next tour object, press the Up key.

Constellation Tour

In addition to the Tour Mode, your telescope has a Constellation Tour that allows the user to take a tour of all the

best objects in each of the 88 constellations. Selecting Constellation from the LIST menu will display all the

constellation names that are above the user defined horizon (filter limits). Once a constellation is selected, you can

choose from any of the database object catalogs to produce a list of all the available objects in that constellation.

•

To see information and data about the displayed object, press the INFO key.

To slew to the object displayed, press ENTER.

To see the next tour object, press the Up key.

Direction Buttons

The hand control has four direction buttons (3) in the center of the hand control which control the telescope's motion

in altitude (up and down) and azimuth (left and right). The telescope can be controlled at nine different speed rates.

Rate Button

Pressing the RATE key (11) allows you to instantly change the speed rate of the motors from high speed slew rate to

precise guiding rate or anywhere in between. Each rate corresponds to a number on the hand controller key pad.

The number 9 is the fastest rate (3º per second, depending on power source) and is used for slewing between objects

and locating alignment stars. The number 1 on the hand control is the slowest rate (.5x sidereal) and can be used for

accurate centering of objects in the eyepiece and photographic guiding. To change the speed rate of the motors:

•

Press the RATE key on the hand control. The LCD will display the current speed rate.

Press the number on the hand control that corresponds to the desired speed. The number will

appear in the upper-right corner of the LCD display to indicate that the rate has been changed.

The hand control has a "double button" feature that allows you to instantly speed up the motors without having to

choose a speed rate. To use this feature, simply press the arrow button that corresponds to the direction that you

want to move the telescope. While holding that button down, press the opposite directional button. This will

increase the slew rate to the maximum slew rate.

The direction that a star moves in the eyepiece when a direction is pressed will change depending on which side of

the Meridian the telescope tube is positioned. In order to change the direction of the arrow buttons, see Scope Setup

Features later in this section.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

1 = .5x

6 = 64x

2 = 1x (sidereal)

3 = 4x

4 = 8x

7 = .5º / sec

8 = 2º / sec

9 = 3º / sec

5 = 16x

Nine available slew speeds

Setup Procedures

The Advanced GT contains many user defined setup functions designed to give the user control over the telescope's

many advanced features. All of the setup and utility features can be accessed by pressing the MENU key and

scrolling through the options:

Tracking Mode This allows you to change the way the telescope tracks depending on the type of mount

being used to support the telescope. The telescope has three different tracking modes:

EQ North Used to track the sky when the telescope is polar aligned in the

Northern Hemisphere.

EQ South Used to track the sky when the telescope is polar aligned in the

Southern Hemisphere.

Off

When using the telescope for terrestrial (land) observation, the

tracking can be turned off so that the telescope never moves.

Tracking Rate In addition to being able to move the telescope with the hand control buttons, your

telescope will continually track a celestial object as it moves across the night sky. The

tracking rate can be changed depending on what type of object is being observed:

Sidereal This rate compensates for the rotation of the Earth by moving the

telescope at the same rate as the rotation of the Earth, but in the

opposite direction. When the telescope is polar aligned, this can

be accomplished by moving the telescope in right ascension only.

Lunar Used for tracking the moon when observing the lunar landscape.

Solar

Used for tracking the Sun when solar observing with the proper

filter.

View Time-Site - Displays the current time and longitude/latitude downloaded from the optional CN-16 GPS

receiver. It will also display other relevant time-site information like time zone, daylight saving and local sidereal

time. Local sidereal time (LST) is useful for knowing the right ascension of celestial objects that are located on the

Meridian at that time. View Time-Site will always display the last saved time and location entered while it is linking

with the GPS. Once current information has been received, it will update the displayed information. If GPS is

switched off or not present, the hand control will only display the last saved time and location.

User Defined Objects - Your telescope can store up to 400 different user defined objects in its memory. The

objects can be daytime land objects or an interesting celestial object that you discover

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

that is not included in the regular database. There are several ways to save an object to

memory depending on what type of object it is:

GoTo Object:

To go to any of the user defined objects stored in the database, scroll down to either

GoTo Sky Objor Goto Land Objand enter the number of the object you wish to

select and press ENTER. The telescope will automatically retrieve and display the

coordinates before slewing to the object.

Save Sky Object:

Your telescope stores celestial objects to its database by saving its right ascension and

declination in the sky. This way the same object can be found each time the telescope is

aligned. Once a desired object is centered in the eyepiece, simply scroll to the "Save

Sky Obj" command and press ENTER. The display will ask you to enter a number

between 1-200 to identify the object. Press ENTER again to save this object to the

database.

Enter R.A. - Dec:

You can also store a specific set of coordinates for an object just by entering the R.A.

and declination for that object. Scroll to the "Enter RA-DEC " command and press

ENTER. The display will then ask you to enter first the R.A. and then the declination of

the desired object.

Save Land Object:

The telescope can also be used as a spotting scope on terrestrial objects. Fixed land

objects can be stored by saving their altitude and azimuth relative to the location of the

telescope at the time of observing. Since these objects are relative to the location of the

telescope, they are only valid for that exact location. To save land objects, once again

center the desired object in the eyepiece. Scroll down to the "Save Land Obj"

command and press ENTER. The display will ask you to enter a number between 1-200

to identify the object. Press ENTER again to save this object to the database.

To replace the contents of any of the user defined objects, simply save a new object using one of the existing

identification numbers; the telescope will replace the previous user defined object with the current one.

Get RA/DEC - Displays the right ascension and declination for the current position of the telescope.

Goto R.A/ Dec - Allows you to input a specific R.A. and declination and slew to it.

To store a set of coordinates (R.A./Dec) permanently into the database, save it as a User Defined Object as described

above.

Helpful

Hint

Identify

Identify Mode will search any of the telescope's database catalogs or lists and display the name and offset distances

to the nearest matching objects. This feature can serve two purposes. First, it can be used to identify an unknown

object in the field of view of your eyepiece. Additionally, Identify Mode can be used to find other celestial objects

that are close to the objects you are currently observing. For example, if your telescope is pointed at the brightest

star in the constellation Lyra, choosing Identify and then searching the Named Star catalog will no doubt return the

star Vega as the star you are observing. However, by selecting Identify and searching by the Named Object or

Messier catalogs, the hand control will let you know that the Ring Nebula (M57) is approximately 6° from your

current position. Searching the Double Star catalog will reveal that Epsilon Lyrae is only 1° away from Vega. To

use the Identify feature:

•

Press the Menu button and select the Identify option.

Use the Up/Down scroll keys to select the catalog that you would like to search.

Press ENTER to begin the search.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Note: Some of the databases contain thousands of objects, and can therefore take several minutes to return the

closest objects.

Precise GoTo

The Advanced Series telescopes have a precise goto function that can assist in finding extremely faint objects and

centering objects closer to the center of the field of view for astrophotography and CCD imaging. Precise Goto

automatically searches out the closest bright star to the desired object and asks the user to carefully center it in the

eyepiece. The hand control then calculates the small difference between its goto position and its centered position.

Using this offset, the telescope will then slew to the desired object with enhanced accuracy. To use Precise Goto:

SCOPE SETUP

1. Press the MENU button and use the Up/Down keys to select Precise Goto.

•

Choose Database to select the object that you want to observe from any of

the database catalogs listed or;

SETUP TIME-SITE

ANTI-BACKLASH

•

Choose RA/DEC to enter a set of celestial coordinates that you wish to slew

to.

AZM POSITIVE

AZM NEGATIVE

ALT POSITIVE

2. Once the desired object is selected, the hand control will search out and display

the closest bright star to your desired object. Press ENTER to slew to the bright

alignment star.

ALT NEGATIVE

FILTER LIMITS

3. Use the direction buttons to carefully center the alignment star in the eyepiece.

4. Press ENTER to slew to the desired object.

ALTMAX IN LIST

ALTMIN IN LIST

DIRECTION BUTTONS

AZM BUTTONS

ALT BUTTONS

GOTO APPROACH

Scope Setup Features

Setup Time-Site - Allows the user to customize the telescope's display by changing

time and location parameters (such as time zone and daylight savings).

AZM APPROACH

ALT APPROACH

AUTOGUIDE RATES

Anti-backlash – All mechanical gears have a certain amount of backlash or play

between the gears. This play is evident by how long it takes for a star to move in the

eyepiece when the hand control arrow buttons are pressed (especially when changing

directions). The Advanced GT's anti-backlash features allows the user to compensate for

backlash by inputting a value which quickly rewinds the motors just enough to eliminate

the play between gears. The amount of compensation needed depends on the slewing

rate selected; the slower the slewing rate the longer it will take for the star to appear to

move in the eyepiece. There are two values for each axis, positive and negative. Positive

is the amount of compensation applied when you press the button, in order to get the

AZM RATE

ALT RATE

AZIMUTH LIMITS

AZM MIN LIMIT

AZM MAX LIMIT

E/W FILTERING

FILTERING ON

FILTERING OFF

gears moving quickly without a long pause. Negative is the amount of compensation applied when you release the

button, winding the motors back in the other direction to resume tracking. Normally both values should be the same.

You will need to experiment with different values (from 0-99); a value between 20 and 50 is usually best for most

visual observing, whereas a higher value may be necessary for photographic guiding.

To set the anti-backlash value, scroll down to the anti-backlash option and press ENTER. While viewing an object

in the eyepiece, observe the responsiveness of each of the four arrow buttons. Note which directions you see a pause

in the star movement after the button has been pressed. Working one axis at a time, adjust the backlash settings

high enough to cause immediate movement without resulting in a pronounced jump when pressing or releasing the

button. Now, enter the same values for both positive and negative directions. If you notice a jump when releasing

the button, but setting the values lower results in a pause when pressing the button, go with the higher value for

positive, but use a lower value for negative. The telescope will remember these values and use them each time it is

turned on until they are changed.

Filter Limits – When an alignment is complete, the telescope automatically knows which celestial objects are

above the horizon. As a result, when scrolling through the database lists (or selecting the Tour function), the hand

control will display only those objects that are known to be above the horizon when you are observing. You can

customize the object database by selecting altitude limits that are appropriate for your location and situation. For

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

example, if you are observing from a mountainous location where the horizon is partially obscured, you can set your

minimum altitude limit to read +20º. This will make sure that the hand control only displays objects that are higher

in altitude than 20º.

If you want to explore the entire object database, set the maximum altitude limit to 90º and the minimum limit to –

90º. This will display every object in the database lists regardless of whether it is visible in the sky from your

location.

Observing

Tip!

Direction Buttons –The direction a star appears to move in the eyepiece changes depending on which side of the

Meridian the telescope tube is on. This can create confusion especially when guiding on a star when doing

astrophotography. To compensate for this, the direction of the drive control keys can be changed. To reverse the

button logic of the hand control, press the MENU button and select Direction Buttons from the Utilities menu. Use

the Up/Down arrow keys (10) to select either the azimuth (right ascension) or altitude (declination) button direction

and press ENTER. Select either positive or negative for both axes and press ENTER to save. Setting the azimuth

button direction to positive will move the telescope in the same direction that the telescope tracks (i.e. towards the

west). Setting the altitude buttons to positive will move the telescope counterclockwise along the DEC axis.

Goto Approach - lets the user define the direction that the telescope will approach when slewing to an object.

This allows the user the ability to minimize the affects of backlash when slewing from object to object. Just like

with Direction Buttons, setting GoTo Approach to positive will make the telescope approach an object from the

same direction as tracking (west) for azimuth and counterclockwise in declination. Declination Goto approach will

only apply while the telescope tube is on one side of the Meridian. Once the tube passes over to the other side of the

Meridian, the Goto approach will need to be reversed.

To change the Goto approach direction, simply choose Goto Approach from the Scope Setup menu, select either

Altitude or Azimuth approach, choose positive or negative and press ENTER.

Helpful

Hint!

In order to minimize the affect of gear backlash on pointing accuracy, the settings for Button Direction should

ideally match the settings for GoTo Approach. By default,

using the up and right direction buttons to center alignment

stars will automatically eliminate much of the backlash in

the gears. If you change the Goto approach of your

telescope it is not necessary to change the Button Direction

as well. Simply take notice of the direction the telescope

moves when completing it final goto approach. If the

telescope approaches its alignment star from the west

(negative azimuth) and clockwise (negative altitude) then

make sure that the buttons used to center the alignment

stars also move the telescope in the same directions.

Autoguide Rate – Allows the user to set an autoguide

rate as a percentage of sidereal rate. This is helpful when

calibrating your telescope to a CCD autoguider for long

exposure photography.

Azimuth Limits - Sets the limits that the telescope can

slew in azimuth (R.A.) The slew limits are set to 0º to

180º; with zero being the position of the telescope when the

counterweight bar is extended out towards the west and 180º

being the position when the counterweight bar is extended out

toward the east (see Fig 3-3). However, the slew limits can

Fig 3-3 – Azimuth Slew Limits- This

figure shows the full range of motion

for the R.A. (azimuth) axis

be customized depending on your needs. For example, if you are using CCD imaging equipment that has cables

that are not long enough to move with the telescope as it slews across the sky, you can adjust the azimuth slew limit

on the side of the mount that is restricted by the cables. Using the example above, the user could slew the telescope

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

in R.A. (azimuth) until it reaches the point that the cables are extended to their maximum. Then by displaying the

telescopes azimuth in this position (by looking at Get Alt-Az under the Utilities menu) you can determine the

telescopes azimuth at its most extended position. Enter this azimuth reading for either the maximum or minimum

azimuth slew limit to ensure that the telescope will not slew beyond this point.

Warning: In order for the telescope to be able to slew to a star from the direction that minimizes the amount of

backlash in the gears, it may be necessary for the telescope to slew beyond the specified slew limit in order to

approach the star from the correct direction. This can limit your ability to slew to an object by as much as 6º from

the azimuth slew limit set in the hand control. If this proves to be a problem, the direction that the telescope takes

to center an object can be changed. To change the telescopes slewing direction, see Goto Approach under the Scope

Setup menu. In order to guaranty that the telescope will have a full range of motion in R.A. (azimuth), set the

azimuth slew limits to 354 and 186. This will allow the mount to slew without regard to the slew limits.

East/West (E/W) Filtering - In order to ensure the best possible full sky pointing accuracy, the Advanced series

telescopes automatically filters and chooses its initial alignment stars so that the first two alignment stars are located

on one side of the Meridian and the third star is on the opposite side of the Meridian. East/West Filtering allows you

to turn off this automatic filtering feature, allowing the hand control to display all of its alignment stars when doing

a Auto Three Star Align, without regard to the Meridian.

