Data Explorer™ Software
Version 4 Series Software
User Guide
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Data Explorer™ Basics
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
Software Applications Compatibility ....................................... 1-5
1.2.2
Data (.DAT) File Format ......................................................... 1-5
1.3
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.5
1.6
1.5.1
1.5.2
Customizing Graphic Options ................................................1-24
Reverting to Previous Graphic Options .................................1-29
1.6.1
(Mariner Data Only) ..............................................................1-30
(Mariner Data Only) ..............................................................1-33
1.6.3
1.6.4
1.6.5
Converting to and Exporting ASCII Data ..............................1-34
Importing a Trace in ASCII Format ........................................1-35
Extracting and Saving Information
from .DAT, .RSD, and .RCD Files ..........................................1-36
1.6.6
Copying from Data Files ........................................................1-38
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Table of Contents
Chapter 2 Using Chromatogram and Spectrum Windows
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
2.1.6
Viewing Read-Only Files ........................................................ 2-7
Moving Between Open Files .................................................. 2-8
Closing Data Files .................................................................2-10
2.2
2.3
2.4
Adjusting the Display Range..................................................... 2-11
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
Zooming, Centering, and Customizing a Trace ......................2-14
Duplicating a Trace ...............................................................2-15
Dividing the Active Trace ......................................................2-15
Adding Traces from
2.4.5
2.4.6
2.4.7
2.4.8
2.4.9
Overlaying Traces .................................................................2-24
2.5
2.5.1
Copying Traces from Multiple Data Files to a Window ...........2-37
2.6
2.7
Saving, Opening, and Deleting .DAT Results ................................ 2-38
Exporting, Opening, and Deleting .RCD and .RSD Results Files
(Mariner Data Only)................................................................ 2-39
2.8
Saving, Opening, and Deleting .SPC Results Files
(Mariner Data Only)................................................................ 2-40
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3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
Strategy for Voyager Peak Detection ...................................... 3-8
Setting Peak Detection Parameters ......................................3-11
Peak Detection Parameter Descriptions ................................3-19
Charge State
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
Displaying the Peak List ........................................................3-37
Inserting Peaks in the Peak List ............................................3-39
Saving the Peak List .............................................................3-40
Sorting, Filtering, and Printing the Peak List .........................3-42
3.4
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
Charge State Labels .............................................................3-53
Setting Chromatogram and Spectrum Peak Labels ...............3-54
Setting Custom Peak Labels .................................................3-61
3.6
3.7
Process that Occurs During Peak Detection,
Centroiding, and Integration ..................................................... 3-67
Default Peak Detection Settings ................................................ 3-71
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Table of Contents
Chapter 4 Examining Chromatogram Data
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
Creating a Constant Neutral Loss (CNL) Chromatogram ........ 4-9
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
Noise Filtering/Smoothing ........................................................ 4-17
Adding and Subtracting Raw Spectra Within a Data File.................. 4-20
Displaying MS Method Data (Mariner Data Only) ........................... 4-23
4.7.1
Using Baseline Offset ...........................................................4-27
4.7.2
Using Baseline Correction .....................................................4-29
4.8
Using UV Trace Offset (Mariner Data Only) .................................. 4-30
Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
5.1
5.2
5.3
Overview .............................................................................. 5-2
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.3.6
Creating or Modifying a Calibration Reference File (.REF) ....5-17
5.4
Automatic Calibration.............................................................. 5-26
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
Overview of Automatic Calibration ........................................5-26
Importing and Specifying Automatic Calibration Settings .......5-29
Automatically Calibrating (Mariner Data Only) .......................5-34
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Table of Contents
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
Centroiding .......................................................................... 5-36
Mass Deconvolution (Mariner Data Only)..................................... 5-37
5.8.1
5.8.2
Using Baseline Correction .....................................................5-47
5.9
Truncating a Spectrum ............................................................ 5-56
or Different Data Files (Dual Spectral Trace Arithmetic)................... 5-64
6.1
6.1.1
Determining Elemental Composition ...................................... 6-2
6.1.2
Setting Limits ......................................................................... 6-7
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
Using the Signal-to-Noise Ratio Calculator................................... 6-23
Using the Ion Fragmentation Calculator....................................... 6-25
6.7.1
6.7.2
6.7.3
6.7.4
6.7.5
6.7.6
6.7.7
6.7.8
Deleting a Macro ...................................................................6-41
Advanced Macro Editing .......................................................6-42
Importing or Exporting Macros in DATAEXPLORER.VB6 ......6-43
Running Macros Automatically
When Opening and Closing Files ..........................................6-45
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Table of Contents
7.1
Mariner Data Examples ............................................................ 7-2
7.1.1
Improving Signal-To-Noise Ratio ............................................ 7-2
7.1.2
Deconvoluting and Evaluating
7.1.3
7.2
Voyager Data Examples .......................................................... 7-11
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
Detecting and Labeling Partially Resolved Peaks ..................7-11
Processing Before Calibrating to Optimize Mass Accuracy ...7-14
Detecting Peaks from Complex Digests ................................7-18
Chapter 8 Viewing Voyager PSD Data
8.1
8.2
8.3
Displaying PSD Data ............................................................... 8-2
Calibrating a PSD Spectrum ..................................................... 8-10
8.3.1
8.3.2
Checking Peak Detection ......................................................8-11
Calibrating ............................................................................8-12
Applying to Other Data Files .................................................8-20
8.3.4
8.3.5
Creating PSD Calibration Reference (.REF) Files .................8-21
Changing the Precursor Mass ...............................................8-23
Chapter 9 Troubleshooting
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
General Troubleshooting .......................................................... 9-3
Processing, Tools, and Applications Troubleshooting....................... 9-6
Calibration Troubleshooting...................................................... 9-10
Printing Troubleshooting .......................................................... 9-14
Peak Detection and Labeling Troubleshooting............................... 9-15
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Table of Contents
C.2
C.3 Accessing the Macros .............................................................. C-4
C.4
C.5
C.6
C.7
Using the Ladder Sequencing Toolbox ......................................... C-5
Using the Peptide Fragmentation Toolbox ..................................... C-9
Using the Polymer Analysis Toolbox .......................................... C-15
Using MS Fit/MS Tag Toolbox .................................................. C-18
Index
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Table of Contents
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Applied Biosystems
How to Use This Guide
1
How to Use This Guide
Purpose of
this guide
The Applied Biosystems Data Explorer ™ Software User’s
Guide describes processing and analyzing data with the
Data Explorer software. You can use the Data Explorer
software to analyze data collected on:
• Mariner™ Workstations with Version 3.0 and later
software
• Voyager™-DE Biospectrometry™ Workstations with
Version 5.0 and later software
Audience
This guide is intended for novice and experienced Mariner
or Voyager workstation users who are analyzing
biomolecules.
Structure of
this guide
The Applied Biosystems Data Explorer ™ Software User’s
Guide is organized into chapters and appendixes. Each
chapter page is marked with a tab and a header to help
you find information.
The table below describes the material covered in each
chapter and appendix.
Content
Chapter 1, Data Explorer™ Basics
Describes file formats, file management, the
parts of the Data Explorer window, and how
to customize the Data Explorer software.
Chapter 2, Using Chromatogram
and Spectrum Windows
Describes window and trace handling. Also
describes saving results.
Chapter 3, Peak Detection
and Labeling
Provides background information on peak
detection, centroiding, and integration.
Describes peak detection, peak labeling,
and peak deisotoping.
Chapter 4, Examining
Chromatogram Data
Describes processing and analyzing
chromatographic data.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
xi
How to Use This Guide
1
Content
Chapter 5, Examining Spectrum
Data
Describes processing and analyzing mass
spectral data.
Chapter 6, Using Tools and
Applications
Describes how to generate results using
several tools and applications: the Centroid
calculator, Elemental Composition
calculator, Isotope calculator, Mass
Resolution calculator, Ion Fragmentation
calculator and Signal-to-Noise calculator.
Also describes using the Macro Recorder
and the Elemental Targeting Application.
Chapter 7, Data Explorer Examples
Includes specific examples for Mariner data
and Voyager data. Examples include how to
improve the signal-to-noise ratio for
reserpine, deconvolute unresolved peaks in
cyctochrome c (Mariner data), and label
partially resolved peaks (Voyager data).
Chapter 8, Viewing Voyager PSD
Data
Describes how to view, label, and calibrate
PSD data.
Chapter 9, Troubleshooting
Includes symptoms and possible causes of,
and corrective actions for potential system
problems.
Appendix A, Warranty
Provides warranty and service information.
Appendix B, Overview of Isotopes
Includes background information you need
for understanding isotopes.
Appendix C, Data Explorer Toolbox
(Visual Basic Macros)
Describes loading Visual Basic® macros,
preparing data, and running the macros.
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How to Use This Guide
1
Conventions
This guide uses the following conventions to make text
easier to understand.
• Bold indicates user action. For example:
Type 0 and press Enter for the remaining
fields.
• Italic text denotes new or important words, and is also
used for emphasis. For example:
Before analyzing, always prepare fresh matrix.
Notes, Cautions,
Warnings, and
Hints
A note provides important information to the operator. For
example:
NOTE: If you are prompted to insert the boot diskette
into the drive, insert it, then press any key.
A caution provides information to avoid damage to the
system or loss of data. For example:
CAUTION
Do not touch the lamp. This may damage the lamp.
A warning provides information essential to the safety of
the operator. For example:
WARNING
CHEMICAL HAZARD. Wear appropriate personal
protection and always observe safe laboratory practices
when operating your system.
A hint provides helpful suggestions not essential to the
use of the system. For example:
Hint: To avoid complicated file naming, use Save First
to Pass or Save Best Only modes.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
xiii
How to Use This Guide
1
Related
documentation
The related documents shipped with your system include:
• Mariner ™ Workstation User’s Guide—Use this
document to learn detailed information about the
Mariner Workstation.
• Voyager™-DE Biospectrometry Workstation
User’s Guide—Use this document to learn detailed
information about the Voyager-DE Workstation.
• Printer documentation (depends on the printer you
purchase)—Use this documentation to set up and
service your printer.
• Microsoft ® Windows NT ® User’s Guide and
related documents—Use this guide to learn detailed
information about the Microsoft Windows NT user
interface.
Send us your
comments
We welcome your comments and suggestions for
improving our manuals. You can send us your comments
in two ways.
• On the web at:
www.appliedbiosystems.com/about/contact.html
• By e-mail at:
TechPubs@appliedbiosystems.com
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Chapter
1
1 Data Explorer™
Basics
This chapter contains the following sections:
1.1 Overview ................................................... 1-2
1.2 File Formats and Types ............................. 1-5
1.3 Parts of the Data Explorer Window .......... 1-11
1.4 Customizing the Data Explorer Window ... 1-17
1.5 Setting Graphic Options .......................... 1-23
1.6 Managing Files ........................................ 1-30
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
1-1
Chapter 1 Data Explorer™ Basics
1.1 Overview
1
Description The Data Explorer™ Version 4.0 processing software is
graphical software that you use to analyze, calibrate, and
report data. You can use the Data Explorer software to
analyze data collected on:
•
•
Mariner™ Workstations
Voyager™-DE Biospectrometry™ Workstations
NOTE: Application systems that automatically acquire
and process data, such as Mariner High Throughput
Analysis Option (CombiSolve™) and Proteomics
Solution 1™ Option, require specific versions of Data
Explorer software.
Features Data Explorer software includes a suite of tools and
processing options to allow you to graphically and interactively
manipulate chromatographic and mass spectral data. For
example, you can:
•
•
•
Smooth and noise-filter data.
Automatically and manually calibrate spectral data.
Set peak detection parameters and custom labels for
regions of the trace. Detected peaks can be evaluated
for charge-state determination according to
user-defined parameters.
•
•
Determine elemental composition, theoretical isotope
distributions, resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and
fragment ions.
Perform target compound analysis (elemental
targeting).
•
•
Customize windows, toolbars, and traces.
Create scripts and macros to automate your work using
the Macro Recorder and Visual Basic® Editor.
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Overview
The Data Explorer window opens.
exiting the
software
1
The Data Explorer window is blank with only a few menus
displayed until you open a data file.
Figure 1-1 shows the Data Explorer main window with a
Mariner data file open. Figure 1-2 shows the Data Explorer
main window with a Voyager data file open.
To exit the software, select Exit from the File menu in the Data
Explorer window. The Data Explorer software closes.
Figure 1-1 Data Explorer Window with Mariner Data
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 1 Data Explorer™ Basics
1
Figure 1-2 Data Explorer Window with Voyager Data
Default colors The default colors are different for Mariner and Voyager:
•
labels
•
Voyager—White background, blue traces, and red
labels
You can customize the default colors as needed. See
Section 1.5.1, Changing Background Color.
NOTE: For consistency, all Mariner and Voyager screen
examples in the following sections of this User’s Guide are
shown with a white background.
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File Formats and Types
1.2 File Formats and Types
1
This section describes:
•
•
Software applications compatibility
Data (.DAT) file format
You can use the Data Explorer Macro Recorder function to
create Visual Basic scripts to automate tasks. You can also
use the Visual Basic Editor directly to create more complex
programs customized to suit your needs. For more
information, see Section 6.7, Using the Macro Recorder.
Additionally, you can convert data to ASCII format for import
into other software applications or import ASCII results. For
more information, see Section 1.6.3, Converting to and
Exporting ASCII Data, and Section 1.6.4, Importing a Trace in
ASCII Format.
1.2.2 Data (.DAT) File Format
.DAT file format Data generated by Mariner and Voyager systems is stored in
.DAT file format. The .DAT file format incorporates all
information about how a data file was acquired and processed
into a single file. This format improves data processing and
data storage efficiency.
Data files can contain spectra from a single acquisition or from
multiple acquisitions (for example, multiple spectral data from
a Voyager acquisition or multiple injection results from a
Mariner CombiSolv run).
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 1 Data Explorer™ Basics
Mariner .SPC file In Mariner software versions earlier than version 3.0, data files
are stored in .SPC format. You can view and process .SPC
format
1
files in Data Explorer, or you can convert these files to .DAT
format. For information about the differences between the
.DAT and the .SPC formats, see the Mariner™ Workstation
User’s Guide.
Voyager .MS file In Voyager software versions earlier than version 5.0, data
files are stored in .MS, .MSF, .MSA, and .MSB format. You can
view and process .MS, .MSF, .MSA, and .MSB files in Data
Explorer. You cannot convert them to .DAT format.
format
Data Explorer software.
Extracting You can also store parameter settings in separate files by
extracting information from a .DAT file as needed for use with
other files. For more information, see Section 1.6.5, Extracting
and Saving Information from .DAT, .RSD, and .RCD Files.
information from
.DAT files
The types of information stored in a .DAT file are described
below.
Table 1-1 Information Stored In a .DAT File
Category
File Type
File Content
Settings
.BIC
Instrument settings for controlling the operation of the
mass analyzer. For more information, see the:
•
•
Mariner Workstation User’s Guide
Voyager Biospectrometry Workstation User’s
Guide
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File Formats and Types
Table 1-1 Information Stored In a .DAT File (Continued)
1
Category
File Type
File Content
Settings
.MSM
(Mariner
only)
MS Method settings, if data was acquired using an
.MSM file.
(continued)
NOTE: To access the instrument settings used to
acquire each spectrum in an MS Method, you must first
extract the .MSM file from the data file, then export the
.BIC files from the .MSM file using the Export button in
the MS Method editor. For more information on
exporting a .BIC file from an .MSM file, see the Mariner
.SET
.LBC
.LBS
.CAL
Graphic and processing settings. See Section 1.4.2,
Display
Process
Chromatogram label information. See Section 3.5.3,
Setting Custom Peak Labels.
Custom Peak Labels.
Calibration constants generated by mass calibration.
to additional files” on page 5-16.
.CTS
Processed trace that you access by selecting
Processing History from the Display menu. For
Rearranging Traces (Processing History).
NOTE: You select the name of the trace from the
Processing History menu. You do not directly select a
.CTS file. To purge or disable .CTS files, see “Setting
Processing History options” on page 2-23.
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Chapter 1 Data Explorer™ Basics
Additional files Additional file types you may see on your system are
1
described below.
types
Table 1-2 Additional File Types
Category
File Type
File Content
Data
.PKT
Text file containing a chromatogram or a spectrum peak
list that you can save from the Output window. See
“Output window” on page 1-15.