Utility Features

Scrolling through the MENU (9) options will also provide access to several advanced utility functions within the

Advanced Series telescopes such as; Calibrate Goto, Polar Alignment, Hibernate as well as many others.

Calibrate Goto - Goto Calibration is a useful tool when attaching heavy visual or photographic accessories to the

telescope. Goto Calibration calculates the amount of distance and time it takes for the

mount to complete its final slow goto when slewing to an object. Changing the

balance of the telescope can prolong the time it takes to complete the final slew.

Goto Calibration takes into account any slight imbalances and changes the final goto

distance to compensate.

UTILITIES

CALIBRATE GOTO

HOME POSTION

Home Position – The telescopes "home" position is a user-definable position that is

used to store the telescope when not in use. The home position is useful when storing

the telescope in a permanent observatory facility. By default the Home position is the

same as the index position used when aligning the mount. To set the Home position

for your mount simply use the arrow buttons on the hand control to move the

telescope mount to the desired position. Select the Set option and press Enter.

GOTO

SET

POLAR ALIGN

LIGHT CONTROL

Polar Align- The Advanced GT has a polar alignment function that will help you

polar align your telescope for increased tracking precision and astrophotography.

After performing an Auto Alignment, the telescope will slew to where Polaris should

be. By using the equatorial head to center Polaris in the eyepiece, the mount will then

be pointed towards the actual North Celestial Pole. Once Polar Align is complete,

you must re-align your telescope again using any of the alignment methods described

earlier. To polar align the mount in the Northern Hemisphere:

KEYPAD OFF

KEYPAD ON

DISPLAY OFF

DISPLAY ON

FACTORY SETTING

PRESS UNDO

PRESS "0"

1. With the telescope set up and roughly positioned towards Polaris, align the

VERSION

mount using the Auto Align or Auto Three Star method.

GET ALT-AZ

GOTO ATL-AZ

HIBERNATE

2. Select Polar Align from the Utilities menu and press Enter.

TURN ON/OFF GPS

Based on your current alignment, the telescope will slew to where it thinks Polaris

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

should be. Use the equatorial head latitude and azimuth adjustments to place Polaris in the center of the eyepiece.

Do not use the direction buttons to position Polaris. Once Polaris is centered in the eyepiece press ENTER; the

polar axis should then be pointed towards the North Celestial Pole.

Light Control – This feature allows you to turn off both the red key pad light and LCD display for daytime use to

conserve power and to help preserve your night vision.

Factory Settings – Returns the Advanced GT hand control to its original factory settings. Parameters such as

backlash compensation values, initial date and time, longitude/latitude along with slew and filter limits will be reset.

However, stored parameters such as user defined objects will remain saved even when Factory Settings is selected.

The hand control will ask you to press the "0" key before returning to the factory default setting.

Version - Selecting this option will allow you to see the current version number of the hand control, motor control

and GPS software (if using optional CN-16 GPS accessory). The first set of numbers indicate the hand control

software version. For the motor control, the hand control will display two sets of numbers; the first numbers are for

azimuth and the second set are for altitude. On the second line of the LCD, the GPS and serial bus versions are

displayed.

Get Alt-Az - Displays the relative altitude and azimuth for the current position of the telescope.

Goto Alt-Az - Allows you to enter a specific altitude and azimuth position and slew to it.

Hibernate - Hibernate allows the telescope to be completely powered down and still retain its alignment when

turned back on. This not only saves power, but is ideal for those that have their telescopes permanently mounted or

leave their telescope in one location for long periods of time. To place your telescope in Hibernate mode:

1. Select Hibernate from the Utility Menu.

2. Move the telescope to a desire position and press ENTER.

3. Power off the telescope. Remember to never move your telescope manually while in Hibernate mode.

Once the telescope is powered on again the display will read Wake Up. After pressing Enter you have the option of

scrolling through the time/site information to confirm the current setting. Press ENTER to wake up the telescope.

Helpful

Hint

Pressing UNDO at the Wake Up screen allows you to explore many of the features of the hand control without

waking the telescope up from hibernate mode. To wake up the telescope after UNDO has been pressed, select

Hibernate from the Utility menu and press ENTER. Do not use the direction buttons to move the telescope while in

hibernate mode.

Turn On/Off GPS - If using your Advanced GT telescope with the optional CN-16 GPS accessory (see Optional

Accessories section of the manual), you will need to turn the GPS on the first time you use the accessory. . If you

want to use the telescope's database to find the coordinates of a celestial object for a future or past dates you would

need to turn the GPS off in order to manually enter a time other than the present.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

ADVANCED GT

ALIGNMENT

LIST

NAMED STAR

NAMED OBJECT

ASTERISM

TOUR

VARIABLE STAR

DOUBLE STAR

CCD OBJECTS

ABELL

IC CATALOG

CALDWELL

MESSIER

NGC

SAO

TRACKING

MODE

START-UP PROCUDURE

SET TO INDEX

ENTER TIME

DLS/ST

TIME ZONE

ENTER DATE- MM/DD/YY

ENTER LONG/LAT

EQ NORTH

EQ SOUTH

OFF

RATE

AUTO ALIGN

CENTER STAR 1

CENTER STAR 2

SIDEREAL

SOLAR

LUNAR

SOLAR SYSTEM

CONSTELLATION

VIEW TIME-SITE

SCOPE SETUP

CENTER STAR 3

SETUP TIME-SITE

ANTI-BACKLASH

FILTER LIMITS

AUTO THREE-STAR ALIGN

DIRECTION BUTTONS

GOTO APPROACH

AUTOGUIDE RATE

AZIMUTH LIMITS

EAST/WEST FILTERING

UTILITIES

SELECT STAR 1

CENTER STAR 1

SELECT STAR 2

CENTER STAR 2

SELECT STAR 3

CALIBRATE GOTO

HOME POSITION

POLAR ALIGN

LIGHT CONTROL

FACTORY SETTING

VERSION

CENTER STAR 3

LAST ALIGNMENT

QUICK-ALIGN

GET ALT-AZ

GOTO ALT-AZ

HIBERNATE

TURN ON/OFF GPS

USER OBJECTS

GOTO SKY OBJ

SAVE SKY OBJ

ENTER RA & DEC

SAVE LAND OBJ

GOTO LAND OBJ

GET RA-DEC

GOTO RA-DEC

IDENTIFY

SELECT CATALOG

PRECISE GOTO

GOTO TYPE

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

A telescope is an instrument that collects and focuses light. The nature of the optical design determines how the light is focused.

Some telescopes, known as refractors, use lenses. Other telescopes, known as reflectors, use mirrors. Developed in the early

1600s, the refractor is the oldest telescope design. It derives its name from the method it uses to focus incoming light rays. The

refractor uses a lens to bend or refract incoming light rays, hence the name (see Figure 4-1). Early designs used single element

lenses. However, the single lens acts like a prism and breaks light down into the colors of the rainbow, a phenomenon known as

chromatic aberration. To get around this problem, a two-element lens, known as an achromat, was introduced. Each element has

a different index of refraction allowing two different wavelengths of light to be focused at the same point. Most two-element

lenses, usually made of crown and flint glasses, are corrected for red and green light. Blue light may still be focused at a slightly

different point.

Figure 4-1

A cutaway view of the light path of the Refractor optical design

Image Orientation

It should be noted that the image orientation will change depending on the viewing configuration. When using the star diagonal,

the image is right-side-up, but reversed from left-to-right. If inserting the eyepiece into the accessory adapter (i.e., without the

star diagonal), the image is inverted (upside down and reversed from left-to-right). This holds true for the 9x50 finder as well as

the telescope. For correct orientation through the telescope, which is important primarily for terrestrial observing, use the

optional 45° erect image diagonal 1-1/4" (#94112-A).

Actual image orientation as seen

with the unaided eye

Inverted image, as viewed with

the eyepiece directly in telescope

Reversed from left to right, as

viewed with a Star Diagonal

Figure 4-2

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Focusing

To focus your telescope, simply turn the focus knob located directly below the focuser. Turning the knob

clockwise allows you to focus on an object that is farther than the one you are currently observing. Turning the

knob counterclockwise from you allows you to focus on an object closer than the one you are currently observing.

•

If you wear corrective lenses (specifically glasses), you may want to remove them when observing with an

eyepiece attached to the telescope. However, when using a camera you should always wear corrective lenses to

ensure the sharpest possible focus. If you have astigmatism, corrective lenses must be worn at all times.

Aligning the Finderscope

Accurate alignment of the finder makes it easy to find objects with the telescope, especially celestial objects. To

make aligning the finder as easy as possible, this procedure should be done in the daytime when it is easy to find

and identify objects. The finderscope has a spring-loaded adjustment screw that puts pressure on the finderscope

while the remaining screws are used to adjust the finder horizontally and vertically. To align the finder:

Choose a target that is in excess of one mile away. This eliminates any possible parallax effect between the

telescope and finder.

Release the R.A. and DEC clamps and point the telescope at your target.

Center your target in the main optics of the telescope. You may have to move the telescope slightly to center it.

Adjust the screw on the finder bracket that is on the right (when looking through the finder) until the cross hairs are

centered horizontally on the target seen through the telescope.

Adjust the screw on the top of the finder bracket until the cross hairs are centered vertically on the target seen

through the telescope.

Image orientation through the finder is inverted (i.e., upside down and backwards left-to-right). This is normal for

any finder that is used straight-through. Because of this, it may take a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the

directional change each screw makes on the finder.

Calculating Magnification

You can change the power of your telescope just by changing the eyepiece (ocular). To determine the magnification of your

telescope, simply divide the focal length of the telescope by the focal length of the eyepiece used. In equation format, the

formula looks like this:

Focal Length of Telescope (mm)

Magnification =

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

Focal Length of Eyepiece (mm)

For example, to determine the magnification of the 80ED with a 20mm eyepiece, divide the focal length of the spotting scope

(600mm) by the focal length of the eyepiece (20mm). 600 divided by 20 yields 30 power.

Although the power is variable, each instrument has a limit to the highest useful magnification. The general rule is that 60 power

can be used for every inch of aperture. For example, in a 3.2” diameter telescope, such as the 80ED, the maximum useful

magnification is 192 power. This is derived from multiplying 60 times 3.2”. Although this is the maximum useful

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

magnification, most observing is done in the range of 20 to 35 power for every inch of aperture which for the 80ED is 64 to

112.

Determining Field of View

Determining the field of view is important if you want to get an idea of the angular size of the object you are observing. To

calculate the actual field of view, divide the apparent field of the eyepiece (supplied by the eyepiece manufacturer) by the

magnification. In equation format, the formula looks like this:

Apparent Field of Eyepiece

True Field = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

Magnification

As you can see, before determining the field of view, you must calculate the magnification. Using the example in the previous

section, we can determine the field of view using the same 20mm eyepiece. The 20mm eyepiece has an apparent field of view of

50°. Divide the 50° by the magnification, which is 30 power. This yields an actual field of 1.67°.

To convert degrees to feet at 1,000 yards, which is more useful for terrestrial observing, simply multiply by 52.5. Continuing

with our example, multiply the angular field 1.67° by 52.5. This produces a linear field width of 87.7 feet at a distance of

one thousand yards. The apparent field of each eyepiece that Celestron manufactures is found in the Celestron Accessory Catalog

(#93685).

General Observing Hints

When working with any optical instrument, there are a few things to remember to ensure you get the best possible image.

•

Never look through window glass. Glass found in household windows is optically imperfect, and as a result, may vary in

thickness from one part of a window to the next. This inconsistency can and will affect the ability to focus your telescope.

In most cases you will not be able to achieve a truly sharp image, while in some cases, you may actually see a double image.

•

Never look across or over objects that are producing heat waves. This includes asphalt parking lots on hot summer days or

building rooftops.

Hazy skies, fog, and mist can also make it difficult to focus when viewing terrestrially. The amount of detail seen under

these conditions is greatly reduced. Also, when photographing under these conditions, the processed film may come out a

little grainier than normal with lower contrast and underexposed.

•

If you wear corrective lenses (specifically glasses), you may want to remove them when observing with an eyepiece

attached to the telescope. When using a camera, however, you should always wear corrective lenses to ensure the sharpest

possible focus. If you have astigmatism, corrective lenses must be worn at all times.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Up to this point, this manual covered the assembly and basic operation of your telescope. However, to understand your

telescope more thoroughly, you need to know a little about the night sky. This section deals with observational

astronomy in general and includes information on the night sky and polar alignment.

The Celestial Coordinate System

To help find objects in the sky, astronomers use a celestial coordinate system that is similar to our geographical

coordinate system here on Earth. The celestial coordinate system has poles, lines of longitude and latitude, and an

equator. For the most part, these remain fixed against the background stars.

The celestial equator runs 360 degrees around the Earth and separates the northern celestial hemisphere from the

southern. Like the Earth's equator, it bears a reading of zero degrees. On Earth this would be latitude. However, in the

sky this is referred to as declination, or DEC for short. Lines of declination are named for their angular distance above

and below the celestial equator. The lines are broken down into degrees, minutes of arc, and seconds of arc.

Declination readings south of the equator carry a minus sign (-) in front of the coordinate and those north of the

celestial equator are either blank (i.e., no designation) or preceded by a plus sign (+).

The celestial equivalent of longitude is called Right Ascension, or R.A. for short. Like the Earth's lines of longitude,

they run from pole to pole and are evenly spaced 15 degrees apart. Although the longitude lines are separated by an

angular distance, they are also a measure of time. Each line of longitude is one hour apart from the next. Since the

Earth rotates once every 24 hours, there are 24 lines total. As a result, the R.A. coordinates are marked off in units of

time. It begins with an arbitrary point in the constellation of Pisces designated as 0 hours, 0 minutes, 0 seconds. All

other points are designated by how far (i.e., how long) they lag behind this coordinate after it passes overhead moving

toward the west.

Figure 5-1

The celestial sphere seen from the outside showing R.A. and DEC.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Motion of the Stars

The daily motion of the Sun across the sky is familiar to even the most casual observer. This daily trek is not the Sun

moving as early astronomers thought, but the result of the Earth's rotation. The Earth's rotation also causes the stars to

do the same, scribing out a large circle as the Earth completes one rotation. The size of the circular path a star follows

depends on where it is in the sky. Stars near the celestial equator form the largest circles rising in the east and setting in

the west. Moving toward the north celestial pole, the point around which the stars in the northern hemisphere appear to

rotate, these circles become smaller. Stars in the mid-celestial latitudes rise in the northeast and set in the northwest.

Stars at high celestial latitudes are always above the horizon, and are said to be circumpolar because they never rise and

never set. You will never see the stars complete one circle because the sunlight during the day washes out the starlight.

However, part of this circular motion of stars in this region of the sky can be seen by setting up a camera on a tripod

and opening the shutter for a couple hours. The processed film will reveal semicircles that revolve around the pole.

(This description of stellar motions also applies to the southern hemisphere except all stars south of the celestial equator

move around the south celestial pole.)

Figure 5-2

All stars appear to rotate around the celestial poles. However, the appearance of this motion

varies depending on where you are looking in the sky. Near the north celestial pole the stars

scribe out recognizable circles centered on the pole (1). Stars near the celestial equator also

follow circular paths around the pole. But, the complete path is interrupted by the horizon.

These appear to rise in the east and set in the west (2). Looking toward the opposite pole, stars

curve or arc in the opposite direction scribing a circle around the opposite pole (3).

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Latitude Scales

The easiest way to polar align a telescope is with a latitude scale. Unlike other methods that require you to find the

celestial pole by identifying certain stars near it, this method works off of a known constant to determine how high the

polar axis should be pointed. The Advanced Series mount can be adjusted from 30 to 60 degrees (see figure 5-3).

The constant, mentioned above, is a relationship

between your latitude and the angular distance the

celestial pole is above the northern (or southern)

horizon; The angular distance from the northern

horizon to the north celestial pole is always equal to

your latitude. To illustrate this, imagine that you are

standing on the north pole, latitude +90°. The north

Latitude

Scale

celestial pole, which has a declination of +90°, would

be directly overhead (i.e., 90 above the horizon). Now,

let’s say that you move one degree south — your

latitude is now +89° and the celestial pole is no longer

directly overhead. It has moved one degree closer

toward the northern horizon. This means the pole is

now 89° above the northern horizon. If you move one

degree further south, the same thing happens again. You

Figure 5-3

would have to travel 70 miles north or south to change your latitude by one degree. As you can see from this example,

the distance from the northern horizon to the celestial pole is always equal to your latitude.

If you are observing from Los Angeles, which has a latitude of 34°, then the celestial pole is 34° above the northern

horizon. All a latitude scale does then is to point the polar axis of the telescope at the right elevation above the northern

(or southern) horizon. To align your telescope:

1. Make sure the polar axis of the mount is pointing due north. Use a landmark that you know faces north.

2. Level the tripod. There is a bubble level built into the mount for this purpose.

NOTE: Leveling the tripod is only necessary if using this method of polar alignment. Perfect polar alignment is still

possible using other methods described later in this manual without leveling the tripod.

3. Adjust the mount in altitude until the latitude indicator points to your latitude. Moving the mount affects the angle the

polar axis is pointing. For specific information on adjusting the equatorial mount, please see the section “Adjusting the

Mount.”

This method can be done in daylight, thus eliminating the need to fumble around in the dark. Although this method

does NOT put you directly on the pole, it will limit the number of corrections you will make when tracking an object.

It will also be accurate enough for short exposure prime focus planetary photography (a couple of seconds) and short

exposure piggyback astrophotography (a couple of minutes).

Pointing at Polaris

This method utilizes Polaris as a guidepost to the celestial pole. Since Polaris is less than a degree from the celestial

pole, you can simply point the polar axis of your telescope at Polaris. Although this is by no means perfect alignment,

it does get you within one degree. Unlike the previous method, this must be done in the dark when Polaris is visible.

1. Set the telescope up so that the polar axis is pointing north.

2. Loosen the DEC clutch knob and move the telescope so that the tube is parallel to the polar axis. When this is done,

the declination setting circle will read +90°. If the declination setting circle is not aligned, move the telescope so that

the tube is parallel to the polar axis.

3. Adjust the mount in altitude and/or azimuth until Polaris is in the field of view of the finder.

4. Center Polaris in the field of the telescope using the fine adjustment controls on the mount.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Remember, while Polar aligning, do NOT move the telescope in R.A. or DEC. You do not want to move the

telescope itself, but the polar axis. The telescope is used simply to see where the polar axis is pointing.

Like the previous method, this gets you close to the pole but not directly on it. The following methods help improve

your accuracy for more serious observations and photography.

Finding the North Celestial Pole

In each hemisphere, there is a point in the sky around which all the other stars appear to rotate. These points are called

the celestial poles and are named for the hemisphere in which they reside. For example, in the northern hemisphere all

stars move around the north celestial pole. When the telescope's polar axis is pointed at the celestial pole, it is parallel

to the Earth's rotational axis.

Many methods of polar alignment require that you know how to find the celestial pole by

identifying stars in the area. For those in the northern hemisphere, finding the celestial pole is

not too difficult. Fortunately, we have a naked eye star less than a degree away. This star,

Polaris, is the end star in the handle of the Little Dipper. Since the Little Dipper (technically

called Ursa Minor) is not one of the brightest constellations in the sky, it may be difficult to

locate from urban areas. If this is the case, use the two end stars in the bowl of the Big Dipper

(the pointer stars). Draw an imaginary line through them toward the Little Dipper. They point

to Polaris (see Figure 5-5). The position of the Big Dipper changes during the year and

throughout the course of the night (see Figure 5-4). When the Big Dipper is low in the sky

(i.e., near the horizon), it may be difficult to locate. During these times, look for Cassiopeia

(see Figure 5-5). Observers in the southern hemisphere are not as fortunate as those in the

northern hemisphere. The stars around the south celestial pole are not nearly as bright as those

around the north. The closest star that is relatively bright is Sigma Octantis. This star is just

Definition

Figure 5-4 The position of the

within naked eye limit (magnitude 5.5) and lies about 59 arc minutes from the pole.

Big Dipper changes

throughout the year and the

night.

The north celestial pole is the point in the northern hemisphere around which all stars

appear to rotate. The counterpart in the southern hemisphere is referred to as the

south celestial pole.

Figure 5-5

The two stars in the front of the bowl of the Big Dipper point to Polaris which is less

than one degree from the true (north) celestial pole. Cassiopeia, the “W” shaped

constellation, is on the opposite side of the pole from the Big Dipper. The North

Celestial Pole (N.C.P.) is marked by the “+” sign.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Declination Drift Method of Polar Alignment

This method of polar alignment allows you to get the most accurate alignment on the celestial pole and is required if

you want to do long exposure deep-sky astrophotography through the telescope. The declination drift method requires

that you monitor the drift of selected stars. The drift of each star tells you how far away the polar axis is pointing from

the true celestial pole and in what direction. Although declination drift is simple and straight-forward, it requires a

great deal of time and patience to complete when first attempted. The declination drift method should be done after

any one of the previously mentioned methods has been completed.

To perform the declination drift method you need to choose two bright stars. One should be near the eastern horizon

and one due south near the meridian. Both stars should be near the celestial equator (i.e., 0° declination). You will

monitor the drift of each star one at a time and in declination only. While monitoring a star on the meridian, any

misalignment in the east-west direction is revealed. While monitoring a star near the east/west horizon, any

misalignment in the north-south direction is revealed. It is helpful to have an illuminated reticle eyepiece to help you

recognize any drift. For very close alignment, a Barlow lens is also recommended since it increases the magnification

and reveals any drift faster. When looking due south, insert the diagonal so the eyepiece points straight up. Insert the

cross hair eyepiece and align the cross hairs so that one is parallel to the declination axis and the other is parallel to the

right ascension axis. Move your telescope manually in R.A. and DEC to check parallelism.

First, choose your star near where the celestial equator and the meridian meet. The star should be approximately within

1/2 an hour of the meridian and within five degrees of the celestial equator. Center the star in the field of your

telescope and monitor the drift in declination.

•

If the star drifts south, the polar axis is too far east.

If the star drifts north, the polar axis is too far west.

Make the appropriate adjustments to the polar axis to eliminate any drift. Once you have eliminated all the drift, move

to the star near the eastern horizon. The star should be 20 degrees above the horizon and within five degrees of the

celestial equator.

•

If the star drifts south, the polar axis is too low.

If the star drifts north, the polar axis is too high.

Again, make the appropriate adjustments to the polar axis to eliminate any drift. Unfortunately, the latter adjustments

interact with the prior adjustments ever so slightly. So, repeat the process again to improve the accuracy checking both

axes for minimal drift. Once the drift has been eliminated, the telescope is very accurately aligned. You can now do

prime focus deep-sky astrophotography for long periods.

NOTE: If the eastern horizon is blocked, you may choose a star near the western horizon, but you must reverse the

polar high/low error directions. Also, if using this method in the southern hemisphere, the direction of drift is

reversed for both R.A. and DEC.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

With your telescope set up, you are ready to use it for observing. This section covers visual observing hints for both

solar system and deep sky objects as well as general observing conditions which will affect your ability to observe.

Observing the Moon

Often, it is tempting to look at the Moon when it is full. At this time,

the face we see is fully illuminated and its light can be overpowering.

In addition, little or no contrast can be seen during this phase.

One of the best times to observe the Moon is during its partial phases

(around the time of first or third quarter). Long shadows reveal a great

amount of detail on the lunar surface. At low power you will be able to

see most of the lunar disk at one time. Change to higher power

(magnification) to focus in on a smaller area. Choose the lunar tracking

rate from the hand control's MENU tracking rate options to keep the

moon centered in the eyepiece even at high magnifications.

Lunar Observing Hints

To increase contrast and bring out detail on the lunar surface, use filters. A yellow filter works well at improving

contrast while a neutral density or polarizing filter will reduce overall surface brightness and glare.

Observing the Planets

Other fascinating targets include the five naked eye planets. You can

see Venus go through its lunar-like phases. Mars can reveal a host of

surface detail and one, if not both, of its polar caps. You will be able to

see the cloud belts of Jupiter and the great Red Spot (if it is visible at

the time you are observing). In addition, you will also be able to see the

moons of Jupiter as they orbit the giant planet. Saturn, with its beautiful

rings, is easily visible at moderate power.

Planetary Observing Hints

•

Remember that atmospheric conditions are usually the

limiting factor on how much planetary detail will be visible.

So, avoid observing the planets when they are low on the

horizon or when they are directly over a source of radiating

heat, such as a rooftop or chimney. See the "Seeing Conditions" section later in this section.

•

To increase contrast and bring out detail on the planetary surface, try using Celestron eyepiece filters.

Observing the Sun

Although overlooked by many amateur astronomers, solar observation is both rewarding and fun. However, because

the Sun is so bright, special precautions must be taken when observing our star so as not to damage your eyes or your

telescope.

Never project an image of the Sun through the telescope. Because of the folded optical design, tremendous heat build-

up will result inside the optical tube. This can damage the telescope and/or any accessories attached to the telescope.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

For safe solar viewing, use a solar filter that reduces the intensity of the Sun's light, making it safe to view. With a

filter you can see sunspots as they move across the solar disk and faculae, which are bright patches seen near the Sun's

edge.

Solar Observing Hints

•

The best time to observe the Sun is in the early morning or late afternoon when the air is cooler.

To center the Sun without looking into the eyepiece, watch the shadow of the telescope tube until it forms a

circular shadow.

•

To ensure accurate tracking, be sure to select the solar tracking rate.

Observing Deep Sky Objects

Deep-sky objects are simply those objects outside the boundaries of our solar system. They include star clusters,

planetary nebulae, diffuse nebulae, double stars and other galaxies outside our own Milky Way. Most deep-sky objects

have a large angular size. Therefore, low-to-moderate power is all you need to see them. Visually, they are too faint to

reveal any of the color seen in long exposure photographs. Instead, they appear black and white. And, because of their

low surface brightness, they should be observed from a dark-sky location. Light pollution around large urban areas

washes out most nebulae making them difficult, if not impossible, to observe. Light Pollution Reduction filters help

reduce the background sky brightness, thus increasing contrast.

Seeing Conditions

Viewing conditions affect what you can see through your telescope during an observing session. Conditions include

transparency, sky illumination, and seeing. Understanding viewing conditions and the effect they have on observing

will help you get the most out of your telescope.

Transparency

Transparency is the clarity of the atmosphere which is affected by clouds, moisture, and other airborne particles. Thick

cumulus clouds are completely opaque while cirrus can be thin, allowing the light from the brightest stars through.

Hazy skies absorb more light than clear skies making fainter objects harder to see and reducing contrast on brighter

objects. Aerosols ejected into the upper atmosphere from volcanic eruptions also affect transparency. Ideal conditions

are when the night sky is inky black.

Sky Illumination

General sky brightening caused by the Moon, aurorae, natural airglow, and light pollution greatly affect transparency.

While not a problem for the brighter stars and planets, bright skies reduce the contrast of extended nebulae making

them difficult, if not impossible, to see. To maximize your observing, limit deep sky viewing to moonless nights far

from the light polluted skies found around major urban areas. LPR filters enhance deep sky viewing from light

polluted areas by blocking unwanted light while transmitting light from certain deep sky objects. You can, on the other

hand, observe planets and stars from light polluted areas or when the Moon is out.

Seeing

Seeing conditions refers to the stability of the atmosphere and directly affects the amount of fine detail seen in extended

objects. The air in our atmosphere acts as a lens which bends and distorts incoming light rays. The amount of bending

depends on air density. Varying temperature layers have different densities and, therefore, bend light differently. Light

rays from the same object arrive slightly displaced creating an imperfect or smeared image. These atmospheric

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

disturbances vary from time-to-time and place-to-place. The size of the air parcels compared to your aperture

determines the "seeing" quality. Under good seeing conditions, fine detail is visible on the brighter planets like Jupiter

and Mars, and stars are pinpoint images. Under poor seeing conditions, images are blurred and stars appear as blobs.

The conditions described here apply to both visual and photographic observations.

Figure 6-1

Seeing conditions directly affect image quality. These drawings represent a

point source (i.e., star) under bad seeing conditions (left) to excellent conditions

(right). Most often, seeing conditions produce images that lie some where

between these two extremes.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

After looking at the night sky for a while you may want to try photographing it. Several forms of photography are

possible with your telescope, including terrestrial and celestial photography. Both of these are discussed in moderate

detail with enough information to get you started. Topics include the accessories required and some simple techniques.

More information is available in some of the publications listed at the end of this manual.

In addition to the specific accessories required for each type of celestial photography, there is the need for a camera -

but not just any camera. The camera does not have to have many of the features offered on today's state-of-the-art

equipment. For example, you don't need auto focus capability or mirror lock up. Here are the mandatory features a

camera needs for celestial photography. First, a “B” setting which allows for time exposures. This excludes point and

shoot cameras and limits the selection to SLR cameras, the most common type of 35mm camera on the market today.