.TXT
Data file exported to an ASCII text file. See
Section 1.6.3, Converting to and Exporting ASCII Data.
Data
.SPC
(Mariner
only)
Data file format for files acquired before Version 3.0 of
the Mariner Instrument Control Panel.
NOTE: Voyager data files in .SPC format have a file
structure different from Mariner data files in .SPC
format, and are not supported in the Data Explorer
software.
.MS
(Voyager
only)
Data file format for files acquired before Version 5.0 of
the Voyager Instrument Control Panel.
.MSA and
.MSF
(Voyager
only)
PSD data file format for composite and fragment files
acquired before Version 5.0 of the Voyager Instrument
Control Panel.
NOTE: The Data Explorer software cannot generate
composite spectra from .MSF fragment files.
.MSB
(Voyager
only)
Baseline-corrected data file format for composite and
fragment files acquired before Version 5.0 of the
Voyager Instrument Control Panel.
Procedure
.TUN
AutoTune method. See the Mariner Workstation User’s
(Mariner
only)
Guide.
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Applied Biosystems
File Formats and Types
1
Category
File Type
File Content
Reference
.REF
List of masses to select from during calibration. See
“Creating and saving a calibration reference file” on
page 5-18.
Process
.RCT
Results file saved from:
(Mariner
only)
•
Mariner .SPC format data file (versions earlier
than 3.0) in the Data Explorer software after a
chromatogram is manually processed.
See Section 2.8, Saving, Opening, and Deleting
.SPC Results Files (Mariner Data Only).
•
Mariner .DAT format data file (version 3.0 and later)
in the Mariner Instrument Control Panel for a
snapshot of chromatogram data.
NOTE: Results for a .DAT file are stored within the .DAT
file, not as a separate file.
.RST
Results file saved from:
•
Mariner .SPC format data file (versions earlier
than 3.0) in the Data Explorer software after a
spectrum is manually processed.
See Section 2.8, Saving, Opening, and Deleting
.SPC Results Files (Mariner Data Only).
•
•
Voyager .MS format data file in the Data Explorer
software after a spectrum is manually processed.
Mariner .DAT format data file (version 3.0 and later)
in the Mariner Instrument Control Panel for a
snapshot of spectrum data.
NOTE: Results for a .DAT file are stored within the .DAT
file, not as a separate file.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 1 Data Explorer™ Basics
1
Category
File Type
File Content
Process
.RCD
Section 2.7, Exporting, Opening, and Deleting .RCD and
.RSD Results Files (Mariner Data Only).
(continued)
.RSD
Spectrum results file exported from .DAT files. See
Section 2.7, Exporting, Opening, and Deleting .RCD and
.RSD Results Files (Mariner Data Only).
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Applied Biosystems
Parts of the Data Explorer Window
1.3 Parts of the
Data Explorer Window
1
This section describes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Overview
Chromatogram and Spectrum windows
Tabs for data files
Data file names
Output window
Overview Figure 1-3 shows the Data Explorer window with Mariner data.
Toolbar
Chromatogram
window
Data file name
Spectrum
window
Tabs for
open data files
Output
window
Figure 1-3 Parts of the Data Explorer Window
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 1 Data Explorer™ Basics
Toolbar The toolbar contains buttons that access Data Explorer
functions.
1
For a description of a toolbar button, place the cursor on the
button. A brief description of the button (ToolTip) is displayed
below the button.
Chromatogram Refer to the following tables for descriptions of the types of
data that you can display in the Chromatogram (CHRO) and
Spectrum (SPEC) windows:
and Spectrum
windows
•
•
Mariner data—Table 1-3
Voyager data—Table 1-4
Table 1-3 Mariner Data Displayed in Chromatogram and Spectrum Windows
Window
CHRO
Mariner Data
Displays:
•
•
•
Total Ion Chromatogram—Includes the entire mass range saved in
the data file.
Extracted Ion Chromatogram (XIC) (optional)—Includes only the
signal response from a mass window or range
Constant Neutral Loss Chromatogram (CNL) (optional)—Extracts
only the response from peaks that are separated by a selected mass
difference.
Optionally displays the following from Diode Array data (DAD):
•
•
•
Total Absorbance Chromatogram (TAC)
Channel (Ch)
Extracted Absorbance Chromatogram (XAC)
Can be displayed as % Intensity versus Retention Time or Spectrum
number by selecting Traces from the Display menu, then selecting
X Axis In, then selecting Spectrum Number or Time.
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Parts of the Data Explorer Window
Table 1-3 Mariner Data Displayed in Chromatogram and Spectrum Windows
(Continued)
1
Window
SPEC
Mariner Data
Displays the spectrum for the selected time in the TIC or TAC trace. By
default, displays spectrum #1. The trace label includes “DAD” for spectra
selected from TAC.
Indicates Base Peak (BP) mass and intensity for the tallest peak in the
spectrum. Displayed as % Intensity versus Mass-to-Charge (m/z). The
right axis is scaled to the intensity of the base peak.
Table 1-4 Voyager Data Displayed in Chromatogram and Spectrum Windows
Window
CHRO
Voyager Data
Window is not displayed by default.
Optionally displays Total Ion Current (TIC) for multiple spectra .DAT files if
you select Restore Chromatogram from the View menu.
NOTE: DAD functions are not supported for Voyager data.
SPEC
Depends on the type of data file you open:
•
•
•
Single spectrum files—Displays the spectrum and labels the plot as
spectrum #1.
Multiple spectrum files—Displays the spectrum for the selected
time in the TIC trace (if displayed). By default, displays spectrum #1.
PSD files—Displays the composite spectrum and labels it as
Stitched PSD. You can display segment spectra by clicking
and
.
Indicates Base Peak (BP) mass and intensity for the tallest peak in the
spectrum. Displayed as % Intensity versus Mass-to-Charge (m/z). The
right axis is scaled to the intensity of the base peak.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 1 Data Explorer™ Basics
Labels in the chromatogram or spectrum title identify the
type of data displayed in the window. For a description of
labels, see Section 2.4.10, Viewing Trace Labels.
1
For more information on Chromatogram and Spectrum
windows, see Chapter 2, Using Chromatogram and Spectrum
Windows.
Context-sensitive The commands displayed on the menus in the Data Explorer
window depend on the window that is active when you select
the menu:
menus
•
•
•
•
Only Mariner-related commands are displayed on
menus when you open a Mariner .DAT file.
Only Voyager-related commands are displayed on
menus when you open a Voyager .DAT file.
Only spectrum-related commands are displayed if you
select menus when the Spectrum window is active.
you select menus when the Chromatogram window is
active. For Voyager multiple spectra .DAT files, UV
Tabs for data files Chromatogram and Spectrum windows display a tab at the
bottom (see Figure 1-3 on page 1-11) that allow you to switch
between data files, or between Chromatogram and Spectrum
windows for a Mariner data file. See “Moving Between Open
Files” on page 2-8.
Data file names Data file names are displayed in the:
•
•
Title bar of each window
Tab for each window
NOTE: If the full name of the data file does not fit in the tab,
part of the name is displayed followed by “...”. To display
the full name of the data file, place the cursor on the tab.
The full name of the data file is displayed below the tab.
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Applied Biosystems
Parts of the Data Explorer Window
Output window The Output window (see Figure 1-3 on page 1-11) displays
types of information displayed:
Output window
tabs
• Result—Displays results generated using commands on
Automatic Calibration
Only)
• Section 6.3, Using the
Mass Resolution Calculator
• Section 6.4, Using the Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Calculator
•
•
•
peak detection and integration. For more information,
see Section 3.3, Peak List.
Spectrum Peak List—Displays results of spectrum
peak detection, integration, and centroiding. For more
information, see Section 3.3, Peak List.
Sample Info—For data files, displays the:
• Software version used for acquisition
• Acquisition time and sample comments entered
when data was acquired
For result files (.RCT, .RST, .RCD, .RSD), displays any
processing functions that have been performed and
saved in the result file.
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•
Instrument Setting—Displays a list of instrument
settings used to obtain the data. The settings are taken
from instrument settings pages in the Instrument
Control Panel. Also displays segments, event numbers,
Mariner.
1
•
•
Elemental Analysis—Displays results for the
Section 6.1, Using the Elemental
Composition Calculator.
Elemental Targeting—Displays results for the
Elemental Targeting application. For information, see
Section 6.6, Using the Elemental Targeting Application.
Displaying, The Output window is automatically displayed when you
generate results (for example, when you calculate resolution).
clearing, and
To display the Output window manually, select Output
Window from the View menu.
closing
To clear the Output window, right-click the Output window,
then select Clear Window.
To close the Output window, deselect Output Window from
the View menu, or right-click the Output window, then select
Hide.
Hint: To maximize the Chromatogram and Spectrum
windows after hiding the Output window, click
in the toolbar.
or
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Customizing the Data Explorer Window
1.4 Customizing the
1
Data Explorer Window
This section includes:
•
•
•
Setting default values
Customizing Graphic and Processing settings
Customizing toolbars
1.4.1 Setting Default Values
You can set defaults for most dialog boxes in the Data
Explorer software by setting a value or selecting a button,
closing the dialog box, then closing the data file you are
viewing.
The next time you open the dialog box, the last settings
specified are displayed.
1.4.2 Customizing Processing
and Graphic Settings (.SET)
This section includes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Overview of processing and graphic settings
What settings contain
Default processing and graphic settings
Default graphic settings
Customizing settings saved in a data file
Making a copy of default .SET files before customizing
Opening, customizing, and saving .SET files
Applying a .SET file
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Overview of Processing and graphic settings control how data is processed
and displayed in the Data Explorer software. The last settings
used are automatically saved in the data file when you close it.
The next time you open the data file, you can select any of the
following to apply:
processing and
graphic settings
1
•
Settings from the data file—Described in Section 2.1,
Opening and Closing Data Files.
•
•
Default settings—Described below.
processing and graphic settings that have been
exported as stand-alone .SET files from other data files.
See “Applying a .SET file” on page 1-20.
contain
Processing settings include:
•
•
•
Peak Detection Parameter Descriptions
Smoothing points, described in Section 5.7, Noise
Filtering/Smoothing
Automatic calibration settings, described in Section 5.4,
Automatic Calibration
NOTE: You can open a .SET file in Microsoft Notepad to
view the complete file contents.
Default The following default settings files (stand-alone .SET files) that
contain both processing and graphic settings are provided on
your system in the C:\MARINER\PROGRAM\Set Files
directory or the C:\VOYAGER\PROGRAM\Set Files directory:
processing and
graphic settings
•
•
•
•
VOYAGERLINEAR.SET
VOYAGERREFLECTOR.SET
VOYAGERPSD.SET
For more information on Peak Detection settings, see
Section 3.7, Default Peak Detection Settings.
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Customizing the Data Explorer Window
Additional .SET files that have been developed for detection of
different types of data are included in the
C:\VOYAGER\PROGRAM\SET FILES directory. The names of
the .SET files indicate the type of data the files can be used
for.
1
The appropriate default settings for the type of data you open
are automatically applied to a data file the first time you open it
in Data Explorer. You can also manually apply these settings if
desired. For information, see “Applying a .SET file” on
page 1-20.
Default graphic Two additional default settings files (stand-alone .SET files)
that contain graphic settings only are also provided on your
system in the C:\MARINER\PROGRAM directory or the
C:\VOYAGER\PROGRAM directory:
settings
•
•
DEFAULTWHITE.SET
These .SET files contain the default graphic settings
applied when you select White Background or Dark
Background (after selecting Default from the Display
menu). For information, see Section 1.5.1, Changing
Background Color.
Customizing You can customize settings saved in a data file by adjusting
graphic or processing settings in the Data Explorer window.
settings saved in
a data file
Settings are saved with a data file when you close the data
file, and are automatically applied the next time you open the
data file, if specified. For more information, see Section 2.1,
Opening and Closing Data Files.
You can also save the settings in a .SET file for use with other
data files, as described in “Saving .SET files” on page 1-37.
Making a copy of All .SET files are user editable. However, before you edit the
default processing/graphic .SET files (see page 1-18), make a
copy of the original .SET file, in case you need to reload the
settings for default peak detection. Copy the file using
Windows NT® Explorer.
default .SET files
before
customizing
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Opening, To open, customize, and save .SET files:
customizing, and
saving .SET files
1
1. If you are customizing a default .SET file, make a copy
of the original file before opening it. See “Making a copy
of default .SET files before customizing” on page 1-19.
2. Select Settings from the File Menu.
3. Select one of the following:
• Restore Processing Settings
• Restore Graphic Settings
4. In the Restore dialog box, select or type the name of the
.SET file, then click OK.
5. Customize processing and graphic settings as needed.
For information on the contents of processing and graphic
settings, see “What settings contain” on page 1-18.
6. To save settings, select Settings from the File menu,
then select one of the following:
• Save Processing Settings As
• Save Graphic Settings As
• Save Graphic/Processing Settings As
7. In the Save As dialog box, type the name of the .SET file,
then click OK.
Applying a .SET You can apply a .SET file two ways:
file
•
Select Recent Processing Settings from the File
menu, then select a .SET file from the list of most
recently used files
NOTE: When you apply a .SET file from the Recent
Processing Settings menu, only the process settings
are applied.
•
Select an option from the Settings command on the
File menu
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Customizing the Data Explorer Window
To use the Settings option:
1. Select Settings from the File menu.
1
2. Select one of the following:
• Restore Processing Settings
• Restore Graphic Settings
• Restore Graphic/Processing Settings
• Revert to the Last Saved Graphic/Processing
Settings
name of the .SET file in the Restore dialog box, then
click OK.
Hint: You can also restore default processing and graphic
settings when you open a file or files. See Section 2.1,
Opening and Closing Data Files.
1.4.3 Customizing Toolbars
Customizing To customize the toolbar:
toolbars
1. Select Customize Toolbar from the Tools menu to
display the Customize dialog box.
2. To display or hide a toolbar section, click the Toolbars
tab, then select or deselect a toolbar.
3. To add a button to a toolbar, click the Commands tab,
select the appropriate category, then click-drag the button
to any toolbar in the main toolbar.
Hint: To display a button description, click the button
within the Customize dialog box. You can add buttons
from any category to any toolbar. For example, you can
add buttons from the File category to the Graph toolbar.
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4. To remove a button from a toolbar, click-drag the button
from the toolbar.
1
NOTE: The Customize dialog box must be displayed to
click-drag a button from a toolbar.
5. Click OK to close the Customize dialog box.
Undocking The toolbar at the top of the Data Explorer window is divided
into sections. A section is preceded by a double vertical bar.
toolbars
You can move (undock) each section of the toolbar within the
Data Explorer window by click-dragging the double bar at the
left side of the toolbar section.
To move the toolbar section back to the top of the window,
click-drag the toolbar back to the original position.
You can display or hide each section individually, add or
remove buttons on the toolbar, and rearrange the order of
dialog box open, as described in the previous section.
Creating You can create new toolbars by click-dragging buttons to a
window area where there is no toolbar. You can then add
buttons to the new toolbar as described in “Customizing
toolbars
toolbars” on page 1-21.
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Setting Graphic Options
1.5 Setting Graphic Options
1
This section includes:
•
•
•
Changing background color
Customizing options
Reverting to previous graphic options
NOTE: Changes you make to Graphic Options are saved
with the data file.
1.5.1 Changing Background Color
White or dark You can switch background color by selecting Default from
the Display menu, then selecting:
background
•
•
White Background—Displays blue traces and red
labels by default. Default settings are contained in
DEFAULTWHITE.SET.
Dark Background—Displays yellow traces and green
labels by default. Default settings are contained in
DEFAULTBLACK.SET.
do not contain processing settings.
You can customize the graphic settings associated with
default settings if desired. For information, see Section 1.4.2,
Customizing Processing and Graphic Settings (.SET).
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1.5.2 Customizing Graphic Options
1
This section includes:
• Accessing graphic options
• Setting colors
• Setting line widths
• Setting data cursors
• Setting traces in line or bar mode
• Setting graphic compression
Accessing To access graphic options:
graphic options
1. Display the trace of interest.
2. From the Display menu, select Graphic Options.
3. To use the graphic options settings for all traces, click
Use same settings for all traces in the View Setup tab.
4. Click a Graph Setup tab in the Graph and Plot Options
dialog box (Figure 1-4).
5. Set colors, line widths, data cursors, and graphic
compression as described in the following sections.
6. Click OK.
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Setting Graphic Options
1
Line or vertical
bar traces
Peak
bounds
Line width
Data cursor
Graphic
compression
Figure 1-4 Graphic Options Dialog Box—
Graph Setup Tab
Setting colors You can set colors manually or automatically.
Manually To manually select the color of graph features (axis, peak
bounds, tick labels, data cursor) and plot features (traces,
peak labels):
1. Select Graphic Options from the Display menu.
2. Set colors in the Graph Setup tab (see Figure 1-4).
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When you manually set colors, note:
1
• Selections set to white (or line widths set to 0) may not
print on certain printers.
• If you select different trace colors for multiple traces, only
the color for the active trace is saved when you close the
data file.
Automatically Automatically assigning trace colors is useful when overlaying
traces. To automatically assign trace colors:
using Auto Color
1. Select Graphic Options from the Display menu.
2. Select Auto Color in the View Setup tab. The software
assigns and displays trace colors when the traces are
overlaid.
When you use Auto Color:
• The active trace color stays at its original setting.
• Other trace colors are set based on the active trace color.
For example, if the active trace is yellow, other traces are
assigned the colors pale blue, pale green, and medium
gray, which are the colors listed after yellow in the Trace
color list, excluding white.
NOTE: White is not used in Auto Color because white may
not print on certain printers.
Setting line You can control trace appearance by setting line widths. To set
line widths:
widths
1. Select Graphic Options from the Display menu.
2. Set line width in the Plot Setup section of the Graph Setup
tab (see Figure 1-4 on page 1-25).
NOTE: Line Widths of 0 or 1 (or lines set to the color white)
may not print on certain printers. If traces do not print,
change the line width (or color).
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Setting Graphic Options
Setting data To enable data cursors and set cursor labels and attributes:
cursors
1. Select Graphic Options from the Display menu.
1
2. In the Data Cursor section of the Graph Setup tab (see
Figure 1-4 on page 1-25), select Show Data Cursors,
then select one of the following cursors from the Type
drop-down list:
• X—Single vertical cursor
• Y—Single horizontal cursor
• X-Y—Vertical and horizontal cursors
• X-X—Two vertical cursors
• X-Y-X—Two vertical cursors and one horizontal cursor
NOTE: If data cursors are displayed, they are printed when
you print traces. To suppress data cursor printing, deselect
Show Data Cursors before printing.
To set the cursor mode, select the appropriate label type as
described below:
Label
Type
Options
Y Label
•
•
Absolute—Displays the number of counts.
BP Relative—Displays the % Intensity value relative to the base
peak in the trace. Includes “BP%” marker on the cursor label.
•
Display Relative—Displays the % Intensity value relative to the
largest peak in the current display range.
X-X
•
•
Absolute—Displays the Spectrum Number or Retention Time
(chromatogram) or the Mass (spectrum).
Label
X-Relative—Available if you have two X cursors displayed. For the
first cursor, displays the Spectrum Number or Retention Time
(chromatogram) or the Mass (spectrum). For the second cursor,
displays the appropriate value relative to the first cursor.
For example, if you place the first X cursor in a spectrum at 100 m/z
and the second X cursor at 80 m/z, the cursors are labeled
100 and –20.
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Setting traces in You can change the trace display from Line to Vertical Bars.
Each vertical bar represents one data point.
Line or Vertical
1
Bar mode
Vertical bar mode is useful when setting peak detection
parameters to determine the number of points across a peak.
Setting graphic NOTE: Graphic Compression mode is not saved as part of
graphic settings. When you close a data file, it is
automatically reset to the default Local Max setting.
compression
By default, all data is compressed when it is displayed on your
computer screen. The degree of compression is determined
by the number of data points in the data file and the resolution
setting of your computer monitor.
For example, assume that a data file contains 10,000 data
points and needs compression to 1,000 data points to fit on
your computer screen. Every 10 data points will be
compressed into a single data point.
To set graphic compression settings:
1. Select Graphic Options from the Display menu.
2. In the Graph Setup tab of the Graph and Plot Options
dialog box (see Figure 1-4 on page 1-25), select a
Graphic Compression mode:
• Local Max (default)—Uses the maximum data
point within the range of data points being
compressed (range of 10 in the example above).
• Average—Uses the average of the data points
within the range of data points being compressed
(range of 10 in the example above).
• Sum (Binning)—Uses the sum of the data points
within the range of data points being compressed
(range of 10 in the example above).
NOTE: Changing the graphic compression mode may
alter the displayed intensities of peaks in a trace.
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Setting Graphic Options
1.5.3 Reverting to Previous Graphic Options
1
You have two options to revert to previously used graphic
options:
•
Revert to Last Saved Graphic Setting—Reverts to
the last graphic settings saved in the data file. Does not
affect processing settings.
To access, select Default from the Display menu, then
select Revert to Last Saved Graphic Setting.
•
Revert to Last Saved Graphic/Processing
Settings—Reverts to the last graphic and processing
settings saved in the data file.
To access, select Settings from the File menu, then
Settings.
Hint: Instead of applying the settings saved with a data file,
you can apply the default settings stored in the default .SET
file for your system (see page 1-18). To apply the default
settings, close the data file, open the data file again, then
select Use Default Settings in the Open dialog box. For
more information, see Section 2.1, Opening and Closing
Data Files.
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1.6 Managing Files
1
This section describes:
•
Converting .SPC file format to .DAT file format
(Mariner only)
•
•
•
•
Converting data from profile to centroid (Mariner only)
Converting to and exporting ASCII data
Importing a trace in ASCII format
Extracting and saving information from .DAT, .RSD, and
.RCD files
•
Copying from data files
1.6.1 Converting .SPC File Format to .DAT
File Format (Mariner Data Only)
This section includes:
• When to convert
• Before you begin
• Converting
• Viewing file properties
• Searching file properties
NOTE: You cannot convert Voyager .MS files to .DAT
format.
When to convert You are not required to convert Mariner .SPC file format (for
data acquired in software versions earlier than 3.0) to .DAT file
format. However, the .DAT format allows you to store all
information associated with the file (such as data, results,
settings) in one file, simplifying file management.
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Managing Files
Before you begin Confirm that the .SPC and .CGM files are located in the
same directory. Use Windows NT® Explorer to display the
directory contents and to move the .SPC and .CGM files as
necessary. If the .SPC and .CGM files are not in the same
directory, when you open the .SPC file, a “Failed to open
chromatogram data” message is displayed.
1
To check that the .SPC and .CGM files are in the same
directory:
1. Select Open from the File menu.
The Open dialog box is displayed.
2. From the Files of type drop-down list, select All Files (*.*).
A list of all files contained in the directory is displayed.
3. Check that the .SPC and .CGM files are present.
Converting In the Data Explorer window:
2. Select Convert from the File menu.
3. Select New Data Format.
The Convert to .DAT Format dialog box is displayed
(Figure 1-5).
Figure 1-5 Convert to .DAT Format Dialog Box
4. To add file property information (for example, Title, Author,
or Keywords) to the file, click Set Property, enter the
appropriate information, then click OK. For more
information, see “Viewing file properties” on page 1-32.
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The Convert to .DAT Format dialog box reappears.
5. Click OK.
1
A message box is displayed, showing the file name of
the newly created .DAT file.
6. Close the .SPC file and open the .DAT file before
processing. If desired, manually delete the .SPC file and
associated files.
Viewing file File properties are accessible in Windows NT Explorer and
provide general information about a data file without opening
the file in the Data Explorer software.
properties
To view file properties:
1. In Data Explorer, close the file of interest.
2. In Windows NT Explorer, select the file, then right-click.
3. Select Properties from the menu.
4. Click the Summary tab.
NOTE: If the Summary tab is not available, the file may
be open in Data Explorer. Close the file and repeat the
steps above.
Searching file To search for a file based on file properties:
properties
1. In Windows NT Explorer, select Find from the Tools
menu, then select Files or Folders.
The Find: All Files dialog box is displayed.
2. In the Name & Location tab, type or select a directory in
the Look in text box.
3. Select the Advanced tab.
4. Select Data Explore Document from the Of type
drop-down list.
5. Type the information you are searching for (for example, a
title or keyword) in the Containing text box, then click Find
Now.
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Managing Files
1.6.2 Converting Data from
1
Profile to Centroid (Mariner Data Only)
Overview You can convert an entire data file from profile to centroid
format. Centroid format files are smaller than profile format
files.
NOTE: Profile data is not automatically deleted when you
convert to centroid data. You can delete the profile data file
using Windows NT Explorer.
Before you begin If the file to convert is in .SPC format, confirm that the .SPC
and .CGM files are located in the same directory. For
information see “Before you begin” on page 1-31. If the
.SPC and .CGM files are not in the same directory, when
you open the.SPC file, a “Failed to open chromatogram
data” message is displayed.
Converting to To convert from profile to centroid format:
centroid
1. Open or activate the .DAT or .SPC file to convert.
2. Select Convert from the File menu, then select Centroid.
The Save As dialog box is displayed. The software
appends a “-CT” suffix to the file name. This is the
default file name. You can enter a new file name for the
centroid file.
3. Click Save.
NOTE: The m/z range in a data file that is converted
from profile to centroid is determined by the peak
detection range set in Data Explorer, not the m/z range
in the original data file. For more information, see
Section 3.2, Peak Detection.
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1.6.3 Converting to and
Exporting ASCII Data
1
This section describes:
•
•
Converting a data file to ASCII format
Exporting a trace to ASCII format
Converting a data You can convert a data file for use in a spreadsheet or another
application and export and import single traces in ASCII
format.
file to ASCII
format
To convert an entire active data file to an ASCII text file:
1. Open the data file to convert.
2. From the File menu, select Convert, then select ASCII
text.
A Save As dialog box is displayed.
3. Specify the name and destination for the file to be
exported. By default, the software assigns a .TXT
extension to the file.
4. Click OK.
Exporting a trace You can export a selected trace to ASCII format for display in
Data Explorer software or for use in another application.
to ASCII format
To export trace data to ASCII format:
1. With a data file open, select the trace window.
2. From the File menu, select Export, then select
Chromatogram or Spectrum (the menu item is context
sensitive).
A Save As dialog box is displayed.
3. Specify the name and destination of the file to be
exported. By default, the software assigns a .TXT
extension to the file.
4. Click OK.
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Managing Files
1.6.4 Importing a Trace in ASCII Format
1
You can import trace data in ASCII format. If the file you are
importing was originally exported using the Data Explorer
software, you can import a spectrum trace only into the
Spectrum window and a chromatogram trace only into the
Chromatogram window. However, if the data is from another
source, the software does not know the data type and you
must make sure to import the data into the correct window
type.
Importing a Trace To import an ASCII trace:
in ASCII Format
1. Open a data file and activate a Chromatogram or
Spectrum window.
NOTE: You must open a data file before you can import
ASCII data, even if the data file is unrelated to the
imported data.
2. Select Add/Remove Traces from the File menu, then set
the Replace Mode by selecting one of the following:
• Replace the Active Trace
• Add a New Trace
3. From the File menu, select Import, then select ASCII
Chromatogram or ASCII Spectrum (the menu item is
context sensitive to the selected window).
An Open dialog box appears.
4. Select the ASCII file to import.
5. Click OK.
The imported trace is displayed in the active window.
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CAUTION
1
An imported ASCII format trace contains only the data
points for the trace. The Sample Info and Instrument
settings tabs in the Output window display data from the
data file you opened in step 1. These tabs do not include
information about the imported trace.
1.6.5 Extracting and Saving Information
from .DAT, .RSD, and .RCD Files
Overview You can extract the following information from a .DAT data file,
.RSD spectrum results file, and .RCD chromatogram results
file, then save the information as a stand-alone file for use with
other files:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Instrument settings (.BIC)
MS Method (.MSM) (Mariner data only)
Calibration constants (.CAL)
Processing/graphic settings (.SET)
Spectrum or chromatogram peak labels (.LBS or .LBC)
ASCII Spectrum and ASCII Chromatogram (.TXT)
Exporting .BIC, To export Instrument settings (.BIC), MS Method settings
(.MSM), or calibration constants (.CAL) from a .DAT or results
file:
.MSM, and .CAL
files
1. Open or activate the data (.DAT) or results (.RSD or
.RCD) file.
2. From the File menu, select Export, then select:
• Calibration—To export the last applied
calibration constants in a .CAL file.
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Managing Files
NOTE: To export calibration constants used to
1
acquire the data, select Mass Calibration from
the Process menu, then select the Revert to
Instrument Calibration before exporting. For
more information, see Section 5.3.4, Reverting to
Instrument Calibration.
• Configuration—To export .BIC or .MSM files
(.MSM—Mariner data only).
NOTE: To access the instrument settings for each
spectrum in a data file acquired using a Mariner
MS Method, you must first extract the .MSM file
from the data file as described above. Then export
the .BIC files from the .MSM file using the Export
button in the MS Method editor. For more
information on exporting a .BIC file from .MSM,
see the Mariner Workstation User’s Guide.
3. In the Save As dialog box, type a name for the exported
file, then click Save.
Saving .SET files To save processing and graphic settings (.SET) from a .DAT or
results file:
1. Open or activate the .DAT, .RSD or .RCD file.
2. From the File menu, select Settings, then select one of
the following:
• Save Processing Settings As
• Save Graphic/Processing Settings As
3. In the Save As dialog box, type a name for the .SET file,
then click OK.
For information, see Section 1.4.2, Customizing Processing
and Graphic Settings (.SET).
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Saving .LBS To save spectrum (.LBS) or chromatogram (.LBC) peak label
files from a .DAT, .RSD, or .RSC file, see Section 3.5.3,
Setting Custom Peak Labels.
and .LBC files
1
1.6.6 Copying from Data Files
Overview You can copy the following types of data from data and result
files to the Windows clipboard:
•
•
Trace Data—Copies the raw data for the trace
displayed in the active window. You can also use this
command by right-clicking, then selecting Copy Trace
Data. For more information, see Section 2.5.2, Copying
Traces from Multiple Data Files to a Window.
•
•
•
Displayed Peaks—Copies peak list entries for the
peaks displayed in the active window.
All Peaks—Copies peak list entries for all peaks in the
active view.
Mass List—Copies all centroid or apex masses from
the peak list for the active Spectrum window.
Copy trace image To copy the trace as it is displayed in the active window to the
Windows clipboard:
1. Select the trace window to copy. Zoom and adjust the
trace as needed.
2. From the Edit menu, select Copy, then select Trace
Image.
3. Paste the image into an application that handles Windows
Metafile format images, for example Microsoft
PowerPoint®.
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NOTE: If you paste the image into an application that
does not handle Windows Metafile format images, for
example Microsoft Paint, images are distorted.
1
Copy trace data To copy raw data (x,y pairs) for the peaks displayed in the
active trace to the Windows clipboard:
1. Select the trace window to copy. Zoom and adjust the
trace as needed.
NOTE: Only raw data for the set of peaks displayed in
the trace window is copied.
2. From the Edit menu, select Copy, then select Trace Data.
3. Paste the data into an appropriate application, for
example, another Data Explorer trace window or Microsoft
Excel.
When pasted into a Data Explorer trace window, the
trace appears with the filename in parentheses and the
trace label from the copied trace.
CAUTION
A trace pasted into an active Data Explorer window
contains only the data points for the trace. The Sample
Info and Instrument settings tabs display data from the
original data file. These tabs do not include information
Copy displayed Use this method to copy the section of the peak list pertaining
to the peaks displayed in the active trace window. To copy the
peak list for all peaks in the active trace, see “Copy all peaks”
peaks
on page 1-40.
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NOTE: Copy Displayed Peaks copies all fields and
1
headings. However, some data applications may not work
correctly if headings are present because the first row
contains text and not data. For information on copying the
peaks list without headings, see Section 3.3.3, Saving the
Peak List.
To copy the peak list for the displayed peaks to the Windows
clipboard:
1. Set peak detection as needed to create a peak list. See
Section 3.2, Peak Detection.
2. Select the trace window to copy. Zoom and adjust the
trace as needed.
NOTE: Only peak list information for the set of peaks
displayed in the trace window is copied.
3. From the Edit menu, select Copy, then select Displayed
Peaks.
example Microsoft Excel.