Second, the “B” or manual setting should NOT run off the battery. Many new electronic cameras use the battery to

keep the shutter open during time exposures. Once the batteries are drained, usually after a few minutes, the shutter

closes, whether you were finished with the exposure or not. Look for a camera that has a manual shutter when

operating in the time exposure mode. Olympus, Nikon, Minolta, Pentax, Canon and others have made such camera

bodies.

The camera must have interchangeable lenses so you can attach it to the telescope and so you can use a variety of

lenses for piggyback photography. If you can't find a new camera, you can purchase a used camera body that is not

100-percent functional. The light meter, for example, does not have to be operational since you will be determining the

exposure length manually.

You also need a cable release with a locking function to hold the shutter open while you do other things. Mechanical

and air release models are available.

Piggyback

The easiest way to enter the realm of deep-sky, long exposure astrophotography is via the piggyback

method. Piggyback photography is done with a camera and its normal lens riding on top of the telescope.

Through piggyback photography you can capture entire constellations and record large scale nebulae that

are too big for prime focus photography. Because you are photographing with a low power lens and

guiding with a high power telescope, the margin for error is very large. Small mistakes made while guiding

the telescope will not show up on film. To attach the camera to the telescope, use the piggyback adapter

screw located on the top of the tube mounting ring. It may be necessary to remove the finder scope bracket

before attaching the camera.

As with any form of deep-sky photography, it should be done from a dark sky observing site. Light

pollution around major urban areas washes out the faint light of deep-sky objects. You can still practice

from less ideal skies.

1. Polar align the telescope (using one of the methods described earlier) and start the motor drive.

2. Load your camera with slide film, ISO 100 or faster, or print film, ISO 400 or faster!

3. Set the f/ratio of your camera lens so that it is a half stop to one full stop down from completely open.

4. Set the shutter speed to the “B” setting and focus the lens to the infinity setting.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

5. Locate the area of the sky that you want to photograph and move the telescope so that it points in that

direction.

6. Find a suitable guide star in the telescope eyepiece field of view. This is relatively easy since you can

search a wide area without affecting the area covered by your camera lens. If you do not have an

illuminated cross hair eyepiece for guiding, simply defocus your guide star until it fills most of the field of

view. This makes it easy to detect any drift.

7. Release the shutter using a cable release.

8. Monitor your guide star for the duration of the exposure making the necessary corrections needed to keep

the star centered.

Short Exposure Prime Focus Photography

Short exposure prime focus photography is the best way to begin recording celestial objects. It is done with

the camera attached to the telescope without an eyepiece or camera lens in place. To attach your camera,

you need the T-adapter and a T-Ring for your specific camera (i.e., Minolta, Nikon, Pentax, etc.). The

focuser has a built-in T-adapter and are ready to accept a 35mm camera body. The T-Ring replaces the

35mm SLR camera’s normal lens. Prime focus photography allows you to capture the entire solar disk (if

using the proper filter) as well as the entire lunar disk. To attach your camera to your telescope:

Remove the eyepiece from the 1 ¹/₄" eyepiece holder.

Unthread the 1 ¹/₄" eyepiece holder from the focuser assembly. This will expose the male thread of the built-

in T-adapter.

Thread the T-ring onto the exposed T-adapter threads.

Mount your camera body onto the T-Ring the same as you would any other lens.

With your camera attached to the telescope, you are ready for prime focus photography. Start with an easy

object like the Moon. Here’s how to do it:

1. Load your camera with film that has a moderate-to-fast speed (i.e., ISO rating). Faster films are more

desirable when the Moon is a crescent. When the Moon is near full, and at its brightest, slower films are

more desirable. Here are some film recommendations:

• T-Max 100

• T-Max 400

• Any 100 to 400 ISO color slide film

• Fuji Super HG 400

2. Center the Moon in the field of your telescope.

3. Focus the telescope by turning the focus knob until the image is sharp.

4. Set the shutter speed to the appropriate setting (see table 7-1).

5. Trip the shutter using a cable release.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

6. Advance the film and repeat the process.

Lunar Phase

Crescent

Quarter

Full

ISO 50

1/2

1/15

1/30

ISO 100

1/4

1/30

ISO 200

1/8

1/60

ISO 400

1/15

1/125

1/250

1/60

1/125

Table 7-1

Above is a listing of recommended exposure times when photographing the Moon at the

prime focus of your telescope.

The exposure times listed in table 7-1 should be used as a starting point. Always make exposures that are longer and

shorter than the recommended time. Also, take a few photos at each shutter speed. This will ensure that you will get a

good photo.

•

If using black and white film, try a yellow filter to reduce the light intensity and to increase contrast.

Keep accurate records of your exposures. This information is useful if you want to repeat your results or

if you want to submit some of your photos to various astronomy magazines for possible publication!

•

This technique is also used for photographing the Sun with the proper solar filter.

Terrestrial Photography

Your telescope makes an excellent telephoto lens for terrestrial (land) photography. Terrestrial photography is best

done will the telescope tracking drive turned off. To turn the tracking drive off, press the MENU (9) button on the

hand control and scroll down to the Tracking Mode sub menu. Use the Up and Down scroll keys (10) to select the Off

option and press ENTER. This will turn the tracking motors off, so that objects will remain in your camera's field of

view.

Metering

The Advanced Series telescope has a fixed aperture and, as a result, fixed f/ratios. To properly expose your subjects

photographically, you need to set your shutter speed accordingly. Most 35mm SLR cameras offer through-the-lens

metering which lets you know if your picture is under or overexposed. Adjustments for proper exposures are made by

changing the shutter speed. Consult your camera manual for specific information on metering and changing shutter

speeds.

Reducing Vibration

Releasing the shutter manually can cause vibrations, producing blurred photos. To reduce vibration when tripping the

shutter, use a cable release. A cable release keeps your hands clear of the camera and lens, thus eliminating the

possibility of introducing vibration. Mechanical shutter releases can be used, though air-type releases are best.

Blurry pictures can also result from shutter speeds that are too slow. To prevent this, use films that produce shutter

speeds greater than 1/250 of a second when hand-holding the lens. If the lens is mounted on a tripod, the exposure

length is virtually unlimited.

Another way to reduce vibration is with the Vibration Suppression Pads (#93503). These pads rest between the

ground and tripod feet. They reduce the vibration amplitude and vibration time.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Auto Guiding

The Advanced GT telescope has a designated auto guiding port for use with a CCD autoguider. The

diagram below may be useful when connecting the CCD camera cable to the telescope and calibrating the

autoguider. Note that the four outputs are active-low, with internal pull-ups and are capable of sinking 25

mA DC.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

While your telescope requires little maintenance, there are a few things to remember that will ensure your telescope

performs at its best.

Care and Cleaning of the Optics

Occasionally, dust and/or moisture may build up on the objective lens of your telescope. Special care should be taken

when cleaning any instrument so as not to damage the optics.

If dust has built up on the lens, remove it with a brush (made of camel’s hair) or a can of pressurized air. Spray at an

angle to the lens for approximately two to four seconds. Then, use an optical cleaning solution and white tissue paper

to remove any remaining debris. Apply the solution to the tissue and then apply the tissue paper to the lens. Low

pressure strokes should go from the center of the lens to the outer portion. Do NOT rub in circles!

You can use a commercially made lens cleaner or mix your own. A good cleaning solution is isopropyl alcohol mixed

with distilled water. The solution should be 60% isopropyl alcohol and 40% distilled water. Or, liquid dish soap

diluted with water (a couple of drops per one quart of water) can be used.

Occasionally, you may experience dew build-up on the lens of your telescope during an observing session. If you want

to continue observing, the dew must be removed, either with a hair dryer (on low setting) or by pointing the telescope

at the ground until the dew has evaporated.

If moisture condenses on the inside of the lens, remove the accessories from the rear cell of the telescope. Place the

telescope in a dust-free environment and point it down. This will remove the moisture from the telescope tube.

To minimize the need to clean your telescope, replace all lens covers once you have finished using it. Since the rear

cell is NOT sealed, the cover should be placed over the opening when not in use. This will prevent contaminants from

entering the optical tube.

Internal adjustments and cleaning should be done only by the Celestron repair department. If your telescope is in need

of internal cleaning, please call the factory for a return authorization number and price quote.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

You will find that additional accessories enhance your viewing pleasure and expand the usefulness of your telescope. For

ease of reference, all the accessories are listed in alphabetical order.

Auxiliary Port Accessory (#93965) – This accessory plugs into the auxiliary port of the telescopes control panel to

provide additional ports for accessories like the CN-16 GPS as well as a PC programming port.

Barlow Lens - A Barlow lens is a negative lens that increases the focal length of a telescope. Used with any eyepiece, it

doubles the magnification of that eyepiece. Celestron offers two Barlow lens in the 1-1/4" size. The 2x Ultima Barlow

(#93506) is a compact triplet design that is fully multicoated for maximum light transmission and parfocal when used with

the Ultima eyepieces. The OMNI Barlow (#93326) is a compact achromatic Barlow lens that is under three inches long and

weighs only 4 oz. It works very well with all Celestron eyepieces.

Eyepieces - Like telescopes, eyepieces come in a variety of designs. Each design has its own advantages and

disadvantages. For the 1-1/4" barrel diameter there are four different eyepiece designs available.

•

OMNI Plössl - Plössl eyepieces have a 4-element lens designed for low-to-high power observing. The Plössls offer

razor sharp views across the entire field, even at the edges! In the 1-1/4" barrel diameter, they are available in the

following focal lengths: 4mm, 6mm, 9mm, 12.5mm, 15mm, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm and

40mm.

X-Cel - This 6 element design allows each X-Cel Eyepiece to have 20mm of eye relief, 55°

field of view and more than 25mm of lens aperture (even with the 2.3mm). In order to

maintain razor sharp, color corrected images across its 55° field of view, extra-low

dispersion glass is used for the most highly curved optical elements. The excellent refractive

properties of these high grade optical elements, make the X-Cel line especially well suited

for high magnification planetary viewing where sharp, color-free views are most

appreciated. X-Cel eyepiece come in the following focal lengths: 2.3mm, 5mm, 8mm,

10mm, 12.5mm, 18mm, 21mm, 25mm.

•

Ultima - Ultima is our 5-element, wide field eyepiece design. In the 1-1/4" barrel diameter,

they are available in the following focal lengths: 5mm, 7.5mm, 10mm, 12.5mm, 18mm,

30mm, 35mm, and 42mm. These eyepieces are all parfocal. The 35mm Ultima gives the

widest possible field of view with a 1-1/4" diagonal.

• Axiom – As an extension of the Ultima line, a new wide angle series is offered – called the Axiom series. All units are

seven element designs and feature a 70º extra wide field of view (except the 50mm). All are fully multicoated and

contain all the features of the Ultimas.

Filters Sets, Eyepiece - Celestron offers four convenient filter sets, which contain four different filters per set. Not only

are these highly useful filter combinations, but they also offer an economical way to add versatility to your filter collection.

Series 1 – #94119-10

Orange, Light Blue, ND13%T, Polarizing (#s 21, 80A, #15, Polarizing)

Series 2 – #94119-20

Deep Yellow, Red, Light Green, ND25% T (#s 12, 25, 56, 96ND-25)

Series 3 – #94119-30

Light Red, Blue, Green, ND50% T (#s 23A, 38A, 58, 96ND-50)

Series 4 – #94119-40

Yellow, Deep Yellow, Violet, Pale Blue (#s 8, 47, 82A, 96ND-13)

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Flashlight, Night Vision - (#93588) - Celestron’s premium model for astronomy, using two red LED's to preserve night

vision better than red filters or other devices. Brightness is adjustable. Operates on a single 9 volt battery (included).

CN16 GPS Accessory (#93963) - Plug in this 16-channel GPS module into your telescopes drive base port to link up and

automatically download information from one of many global positioning satellites. Controlled with the computerized hand

control, the CN-16 will greatly improve the accuracy of your star alignments.

CN16 GPS Bracket (#93964) – Support your CN-16 GPS accessory with this bracket and strap combination that securely

wraps around any of the tripod legs and holds the GPS module in place .

Diagonal 2" Mirror (#93519) - Celestron offers a 2" 90° Mirror Diagonal to thread on Schmidt- Cassegrain telescopes or

slides into the barrel of a 2" focuser. This diagonal includes an adapter to accept 1¼" eyepieces. It has a multicoated mirror

and smooth mechanics that are precision manufactured for reliability

Light Pollution Reduction (LPR) Filters (#94126A) - These filters are designed to enhance your views of deep sky

astronomical objects when viewed from urban areas. LPR Filters selectively reduce the transmission of certain wavelengths

of light, specifically those produced by artificial lights. This includes mercury and high and low pressure sodium vapor

lights. In addition, they also block unwanted natural light (sky glow) caused by neutral oxygen emission in our atmosphere.

Micro Guide Eyepiece (#94171) - This multipurpose 12.5mm illuminated reticle can be used for

guiding deep-sky astrophotos, measuring position angles, angular separations, and more. The

laser etched reticle provides razor sharp lines and the variable brightness illuminator is

completely cordless.

Moon Filter (#94119-A) - Celestron’s Moon Filter is an economical eyepiece filter for reducing

the brightness of the moon and improving contrast, so greater detail can be observed on the lunar

surface. The clear aperture is 21mm and the transmission is about 18%.

Motor Drive, Dual Axis (#93523) - This dual axis motor drive, with drive corrector capabilities, are designed for

Celestron's Advanced CG-5 mounts. They precisely control the telescope's tracking speed during long, timed exposures of

celestial objects, producing the best possible image sharpness. Four speeds are available—1x (sidereal), 2x for guiding, 4x,

and 8x for centering. These precision, state-of-the-art DC motor drives operate from 4 D-cell batteries (not included). The

hand controller module is very compact and fits easily in the palm of your hand. Motors for both axes are included, along

with brackets, clutches and hardware. For non-computerized Advanced Series Mounts.

Polar Axis Finderscope (#94220) – This useful accessory speeds accurate polar alignment by

providing a means of visually aligning your German equatorial mount with Polaris and true

north. As a result, you can spend more time observing and less time setting up. The finderscope

has an easy to use cross hair reticle.

PowerTank (#18774) – 12v 7Amp hour rechargeable power supply. Comes with two 12v

output cigarette outlets, built-in red flash light , Halogen emergency spotlight. Switchable

110v/220v AC adapter and cigarette lighter adapter included.

RS-232 Cable (#93920) – Allows your Advanced Series telescope to be controlled using a

laptop computer or PC. Once connected, the telescope can be controlled using popular

astronomy software programs.

Sky Maps (#93722) - Celestron Sky Maps are the ideal teaching guide for learning the night sky. You wouldn’t set off on a

road trip without a road map, and you don’t need to try to navigate the night sky without a map either. Even if you already

know your way around the major constellations, these maps can help you locate all kinds of fascinating objects.