Copy all peaks Use this method to copy the peak list for all peaks in the active
trace. To copy only the section of the peak list pertaining to the
peaks displayed in the active trace window, see “Copy
displayed peaks” on page 1-39.
NOTE: Copy All Peaks copies all fields and headings.
However, some data applications may not work correctly if
headings are present because the first row contains text
and not data. For information on copying the peaks list
To copy the peak list for all peaks in the active trace to the
Windows clipboard:
1. Set peak detection as needed to create a peak list. See
Section 3.2, Peak Detection.
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Managing Files
3. Display the peak list by selecting Output Window from
the Display menu, then clicking the Chro Peak List or
Spec Peak List tab.
1
4. Sort the peak list as needed. See “Sorting the peak list”
on page 3-42.
5. From the Edit menu, select Copy, then select All Peaks.
6. Paste the data into an appropriate application, for
example, Microsoft Excel.
Copy mass list This function copies only the masses for the spectrum and is
useful for pasting data directly into spreadsheets or other
applications without having to delete header information.
To copy all centroid or apex mass data from the spectrum
peak list to the clipboard:
1. Select the Spectrum window to copy from.
2. Select Peak Label from the Peaks menu.
3. Specify the Mass Type by selecting Apex or Centroid.
For more information, see Section 3.5.2, Setting
Chromatogram and Spectrum Peak Labels.
4. Click OK.
5. From the Edit menu, select Copy, then select Mass List.
Hint: If you activate the Spec Peak List tab, you can
copy the mass list by right-clicking, then selecting Copy
Mass List from the popup menu.
The mass list is copied to the clipboard with a header
indicating Apex Mass or Centroid Mass.
6. Paste the data into an appropriate application, for
example, Microsoft Excel.
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1
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Chapter
2 Using Chromatogram
and Spectrum
2
Windows
This chapter contains the following sections:
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Opening and Closing Data Files......................................... 2-2
Adjusting the Display Range ............................................ 2-11
Organizing Windows ........................................................ 2-13
Manipulating Traces......................................................... 2-14
Working with Multiple Data Files ...................................... 2-36
Saving, Opening, and Deleting .DAT Results ................... 2-38
Exporting, Opening, and Deleting .RCD
and .RSD Results Files (Mariner Data Only) .................... 2-39
2.8
Saving, Opening, and Deleting .SPC Results Files
(Mariner Data Only) ......................................................... 2-40
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Chapter 2 Using Chromatogram and Spectrum Windows
2.1 Opening and Closing Data Files
This section includes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Opening data files
Displaying Mariner UV traces
Displaying Voyager chromatograms
Viewing read-only files
Moving between open files
Closing data files
2
2.1.1 Opening Data Files
This section includes:
•
•
•
Opening a recently opened file
Opening data files with File Open
Automatically running macros
Opening a The File menu lists the last several opened files (up to a
maximum of nine). To quickly open one of these files, select it
from the list.
recently opened
file
NOTE: If you access Data Explorer software from the
Voyager Instrument Control Panel, the most recently saved
Voyager data file is displayed in the Data Explorer window.
This data file and other recently acquired data files are
listed in the Data Explorer File menu the next time you open
Data Explorer.
Opening data files You can open up to eight data files using the File Open dialog
box:
with File Open
1. Select Open from the File menu.
The Select Files dialog box (Figure 2-1) appears.
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Opening and Closing Data Files
.
2
Figure 2-1 Select Files Dialog Box
2. Click the down arrow to display the Files of type list,
then select the file extension to display.
3. Select up to eight data files to open, then click Add or
Add All. Add All is not active if the number of selected
files exceeds eight.
NOTE: You can also select files by double-clicking the
file name in the file list.
The files are listed in the Files Selected box.
Displaying 4. To display acquisition comments before opening the data
file, right-click a file name in the top pane of the dialog
box, select Properties, then click the Summary tab.
acquisition
comment
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Specifying settings 5. Select a Restoring Graphics and Processing Settings
option to apply to new files you are opening (settings are
not applied to files in the list that are already open):
settings used on the data.
• Use Default Settings—Applies settings from
the appropriate default .SET file for your
system. See “Default processing and graphic
settings” on page 1-18.
2
Graphics and Processing Settings dialog box,
where you select the .SET file to open.
For information on customizing a .SET file, see
and Graphic Settings (.SET).
6. Click Finish to open the selected files.
The Data Explorer window displays the selected data
files with the processing and graphic settings you
selected (Figure 2-2 and Figure 2-3).
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Opening and Closing Data Files
2
Figure 2-2 Data Explorer Window with Four Mariner Data Files Open (Each .DAT
File Displays a Chromatogram and a Spectrum Trace)
Figure 2-3 Data Explorer Window with Four Voyager Data Files Open (Spectrum
Traces Only Displayed by Default)
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The data is labeled accordingly:
Type of Data
Spectrum Trace Labels
Mariner data
If you open a data file you previously calibrated in Data Explorer,
MC or AC trace label.
If AutoSaturation Correction is turned on, all spectra in the data
file are corrected and displayed with an ASC trace label. For
more information, see Section 5.11, AutoSaturation Correction
(Mariner Data Only).
2
Voyager data
If you open a data file you previously calibrated in Data Explorer,
the spectrum is calibrated and displayed with an MC trace label.
For multispectrum data files, you can display chromatograms.
For more information, see Section 2.1.3, Displaying Voyager
Chromatograms.
Automatically You can set macros to automatically run when you open or
close files. For information, see “Running Macros
Automatically When Opening and Closing Files” on page 6-45.
running macros
2.1.2 Displaying Mariner DAD Traces
When you use a diode array detector (DAD) to acquire
Mariner data, you can display the following types of
DAD traces:
•
then select DAD TAC or DAD Channel.
•
DAD spectrum—Double click a DAD chromatogram.
For more information, see “Types of Mariner data” on page 4-2
and “Creating an Extracted Absorbance Chromatogram (XAC)
(Mariner Data Only)” on page 4-13.
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Opening and Closing Data Files
To display chromatograms for multispectrum
Voyager .DAT files:
1. Open the .DAT files as described in “Opening Data
Files” on page 2-2.
Spectrum traces for the .DAT files are displayed.
2. To display a Chromatogram window, click a Spectrum
window to activate it, then select Restore
Chromatogram from the View menu.
2
A Chromatogram window is displayed for the data file.
NOTE: Diode array support and UV display are disabled
for Voyager chromatogram traces.
2.1.4 Viewing Read-Only Files
For quick scanning of archived data files, you can view
read-only files using the File Open dialog box. When you open
a read-only file, a message indicates that the file is
read-only and prompts you to open the file. All functions that
write information to disk are disabled when you view a
read-only file.
CAUTION
Although you can process read-only files, you cannot save
any changes you make. When you close a read-only file
any changes you made are lost.
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2.1.5 Moving Between Open Files
You can have more than one file open at a time. You can move
between open files in three ways:
•
•
•
Select the open file to view from the Window menu
Use tabs
Use the Activate File dialog box
Using tabs To move between open files using tabs, click the tab at the
bottom of the Data Explorer window (Figure 2-4) to activate
the file.
2
Double-click
an active title bar
to maximize a window
Click a tab to
select an open data file
Figure 2-4 Tabs for Open Data Files
If the window for the tab you click is already open, clicking the
tab activates the window.
If the window for the tab you click is minimized, clicking the tab
activates the title bar for the window. Double-click the active
title bar to display the window.
Using Activate To move between Spectrum windows of open data files using
Activate File:
File
1. Select Activate File from the Windows menu.
2. Select a file from the Current Data File list.
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2.1.6 Closing Data Files
You can close files in the following ways:
•
•
Select Close from the File menu to close the active file.
Select Close All Files from the File menu to close all
files.
•
•
In the Open File dialog box, select any open files from
the Files Selected list, click Remove, then click Finish
to close the selected files.
2
the software.
If you enabled Processing History and selected the Show
Save History option, a dialog box is displayed. Click Save or
Purge. For more information, see “Setting Processing History
options” on page 2-23.
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Adjusting the Display Range
2.2 Adjusting the Display Range
To set the display range:
1. Click the Chromatogram or Spectrum window to
activate it.
2. From the Display menu, select Range.
3. Select X Range to set the x-axis range. The scaling units
depend on the window you are scaling:
2
• Chromatogram—Scales in the same units
currently displayed in the Chromatogram
window (Spectrum Number or Time [Mariner
data only])
• Spectrum—Scales in m/z units
4. Select Y Range to scale the y-axis range.
The Y Axis Setup dialog box (Figure 2-6) is displayed.
Figure 2-6 Y Axis Setup Dialog Box
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5. Set the parameters described below as needed:
Parameter
Scaling Mode
Display Relative
Description
Autoscales the trace to the largest peak in the selected range.
Base Peak
Relative
Autoscales the trace to the base peak in the entire range, not the
selected range. Displays a right-axis label with the base peak
intensity.
2
NOTE: To turn off the right axis, select Graphic Options from
the Display menu, click the Graph #1 Setup tab, then deselect
the Show Right Y-Axis check box.
Absolute Value
Sets the trace to the Y Display Range you enter in the Y Display
Range From/To boxes.
Display Min/Max Sets the trace display to the minimum and maximum Y values.
Minimum Absolute Max Y
Use Limit
Sets the minimum value for Y-axis scaling. Useful to maintain
relative scaling of peaks and to prevent autoscaling noise to full
scale.
Y Display Range
From/To
Sets the range for scaling. If Display Relative or Base Peak
Relative is selected, range is in percent.
If Absolute Value is selected, range is in counts.
6. Click OK.
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Organizing Windows
2.3 Organizing Windows
Linking views Linking Chromatogram or Spectrum windows in different data
files allows you to zoom on multiple data files.
NOTE: When different data files are linked, zooming
functions performed on one data file are applied to all linked
files. Processing and peak centering functions are applied
to the active file only.
2
To link data files:
1. Open the data files you want to link.
2. In the first data file, click the window (Chromatogram or
Spectrum) that you want to link to another data file, then
NOTE: Clicking
in the toolbar links traces, not
views.
3. Repeat step 2 if you want to link both windows.
4. Repeat step 2 and step 3 for the remaining data files.
NOTE: You must select Link View for each window and
each data file you want to link.
Organizing
windows
You can organize all open windows by clicking buttons in the
toolbar:
• Tile Horizontal
• Tile Vertical
• Cascade Windows
You can also move and resize windows by click-dragging.
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2.4 Manipulating Traces
This section includes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Zooming centering, and customizing a trace
Duplicating a trace
Dividing the active trace
Adding traces from the same data file to a window
Removing traces
Expanding and linking traces
Recalling and rearranging traces (Processing History)
Overlaying traces
Annotating traces
Viewing trace labels
Printing traces
2
2.4.1 Zooming, Centering,
and Customizing a Trace
Zooming and
unzooming
You can expand (zoom) an area of a trace by click-dragging a
box around the area of interest.
•
Zoom in
NOTE: Display data cursors, then click the point you
want to zoom on before clicking this button. See
“Setting data cursors” on page 1-27.
•
•
Zoom out to the previous zoom
Full Unzoom
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Manipulating Traces
Centering a peak To center a peak in the trace window:
in the trace
1. Display the trace containing the peak of interest.
Output window.
3. Double-click the peak to center.
The peak is centered in the active trace.
Customizing a See Section 1.5, Setting Graphic Options, for information on
customizing trace parameters such as line widths and data
compression.
trace
2
2.4.2 Duplicating a Trace
To make a duplicate of a trace:
1. Click the trace.
2. From the Display menu, select Duplicate Active Trace.
The active trace is duplicated and displayed in another
trace position.
2.4.3 Dividing the Active Trace
You can divide the active trace into equal segments with one
command. This is useful to expand the x-axis range to better
see spectral and chromatographic features.
To divide a trace:
1. Click the trace.
2. From the Display menu, select Divide Active Trace, then
select the number of segments to divide the trace into.
The active trace is automatically split into the selected
number of traces, with the range evenly divided among
the traces.
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For example, if you select Divide Active Trace to Four
when the active trace has a range of 0.0 to 20.0, the
active trace is divided into four traces:
• First trace represents the range from 0 to 5
• Second trace represents the range from 4 to 10
• Third trace represents the range from 9 to 16
• Fourth trace represents the range from 15 to 20
NOTE: To restore the display to a single trace, select
Remove Inactive Traces from the Display menu.
2
2.4.4 Adding Traces from
the Same Data File to a Window
This section describes:
•
•
•
Overview
Setting the Replace mode
Adding a trace
Overview
By default, the Data Explorer software displays:
Data Type
Mariner
Window
Chromatogram and Spectrum.
Voyager single Spectrum only.
spectrum
Voyager
multispectrum
Spectrum only. Can also optionally
display chromatogram.
Chromatogram and Spectrum windows each contain
one trace (see Figure 1-3 on page 1-11).
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Manipulating Traces
When you perform certain functions (for example,
smoothing), a new trace is created. You can set the Replace
mode to add to or replace the active trace.
You can add up to seven new traces to a window to allow you
to keep original data displayed when you generate new
traces.
Setting the To set the Replace mode:
Replace mode
1. From the Display menu, select Add/Remove Traces.
The Display Trace dialog box is displayed (Figure 2-7).
2
Figure 2-7 Display Trace Dialog Box
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2. Select the Replace Mode:
• Replace the Active Trace (default)—Replaces
the active trace with the newly created trace.
• Add a New Trace—Adds the newly created
trace to the window. The original trace remains
displayed and accessible, allowing visual
comparison of the traces.
2
NOTE: If Replace Mode is set to Add a New Trace and
eight traces are present when you perform a function,
the active trace is replaced when a new trace is
Hint: A toolbar button is available for switching
between Replace and Add mode. See “Customizing
toolbars” on page 1-21 for information. The
button
is located in the Graph category.
3. If desired, you can also add traces by selecting the trace
to add from the Select Traces to Display section.
4. Click OK.
Adding a trace To add a new trace to a window:
1. Click the Chromatogram or Spectrum window.
2. Click in the toolbar.
NOTE: You can also add traces by selecting Add/
Remove Traces from the Display menu.
The software adds a trace to the window. You can add
up to seven traces (Figure 2-8).
Hint: Resize the window to view all added traces.
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Manipulating Traces
Original
trace
Added
traces
2
Figure 2-8 Adding Traces (Four Traces Shown, up to Four More Can Be Added)
When you perform a function that adds a new trace, the label
of the trace changes from Not Used to the label for the type of
trace created (Figure 2-9).
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Figure 2-9 shows the original trace and three added traces
that now contain a smoothed spectrum (SM), a centroided
spectrum (CT), and a baseline offset spectrum (BO).
Original
trace
2
Added
traces
Figure 2-9 Added Traces Containing Data
For a description of trace labels, see “Viewing Trace Labels”
on page 2-30.
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Manipulating Traces
2.4.5 Removing Traces
Removing the To remove the active trace from a window:
active trace
1. Click the trace to remove.
2. Click in the toolbar, or right-click the trace, then
select Remove Trace from the menu.
The trace is removed.
Removing To quickly remove all inactive traces from the window:
2
inactive traces
1. Click the trace to keep displayed to make it the active
trace.
2. Select Remove Inactive Traces from the Display menu.
2.4.6 Expanding and Linking Traces
When you have more than one trace displayed in a window,
you can:
•
Expand traces—Click a trace, then click
toolbar to expand the selected trace for closer
examination. To display all traces, click
in the
again.
•
Link traces—Click
in the toolbar to link all traces.
Any zooming actions you perform on one trace affect all
traces in that window. To unlink traces, click
again.
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2.4.7 Recalling and Rearranging Traces
(Processing History)
Overview The Chromatogram and Spectrum windows can display up to
8 traces at a time for a data file. However, up to 16 traces are
held in memory.
You can recall traces previously displayed for an open data
file, or rearrange the order of traces, using the Processing
History command. You can also set Processing History
Options to automatically delete history or to disable the
function completely.
2
Recalling or To recall or rearrange previously displayed traces:
rearranging
1. Click the trace position in which you want to recall or
rearrange a trace.
2. From the Display menu, select Processing History.
A submenu is displayed, listing the last 16 processed
traces viewed in the window.
NOTE: Unprocessed traces and theoretical traces
generated using commands on the Applications menu
are not listed.
3. Select the trace to display.
The selected trace is displayed in the active trace
position.