T-Ring - The T-Ring couples your 35mm SLR camera body to the T-Adapter, radial guider, or tele-extender. This

accessory is mandatory if you want to do photography through the telescope. Each camera make (i.e., Minolta, Nikon,

Pentax, etc.) has its own unique mount and therefore, its own T-Ring. Celestron has 8 different models for 35mm cameras.

A full description of all Celestron accessories can be found in the Celestron Accessory Catalog (#93685)

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Appendix A – Technical Specifications

Advanced Series

21021 / 21022

21026 / 21027

Specifications:

Optical Design

80mm (3.2") refractor

600mm F/7.5

6x30

CG-5 Equatorial

20mm – 1.25" (30x)

Yes

100mm (4") refractor

900mm F/9

Focal Length

Finderscope

Mount

Eyepiece

Accessory tray

Tripod

9x50

CG-5 Equatorial

20mm – 1.25" (45x)

Yes

2" Stainless Steel

Technical Specs

Highest Useful Magnification

Lowest Useful Magnification

Limiting Stellar Magnitude

Resolution: Rayleigh

189x

11x

236x

14x

12.5

1.73 arc seconds

1.45 arc seconds

131x unaided eye

1.67º

87.5 ft

Fully Multi-Coated

23"

1.38 arc seconds

1.16 arc seconds

204x unaided eye

1.3º

Dawes Limit

Light Gathering Power

Field of View: standard eyepiece

Linear FOV (@1000 yds)

Optical Coatings - Standard

Optical tube length

70 ft

Fully Multi-Coated

34"

Telescope Weight

42 lbs

50 lbs

Advanced GT

Additional Specifications

Hand Control

Motor: Type

Max Slew Speed

Software Precision

Hand Control Ports

Motor Ports

Double line, 16 character Liquid Crystal Display; 19 fiber optic backlit LED buttons

DC Servo motors with encoders, both axes

3º/second

24bit, 0.08 arc sec calculation

RS-232 communication port on hand control

Aux Port, Autoguide Ports

Tracking Rates

Sidereal, Solar and Lunar

Tracking Modes

EQ North & EQ South

Alignment Procedures

AutoAlign, 3-Star Alignment, Quick Align, Last Align

40,000+ objects, 400 user defined programmable objects.

Enhanced information on over 200 objects

Database

Complete Revised NGC Catalog

Complete Messier Catalog

Complete IC Catalog

Complete Caldwell

7,840

110

5,386

109

Abell Galaxies

Solar System objects

Famous Asterisms

2,712

Selected CCD Imaging Objects

Selected SAO Stars

Total Object Database

29,500

45,492

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Appendix B - Glossary of Terms

A-

Absolute magnitude

The apparent magnitude that a star would have if it were observed from a standard distance of 10

parsecs, or 32.6 light-years. The absolute magnitude of the Sun is 4.8. at a distance of 10 parsecs, it

would just be visible on Earth on a clear moonless night away from surface light.

The apparent size of a star's disk produced even by a perfect optical system. Since the star can never

be focused perfectly, 84 per cent of the light will concentrate into a single disk, and 16 per cent into

a system of surrounding rings.

Airy disk

Alt-Azimuth Mounting

A telescope mounting using two independent rotation axis allowing movement of the instrument in

Altitude and Azimuth.

Altitude

In astronomy, the altitude of a celestial object is its Angular Distance above or below the celestial

horizon.

Aperture

the diameter of a telescope's primary lens or mirror; the larger the aperture, the greater the

telescope's light-gathering power.

A measure of the relative brightness of a star or other celestial object as perceived by an observer on

Earth.

Apparent Magnitude

Arcminute

Arcsecond

Asterism

Asteroid

A unit of angular size equal to 1/60 of a degree.

A unit of angular size equal to 1/3,600 of a degree (or 1/60 of an arcminute).

A small unofficial grouping of stars in the night sky.

A small, rocky body that orbits a star.

Astrology

The pseudoscientific belief that the positions of stars and planets exert an influence on human

affairs; astrology has nothing in common with astronomy.

The distance between the Earth and the Sun. It is equal to 149,597,900 km., usually rounded off to

150,000,000 km.

The emission of light when charged particles from the solar wind slams into and excites atoms and

molecules in a planet's upper atmosphere.

The angular distance of an object eastwards along the horizon, measured from due north, between

the astronomical meridian (the vertical line passing through the center of the sky and the north and

south points on the horizon) and the vertical line containing the celestial body whose position is to

be measured. .

Astronomical unit (AU)

Aurora

Azimuth

B -

Binary Stars

Binary (Double) stars are pairs of stars that, because of their mutual gravitational attraction, orbit

around a common Center of Mass. If a group of three or more stars revolve around one another, it

is called a multiple system. It is believed that approximately 50 percent of all stars belong to binary

or multiple systems. Systems with individual components that can be seen separately by a telescope

are called visual binaries or visual multiples. The nearest "star" to our solar system, Alpha Centauri,

is actually our nearest example of a multiple star system, it consists of three stars, two very similar

to our Sun and one dim, small, red star orbiting around one another.

C -

Celestial Equator

The projection of the Earth's equator on to the celestial sphere. It divides the sky into two equal

hemispheres.

Celestial pole

Celestial Sphere

Collimation

D -

The imaginary projection of Earth's rotational axis north or south pole onto the celestial sphere.

An imaginary sphere surrounding the Earth, concentric with the Earth's center.

The act of putting a telescope's optics into perfect alignment.

The angular distance of a celestial body north or south of the celestial equator. It may be said to

correspond to latitude on the surface of the Earth.

Declination (DEC)

E -

Ecliptic

The projection of the Earth's orbit on to the celestial sphere. It may also be defined as "the apparent

yearly path of the Sun against the stars".

Equatorial mount

A telescope mounting in which the instrument is set upon an axis which is parallel to the axis of the

Earth; the angle of the axis must be equal to the observer's latitude.

F -

Focal length

The distance between a lens (or mirror) and the point at which the image of an object at infinity is

brought to focus. The focal length divided by the aperture of the mirror or lens is termed the focal

ratio.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

J -

Jovian Planets

Any of the four gas giant planets that are at a greater distance form the sun than the terrestrial

planets.

K -

Kuiper Belt

A region beyond the orbit of Neptune extending to about 1000 AU which is a source of many short

period comets.

L -

A light-year is the distance light traverses in a vacuum in one year at the speed of 299,792 km/ sec.

With 31,557,600 seconds in a year, the light-year equals a distance of 9.46 X 1 trillion km (5.87 X 1

trillion mi).

Light-Year (LY)

M -

Magnitude

Magnitude is a measure of the brightness of a celestial body. The brightest stars are assigned

magnitude 1 and those increasingly fainter from 2 down to magnitude 5. The faintest star that can be

seen without a telescope is about magnitude 6. Each magnitude step corresponds to a ratio of 2.5 in

brightness. Thus a star of magnitude 1 is 2.5 times brighter than a star of magnitude 2, and 100 times

brighter than a magnitude 5 star. The brightest star, Sirius, has an apparent magnitude of -1.6, the

full moon is -12.7, and the Sun's brightness, expressed on a magnitude scale, is -26.78. The zero

point of the apparent magnitude scale is arbitrary.

Meridian

Messier

A reference line in the sky that starts at the North celestial pole and ends at the South celestial pole

and passes through the zenith. If you are facing South, the meridian starts from your Southern

horizon and passes directly overhead to the North celestial pole.

A French astronomer in the late 1700’s who was primarily looking for comets. Comets are hazy

diffuse objects and so Messier cataloged objects that were not comets to help his search. This

catalog became the Messier Catalog, M1 through M110.

N -

Nebula

Interstellar cloud of gas and dust. Also refers to any celestial object that has a cloudy appearance.

North Celestial Pole

The point in the Northern hemisphere around which all the stars appear to rotate. This is caused by

the fact that the Earth is rotating on an axis that passes through the North and South celestial poles.

The star Polaris lies less than a degree from this point and is therefore referred to as the "Pole Star".

Although Latin for "new" it denotes a star that suddenly becomes explosively bright at the end of its

life cycle.

Nova

O -

Open Cluster

One of the groupings of stars that are concentrated along the plane of the Milky Way. Most have an

asymmetrical appearance and are loosely assembled. They contain from a dozen to many hundreds

of stars.

P -

Parallax

Parallax is the difference in the apparent position of an object against a background when viewed by

an observer from two different locations. These positions and the actual position of the object form a

triangle from which the apex angle (the parallax) and the distance of the object can be determined if

the length of the baseline between the observing positions is known and the angular direction of the

object from each position at the ends of the baseline has been measured. The traditional method in

astronomy of determining the distance to a celestial object is to measure its parallax.

Refers to a group of eyepieces that all require the same distance from the focal plane of the

telescope to be in focus. This means when you focus one parfocal eyepiece all the other parfocal

eyepieces, in a particular line of eyepieces, will be in focus.

Parfocal

Parsec

The distance at which a star would show parallax of one second of arc. It is equal to 3.26 light-years,

206,265 astronomical units, or 30,8000,000,000,000 km. (Apart from the Sun, no star lies within

one parsec of us.)

Point Source

An object which cannot be resolved into an image because it to too far away or too small is

considered a point source. A planet is far away but it can be resolved as a disk. Most stars cannot

be resolved as disks, they are too far away.

R -

Reflector

Resolution

A telescope in which the light is collected by means of a mirror.

The minimum detectable angle an optical system can detect. Because of diffraction, there is a limit

to the minimum angle, resolution. The larger the aperture, the better the resolution.

The angular distance of a celestial object measured in hours, minutes, and seconds along the

Celestial Equator eastward from the Vernal Equinox.

Right Ascension: (RA)

S -

Schmidt Telescope

Rated the most important advance in optics in 200 years, the Schmidt telescope combines the best

features of the refractor and reflector for photographic purposes. It was invented in 1930 by

Bernhard Voldemar Schmidt (1879-1935).

Sidereal Rate

This is the angular speed at which the Earth is rotating. Telescope tracking motors drive the

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

telescope at this rate. The rate is 15 arc seconds per second or 15 degrees per hour.

The boundary line between the light and dark portion of the moon or a planet.

T -

Terminator

U -

Universe

The totality of astronomical things, events, relations and energies capable of being described

objectively.

V -

Variable Star

A star whose brightness varies over time due to either inherent properties of the star or something

eclipsing or obscuring the brightness of the star.

W -

Waning Moon

The period of the moon's cycle between full and new, when its illuminated portion is decreasing.

The period of the moon's cycle between new and full, when its illuminated portion is increasing.

Waxing Moon

Z -

Zenith

Zodiac

The point on the Celestial Sphere directly above the observer.

The zodiac is the portion of the Celestial Sphere that lies within 8 degrees on either side of the

Ecliptic. The apparent paths of the Sun, the Moon, and the planets, with the exception of some

portions of the path of Pluto, lie within this band. Twelve divisions, or signs, each 30 degrees in

width, comprise the zodiac. These signs coincided with the zodiacal constellations about 2,000 years

ago. Because of the Precession of the Earth's axis, the Vernal Equinox has moved westward by

about 30 degrees since that time; the signs have moved with it and thus no longer coincide with the