Removing traces To remove traces from the Processing History list:
from the history
list
1. From the Display menu, select Processing History.
2. Select Remove History.
3. Select the traces to remove from the list, then click OK.
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Manipulating Traces
Setting To set Processing History options:
Processing
History options
1. From the Tools menu, select Processing History
Options.
The Processing History Options dialog box
(Figure 2-10) is displayed.
2
Figure 2-10 Processing History Options Dialog Box
2. Turn Processing History on or off. If you turn on, specify:
• Purge processing history—Records all
processing functions performed. Stores the
history log in a .CTS file and purges the history
log when you close the data file.
Purging a history file does not affect the data
contained in the data file. It clears the contents
of the .CTS file that contains the processing
history.
• Save processing history—Records all
processing functions performed. Stores the
history log in a .CTS file and maintains the
history log when you close the data file.
If you save processing history, .CTS files can
become very large. You can periodically delete
older .CTS files to clear disk space.
3. If you want a reminder dialog box to appear when you
close a data file that prompts you to selectively save or
purge the history file, select Show Save History dialog.
4. Click OK.
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2.4.8 Overlaying Traces
This section includes:
•
•
•
•
•
Overlaying traces from different data files
Overlaying traces in a single data file
Changing the active trace
Overlaying traces To overlay traces from different data files:
2
from different
data files
1. Copy chromatogram or spectrum traces you want to
overlay into a trace window. For more information, see
Section 2.5.2, Copying Traces from Multiple Data Files
to a Window.
Hint: The copied traces display the original trace label
and filename.
2. To use settings other than defaults, set attributes for
the overlay if needed. See “Setting overlay attributes”
on page 2-26.
3. Click the trace of interest to activate it.
NOTE: Only the active trace in an overlay is affected by
processing tools. However, all traces are affected by
zooming functions.
4. From the Display menu, select Overlay Traces.
Hint: A toolbar button is available to toggle between
Overlay and Undo Overlay mode. See “Customizing
toolbars” on page 1-21 for information. The
button
is located in the Graph category.
The traces are overlaid. The trace names are listed in
the trace label.
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Manipulating Traces
Overlaying traces To overlay traces in a single data file:
in a single data
file
to overlay. For more information, see Section 2.4.4,
Adding Traces from the Same Data File to a Window
2. To use settings other than defaults, set attributes for the
overlay if needed. See “Setting overlay attributes” on
page 2-26.
2
3. Click the trace of interest to activate it.
NOTE: Only the active trace in an overlay is affected by
processing tools. However, all traces are affected by
zooming functions.
4. From the Display menu, select Overlay Traces.
Hint: A toolbar button is available to toggle between
Overlay and Undo Overlay mode. See “Customizing
toolbars” on page 1-21 for information. The
button
is located in the Graph category.
The traces are overlaid. The trace names are listed in
the trace label.
NOTE: When saving results, only the results for the
active trace are saved.
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Changing the To change the active trace in an overlay:
active trace
1. From the Display menu, deselect Overlay.
2. Click the trace to activate.
3. From the Display menu, select Overlay.
Sequentially When you display overlaid traces, you can sequentially
activate each trace by clicking
and
.
activating
overlaid spectra
NOTE: If you overlay processed spectra, and then display a
different spectrum number, the processed spectrum is lost.
For example, assume you smooth Spectrum #3 in a trace,
then overlay it with another trace. If you select Spectrum
2
#3, then click
to display Spectrum #2, then click
to return to Spectrum #3, Spectrum #3 is no longer
smoothed.
Setting overlay To set overlay attributes:
attributes
1. Display the individual traces to overlay.
2. Select Graphic Options from the Display menu.
The Graph and Plot Options dialog box is displayed.
NOTE: If traces are overlaid when you select Graphic
Options, you can set attributes for the active trace only.
3. Click View Setup.
4. To apply the graphic options to all traces, select the Use
same settings for all traces check box.
NOTE: If the Use same settings for all traces check box
is selected when traces are overlaid, the attributes are
applied to the active trace only. When you display
individual traces again, settings are applied to all
traces.
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Manipulating Traces
NOTE: You must select the Use same settings for all
traces check box before selecting options for traces. If
you do not, settings are applied only to the active trace.
5. In View Setup, select Overlay Trace scaling:
• Display Relative—Autoscales each trace to the
base peak in the display range
• BP Relative—Autoscales each trace to the base
2
peak in the trace
• Absolute Value—Maintains scaling of individual
traces
6. Set trace colors as needed:
• If you selected Use same settings for all traces,
click Autocolor to allow the software to
automatically assign trace colors.
NOTE: The active trace color stays at its original
setting. Other trace colors are set based on the
active trace color. For example, if the active trace
is yellow, other traces are assigned the colors pale
blue, pale green and medium gray, which are the
colors listed after yellow in the Trace color list,
because white may not print on certain printers.
• If you did not select Use same settings for all
traces, click Graph Setup, then select trace
colors. See “Setting colors” on page 1-25 for
information.
7. Click OK.
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2.4.9 Annotating Traces
You can add text annotation to traces by:
•
Copying a line of results from the Output window (or
copying any ASCII text from any source), then pasting
the copied information on the trace
•
Typing text on the trace
2
information, see:
• Section 5.3, Manual Calibration, or Section 5.4,
Automatic Calibration
• Section 5.6, Mass Deconvolution (Mariner Data
Only)
• Section 6.2, Using the Isotope Calculator
• Section 6.3, Using the
Mass Resolution Calculator
• Section 6.4, Using the Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Calculator
2. Click the Results tab in the Output window.
3. Select the line of text to copy, then right-click and select
Copy from the menu displayed.
NOTE: If you select more than one line of text, only the
first line is pasted when you annotate the trace.
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Manipulating Traces
Annotating the To annotate the trace:
trace
1. Click the trace at the location where you want to insert
text.
2. Right-click, then select:
• Paste text—If you copied results.
• Add text annotation—If you want to type in
text. Type in text as needed.
The text is added to the trace, and remains in the
Spectrum window until you delete it.
2
NOTE: The text is associated with the x-coordinate. If
you display another spectrum, the text remains in view.
If you zoom on a different region of the trace and the x-
coordinate moves out of view, the annotated text also
moves out of view. If you annotate overlaid traces, only
the text associated with the active trace is displayed.
NOTE: To move the text, click-drag the text to the
desired position.
3. To customize the appearance of the annotated text, see
Section 1.5, Setting Graphic Options.
4. To delete an annotation, do either of the following:
• Select the text, right-click, then select the
appropriate delete or cut option.
• Right-click the trace, then select Delete All
Text.
NOTE: Text annotations are included when you print
the spectrum. They are not saved with the spectrum
when you close the data file.
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2.4.10 Viewing Trace Labels
The Data Explorer software includes a label in the trace
header to identify the type of data displayed.
NOTE: Trace labels are applied by the software and cannot
be removed.
Chromatogram Labels in the chromatogram title identify the following types of
displayed data:
2
trace labels
Chromatogram Trace
Description
Label
BC
Baseline corrected
BO
Baseline offset
BP
Base Peak mass and intensity
Constant neutral loss chromatogram
Event filtered chromatogram (MS Method data only)
CNL
EF
Mass xxx:yyy
Extracted ion chromatogram for a mass range where xxx
is the starting mass and yyy is the ending mass
NFX
NRX
SMX
Noise-filtered trace, where X is the applied Correlation
Factor
Noise-removed trace, where X is the number of standard
deviations of noise removed
Smoothed trace, where X is the number of smoothing
points applied
TAC
Total absorbance chromatogram
+ TAC
XAC
Realigned total absorbance chromatogram
Extracted absorbance chromatogram
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Manipulating Traces
Chromatogram Trace
Label
Description
+ XAC
Realigned extracted absorbance chromatogram
XIC xxx ± yyy
xxx is the center mass and yyy is the specified window
NOTE: Extracted ion chromatograms were previously
labeled with “Mass” instead of “XIC”.
2
Figure 2-11 illustrates an extracted ion chromatogram with a
“XIC” chromatogram trace label.
Trace label
Figure 2-11 Chromatogram Trace Label
Spectrum trace Labels in the spectrum title identify the following types of data
displayed:
labels
Spectrum Trace Label
Type of Processing
+, /, or –mmm:nnn
Added, accumulated, or subtracted spectrum from
(Mariner data only)
spectrum #mmm to #nnn
AC
Automatically mass calibrated
Advanced baseline correction
AdvBC
ASC (Mariner data only) AutoSaturation corrected trace
BC
BO
Baseline corrected
Baseline offset
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Spectrum Trace Label
Type of Processing
BPI
CT
Base peak intensity
Centroid
DAD
Diode array data
DECONV
Zero charge deconvoluted trace
(Mariner data only)
2
DI
Deisotoped trace
Isotope
ISO
MC
NF
Manually mass calibrated
Noise-filtered trace
NRX
Noise-removed trace, where X is the number of standard
deviations of noise removed
RSMX (does not apply
to Voyager PSD data)
Default smoothing applied, where X is the resolution
value (from peak detection) used to calculate the
optimum number of smoothing points to apply at every
mass point
SC (Mariner data only)
SMX
Converted to single-charge
Smoothed, where X is the number of smoothing points
applied
Stitched PSD
TR
Composite PSD spectrum
Truncated spectrum
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Manipulating Traces
Figure 2-12 illustrates a smoothed spectrum with an “SM5”
spectrum trace label.
Trace label
Figure 2-12 Spectrum Trace Label
2
2.4.11 Printing Traces
Printing traces To print traces:
1. Display the traces to print.
To obtain a clear printout, you can set the Trace Color
and other attributes to dark colors before printing traces
selecting White Background.
NOTE: If you previously modified the colors associated
with this command as described in Section 1.5.1,
Changing Background Color, selecting this command
may not set a white background and black traces.
When you manually set colors, note the following:
• Selections set to white (or line widths set to 0)
may not print on certain printers.
• If you select different trace colors for multiple
traces, only the color for the active trace is saved.
2. Click the window (Chromatogram or Spectrum) to print.
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3. To print with the x-axis along the longest length of the
NOTE: The Landscape printing orientation you set in
Data Explorer is lost when you close Data Explorer. To
permanently set the printer, see “Dedicating a printer to
landscape orientation” on page 2-35.
4. From the File menu, select a print option:
2
• Print File with Instrument Settings—Prints
displayed trace windows from the active file
along with the settings used to obtain the data.
• Print Spectrum or Chromatogram Trace—
Prints the active trace.
• Print Spectrum or Chromatogram View—
Prints all traces in the Spectrum or
Chromatogram window.
• Print All Views—Prints traces for all open data
files.
NOTE: If you select Print All Views when more
than two data files are open, certain printers may
not print the data file name. To ensure data file
names are printed, print views individually, or only
open two data files before you select Print All
Views.
NOTE: To print a trace that is displayed as Vertical
Bars, change the Line Width to 1. If Line Width is set to
0, Vertical Bar traces may not print on certain printers.
See Section 1.4, Customizing the Data Explorer
Window, for information.
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Manipulating Traces
NOTE: Line Widths of 0 or 1 (or lines set to the color
white) may not print on certain printers. If traces do not
print, change the line width (or color).
Dedicating a To dedicate the printer to landscape orientation:
printer to
landscape
orientation
1. From the Windows desktop, click Start, then select
Settings.
2. Click Printers.
2
3. Select the printer name in the displayed list.
4. Click File, then select Document Defaults.
5. In the Page Setup tab, select Landscape orientation.
NOTE: If you cannot select Landscape orientation, you
do not have access permission. See your administrator.
Print Setup The Print Setup function allows you to select a printer and set
printer options. For more information on Print Setup and on
connecting printers to your computer, refer to the
documentation provided with your computer.
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2.5 Working with Multiple Data Files
When you have multiple data files open, you can:
•
•
Work with the data files separately to view, zoom, and
print
Copy traces from one data file to another to compare or
combine data
2
To view, zoom, and print multiple data files:
1. Open the data files as described in Section 2.1,
Opening and Closing Data Files.
2. Set the Y Scaling mode to Display Relative, as described
in Section 2.2, Adjusting the Display Range.
3. Link the data files by selecting the Spectrum window for
each data file, then selecting Link View from the View
menu.
You must select Link View for each data file.
NOTE: Clicking
in the toolbar links traces, not
views.
4. Organize the Spectrum windows for the data files by
clicking and in the toolbar.
5. Zoom and manipulate traces as needed.
6. To print all data files, select Print All Views from the File
menu.
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Working with Multiple Data Files
NOTE: If you select Print All Views when more
than two data files are open, certain printers may
not print the data file name. To ensure data file
names are printed, print views individually, or only
open two data files before you select Print All
Views.
2.5.2 Copying Traces from
2
Multiple Data Files to a Window
You can copy up to seven traces from open data files to a
different trace window:
1. Select the trace to copy.
2. From the Edit menu, select Copy, then Trace Data, or
right-click the trace, then select Copy Trace Data.
NOTE: The Add/Replace Trace state, as set in the
Display Trace dialog box, determines whether the
copied trace replaces or is added below the active
trace. See “Setting the Replace mode” on page 2-17.
right-click the window, then select Paste Trace Data.
The copied trace is added to the active window. The
original trace label is preceded by the name of the file
from which you copied the trace.
You can repeat step 1 through step 4 until a maximum of eight
traces are displayed in a trace window. If eight traces are
displayed and you copy a new trace to the window, the active
trace is replaced.
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Comparing After you copy a trace to another trace window, you can
compare traces by overlaying (see Section 2.4.8, Overlaying
copied traces
Traces) or by using trace arithmetic (see Section 5.12, Adding
and Subtracting Raw or Processed Spectra from the Same or
Different Data Files (Dual Spectral Trace Arithmetic).
2.6 Saving, Opening, and
Deleting .DAT Results
2
Saving results for To save results for .DAT files:
.DAT files
1. Process a data file to generate results as needed.
2. From the File menu, select Result Spectrum or Result
Chromatogram, then select Save As.
3. Use the default title, or enter a name (up to 31 characters)
for the results in the Title text box, then click OK.
Only the results for the active trace are saved.
NOTE: Results are stored within the .DAT file, not as
separate files. Title is an identifier you can use to recall
the results. It is not a file name.
Opening results To open results for .DAT files:
for .DAT files
1. From the File menu, select Result Spectrum or Result
Chromatogram, then select Open.
2. Select the title of the previously saved results to open,
then click OK.
3. Click the Sample Info tab in the Output window to display
information for the result.
Deleting results To delete results for .DAT files:
for .DAT files
1. From the File menu, select Result Spectrum or Result
Chromatogram, then select Delete.
2. Select the title of the results to delete, then click OK.
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Exporting, Opening, and Deleting .RCD and .RSD Results Files (Mariner Data Only)
2.7 Exporting, Opening, and
Deleting .RCD and .RSD Results
Files (Mariner Data Only)
Exporting results To export results to a .RSD or .RCD file:
for .RCD and
.RSD files
1. With a data file open in Data Explorer, select a
spectrum or chromatogram.
2
2. From the File menu, select Export, then Result
Chromatogram or Result Spectrum.
A Save As dialog box appears.
3. Specify the name and destination of the exported file. By
default, the software assigns a .RCD extension for a
chromatogram or a .RSD extension for a spectrum.
4. Click OK.
Opening results To open results from .RCD and .RSD files:
for .RCD and
.RSD files
1. Select Open from the File menu.
The Select Data File to Open dialog box is displayed.
2. From the Files of Type drop-down list, select Result
Spectrum Files (*.RS*) or Result Chromatogram Files
(*.RC*).
3. Select the .RCD or .RSD file to open, then click OK.
4. Click the Sample Info tab in the Output window to display
the following information for the result file:
• Name of the original raw data file the result file
was generated from
• Processing functions that were performed and
saved in the result file
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Chapter 2 Using Chromatogram and Spectrum Windows
Deleting results Use Windows NT Explorer to delete .RCD and .RSD result
files.
for .RCD and .RSD
files
2.8 Saving, Opening, and Deleting
.SPC Results Files
(Mariner Data Only)
2
Saving results for To save results for .SPC files (Mariner data only):
.SPC files
1. Process a data file to generate results as needed.
2. From the File menu, select Result Spectrum or Result
Chromatogram, then select Save As.
3. Enter a file name for the result file in the File Name text
box.
Spectrum files are automatically named with an .RST
extension. Chromatogram files are automatically
named with an .RCT extension.
4. Click OK.
NOTE: You can also save Mariner .RCT and .RST files
from .DAT format data files in the Instrument Control
Panel. For more information, see the Mariner
Workstation User’s Guide.
Opening results: To open results for .SPC files:
for .SPC files
1. Select Open from the File menu.
The Select Data File to Open dialog box is displayed.
2. From the Files of Type drop-down list at the bottom of the
dialog box, select Result Spec Files (*.RS*) or Result
Chro Files (*.RC*).
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Saving, Opening, and Deleting .SPC Results Files (Mariner Data Only)
3. Select the .RST or .RCT file to open, then click OK.
NOTE: Saturation Correction is not applied to Mariner
.RST files. For more information, see Section 5.11,
AutoSaturation Correction (Mariner Data Only).
4. Click the Sample Info tab in the Output window to display
the following information for the result file:
• Name of the original raw data file from which the
2
result file was generated
• Processing functions that were performed and
saved in the result file
Deleting results Use Windows NT Explorer to delete .RST and .RCT result files
generated from .SPC files.
for .SPC files
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2
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Chapter
3
3 Peak Detection
and Labeling
This chapter contains the following sections:
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Overview ......................................................... 3-2
Peak Detection ................................................ 3-6
Peak List ....................................................... 3-37
Deisotoping a Spectrum................................. 3-45
Peak Labeling................................................ 3-52
Process that Occurs During Peak Detection,
Centroiding, and Integration .......................... 3-67
3.7
Default Peak Detection Settings .................... 3-71
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
3.1 Overview
This section includes:
• Default peak detection
• The resolution-based peak detection routine
3.1.1 Default Peak Detection
For:
• Chromatographic data—The software uses default
settings that have been optimized to yield acceptable
peak detection for many sample types. For more
information, see Section 3.7, Default Peak Detection
Settings.
3
• Spectral data—The software uses a resolution-based
peak detection routine to calculate peak detection values
that provide optimum peak detection for most sample
types. For more information, see Section 3.1.2, The
Resolution-Based Peak Detection Routine.
For many applications, the default peak detection settings and
settings calculated by the resolution-based peak detection
routine provide acceptable peak detection. If default settings
do not provide acceptable peak detection, you can adjust the
settings as described in:
• Section 3.2.2, Strategy for Voyager Peak Detection
NOTE: If peak detection settings do not detect desired
peaks, you can manually insert peaks. See Section 3.3.2,
Inserting Peaks in the Peak List.
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Overview
3.1.2 The Resolution-Based
Peak Detection Routine
This section describes:
• Type of data affected
• Process that occurs
• PSD peak detection for Voyager data
Type of data The resolution-based peak detection routine applies to
spectral data only. You can enable or disable the
resolution-based peak detection routine as described on
page 3-14.
affected
Process that When enabled, the resolution-based peak detection routine
automatically:
occurs
• Divides a trace into detection ranges based on the
expected number of data points across a typical mass
spectral peak.
3
• Applies a Filter Width that is equal to the number of data
points per peak in each detection range.
• Uses a Filter Increment of 1.
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
The software uses the following formula to calculate the
expected number of data points in a peak:
Flight time
to which the
Expected
number of
data points
=
data point corresponds
(2 × mass resolution × Bin size)
Where:
Mass resolution is a user-defined value.
Data-type-dependent defaults are provided, but can be overwritten.
Bin size is an instrumental constant:
· For Voyager data, Bin size is variable based on
the digitizer used and the mass range acquired.
3
Detection ranges Figure 3-1 is an example of the resolution-based detection
ranges automatically calculated by the software.
Number
of data points
41 47 53 59 65
71
77
83
Figure 3-1 Example Detection Ranges Calculated by Software Based on Number
of Data Points Per Peak
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Overview
Overlapping peak To accommodate spectral peaks that occur on the boundary of
two peak detection ranges, the software creates detection
ranges that overlap (Figure 3-2).
detection ranges
Peak A
Peak B
Peak C
Peak D
Range 4
Range 3
Range 2
Range 1
3
If a peak occurs in an overlapping range (for example, Peak B
in Figure 3-2), the software detects the peak using the settings
from the detection range within which the entire peak occurs
(Range 2 in Figure 3-2).
If a peak occurs completely within two ranges (for example,
Peak D in Figure 3-2), the software uses the settings from the
higher m/z detection region (Range 4 in Figure 3-2).
PSD peak For PSD data, the mass-time correlation is different from that
of standard TOF spectra. Therefore, resolution-dependent
settings are not supported for PSD data.
detection for
Voyager data
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
3.2 Peak Detection
This section includes:
• Strategy for Mariner peak detection
• Strategy for Voyager peak detection
• Setting peak detection parameters
• Peak detection parameter descriptions
• Charge state determination and examples
This section gives some quick suggestions on how to
approach Mariner peak detection. For details on peak
detection, see Section 3.2.3, Setting Peak Detection
Parameters.
Default peak detection values are listed in Section 3.7, Default
Peak Detection Settings.
3
Strategy When detecting peaks in Mariner data:
1. Open the data file and observe the effects of the default
peak detection settings.
If you are analyzing resolved isotopes, default settings
should yield acceptable peak detection. The default
resolution setting of 5,000 is optimized for masses
below 3,000 Da.
2. If you are analyzing proteins, decrease the Mass
Resolution setting.
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Peak Detection
3. If peak detection is not acceptable, leave the Use
Resolution Dependent Settings option enabled, and
adjust the following global threshold parameters in the
following order:
• %Base Peak Intensity—Use this parameter to
eliminate peaks with an intensity below the
specified threshold. This threshold is represented
as a percentage of the intensity of the base peak.
• %Max Peak Area—Use this parameter to
fine-tune noise discrimination on the baseline or
noise spikes on peaks. This threshold is
represented as a percentage of the area of the
peak with the largest area and is calculated above
the local baseline.
To determine an appropriate threshold, display the
Spectrum Peak list, note the area of the peak with
the greatest area and the areas of unwanted
peaks, and estimate the percentage to enter as
the threshold.
3
Specifying a %Max Peak Area Threshold is
particularly useful if the spectrum includes a rising
Threshold and eliminate peaks of interest in one
portion of the trace.
4. If peak detection is still not acceptable, adjust the
remaining peak detection parameters, as described in
Section 3.2.3, Setting Peak Detection Parameters.
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
This section gives some quick suggestions on how to
approach Voyager peak detection. For details on peak
detection, see Section 3.2.3, Setting Peak Detection
Parameters.
Default peak detection values are listed in Section 3.7, Default
Peak Detection Settings.
Strategy When detecting peaks in Voyager data:
1. Open the data file and observe the effects of the default
resolution-dependent settings.
resolution on a tall, resolved peak in the middle of the
spectrum. If the resolution result differs by more than
50% from the default resolution setting, fine-tune the
Resolution setting and reapply peak detection. For
more information, see Section 6.3, Using the
Mass Resolution Calculator.
3
2. To aid in peak interpretation, do all of the following:
• Baseline-correct—The Centroid% peak detection
value is derived from a percentage of the peak
height, which is measured from 0. For information,
see Section 5.8.2, Using Baseline Correction.
• Noise-filter or smooth—Use the method
appropriate for your data to remove noise spikes:
Data Type
Linear
Reflector
Method
Default or Gaussian smoothing
Noise Reduction
For more information, see Section 5.7, Noise
Filtering/Smoothing.
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Peak Detection
• Deisotope (reflector data only)—Peak
deisotoping reduces the spectrum to a
monoisotopic centroided plot of the monoisotopic
masses. This is useful in identifying overlapping
isotope clusters. Make sure peak detection
thresholds are set low enough to detect the
monoisotopic peak before deisotoping. For more
information, see Section 3.4, Deisotoping a
Spectrum. Deisotoping provides no benefit on linear
data (non-isotopically resolved) or on PSD data
(pure isotope data).
3. If peak detection is not acceptable, keep the Use
Resolution Dependent Settings option enabled, and
adjust the parameter associated with the observed
problem:
Problem
Suggested Actions
3
High-mass peaks not
detected
Decrease Mass Resolution setting. The default Mass
Resolution settings are optimized for masses below
20,000 Da.
Noise detected as peaks Increase the %Max Peak Area.
Decrease the Resolution.
Peaks of interest are not Decrease the %Max Peak Area.
detected
baseline and can compensate for problems related to a
rising global baseline.
Low Mass Gate spike is
identified as the Base
Peak
Truncate the data to eliminate the Low Mass Gate spike,
then reapply peak detection settings. See Section 5.9,
Truncating a Spectrum.
Peaks detected before
deisotoping are not
detected after
Set %Max Peak Area and %BP Intensity to 0 before
deisotoping, deisotope, then reset thresholds to
appropriate settings after deisotoping.
deisotoping
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Problem
Suggested Actions
Partially resolved peaks
not detected
If peaks represent two compounds, and you want both
peaks labeled, do either of the following:
•
Set %Max Peak Area to 0, then adjust the %Base
Peak Intensity until peaks are detected.
•
Click the Peak Processing tab, then change the
default Integration Baseline Setting from
Valley-to-Valley to Valley-to-Baseline.
If peaks represent partially resolved isotopes, and you
want to label and detect the average mass, decrease the
Mass Resolution setting until the isotopic envelope is
detected.
4. If you see more than one of the problems listed above in a
spectrum, you can adjust peak detection parameters for
any or all detection ranges (referred to as setting
parameters locally) by doing the following in the order
listed:
3
• Disable Use Resolution Dependent Settings.
• Click the Advanced tab.
• Select a detection region that is exhibiting the
problem.
• Click OK.
5. If peak detection is still not acceptable, adjust the
remaining peak detection parameters, as described in
Section 3.2.3, Setting Peak Detection Parameters.
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Peak Detection
3.2.3 Setting Peak Detection Parameters
This section includes:
• Before you begin
• Setting chromatogram parameters
• Setting Basic Settings (spectrum data)
• Setting Peak Processing parameters (spectrum data
only)
• Resetting Basic Settings
Before you begin Before setting peak detection, read:
• Section 3.2.1, Strategy for Mariner Peak Detection
• Section 3.2.2, Strategy for Voyager Peak Detection
3
Setting To set chromatogram parameters for data:
chromatogram
parameters
1. Click the Chromatogram window to activate it.
2. Click the trace of interest.
3. Click
in the toolbar or select Peak Detection from
the Peaks menu.
The Chromatogram Peak Detection dialog box is
You can click-drag the threshold cursor to adjust the
%Base Peak Intensity.
For a description of the parameters in the
Chromatogram Peak Detection dialog box, see
“Chromatogram settings” on page 3-19.
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Figure 3-3 Chromatogram Peak Detection Setup
Dialog Box
3
4. Select a detection range and set parameters as needed.
5. To apply settings to all traces, select Use same settings
for all traces in view.
To set parameters independently for all traces in a
window, deselect Use same settings for all traces in
view.
6. Click Apply to accept the parameters and leave the dialog
box open, or click OK to accept the parameters and close
the dialog box.
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Peak Detection
Setting Basic Basic Settings should provide acceptable peak detection for
most applications. After you apply these parameters, no
further adjustment should be required. If further adjustment is
required, select Use Advanced Settings and adjust
parameters as needed.
Settings
(spectrum data)
To set Basic Settings parameters for spectrum data:
1. Click the Spectrum window to activate it.
2. Click the trace of interest.
3. Click
in the toolbar or select Peak Detection from
the Peaks menu.
The Spectrum Peak Detection Setup dialog box opens,
with the Basic Settings tab (Figure 3-4) displayed.
NOTE: If you applied Advanced Settings to a data file,
they override the settings on the Basic Settings tab, and
the Advanced Settings tab is displayed when you select
Peak Detection. See “Setting Advanced Settings
(spectrum data only)” on page 3-17.
3
4. Set Global Thresholds as needed. These thresholds are
applied to all detection ranges, unless you override them
for a detection range on the Advanced Settings tab.
For a description of the parameters, see “Basic Settings
(spectrum data only)” on page 3-22.
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Figure 3-4 Spectrum Peak Detection Setup—
Basic Settings Tab
3
5. If you are detecting PSD data, or want to override the
Global Thresholds, select Use Advanced Settings and
skip to step 7.
6. If you are detecting mass spectral data, select Use
Resolution Dependent Settings if you want the software
to:
• Automatically determine the number of data points
across a peak
• Divide the trace into different detection ranges
based on the resolution
• Apply a Filter Width and Increment appropriate for
each detection range
• Apply a Minimum Area of 0 and a Minimum
Intensity of 0 to all detection ranges
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Peak Detection
NOTE: Resolution-dependent settings do not apply to
Mariner chromatogram data or Voyager PSD data.
For more information, see Section 3.1.2, The
Resolution-Based Peak Detection Routine.
7. To apply settings to all traces, select Use same settings
for all traces in view.
To set parameters independently for all traces in a
view.
8. Type the Mass Resolution value to use for peak detection.
The default value for the type of data displayed is
acceptable for most applications. Defaults are listed in
3
by the Elemental Composition Calculator, the Elemental
Targeting Application, and the Default Smoothing
function. For more information, see Section 6.1, Using
the Elemental Composition Calculator, Section 6.6,
Using the Elemental Targeting Application, and
Section 5.7, Noise Filtering/Smoothing.
9. Click Apply to accept the parameters and leave the dialog
box open, or click OK to accept the parameters and close
the dialog box.
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Setting Peak To set Peak Processing parameters:
Processing
parameters
(spectrum data
only)
1. Click the Peak Processing tab in the Spectrum Peak
Detection Setup dialog box.
The Peak Processing tab is displayed (Figure 3-5).
3
Figure 3-5 Spectrum Peak Detection Setup—
Peak Processing Tab
NOTE: You can enable the %BP Intensity Threshold
Cursor and click-drag it to adjust the %Base Peak
Intensity.
parameters and leave the dialog box open, or click OK to
accept the parameters and close the dialog box.
For a description of the parameters, see “Peak
Processing parameters (spectrum data only)” on
page 3-26.
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Peak Detection
Setting Advanced To set Advanced Settings that you can apply locally to a
selected detection range, and that override the thresholds set
in the Basic Settings tab:
Settings
(spectrum data
only)
1. In the Basic Settings tab, select Use Advanced
Settings.
2. Click the Advanced Settings tab in the Spectrum Peak
Detection Setup dialog box.
NOTE: If you select Use Resolution Dependent
Settings in the Basic Settings tab, Basic Settings
override Advanced Settings. The Advanced Settings
tab is accessible, but all parameters are dimmed. To
make Advanced Settings available for editing, select
Use Advanced Settings on the Basic Settings tab.
The Advanced Settings tab is displayed (Figure 3-6).
3
Figure 3-6 Spectrum Peak Detection Setup—
Advanced Settings Tab
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
box open, or click OK to accept the parameters and close
the dialog box.
For a description of the parameters and the data cursor,
see “Advanced Settings (spectrum data only)” on
page 3-28.
Resetting Basic If you override Basic Settings by entering parameters on the
Advanced Settings tab, you can reset Basic Settings by doing
the following:
Settings
1. Click the Basic Settings tab.
2. Select Use Resolution Dependent Settings.
3. Enter the desired Global Thresholds.
4. Click Apply or OK.
The following occurs:
3
• Detection ranges, Filter Width, and Filter
Increment previously set on the Advanced
Settings tab are reset to defaults.
• Minimum Area and Minimum Intensity are set to 0.
• Global Threshold settings from the Basic Settings
tab are applied to all detection ranges and
override the thresholds set for individual detection
ranges on the Advanced Settings tab. Detection
ranges that do not correspond to ranges
are deleted.
NOTE: To reset to original peak detection settings, restore
the default .SET file for your system. For more information,
see “Applying a .SET file” on page 1-20.
3-18
Applied Biosystems
Peak Detection
3.2.4 Peak Detection
Parameter Descriptions
• Chromatogram settings
• Advanced Settings (spectrum data only)
Chromatogram Table 3-1 describes the parameters in the Chromatogram
Peak Detection Setup dialog box (see Figure 3-3 on
page 3-12). Default peak detection values are listed in
Section 3.7, Default Peak Detection Settings.
settings
Table 3-1 Chromatogram Settings
Parameter
Description
3
Detection Ranges
Specifies one or more non-contiguous m/z ranges for peak
detection. You can set parameters for each range
independently.