constellations.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

APPENDIX C

LONGITUDES AND

LATITUDES

LONGITUDE

degrees

LATITUDE

min degrees

LONGITUDE

degrees

114

118

116

117

120

121

117

122

124

116

117

115

118

117

124

121

119

117

118

122

115

117

120

118

121

118

117

121

120

117

120

122

118

122

121

122

118

122

114

117

122

117

119

116

118

122

120

122

119

124

121

122

117

121

122

117

LATITUDE

min degrees

LONGITUDE

degrees

124

LATITUDE

min degrees

min

37.2

7.8

22.8

46.8

40.8

58.2

58.8

46.8

52.2

49.2

4.8

40.2

19.8

40.8

46.2

52.2

34.8

55.2

49.8

34.2

min

1.8

46.8

19.8

37.8

16.2

19.2

ALABAMA

Anniston

Auburn

Blythe

Burbank

Campo

43.2

22.2

28.2

16.8

34.2

40.8

37.8

13.8

46.8

52.8

40.8

1.8

43.8

16.8

19.2

46.2

43.2

58.2

22.8

19.8

7.2

34.2

7.2

46.8

13.2

49.2

2.4

55.2

16.2

34.2

1.8

2.4

31.2

31.8

19.2

4.2

16.8

37.2

1.2

13.8

13.2

37.2

1.2

7.8

Shelter Cove

Siskiyou

Stockton

Superior Val

Susanville

Thermal

Torrance

Travis AFB

Tahoe

Tustin Mcas

Ukiah

Van Nuys

Vandenberg

Visalia

COLORADO

Air Force A

Akron

Alamosa

Aspen

Brmfield/Jef

Buckley

Colo Sprgs

Cortez

4.2

28.2

0.6

10.2

19.8

55.8

7.8

49.8

1.2

28.8

2.4

26.4

43.2

5.4

46.2

22.2

4.2

2.4

37.2

59.4

1.2

34.8

40.2

34.2

19.2

16.8

58.2

22.8

40.8

37.8

122

121

117

120

116

118

121

120

117

123

118

120

Birmingham

Centreville

Dothan

Fort Rucker

Gadsden

Huntsville

Maxwell AFB

Mobile

Mobile Aeros

Montgomery

Muscle Shoal

Selma

Carlsbad

Castle AFB

Chico

China Lake

Chino

Concord

Crescent Cty

Daggett

Edwards AFB

El Centro

El Monte

El Toro

Eureka

7.8

13.2

119

19.2

20.4

52.2

13.8

Troy

105

103

105

106

105

104

108

107

104

107

106

104

105

108

104

106

103

102

106

103

107

104

107

106

104

105

31.2

10.2

13.2

43.2

49.2

34.2

40.8

34.2

34.8

7.2

25.8

7.2

10.8

16.8

31.8

Tuscaloosa

ALASKA

Anchorage

Barrow

Fairbanks

Haines Hrbor

Homer

Juneau

Ketchikan

Kodiak

Nome

Sitka

Sitkinak

Skagway

Valdez

ARIZONA

Davis-M AFB

Deer Valley

Douglas

Falcon Fld

Flagstaff

Fort Huachuc

Gila Bend

Goodyear

GrandCanyon

Kingman

Luke

37.2

Fort Hunter

Fort Ord

Fresno

13.2

52.2

7.2

149

156

147

135

151

134

131

152

165

135

154

135

146

13.2

46.8

52.2

25.8

34.8

4.2

25.8

1.2

31.8

Fullerton

49.2

13.8

37.8

22.2

4.2

52.8

George AFB

Hawthorne

Hayward

43.2

37.8

31.8

52.2

55.2

49.8

46.2

Imperial

Craig-Moffat

Denver

Durango

Eagle

Imperial Bch

La Verne

Lake Tahoe

Lancaster

Livermore

Long Beach

Los Alamitos

Los Angeles

Mammoth

March AFB

Marysville

Mather AFB

Mcclellan

Merced

43.8

Englewood

Fort Carson

Fraser

Ft Col/Lovel

Ft Collins

Grand Jct

Greeley-Wld

Gunnison

La Junta

Lamar

Leadville

Limon

Montrose

Pueblo

Rifle

Salida

49.2

46.8

55.8

37.8

52.8

34.2

40.2

16.8

52.2

37.8

25.2

43.8

34.8

19.2

13.8

13.2

46.2

43.8

49.8

28.2

40.2

49.8

7.2

34.8

40.2

7.8

1.2

4.8

110

112

109

111

110

113

112

113

112

111

112

109

111

110

111

110

115

114

52.8

4.8

3.6

43.8

40.2

10.2

22.8

19.8

1.2

25.8

40.8

55.2

10.2

40.8

28.2

7.8

25.2

16.2

31.8

55.8

13.8

25.8

49.2

37.2

16.2

7.2

31.8

37.8

55.8

31.2

3.6

1.8

4.2

52.8

31.2

4.8

Miramar NAS

Modesto

Moffet

Mojave

Montague

Monterey

Mount Shasta

Mount Wilson

Napa

Needles

North Is

Norton AFB

Oakland

Ontario Intl

Oxnard

Palm Springs

Palmdale

Palo Alto

Paso Robles

Pillaro Pt

Point Mugu

Pt Arena

Pt Arguello

Pt Piedras

Red Bluff

Redding

Riverside

Sacramento

Salinas

San Carlos

San

19.8

52.2

Page

Payson

Phoenix

Prescott

Safford Awrs

Scottsdale

Show Low

Tucson

Williams AFB

Winslow

Trinidad

Winter Park

CONNECTICUT

Bridgeport

Danbury

Groton

7.8

28.8

10.2

22.2

19.8

43.8

13.2

Hartford

55.8

40.2

43.8

37.2

2.4

New Haven

New London

Windsor Loc

DELAWARE

Dover

Wilmington

D.C. WASH

Washington

FLORIDA

Apalachicola

Astor NAS

Avon Park G

Cape

Canaveral

Cecil

Crestview

Cross City

Daytona Bch

Duke Fld

Eglin AFB

Egmont Key

Fort Myers

Ft Lauderdale

Ft Myers

Gainesville

Homestead

Hurlburt Fld

Jacksonville

Key West

Lakeland

40.2

4.8

40.8

1.2

55.8

Yuma

Yuma Mcas

Yuma Prv Gd

ARKANSAS

Blytheville

Camden

El Dorado

Fayetteville

Ft Smith

28.2

3.6

7.8

40.2

7.2

37.8

49.8

7.2

13.2

7.2

16.8

1.8

3.6

58.2

31.2

13.2

19.8

16.2

28.8

49.8

13.2

10.2

10.8

27.6

2.4

4.8

10.2

22.2

0.6

22.8

55.8

7.8

1.8

34.2

43.8

7.2

4.8

Harrison

28.2

Hot Springs

Jonesboro

Little Rock

Pine Bluff

Springdale

Texarkana

Walnut Ridge

CALIFORNIA

Alameda

Alturas

52.8

31.2

0.6

13.2

46.8

37.2

10.8

28.8

34.8

4.2

31.2

40.2

31.2

25.2

37.2

31.2

31.8

46.2

52.2

16.2

22.8

40.8

55.8

7.8

Clemente

San Diego

San

117

122

7.8

22.8

49.2

37.2

122

120

124

119

121

116

118

120

19.2

31.8

0.6

37.2

40.8

3.6

4.2

46.8

28.8

58.8

25.8

7.8

55.8

16.8

16.2

Francisco

San Jose

San Luis Obi

San Mateo

San Miguel

Sandburg

Santa Ana

Santa Barb

Santa Maria

Santa Monica

Santa Rosa

Arcata

121

120

117

120

118

117

119

120

118

122

55.2

34.8

2.4

43.8

52.8

49.8

22.2

13.8

22.8

1.8

Bakersfield

Beale AFB

Beaumont

Bicycle Lk

Big Bear

40.8

28.8

25.8

13.8

1.8

50.4

40.2

25.8

1.2

31.2

Bishop

Blue Canyon

16.8

Macdill AFB

Marianna

Mayport NAS

31.2

10.8

25.2

49.2

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

LONGITUDE

degrees

LATITUDE

min degrees

LONGITUDE

degrees

LATITUDE

min degrees

LONGITUDE

degrees

LATITUDE

min degrees

min

49.2

7.8

37.2

25.8

13.8

58.2

55.2

46.8

22.8

58.2

31.2

4.2

min

4.8

min

10.8

7.8

Melbourne

Miami

37.8

16.8

4.8

40.8

19.2

40.8

3.6

19.2

3.6

40.8

Glenview

NAS

Kankakee

Macomb

Marion

Marseilles

Mattoon

Moline/Quad

Mount

Vernon

Peoria

Quincy

Rockford

Salem

Scott AFB

Springfield

Sterling

Taylorville

Vandalia

INDIANA

Bakalar

Bloomington

Elkhart

Evansville

Fort Wayne

Gary

Grissom AFB

Indianapolis

Muncie

South Bend

Terre Haute

W Lafayette

IOWA

Burlington

Cedar Rapids

Des Moines

Dubuque

Estherville

Fort Dodge

Lamoni

Mason City

Ottumwa

Sioux City

Spencer

Waterloo Mun

KANSAS

Chanute

Col. J Jabar

Concordia

Dodge City

Elkhart

49.2

Grand Isle

High Island

Houma

Intercoastal

Lafayette

Lake Charles

Lk Palourde

Missippi Can

Monroe

Morgan City

New Iberia

New Orleans

S Marsh Isl

Shreveport

Slidel

4.2

2.4

7.2

13.2

0.6

Naples

Nasa Shuttle

Orlando

39.6

40.8

16.8

31.2

51.6

4.2

31.2

22.2

28.8

34.2

43.8

Panama City

Patrick AFB

Pensacola

Ruskin

Saint Peters

Sanford

7.2

46.8

31.2

19.2

1.2

52.8

58.8

40.8

1.2

0.6

57.6

40.2

19.8

10.2

40.2

55.8

37.8

1.8

Sarasota

Tallahassee

Tampa Intl

Titusville

Tyndall AFB

Vero Beach

West Palm

Beach

58.8

31.2

22.2

31.8

4.8

34.8

25.2

7.2

49.2

MAINE

Augusta

Bangor

40.8

44.4

31.8

59.4

4.8

19.2

49.2

22.2

55.8

1.2

Bar Harbor

Brunswick

Caribou Mun

Greenville

Houlton

Loring AFB

Portland

Presque Isle

Rockland

Rumford

MARYLAND

Andrews AFB

Baltimore

Fort Meade

Hagerstown

Ocean City

Patuxent

Whiting Fld

GEORGIA

Albany

1.2

43.2

52.8

52.2

37.2

22.8

7.8

43.2

37.2

43.8

13.8

25.2

10.8

31.2

19.2

25.2

58.2

22.8

55.8

31.2

34.2

4.2

1.2

31.8

22.2

31.2

55.2

19.8

52.8

1.2

Alma

Athens

46.8

52.8

19.2

7.2

52.8

7.8

31.8

1.2

25.2

16.2

22.8

19.2

1.8

55.8

Atlanta

Augusta/Bush

Brunswick

Columbus

Dobbins AFB

Fort Benning

Ft Stewart

Hunter Aaf

La Grange

Macon/Lewis

Moody AFB

Robins AFB

Rome/Russell

Valdosta

Waycross

HAWAII

Barbers Pt

Barking San

Fr Frigate

Hilo

Honolulu Int

Kahului Maui

Kaneohe Mca

Kilauea Pt

Lanai-Lanai

Lihue-Kauai

Maui

40.8

4.2

52.8

52.2

40.2

46.2

43.2

7.8

2.4

10.2

49.2

10.8

4.8

16.8

28.2

19.8

0.6

7.2

4.2

10.8

55.8

19.8

22.8

46.8

52.8

31.8

37.2

10.2

58.2

37.8

46.8

3.6

Phillips

Salisbury

10.2

16.8

2.4

MASSACHUSETTS

Bedford

16.8

55.2

1.8

58.2

3.6

16.8

7.2

37.2

4.2

58.2

10.8

31.2

10.8

55.8

43.2

31.8

52.2

28.2

34.8

22.2

46.8

40.2

34.2

40.2

43.2

Beverly

Boston

Cape Cod

Chatham

Fort Devens

Hyannis

Lawrence

Marthas Vine

Nantucket

New Bedford

Norwood

158

160

166

155

157

156

158

159

156

159

156

157

156

7.2

1.8

28.2

4.2

55.8

25.8

16.8

40.2

49.8

0.6

31.8

43.2

22.8

58.8

58.2

25.2

2.4

101

100

101

100

28.8

13.2

58.2

52.8

1.2

55.2

46.2

43.2

4.2

16.2

49.8

52.2

52.8

58.2

40.2

16.2

34.8

5.4

40.2

46.2

19.8

22.2

55.8

22.2

22.8

4.2

49.2

37.2

40.8

10.8

Otis ANGB

Pittsfield

Molokai

Emporia

Ft Leavnwrth

Ft Riley

Garden City

Goodland

Hays

15.6

10.2

Upolo Pt Ln

Waimea-

Koha

28.2

7.2

S Weymouth

Westfield

Westover

Worcester

MICHIGAN

Alpena

Ann Arbor

Battle Creek

Benton

IDAHO

16.2

Boise

116

113

114

116

13.2

46.2

13.2

49.2

34.2

31.8

31.2

46.2

Burley

Challis

Coeur

Hill City

34.2

13.8

25.8

4.2

13.2

Hutchinson

Johnson Cnty

Liberal

Manhatten

Mcconnell Af

Medicine Ldg

Olathe

Russell

Salina

Topeka

Topeka/Forbe

Wichita

KENTUCKY

Bowling Gren

Ft Campbell

Ft Knox

Jackson

Lexington

London

Louisville

Owensboro

Paducah

Pikeville

LOUISIANA

Alexandria

Barksdale

Baton Rouge

Boothville

Cameron Heli

Claiborne R

England AFB

Eugene Is.