You select a range in the Detection Ranges list box by
single-clicking the range number.
To add a detection range, do one of the following:
•
Select an existing range, then click
. This creates a
new range with boundaries ranging from the end of the
existing range to the end of the trace. If the existing
range ends at the end of the trace, the region of the
existing range is split in half between the existing range
and the new range.
•
•
Double-click an existing range to manually enter lower
and upper boundaries.
Select a range in the dialog box, then click-drag the
X data cursors labels in the trace to set the lower and
upper boundaries.
Continued
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
3-19
Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Table 3-1 Chromatogram Settings (Continued)
Parameter
Description
Detection Ranges
To delete a range, select the range, then click
.
(continued)
To combine all ranges in the list into one range, click
.
The peak detection settings displayed in the dialog box
correspond to the selected range. To view peak detection
settings for another range, select the range of interest.
%Base Peak
Intensity
Specifies a percentage of the base peak intensity as the
threshold value.
NOTE: This
To be detected, peaks must be above this threshold and
parameter was
previously named
Peak Threshold%
and Base Peak
Relative%.
above the %Max Peak Area value.
Hint: For most Voyager applications, leave this parameter
set at 0 and adjust the %Max Peak Area.
3
%Max Peak Area
Specifies a percentage of the peak with the largest area as
the threshold value.
To be detected, peaks must be above this threshold and
above the %Base Peak Intensity value.
%Max Peak Area is calculated above the local baseline and
baseline and signal spikes.
Hint: If you are analyzing digest data, set %Max Peak Area
to 0 before deisotoping to ensure that all peaks of interest
are detected. For more information, see Section 7.2.3,
Detecting Peaks from Complex Digests.
Filter Width
Specifies the number of data points used in smoothing for
peak detection before integration. The software uses a Filter
Width Increment of 1 when applying smoothing.
NOTE: If you set Filter Width too high, narrow peaks may not
be detected.
Continued
3-20
Applied Biosystems
Peak Detection
Table 3-1 Chromatogram Settings (Continued)
Parameter
Description
Filter Width
(continued)
Hint: Set Filter Width to a number equal to the number of
points across the peak. To determine the number of points
across a peak, you can change the trace display from Line to
Vertical Bars. Each vertical bar represents one data point.
For more information, see Section 1.4, Customizing the Data
Explorer Window.
Integration Baseline Settings
See Section 3.5.2, Setting Chromatogram and Spectrum Peak Labels.
Valley-to-Baseline
The level of the horizontal baseline is determined using the
minimum peak valley point (left or right) for each peak. See
Figure 3-25 on page 3-70.
3
Valley-to-Valley
Forces a baseline through all valley points. See Figure 3-25
on page 3-70.
Trace Settings
Use same settings
for all traces in view
Applies settings to all traces in the active window.
NOTE: In previous versions of Data Explorer software,
peak detection allowed you to specify Peak Width and
Noise Threshold for chromatogram data. The software now
automatically:
Uses a minimum peak width that is equal to the Filter Width,
and a maximum peak width of 10,000 data points.
Calculates the Noise Threshold by performing an automatic
signal-to-noise calculation on a chromatogram and by using
75 percent of the noise value determined as the threshold.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Basic Settings Table 3-2 describes the parameters in the Basic Settings tab
of the Spectrum Peak Detection Setup dialog box (see
Figure 3-4 on page 3-14).
(spectrum data
only)
Default peak detection values are listed in Section 3.7, Default
Peak Detection Settings.
Table 3-2 Basic Settings Tab Parameters (Spectrum Data Only)
Parameter
Description
Global Thresholds
%Base Peak
Intensity
Specifies a percentage of the base peak intensity as the
threshold value.
NOTE: This
To be detected, peaks must be above this threshold and
parameter was
previously named
Peak Threshold%
and Base Peak
Relative%.
above the %Max Peak Area value.
If you override Global Thresholds by selecting Use Advanced
Settings (described on page 3-23), the software ignores
Global Thresholds and uses the %Base Peak Intensity,
%Max Peak Area, Minimum Area, and Minimum Intensity
to detect peaks for the selected detection range.
3
NOTE: If you are examining Voyager data that contains a
Low Mass Gate spike, the software may identify the Low
Mass Gate spike as the Base Peak. Truncate the data as
described in Section 5.9, Truncating a Spectrum, to eliminate
the Low Mass Gate spike and correctly identify the Base
Peak.
Hint: For most Voyager applications, leave this parameter
set at 0 and adjust the %Max Peak Area.
Continued
3-22
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Peak Detection
Table 3-2 Basic Settings Tab Parameters (Spectrum Data Only) (Continued)
Parameter
Description
%Max Peak Area
Specifies a percentage of the peak with the largest area as
the threshold value.
To be detected, peaks must be above this threshold and
above the %Base Peak Intensity value.
%Max Peak Area is calculated above the local baseline and
can compensate for problems related to a rising global
baseline.
If you override Global Thresholds by selecting Use Advanced
Settings (described on page 3-23), the software ignores
Global Thresholds and uses the %Base Peak Intensity,
%Max Peak Area, Minimum Area, and Minimum Intensity
thresholds set on the Advanced tab (described on page 3-28)
to detect peaks for the selected detection range.
3
Enable %BP
Intensity Threshold
Cursor
When enabled, allows you to click-drag the cursor to set the
% Base Peak Intensity Threshold.
Peak Detection
Use Resolution
When selected, the software automatically determines
detection ranges and uses an appropriate Filter Width and an
Resolution-Based Peak Detection Routine.
Dependent Settings
(not available for
Voyager PSD data)
Use Advanced
Settings
When selected, the software ignores the Global Threshold
values on the Basic Settings tab, and uses the threshold
values set on the Advanced tab. See “Advanced Settings
(spectrum data only)” on page 3-28.
Continued
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
3-23
Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Table 3-2 Basic Settings Tab Parameters (Spectrum Data Only) (Continued)
Parameter
Peak Resolution
Mass Resolution
Value used to determine the Filter Width used for detection.
For more information, see Section 3.1.2, The Resolution-
Based Peak Detection Routine.
Default values for different types of data are:
•
Mariner data—5,000, which is optimized for masses
below 3,000 m/z. Decrease this value if you are
analyzing proteins.
•
Voyager linear data—2,000, which is optimized for
masses below 20,000 m/z. Decrease this value if you
are analyzing higher masses or want to label average
isotope masses.
3
•
Voyager reflector data—10,000, which is optimized for
masses below 20,000 m/z. Decrease this value if you
are analyzing higher masses or want to label average
isotope masses.
If you set a resolution value of:
•
1,000 or greater—The software uses the setting until it
reaches the mass at which isotopic resolution is no
longer possible, then switches to a resolution of 1,000,
the resolution that corresponds to isotopic clusters.
•
NOTE: The Mass Resolution you set here is also used by the
Elemental Composition Calculator, the Elemental Targeting
Application, and the Default Smoothing function. For more
information, see Section 6.1, Using the Elemental
Composition Calculator, Section 6.6, Using the Elemental
Targeting Application, and Section 5.7, Noise
Filtering/Smoothing.
Continued
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Peak Detection
Table 3-2 Basic Settings Tab Parameters (Spectrum Data Only) (Continued)
Parameter
Description
Trace Settings
Use same settings
for all traces in view
Applies settings to all traces in the active window.
NOTE: In previous versions of Data Explorer software,
peak detection allowed you to specify Peak Width. The
software now automatically uses a minimum peak width that
is equal to the Filter Width and a maximum peak width of
10,000 data points.
3
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Peak Processing Table 3-3 describes the parameters in the Peak Processing
tab of the Spectrum Peak Detection Setup dialog box (see
Figure 3-5 on page 3-16).
parameters
(spectrum data
Default peak detection values are listed in Section 3.7, Default
Peak Detection Settings.
only)
Table 3-3 Peak Processing Parameters (Spectrum Data Only)
Parameter
Description
Integration Baseline Settings
marks. See Section 3.5.2, Setting Chromatogram and Spectrum Peak Labels.
Valley-to-Baseline
Valley-to-Valley
The level of the horizontal baseline is determined using the
minimum peak valley point (left or right) for each peak. See
Figure 3-25 on page 3-70.
3
Forces a baseline through all valley points. See Figure 3-25
on page 3-70.
Spectrum Parameters
Centroid %
Specifies the percentage of peak height used to determine
the location of the centroid mass. For example, with a
Centroid % of 10, the software examines the top ten percent
of signal.
Enable Gaussian
Fitting
Increases the accuracy of the centroid calculation for
spectral peaks with limited data points (fewer than 6 data
points across the peak), in particular, Mariner data below
m/z 400.
Continued
3-26
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Peak Detection
Table 3-3 Peak Processing Parameters (Spectrum Data Only) (Continued)
Parameter
Description
Charge State Determination (Spectrum only)
Maximum Charge
State
Determines the peak spacing evaluated for the presence of
isotope peaks. The expected peak spacing is determined by
the Max Charge State plus or minus a tolerance value. The
tolerance is calculated as (proton mass/charge state) × 15%.
For example, with a Max Charge State of 3, the software
checks for peaks that are 0.33 m/z apart, with a fixed
tolerance of 0.05 m/z, where proton mass equals
1.007276456. Maximum Charge State is 6 for Mariner data
and 1 for Voyager data.
Maximum Isotopes # Specifies the maximum number of peaks included in an
isotope cluster.
NOTE: Setting this value too low can result in peaks not
being included in the appropriate isotope cluster. For more
information, see “Max Isotope # set too low” on page 3-35.
3
Minimum and
Specifies the intensity range that a peak must fall within
Maximum Intensity% (relative to the previously evaluated higher mass peak) to be
included in the current isotope cluster.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
3-27
Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Advanced Table 3-4 describes the parameters in the Advanced Settings
tab of the Spectrum Peak Detection Setup dialog box (see
Figure 3-6 on page 3-17).
Settings
(spectrum data
only)
Default peak detection values are listed in Section 3.7, Default
Peak Detection Settings.
NOTE: If you select Use Resolution Dependent Settings in
the Basic Settings tab, Basic Settings override Advanced
Settings. The Advanced Settings tab is accessible, but all
parameters on the tab are dimmed. To make Advanced
Settings available for editing, select Use Advanced
Settings on the Basic Settings tab.
Table 3-4 Advanced Settings (Spectrum Data Only)
Parameter
Peak Detection Settings
Detection Ranges
Description
3
Specifies the region of the trace (defined by x-axis lower and
upper boundaries) to which the settings apply.
If you select Use Resolution Dependent Settings in the Basic
Settings tab (described on page 3-23), the software
automatically divides the trace into detection ranges. If you
select Use Advanced Settings, the detection ranges
calculated by the software are maintained, and you can
modify the ranges and settings, or combine all ranges in the
list into one range, as described below.
Continued
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Peak Detection
Table 3-4 Advanced Settings (Spectrum Data Only) (Continued)
Parameter
Description
Detection Ranges
(continued)
You can set multiple, non-contiguous ranges and define
parameters for each range independently.
You select a range in the Detection Ranges list box by
single-clicking the range number.
To add a detection range, do one of the following:
•
Select an existing range, then click
. This creates a
new range with boundaries ranging from the end of the
existing range to the end of the trace. If the existing
range ends at the end of the trace, the region of the
existing range is split in half between the existing range
and the new range.
•
•
Double-click an existing range to manually enter lower
and upper boundaries.
3
Select a range in the dialog box, then click-drag the
X data cursors labels in the trace to set the lower and
upper boundaries.
To delete a range, select the range, then click
.
To combine all ranges in the list into one range, click
.
The peak detection settings displayed in the dialog box
correspond to the selected range. To view peak detection
settings for another range, select the range of interest.
Continued
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Table 3-4 Advanced Settings (Spectrum Data Only) (Continued)
Parameter
Description
Active Range Thresholds
NOTE: These settings apply to the Detection Range selected, and override the
Global Thresholds specified on the Basic Settings tab (described on page 3-19).
%BP Intensity
See “%Base Peak Intensity” on page 3-20.
%Max Peak Area
Minimum Intensity
See “%Max Peak Area” on page 3-20.
Specifies the absolute peak intensity below which peaks are
not detected. Calculated relative to zero.
NOTE: Maximum possible intensity for Mariner data is
11,000 counts (spectrum that has not been accumulated or
summed), and for Voyager data is 66,000 counts.
NOTE: This parameter was previously named Absolute
Threshold.
3
Minimum Area
Specifies the peak area below which peaks are not detected.
Calculated relative to peak valleys.
Hint: Display the peak list to determine the appropriate area
value to enter.
Noise Threshold
Used to determine peak boundaries. Click the field, then
right-click-drag over a segment of the trace to automatically
set.
For more information, see “Process that Occurs During Peak
Detection, Centroiding, and Integration” on page 3-67.
Continued
3-30
Applied Biosystems
Peak Detection
Table 3-4 Advanced Settings (Spectrum Data Only) (Continued)
Parameter
Filter Settings
Width
Description
Number of data points used in smoothing for peak detection
before integration. This value is automatically calculated by
the software if you select Use Resolution Dependent Settings
on the Basic Settings tab. For more information, see
Section 3.1.2, The Resolution-Based Peak Detection
Routine.
NOTE: If you set Filter Width too high, narrow peaks may not
be detected.
to the number of points across the peak. To determine the
number of points across a peak, you can change the trace
display from Line to Vertical Bars. Each vertical bar
represents one data point. For more information, see
Section 1.4, Customizing the Data Explorer Window.
3
Increment
applications.
This value is automatically set to 1 if you enable Use
Resolution Dependent Settings on the Basic Settings tab.
For more information, see Section 3.1.2, The Resolution-
Based Peak Detection Routine.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
3.2.5 Charge State
NOTE: Isotope-resolved peaks in Voyager data are
typically singly charged. See Section 3.7, Default Peak
Detection Settings, for recommended settings.
• Charge state determination
• Charge state parameter examples
• Charge state determination troubleshooting
Isotopes For information on isotopes, see Appendix B, Overview of
Isotopes.
Charge state Charge state is determined by evaluating the relative isotope
peak spacing. The expected peak spacing is determined by
determination
3
the Max Charge State, plus or minus a tolerance value. The
tolerance is calculated as (proton mass/charge state) × 15%,
where proton mass equals 1.007276456.
During charge state determination, the software starts with the
most intense peak and the peak spacing determined by the
Max Charge state, then evaluates all detected peaks. The
software iteratively decreases the Max Charge State and
repeats the process for all peaks not already identified as
members of an isotope cluster.
Charge state To accurately determine charge state, Charge State
parameters must be set appropriately. The following sections
illustrate:
parameter
examples
• Max Charge State and Max Isotope # set correctly
• Max Charge State set too low
• Max Isotope # set too low
• Effect of Minimum Intensity
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Peak Detection
Max Charge State When the Max Charge State and Max Isotope # are set
correctly (in the example shown in Figure 3-7, both are set
to 4), the neurotensin 558 m/z isotope cluster contains four
peaks at charge state 3. Peaks are 0.33 m/z apart
(Figure 3-7).
and Max Isotope #
set correctly
Figure 3-7 Max Charge State and Max Isotope # Set
Correctly for Neurotensin
Max Charge State When the Max Charge State is set too low, the charge state for
all peaks may not be correctly determined. In this example
set too low
with the Max Charge State set to 2, only the first and fourth
peaks are labeled with charge states (Figure 3-8 on
page 3-34). This is because the software:
• Checks for peaks at 0.5 m/z from each peak (charge
state 2 evaluation).
• Finds no peaks and checks for peaks at 1 m/z from each
peak (charge state 1 evaluation).
labels these peaks as charge state 1.
• Does not find a match for peaks at 558.6 m/z or 558.9
m/z, so these peaks are considered to have no calculated
charge, and are not labeled with a charge state
(Figure 3-8 on page 3-34).
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
.
Isotope # Set Correctly
The grouping of the first and fourth peaks into an isotope
cluster is apparent when you turn on monoisotopic peak list
filtering (Figure 3-9). The software labels the first peak, but
removes the mass and charge state labels from the 559.3 m/z
peak, indicating that it is part of the 558.3 m/z isotope cluster.
3
Note that turning on monoisotopic peak list filtering does not
affect the mass labels on the 558.6 m/z or 558.9 m/z peaks,
because these peaks have no calculated charge and are not
part of the determined isotope cluster.