Fort Polk

d'Alene

7.8

Elk City

115

116

112

117

112

113

116

115

112

113

111

114

25.8

10.2

7.8

4.2

1.2

19.2

22.2

0.6

4.8

3.6

49.2

Harbor

Gooding

Chippewa

Coopersville

Copper Harb

Detroit

Escanaba

Flint/Bishop

Grand Rapids

Hancock

Harbor Beach

Houghton

Lake

Iron Mtn

Ironwood

Jackson

Kalamazoo

Lansing

Manistee

Marquette

Menominee

Muskegon

Pellston

28.2

1.2

4.8

31.2

Grangeville

Idaho Falls

Lewiston

Malad City

Malta

Mccall

Mullan

Pocatello

Salmon

55.2

31.2

22.8

10.2

52.8

28.2

55.2

10.8

4.2

52.2

4.2

28.2

25.2

43.8

58.2

52.8

10.2

49.8

22.2

49.2

37.2

40.2

25.8

31.8

40.8

5.4

34.8

1.8

25.8

58.2

19.2

58.2

40.2

4.8

13.8

4.2

28.8

Soda Springs

Sun Valley

Twin Falls

ILLINOIS

Alton

28.8

7.2

7.8

28.2

3.6

37.8

4.8

25.2

4.8

22.2

2.4

49.8

55.2

34.8

49.2

31.8

16.2

13.8

46.2

16.2

52.8

7.2

10.2

34.2

40.2

31.8

28.2

28.8

19.2

55.8

3.6

13.2

5.4

16.8

52.8

46.2

34.2

28.8

9.6

4.2

Aurora

40.2

10.2

46.2

31.2

Bistate Park

Bloomington

Bradford

Cairo

Carbondale

Centralia

Champaign

Chicago

4.2

46.8

30.6

1.8

55.8

49.8

55.2

55.8

1.8

40.2

1.8

46.8

1.2

22.8

31.8

46.8

13.2

19.8

28.2

Pontiac

Saginaw

Sault Ste M

Sawyer AFB

Selfridge

Seul Choix

Traverse Cty

Danville

3.6

43.2

52.2

DeKalb

Decatur

Du Page

Galesburg

37.2

55.2

43.8

25.8

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

LONGITUDE

degrees

LATITUDE

min degrees

LONGITUDE

degrees

LATITUDE

min degrees

LONGITUDE

degrees

106

LATITUDE

min degrees

min

13.8

min

37.2

37.8

4.2

25.2

13.8

10.8

37.8

Wurtsmith

Ypsilanti

2.4

31.8

NEBRASKA

Ainsworth

Alliance

Beatrice

Broken Bow

Burwell

Chadron

Columbus

Cozad

Falls City

Grand Island

Hastings

Imperial

Kearney

Lincoln Muni

Mccook

Santa Fe

Silver City

Socorro

4.8

10.2

5.4

34.2

16.2

3.6

102

103

100

101

100

101

100

58.8

4.8

34.8

19.2

25.8

23.4

34.8

108

106

105

107

103

106

MINNESOTA

Albert Lea

Alexandria

Bemidji Muni

Brainerd-Crw

Detroit Laks

Duluth

22.2

22.8

55.8

7.8

52.8

10.8

49.2

25.2

4.2

40.8

52.2

19.2

25.8

46.8

49.8

52.2

4.2

58.2

19.8

43.8

13.2

58.8

22.2

7.8

28.2

7.2

Taos

Truth Or Con

Tucumcari

White Sands

NEW YORK

Albany

Ambrose

Binghamton

Buffalo

2.4

49.2

49.8

13.2

22.8

34.2

7.8

13.2

49.8

4.8

Ely

22.2

58.8

43.8

1.2

Fairmont

Fergus Falls

Grand Rapids

Hibbing

Intl Falls

Litchfield

Mankato

13.2

55.8

58.2

10.2

43.8

31.2

Dansville

Elmira

5.4

22.8

31.2

55.2

49.2

28.2

4.2

19.2

34.8

Farmingdale

Fort Drum

Glens Falls

Griffiss AFB

Islip

25.8

43.8

37.2

2.4

0.6

28.2

4.8

58.8

0.6

Mullen

Norfolk

Marshall Arpt

Minneapolis

Park Rapids

Pequot Lake

Rochester

Saint Paul

St Cloud

25.8

1.2

40.8

55.2

5.4

3.6

58.8

13.8

46.8

28.8

55.8

46.2

North Omaha

North Platte

O'neill

Offutt AFB

Omaha

Ord/Sharp

Scottsbluff

Sidney Muni

Valentine

NEVADA

Austin

Battle Mtn

Caliente

Elko

Ely/Yelland

Eureka

Fallon NAS

Hawthorne

Ind Sprng Rn

Las Vegas

Lovelock

Mercury

Nellis AFB

Owyhee

Reno

Tonopah

Wildhorse

Winnemucca

Yucca Flat

Ithaca

Jamestown

Massena

Monticello

New York

Newburgh

Niagara Fall

Ogdensburg

Oneonta

Plattsburgh

Rochester

Saranac Lk

Schenectady

Syracuse

Utica

55.2

55.8

4.2

37.2

52.2

Thief River

Tofte

10.8

49.8

4.2

103

102

100

34.8

55.8

Warroad

52.2

2.4

7.2

40.8

52.2

7.2

22.8

7.2

Worthington

MISSISSIPPI

Columbus

AFB

Golden Trian

Greenville

Greenwood

Gulfport

34.8

117

116

114

115

114

115

118

115

118

116

115

116

119

117

116

117

116

7.8

49.8

37.2

49.8

16.8

25.2

31.8

4.8

28.2

40.2

1.2

55.8

7.2

22.8

1.2

37.8

43.2

52.2

31.2

46.8

58.2

4.2

37.8

34.2

10.2

55.2

1.2

34.8

58.8

4.8

4.2

19.8

4.8

55.2

10.2

28.2

34.2

32.4

46.2

28.8

Watertown

Westhampton

White Plains

Hattiesburg

Jackson

28.2

19.2

25.2

40.2

10.8

19.8

37.2

23.4

16.2

4.2

Keesler AFB

Laurel

Mccomb

Meridian NAS

Meridian/Key

Natchez

NORTH CAROLINA

Asheville

55.8

52.8

25.8

16.2

13.2

37.2

13.8

34.8

4.2

19.8

Cape Hattera

Charlotte

Cherry Point

Dare Co Gr

Diamond Sho

Elizabeth

Fayetteville

Fort Bragg

Greensboro

Hickory

Hot Springs

Jacksonville

Kinston

Mackall Aaf

Manteo Arpt

New Bern

New River

Pope AFB

Raleigh-Durh

Rocky Mt

Southern Pin

Wilmington

Winston-

1.8

10.2

46.8

4.8

7.8

Oxford

Tupelo

10.8

52.8

55.8

22.8

49.2

37.2

37.8

40.8

25.8

1.2

16.2

7.8

MISSOURI

Columbia

Cape

13.2

34.8

49.2

13.8

4.8

34.8

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Berlin

4.8

Girardeau

Ft Leonard

Jefferson City

Joplin

Kansas City

Kirksville

Monett

10.8

16.2

25.8

1.8

25.8

1.8

34.8

7.8

10.2

43.2

21.6

28.2

43.2

22.8

31.8

22.2

46.2

25.2

Concord

Jaffrey

Keene

Laconia

49.2

19.2

1.8

55.2

4.8

10.2

19.2

19.8

39.6

46.2

34.2

37.8

55.8

16.2

46.8

4.8

Lebanon

Manchester

Mt Washingtn

Nashua

Pease AFB

Wolfeboro

NEW JERSEY

Atlantic CtIy

Barnegat Ls

Fairfield

Lakehurst

Mcguire AFB

Millville

Morristown

Newark Intl

Teterboro

Trenton

Muskogee

Poplar Bluff

Richards-Geb

Spickard

31.2

49.2

22.8

10.2

52.2

46.8

52.8

23.4

55.2

13.8

Springfield

St Joseph

St Louis

13.8

16.8

7.8

13.2

43.8

14.4

16.2

7.8

34.2

16.8

3.6

4.2

25.2

10.2

16.8

52.2

1.8

1.2

22.2

16.8

Vichy/Rolla

West Plains

Whiteman

AFB

MONTANA

Billings

Salem

NORTH DAKOTA

Bismarck

Devil's Lake

Dickenson

Fargo

Grand Forks

Jamestown

Lidgerwood

Minot

Roseglen

Williston

OHIO

Athens

Canton

100

102

5.4

4.8

10.8

40.8

16.8

49.8

37.8

46.2

7.2

46.8

108

111

105

112

113

106

104

111

109

112

106

114

109

110

111

105

114

112

104

111

31.8

40.2

22.2

37.2

4.8

22.2

49.8

46.2

55.8

16.2

25.8

10.8

52.2

4.8

Bozeman

Broadus

Butte

46.8

40.2

13.2

7.8

28.8

25.8

19.8

25.8

55.2

34.2

43.2

55.2

49.2

NEW MEXICO

Albuquerque

Cannon

Carlsbad

Clayton Arpt

Corona

Cut Bank

Dillon

106

103

104

103

105

107

108

107

103

106

3.6

101

103

16.2

19.2

16.2

40.8

4.2

13.8

46.8

5.4

22.8

19.8

Drummond

Glasgow

10.8

Glendive

Great Falls

Harlowton

Havre

13.8

25.8

40.2

40.8

52.8

1.2

40.2

31.2

55.8

4.8

12.6

55.2

31.2

Deming

Farmington

Gallup/Clark

Grants

Hobbs

Holloman

AFB

Las Cruces

Las Vegas

Los Alamos

Moriarity

Northrup Str

Raton

Cincinnati

Cleveland

Columbus

Dayton

31.2

10.2

40.8

Helena

Jordan

1.2

0.6

Kalispell

Findlay

1.2

49.2

37.8

16.2

Lewiston

Livingston

Malmstrom

Miles City

Missoula

Monida

Mansfield

Rickenbacker

Toledo

Willoughby

Youngstown

Zanesville

106

105

106

104

46.2

16.8

2.4

31.8

52.8

58.8

44.4

2.4

40.2

5.4

19.2

10.8

0.6

Sidney

W Yellowston

Roswell

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

LONGITUDE

degrees

LATITUDE

min degrees

LONGITUDE

degrees

LATITUDE

min degrees

LONGITUDE

LATITUDE

min degrees

min

40.8

58.2

55.2

degrees

100

min

22.2

31.8

10.2

1.8

13.2

22.2

OKLAHOMA

Altus AFB

Ardmore

Bartlesville

Clinton

Enid

Fort Sill

Gage

Hobart

Lawton

Mcalester

Norman

Oklahoma

Page

Ponca City

Stillwater

Tinker AFB

Tulsa

Vance AFB

OREGON

Astoria

Aurora

Baker

Brookings

Burns Arpt

Cape Blanco

Cascade

Corvallis

Eugene

Hillsboro

Klamath Fall

La Grande

Lake View

Meacham

Medford

Newport

North Bend

Ontario

Pendleton

Portland

Redmond

Roseburg

Salem

Sexton

The Dalles

Troutdale

Myrtle Beach

Shaw AFB

Spartanburg

55.8

28.2

57.6

San Angelo

San Antonio

Sanderson

South Brazos

Stephenville

Temple

Tyler/Pounds

Victoria

Wichita Flls

Wink

16.2

1.2

4.8

2.4

46.2

25.2

46.8

28.2

3.6

37.2

0.6

40.2

22.8

28.2

25.2

52.2

10.8

25.2

2.4

55.2

1.2

102

103

SOUTH DAKOTA

Aberdeen

Brookings

Chamberlain

Custer

103

25.8

4.8

19.2

3.6

46.2

22.8

55.8

46.2

31.8

22.8

9.6

34.8

55.2

Ellsworth

Huron

Lemmon

Mitchell

Mobridge

Philip

Pierre

Rapid City

Redig

Sioux Falls

Watertown

Yankton

0.6

58.8

46.8

34.2

52.8

13.8

40.8

43.8

9.6

25.2

13.2

10.2

1.8

25.8

3.6

16.8

4.2

19.2

43.8

102

UTAH

Blanding

109

110

113

112

113

110

111

113

109

112

110

111

110

113

111

112

109

114

46.8

4.2

0.6

34.8

4.2

43.2

58.2

1.8

1.2

43.2

37.8

3.6

58.2

1.2

31.2

1.8

19.8

22.2

7.2

46.8

43.2

46.2

10.8

37.2

13.2

100

101

100

103

Bullfrog Mar

Cedar City

Delta

Eagle Range

Green River

Hanksville

Hill AFB

Logan

Milford

Moab

Ogden

Price/Carbon

Provo

Roosevelt

Saint George

Salt Lake Ct

Tooele

5.4

22.8

5.4

55.2

19.8

22.8

123

122

117

124

118

124

121

123

122

121

118

120

118

122

124

117

118

122

121

123

121

122

52.8

49.2

28.2

49.8

4.8

22.8

40.8

7.2

31.8

16.8

10.8

22.2

37.8

25.2

1.2

TENNESSEE

Bristol

2.4

1.2

25.2

4.8

2.4

55.2

58.8

28.8

1.8

37.2

1.2

49.2

Chattanooga

Clarksville

Crossville

Dyersburg

Jackson

Knoxville

Memphis Intl

Monteagle

Nashville

Smyrna

TEXAS

Abilene

Alice

Amarillo

Austin

Bergstrom Af

Big Sky

Big Spring

Brownsville

Brownwood

Carswell AFB

Chase NAS

Childress

College Stn

Corpus Chrst

Cotulla

Dalhart

Dallas/FW

Del Rio

Dyess AFB

El Paso

Ellington Af

Fort Worth

Ft Hood Aaf

Galveston

Gray AFB

Greenville

Guadalupe

Harlingen

Hondo

Houston

Junction

Kelly AFB

Kerrville

Killeen

52.8

16.8

13.2

43.8

4.8

46.8

10.2

30.6

40.8

Vernal

7.2

Wendover

VERMONT

Burlington

Montpelier

Newport

13.2

28.2

31.8

25.2

52.8

2.4

52.2

1.2

3.6

22.2

2.4

101

40.8

1.8

4.2

25.2

43.8

13.8

23.4

34.2

19.8

1.2

52.8

Rutland

4.2

St Johnsbury

Wilmington

VIRGINIA

Charlottes

Chesapeake

Danville

Fort Belvoir

Fort Eustis

Hot Springs

Langley AFB

Lynchburg

Newport

40.8

28.8

25.8

57.6

25.8

40.2

16.8

22.2

13.2

1.8

55.2

2.4

40.8

101

100

102

100

106

104

100

101

104

102

101

1.2

7.8

34.2

43.2

7.8

4.8

19.8

7.8

16.2

13.8

55.2

37.2

47.4

46.8

22.2

25.8

34.8

46.2

19.8

10.8

37.2

49.2

22.2

1.2

PENNSYLVANIA

Allentown

Altoona

25.8

19.2

19.8

5.4

37.8

5.4

10.8

52.2

49.8

1.8

16.2

10.8

4.8

22.8

13.2

19.2

7.8

16.8

25.8

4.8

52.8

28.2

22.8

43.8

19.8

1.2

News

Beaver Falls

Blairsville

Bradford

Dubois

Erie

Norfolk NAS

Norfolk Rgnl

Oceana NAS

Quantico Mca

Richmond

Roanoke

Muni

16.8

1.2

1.8

19.8

58.2

55.8

49.2

19.2

22.2

25.8

37.2

49.2

16.2

4.2

49.8

13.8

58.2

22.8

58.8

4.8

10.2

43.2

52.2

49.8

4.2

Franklin

Harrisburg

Johnstown

Lancaster

Latrobe

Middletown

Muir

Nth Philadel

Philadelphia

Philipsburg

Pittsburgh

Reading

Staunton

Volens

58.8

28.8

16.2

2.4

Wallops Sta

WASHINGTON

Bellingham

Bremerton

Burlington

Colville

46.2

34.2

1.2

7.8

55.8

58.2

25.8

49.8

43.8

55.2

4.8

40.2

10.2

46.2

34.8

4.8

40.8

49.2

28.2

46.8

43.2

49.2

122

118

119

122

117

122

119

123

122

119

122

119

123

117

124

122

123

117

122

31.8

46.2

19.8

28.2

31.2

16.8

34.8

3.6

58.2

28.8

19.2

28.8

52.8

19.2

55.2

37.2

4.8

34.2

58.2

25.2

16.2

7.2

Ephrata

Everet/Paine

Fairchild

Fort Lewis

Hanford

Hoquiam

Mcchord AFB

Moses Lake

Oak Harbor

Olympia

Omak

Pasco

Port Angeles

Pullman

Quillayute

Renton

Seattle

Shelton

Spokane

Tacoma

Toledo

Site R

State Colleg

Wilkes-Barre

Williamsport

Willow Grove

RHODE ISLAND

Block Island

Nth Kingston

Providence

SOUTH CAROLINA

Anderson

Beaufort

Kingsville

Laredo Intl

Laughlin AFB

Longview

Lubbock

Lufkin

Marfa

Mcallen

Midland

31.8

22.2

22.8

13.8

22.2

10.8

46.8

43.2

37.8

10.2

34.8

25.2

25.8

10.2

43.8

40.8

1.2

5.4

31.8

7.2

13.2

1.8

31.8

34.8

4.8

13.8

10.8

4.2

42.6

1.2

43.2

1.8

7.2

43.2

28.8

10.8

Mineral Wlls

Palacios

Charleston

Columbia

Florence

Greenville

Mcentire

Paris/Cox

Plainview

Port Arthur

Reese AFB

Rockport

102

4.8

55.2

1.8

4.8

37.8

16.2

28.8

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

LONGITUDE

degrees

118

LATITUDE

min degrees

LONGITUDE

degrees

LATITUDE

min degrees

LONGITUDE

degrees

LATITUDE

min degrees

min

34.2

min

Walla Walla

Wenatchee

Whidbey Is

Yakima

16.8

1.2

WISCONSIN

Appleton

WYOMING

Big Piney

Casper

Cheyenne

Cody

Douglas

Evanston

Gillette

Jackson

Lander

Laramie

Moorcroft

Rawlins

Riverton

Rock Springs

Sheridan

Worland

Yellowstone

120

122

120

31.2

28.8

7.8

110

106

104

109

105

111

105

110

108

105

104

107

108

109

106

107

110

0.6

28.2

49.2

1.2

34.2

55.2

31.2

19.8

49.2

19.2

Eau Claire

Green Bay

Janesville

La Crosse

Lone Rock

Madison

Manitowac

Milwaukee

Mosinee

Neenah

Oshkosh

Rhinelander

Rice Lake

Volk Fld

52.2

28.8

37.2

52.2

7.8

46.8

13.2

37.8

28.8

55.8

55.2

31.8

WEST VIRGINIA

Beckley

1.8

7.2

13.2

3.6

13.8

2.4

58.8

55.2

25.8

46.8

22.8

Bluefield

10.8

19.8

40.2

5.4

Charleston

Clarksburg

Elkins

Huntington

Lewisburg

Martinsburg

Morgantown

Parkersburg

Wheeling

22.2

16.8

52.8

22.2

52.2

10.8

27.6

31.8

43.8

40.8

48.6

1.2

40.2

31.8

34.2

4.2

43.2

16.2

37.2

58.2

25.2

46.2

58.2

Wh Sulphur

1.2

Wausau

CANADA

CITY

Calgary

Churchill

PROVINCE

Alberta

Newfoundland

Northwest Terr.

Alberta

New Brunswick

Northwest Terr

Newfoundland

Nova Scotia

Ontario

Labrador

Quebec

Yukon

LONGITUDE

LATITUDE

CITY

Glasgow

Guatemala City Guatemala

COUNTRY

Scotland

LONGITUDE

LATITUDE

114

15 w

31 w

56 w

2 e

38 e

23 w

0 e

19 e

7 w

20 e

48 e

4 e

50 n

37 n

10 s

33 n

38 n

8 n

10 n

52 s

10 s

30 n

16 s

12 s

59 n

27 s

45 n

0 s

25 n

32 n

45 n

26 n

30 n

35 n

20 n

12 n

29 n

47 s

26 n

27 n

53 s

45 n

8 n

147

104

106

Coppermine

Edmonton

Frederickton

Ft Mcpherson

Goose Bay

Halifax

Hazelton

Kenora

Labrador City

Montreal

Mt. Logan

Nakina

Ottawa

Peace River

Pr. Edward Isl

Quebec

115

113

134

127

Guayaquil

Hamburg

Hammerfest

Havana

Helsinki

Hobart

Ecuador

Germany

Norway

Cuba

Finland

Tasmania

Chile

Iquique

Irkutsk

Russia

Jakarta

Indonesia

South Africa

Jamaica

Bolivia

Johannesburg

Kingston

La Paz

140

132

117

49 w

22 w

30 w

2 w

Ontario

Alberta

Leeds

Lima

England

Peru

Nova Scotia

Quebec

Saskatchewan

Newfoundland

Ontario

Yukon

Manitoba

Liverpool

London

Lyons

England

France

Spain

0 w

5 w

Regina

104

101

120

50 e

42 w

15 w

57 e

20 e

25 w

45 e

58 e

7 w

10 e

10 w

36 e

35 e

57 e

56 e

55 e

53 e

15 e

37 w

48 e

30 e

42 e

32 w

15 w

20 e

25 e

52 e

5 w

Saskatoon

St. Johns

Toronto

Vancouver

Victoria

Madrid

Manchester

Manila

Marseilles

Mazatlán

Mecca

Melbourne

Mexico City

Milan

England

Phillipines

France

Mexico

Saudi Arabia

Australia

Mexico

Italy

123

135

106

144

129

136

118

135

116

115

Whitehorse

Winnipeg

INTERNATIONAL

Montevideo

Moscow

Munich

Nagasaki

Nagoya

Nairobi

Uruguay

Russia

Germany

Japan

Kenya

Aberdeen

Scotland

9 w

9 n

Adelaide

Amsterdam

Ankara

Asunción

Athens

Auckland

Bangkok

Barcelona

Belém

Belfast

Belgrade

Berlin

Birmingham

Bombay

Bordeaux

Bremen

Brisbane

Bristol

Australia

Holland

Turkey

Paraguay

Greece

New Zealand

Thailand

Spain

138

36 e

53 e

55 e

40 w

43 e

45 e

30 e

9 e

55 s

22 n

55 n

15 s

58 n

52 s

45 n

23 n

28 s

37 n

52 n

30 n

25 n

0 n

48 n

7 n

25 s

3 n

174

100

Nanjing

Naples

China

Italy

50 n

58 n

27 n

32 n

57 n

58 n

45 n

48 n

55 n

57 s

25 n

57 s

54 n

56 s

28 s

56 n

31 s

10 n

40 n

17 n

0 s

Newcastle

Odessa

Osaka

England

Ukraine

Japan

Brazil

29 w

56 w

32 e

25 e

55 w

48 e

31 w

49 e

8 e

Northern Ireland

Yugoslavia

Germany

England

India

Oslo

Norway

Panama

Surinam

France

China

Panama City

Paramaribo

Paris

Beijing

France

50 n

5 n

Perth

Plymouth

Australia

England

Germany

Australia

England

Belgium

Romania

Hungary

Argentina

Egypt

153

29 s

28 n

52 n

25 n

30 n

35 s

2 n

Rio de Janeiro Brazil

121

151

139

174

12 w

27 e

27 w

45 w

18 e

31 w

28 e

20 e

3 e

35 w

22 e

7 e

Rome

Italy

Brussels

Bucharest

Budapest

Buenos Aires

Cairo

Salvador

Santiago

St. Petersburg

Sao Paulo

Shanghai

Sofia

Stockholm

Sydney

Tananarive

Teheran

Tokyo

Brazil

Chile

Russia

Brazil

China

Bulgaria

Sweden

Australia

Madagascar

Iran

113

106

130

5 e

22 w

21 e

15 e

22 e

2 w

Canton

China

7 n

Cape Town

Caracas

Chihuahua

Chongqing

Copenhagen

Córdoba

Darwin

Dublin

Durban

Edinburgh

Frankfurt

Georgetown

South Africa

Venezuela

Mexico

55 s

28 n

37 n

46 n

40 n

28 s

20 n

53 s

55 n

7 n

0 e

5 w

33 e

45 e

12 e

20 e

10 w

20 e

0 e

50 s

45 n

40 n

57 n

26 n

10 n

14 n

17 s

21 n

China

34 e

10 w

51 e

15 w

53 e

10 w

41 e

15 w

Denmark

Argentina

Australia

Ireland

South Africa

Scotland

Germany

Guyana

Japan

Tripoli

Libya

Venice

Italy

Veracruz

Vienna

Warsaw

Wellington

Zürich

Mexico

Austria

Poland

New Zealand

Switzerland

47 e

31 e

45 n

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Appendix D - RS-232 Connection

You can control your telescope with a computer via the RS-232 port on the computerized hand control and using an

optional RS-232 cable (#93920). Once connected, the telescope can be controlled using popular astronomy software

programs.

Communication Protocol:

The Advanced GT communicates at 9600 bits/sec, No parity and a stop bit. All angles are communicated with 16 bit

angle and communicated using ASCII hexadecimal.

Description

PC Command ASCII

Hand Control Response

Notes

Echo

Goto Azm-Alt

Useful to check communication

B12AB, 4000

10 characters sent. B=Command,

12AB=Azm, comma, 4000=Alt. If

command conflicts with slew limits,

there will be no action.

Goto Ra-Dec

Get Azm-Alt

R34AB, 12CE

Scope must be aligned. If

command conflicts with slew limits,

there will be no action.

12AB, 4000#

10 characters returned,

12AB=Azm, comma, 4000=Alt, #

Get RA-Dec

Cancel Goto

Is Goto in Progress

34AB, 12CE#

0# or 1#

Scope must be aligned

0=No, 1=Yes; "0" is ASCII

character zero

Is Alignment Complete

Commands below

available on version 1.6

or later

0# or 1#

0=No, 1=Yes

HC version

Stop/Start Tracking

Two bytes representing V2.2

Alt-Az tracking requires alignment

x = 0 (Tracking off)

x = 1 (Alt-Az on)

x = 2 (EQ-N)

x = 3 (EQ-S)

r34AB0500,12CE0500

32-bit goto RA-Dec

32-bit get RA-Dec

34AB0500,12CE0500#

The last two characters will always

be zero.

Commands below

available on version 2.2

or later

32-bit goto Azm-Alt

32-bit get Azm-Alt

b34AB0500,12CE0500

34AB0500,12CE0500#

The last two characters will always

be zero.

The cable required to interface to the telescope

has an RS-232 male plug at one end and a 4-4

telephone jack at the other end. The wiring is

as follows:

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Additional RS232 Commands

Send Any Track Rate Through RS232 To The Hand Control

1. Multiply the desired tracking rate (arcseconds/second) by 4. Example: if the desired trackrate is 150

arcseconds/second, then TRACKRATE = 600

2. Separate TRACKRATE into two bytes, such that (TRACKRATE = TrackRateHigh*256 +

rackRateLow). Example: TrackRateHigh = 2 TrackRateLow = 88

3. To send a tracking rate, send the following 8 bytes:

a. Positive Azm tracking:

80, 3, 16, 6, TrackRateHigh, TrackRateLow, 0, 0

b. Negative Azm tracking:80, 3, 16, 7, TrackRateHigh, TrackRateLow, 0, 0

c. Positive Alt tracking:

d. Negative Alt tracking:

80, 3, 17, 6, TrackRateHigh, TrackRateLow, 0, 0

80, 3, 17, 7, TrackRateHigh, TrackRateLow, 0, 0

4. The number 35 is returned from the handcontrol

Send A Slow-Goto Command Through RS232 To The Hand Control

(note: Only valid for motorcontrol version 4.1 or greater)

1. Convert the angle position to a 24bit number. Example: if the desired position is 220°, then

POSITION_24BIT = (220/360)*2²⁴= 10,252,743

2. Separate POSITION_24BIT into three bytes such that (POSITION_24BIT = PosHigh*65536 +

PosMed*256 + PosLow). Exampe: PosHigh = 156, PosMed = 113, PosLow = 199

3. Send the following 8 bytes:

a. Azm Slow Goto: 80, 4, 16, 23, PosHigh, PosMed, PosLow, 0

b. Alt Slow Goto: 80, 4, 17, 23, PosHigh, PosMed, PosLow, 0

4. The number 35 is returned from the handcontrol

Reset The Position Of Azm Or Alt

1. Convert the angle position to a 24bit number, same as Slow-Goto example.

2. Send the following 8 bytes:

a. Azm Set Position: 80, 4, 16, 4, PosHigh, PosMed, PosLow, 0

b. Alt Set Position: 80, 4, 17, 4, PosHigh, PosMed, PosLow, 0

3. The number 35 is returned from the handcontrol

4. Note: If using Motorcontrol version less than 4.1, then send:

a. Azm Set Position: 80, 3, 16, 4, PosHigh, PosMed, PosLow, 0

b. Alt Set Position: 80, 3, 17, 4, PosHigh, PosMed, PosLow, 0

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

APPENDIX E – MAPS OF TIME ZONES

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

CELESTRON TWO YEAR WARRANTY

A. Celestron warrants this telescope to be free from defects in materials and workmanship for two years. Celestron will repair or

replace such product or part thereof which, upon inspection by Celestron, is found to be defective in materials or workmanship.

As a condition to the obligation of Celestron to repair or replace such product, the product must be returned to Celestron

together with proof-of-purchase satisfactory to Celestron.

B. The Proper Return Authorization Number must be obtained from Celestron in advance of return. Call Celestron at (310) 328-

9560 to receive the number to be displayed on the outside of your shipping container.

All returns must be accompanied by a written statement setting forth the name, address, and daytime telephone number of the

owner, together with a brief description of any claimed defects. Parts or product for which replacement is made shall become

the property of Celestron.

The customer shall be responsible for all costs of transportation and insurance, both to and from the factory of

Celestron, and shall be required to prepay such costs.

Celestron shall use reasonable efforts to repair or replace any telescope covered by this warranty within thirty days of receipt. In

the event repair or replacement shall require more than thirty days, Celestron shall notify the customer accordingly. Celestron

reserves the right to replace any product which has been discontinued from its product line with a new product of comparable

value and function.

This warranty shall be void and of no force of effect in the event a covered product has been modified in design or

function, or subjected to abuse, misuse, mishandling or unauthorized repair. Further, product malfunction or

deterioration due to normal wear is not covered by this warranty.

CELESTRON DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WHETHER OF MERCHANTABILITY OF

FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR USE, EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY SET FORTH HEREIN.

THE SOLE OBLIGATION OF CELESTRON UNDER THIS LIMITED WARRANTY SHALL BE TO REPAIR OR

REPLACE THE COVERED PRODUCT, IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE TERMS SET FORTH HEREIN. CELESTRON

EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY LOST PROFITS, GENERAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES

WHICH MAY RESULT FROM BREACH OF ANY WARRANTY, OR ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO

USE ANY CELESTRON PRODUCT. ANY WARRANTIES WHICH ARE IMPLIED AND WHICH CANNOT BE

DISCLAIMED SHALL BE LIMITED IN DURATION TO A TERM OF TWO YEARS FROM THE DATE OF ORIGINAL

RETAIL PURCHASE.

Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages or limitation on how long an implied

warranty lasts, so the above limitations and exclusions may not apply to you.

This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.

Celestron reserves the right to modify or discontinue, without prior notice to you, any model or style telescope.

If warranty problems arise, or if you need assistance in using your telescope contact:

Celestron

Customer Service Department

2835 Columbia Street

Torrance, CA 90503 U.S.A.

Tel. (310) 328-9560

Fax. (310) 212-5835

Monday-Friday 8AM-4PM PST

This warranty supersedes all other product warranties.

NOTE: This warranty is valid to U.S.A. and Canadian customers who have purchased this product from an Authorized

Celestron Dealer in the U.S.A. or Canada. Warranty outside the U.S.A. and Canada is valid only to customers who purchased

from a Celestron Distributor or Authorized Celestron Dealer in the specific country and please contact them for any

warranty service.

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Celestron

2835 Columbia Street

Torrance, CA 90503 U.S.A.

Tel. (310) 328-9560

Fax. (310) 212-5835

Web site at http//www.celestron.com

(Products or instructions may change

without notice or obligation.)

Item # 21021-INST

Printed in China

$10.00

07-05

Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.

Bissell Carpet Cleaner 1867 Series User Manual
Black Decker Power Screwdriver LI3100A User Manual
Blue Rhino Gas Grill GTC1000W C User Manual
Bodum Coffee Grinder 10903 User Manual
Bush Hog Brush Cutter RZ60R User Manual
Bushnell Marine Battery 78 6035 User Manual
Cambridge Audio CD Player CD30 User Manual
Casablanca Fan Company Fan 59536 User Manual
Casio Electronic Keyboard HMEC 45 CA User Manual
Chromalox Thermostat HVH TK5 User Manual