.
Figure 3-9 Max Charge State Set Too Low,
Monoisotopic Peak List Filtering Turned On
3-34
Applied Biosystems
Peak Detection
Max Isotope # If the Max Isotope # is set too low, the software incorrectly
groups peaks into different isotope clusters. In this example
with the Max Isotope # set to 2 and Max Charge State set to 4,
the software labels all peaks as charge state 3 (Figure 3-10).
set too low
Figure 3-10 Max Isotope # Set Too Low, Max Charge
State Set Correctly
3
The effect of setting Max Isotope # too low is apparent when
you turn on Monoisotopic peak list filtering. Figure 3-11 shows
that the software has grouped the peaks into two clusters and
has identified two monoisotopic peaks.
Figure 3-11 Max Isotope # Set Too Low, Monoisotopic
Peak List Filtering Turned On
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Effect of Minimum The Minimum Intensity setting on the Advanced Settings tab
can also determine how charge states are determined for a
Intensity
peak, because it determines if the software can find a match
for a peak. Figure 3-12 illustrates two peaks correctly labeled
with charge state 1.
Figure 3-12 Minimum Intensity Set Correctly
If you increase the Minimum Intensity setting to 85 in the
example shown in Figure 3-12, the software cannot determine
a charge state for the first peak (Figure 3-13). This is because:
3
• The increased threshold suppresses the detection of the
236.6 m/z peak.
• When the software evaluates the peak at 235.6 m/z, it
does not find a peak at the appropriate peak spacing for
charge state 1, and therefore determines that the peak
has no calculated charge.
Figure 3-13 Minimum Intensity Set Incorrectly
Charge state See Table 9-12, “Charge State and Isotope Determination
Troubleshooting—Mariner Only,” on page 9-18.
determination
troubleshooting
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Applied Biosystems
Peak List
3.3 Peak List
This section describes:
•
•
•
•
Displaying the peak list
Inserting peaks in the peak list
Saving the peak list
Sorting, filtering, and printing the peak list
3.3.1 Displaying the Peak List
creates a peak list for the chromatogram (Mariner data only)
and each spectrum in the data file.
Displaying To display the peak list, select Output Window from the View
menu, then click the Chro Peak List or Spec Peak List tab at
the bottom of the window (Figure 3-14).
3
Click the Peak List tab
at the bottom of
the Output window
Figure 3-14 Peak List in Output Window
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Contents The peak lists contain the following information.
of peak list
Chromatogram Each entry represents one chromatographic peak in the trace
and includes:
peak list
•
•
Index, a sequential number assigned to each entry in
the peak list
Spectrum # or retention time (minutes), determined by
the command selected from the Display menu
•
•
•
•
Lower bound (spectrum # or minutes)
Upper bound (spectrum # or minutes)
Peak height (calculated relative to zero)
Peak area (calculated relative to local baseline)
Spectrum peak list Each entry represents one spectral peak in the trace and
includes:
3
•
•
Index, a sequential number assigned to each entry in
the peak list
Centroid or Apex mass (reflects the Mass Type
selected in the Peak Label dialog box)
•
•
•
•
•
Lower bound (m/z)
Upper bound (m/z)
Charge (z)
Peak height
Relative intensity (calculated relative to zero, not to
baseline)
•
Peak area (calculated relative to local baseline)
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Peak List
3.3.2 Inserting Peaks in the Peak List
Description If chromatogram or spectrum peaks are not detected and
labeled by the selected detection parameters, you can
manually detect and label peaks by inserting peaks in the
peak list.
Procedure To insert peaks:
1. Display the chromatogram or spectrum trace of
interest.
2. From the Peaks menu, select Insert Peaks.
The Insert Peaks dialog box is displayed (Figure 3-15).
3
Figure 3-15 Insert Peaks Dialog Box
3. To enter the Left Edge and Right Edge of the peak to
insert, right-click-drag over the region of the trace to
calculate, or type in masses.
4. Click Calculate.
The peak is inserted in the peak list displayed in the
Peak list tab in the Output window, and centroid
information is listed in the Result tab. For more
information, see “Output window” on page 1-15.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Inserted peaks are:
• Removed from the list when you close the data
file, reprocess the data, or set peak detection
parameters so that the inserted peak is no longer
detected.
• Assigned a charge state of 0 to indicate the
charge state is unknown.
CAUTION
A zero value in the Spec Peak list does not indicate a
charge state of zero. It indicates that the software
could not determine the charge state.
3.3.3 Saving the Peak List
3
Saving as a You can save the contents of the chromatogram and spectrum
stand-alone
peak lists as stand-alone peak list files (.PKT).
.PKT file
Stand-alone peak list files can be used in other applications
such as Microsoft Notepad Editor or Microsoft Excel.
To save a peak list as a stand-alone .PKT file for use in other
applications:
1. Click the trace of interest.
2. Display the peak list of interest in the Output window by
clicking the Chro Peak List or the Spec Peak List tab.
3. Right-click the Output window, then select Save As.
The Save Peak Table As dialog box is displayed.
4. Select a directory and type a file name.
5. Click Save.
The software automatically assigns a .PKT extension
and saves the peak list as a tab-delimited text file.
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Applied Biosystems
Peak List
NOTE: Inserted peaks are included when you save a
.PKT file.
NOTE: Peak list headings are not included when you save
a .PKT file. If you require headings, copy the peak list
directly to Excel instead of saving it as a .PKT file and then
importing it. Right-click the peak list to copy.
Importing and You can import peak list values into Microsoft Excel to create a
spreadsheet.
saving in Excel
To import and save the peak list in Microsoft Excel:
1. In Excel, select Open from the File menu.
The Open dialog box is displayed.
2. Select All Files (*.*) from the Files of Type drop-down list
at the bottom of the dialog box. Select the directory and
file to import, then click Open.
3
The Text Import wizard is displayed.
3. Follow the prompts from the Text Import wizard, accepting
the default settings provided.
The peak list is converted to an Excel spreadsheet.
4. Select Save As from the File menu.
The Save As dialog box is displayed.
5. Select Microsoft Excel Workbook (*.xls) in the Save as
Type drop-down list at the bottom of the dialog box.
6. Type a file name or modify the default name (delete
quotation marks, if present, and the .PKT extension).
7. Click Save.
The file is saved with an .XLS extension.
For more information on using Excel, refer to your
Microsoft Excel User’s Guide.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
3.3.4 Sorting, Filtering,
and Printing the Peak List
Sorting
the peak list
The peak list is displayed in order by index number. You can
sort the list by any field by clicking the column header buttons
(Figure 3-16).
Click column header buttons to sort by different fields
3
Figure 3-16 Sorting the Peak List
Filtering Peak list filtering allows you to display only desired peaks in
the spectrum peak list. Only peaks that are included in the
peak list are labeled on the trace.
the spectrum
peak list
To filter the peak list:
1. From the Peaks menu, select Filter Peak List.
Hint: You can also display the Mass Peak List Filter
dialog box by right-clicking the Spec Peak List, then
selecting Peak Filter.
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Peak List
2. Select Enable Peak List Filter, then select:
Filter Type
Description
Monoisotopic Labels the peak of the lowest detected mass in an isotope
envelope. Before applying filtering, set the values in Peak
Processing detection parameters to accurately detect and label all
peaks in the isotope envelope with the correct charge state. If the
parameters are not correctly set to yield correct charge states for
all peaks, the monoisotopic peak may not be correctly labeled.
See Section 3.2.5, Charge State Determination and Examples, for
more information on setting parameters.
Monoisotopic filtering is useful on isotope clusters where the
approximate elemental composition and isotopic ratios are not
known, for example, in PSD analysis (where the precursor ion
rest of the cluster), or in a spectrum that contains molecules with
very different elemental compositions.
3
For most applications, especially peptide analysis, the deisotoping
function yields more accurate results than monoisotopic peak
filtering. See Section 3.4, Deisotoping a Spectrum.
Charge State
Labels the peaks with the selected charge state (z). If you select a
charge state of 0, the software displays mass labels only on peaks
for which the software could not determine a charge state.
CAUTION: A zero value in the Spec Peak list does not indicate a
charge state of zero. It indicates that the software could not
determine the charge state.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Printing To print the peak list:
the peak list
1. Display the peak list as you want it printed.
2. Right-click the peak list, then select Print.
Deleting items To delete an item from the peak list, select the item, right-click
the spectrum peak list, then select Delete Peak. The entry is
removed from the list, and the peak label is removed from the
trace.
from the peak list
To display the deleted item in the peak list again, select Peak
Detection from the Peaks menu, then click OK.
3
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Deisotoping a Spectrum
3.4 Deisotoping a Spectrum
This section includes:
• Description
• During peak deisotoping
• When to use
• Requirements
• Using the Deisotope function
• Troubleshooting
• Example
• Returning to the original spectrum
Description The Deisotope function reduces a spectrum to a centroided
plot by deconvoluting the monoisotopic peaks from the current
peak list.
Peak deisotoping is an advanced peak filtering method that
can determine the relative abundance of multiple components
with overlapping isotope distributions. The deisotoping
algorithm uses the elemental composition that you specify to
improve the determination of the monoisotopic mass by
considering the centroid masses of all peaks in the isotopic
envelope.
3
During peak For each detected peak in a spectrum, the software inspects
the peak list for the higher theoretical masses and areas
associated with additional expected peaks in a theoretical
isotopic cluster, relative to the peak in question.
deisotoping
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
If the expected higher theoretical peak masses and areas are
present in the peak list:
• The peak in question is considered to be a monoisotopic
peak.
• The intensities of the higher mass peaks that correspond
to the expected isotope ratios are combined with the
intensity of the peak in question (additional intensity that
may be related to a contaminant or an overlapping
isotope envelope is not combined, and will be evaluated
in the next iteration).
• The peak in question is represented in the trace as a
centroid bar with increased amplitude. The total intensity
of the centroid bar represents the total area of each fitted
cluster.
If the expected higher theoretical peak masses and areas are
not present in the peak list, the peak in question is
represented in the trace as a centroid bar with its original
amplitude.
3
Figure 3-17 illustrates how peaks that are and peaks that are
trace.
When to use For most applications, particularly peptide analysis, the
deisotoping function yields more useful results than
monoisotopic peak filtering (described in Section 3.3.4,
Sorting, Filtering, and Printing the Peak List) because the
deisotoping function:
• Can successfully identify the monoisotopic peaks in
overlapping clusters.
• Does not consider noise peaks that exhibit the mass, but
not the area of an expected isotope peak.
• Amplifies the intensity of monoisotopic masses at high
m/z (due to contribution from other peaks in the cluster),
which allows the peak detection thresholds to eliminate
chemical noise without eliminating the high m/z peaks of
interest, enables improved peak matching in calibration,
and provides better results in database searching (which
relies on monoisotopic masses).
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Deisotoping a Spectrum
Peaks in original trace
Deisotoped trace
Increased amplitude of first
peak indicates it is a
monoisotopic peak
If first three peaks are part of
the same isotope cluster
Peak that is not
part of cluster
Contribution to expected
isotope ratio
by contaminant
Increased amplitude of first
peak indicates it is a
monoisotopic peak
If first three peaks are part of
the same isotope cluster, but
contaminant is also present
Contaminant
Peak that is not
part of cluster
Increased amplitude of peaks
indicate they are
monoisotopic peaks
If two isotope clusters
are present
3
Figure 3-17 Interpreting a Deisotoped Trace
Requirements The Deisotope function requires a singly charged spectrum. If
the spectrum you are examining includes multiply charged
peaks, use the Single-Charge Conversion function on the
Process menu before using the Deisotope function. For
information, see Section 5.10, Converting to a Singly Charged
Spectrum (Mariner Data Only).
CAUTION
If you use the Deisotope function on multiply charged
peaks, invalid results are reported.
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Using the To use the Deisotope function:
Deisotope
function
2. Make sure peak detection thresholds are set low enough
to detect the monoisotopic peak before deisotoping. If the
detection thresholds are not set low enough, adjust them.
Parameters.
If you are analyzing digest data, set %Max Peak Area
interest are detected. For more information, see
Section 7.2.3, Detecting Peaks from Complex Digests.
3. If multiply charged peaks are present, convert to a singly
charged spectrum. See Section 5.10, Converting to a
Singly Charged Spectrum (Mariner Data Only).
4. Select Duplicate Active Trace from the Display menu to
keep the original data displayed after processing.
3
5. From the Peaks menu, select Peak Deisotoping.
The Deisotoping dialog box (Figure 3-18) is displayed.
Figure 3-18 Deisotoping Dialog Box
6. In the Adduct text box, type the adduct that is the
charge-carrying species in the spectrum you are
examining.
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Deisotoping a Spectrum
CAUTION
If you enter an invalid value in the Adduct field, for
example, numbers, the spectrum is still converted to a
deisotoped spectrum, and the peak height is
proportional to the original peak area.
7. In the Formula text box, type the generic formula (using
any elements in the Periodic table) that approximates the
isotopic pattern for the compound class you are
examining. Generic formulas include:
• Peptides—C6H5NO
• DNA—C38H49N15O24P4
• RNA—C38H47N15O28P4
• Carbohydrate—C6H12O6
8. Click OK.
The deisotoped spectrum is displayed with a DI trace
label. The mass of the vertical bar corresponds to the
mass of the monoisotopic peak. The height of the
vertical bar is proportional to the peak areas of all
peaks in the isotope cluster.
3
Troubleshooting If you see several small peaks around a very large peak after
deisotoping, the software has successfully identified a
monoisotopic peak, but the isotope cluster does not exactly
match the theoretical elemental composition that you
specified. This may be caused by the following:
• The signal-to-noise ratio of the spectrum is poor and the
calculated peak areas are not accurate.
• The specified elemental composition is not correct for the
compound. For example, if the peptide contains sulfur,
and sulfur was not in the specified formula, a small peak
may occur 2 Da higher than the expected monoisotopic
mass.
• There are two overlapping isotope clusters but the
intensity of one cluster is stronger than the intensity of the
other.
Increase the peak detection threshold after deisotoping to
remove the residual peaks from the peak list.
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Example Figure 3-19 and Figure 3-20 illustrate the effects of
deisotoping.
Before deisotoping (Figure 3-19), the spectrum includes an
isotope pattern with four detected peaks.
Figure 3-19 Spectrum Before Deisotoping
After deisotoping (Figure 3-20), the trace includes two
labeled centroid bars that represent monoisotopic masses,
indicating that the original trace represents two isotopic
envelopes. The intensity of a centroid bar is proportional to
the area of all peaks in the isotope cluster.
3
Figure 3-20 Spectrum After Deisotoping
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Deisotoping a Spectrum
Returning to the To return to the original spectrum:
original spectrum
• If the original spectrum was an unprocessed spectrum,
select Spectrum Number from the Display menu. The
number of the original spectrum is displayed in the Select
Spectrum dialog box. Click OK.
• If the original trace was a processed spectrum, select
Processing History from the Display menu, then select
the original trace.
3
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
3.5 Peak Labeling
This section includes:
• Charge state labels
• Setting chromatogram and spectrum peak labels
• Setting custom peak labels
labeling are set independent of peak detection.
peak labeling
and Integration
• Charge state determination, described in Section 3.2.5,
Charge State Determination and Examples
• Peak list filtering, described in “Filtering the spectrum
3
peak list” on page 3-42
NOTE: If peak labeling is disabled, no labels are displayed,
peak list, it is not labeled.
Labeling peaks If peak detection settings do not detect and label desired
peaks, you can also manually label peaks by inserting them
into the peak list. See Section 3.3.2, Inserting Peaks in the
Peak List.
manually
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Peak Labeling
3.5.1 Charge State Labels
label multiply charged isotope peaks with their charge state.
labels
In general, the observed spacing between isotopes is
determined by the charge state of the detected ion. Spacing
between isotope peaks is narrower at higher charge states.
For more information on isotopes, see Appendix B, Overview
of Isotopes.
charge state determination parameters:
• Max Isotope #
• Min and Max Intensity
For a description of these parameters, see “Advanced
NOTE: If Charge State Determination parameters are set
incorrectly, the charge state is determined incorrectly. For
more information, see “Charge state parameter examples”
on page 3-32 and “Charge State and Isotope Determination
Troubleshooting—Mariner Only” on page 9-18.
Requirements To label isotope peaks with charge states, the following
must be true:
• Mass must be within the range in which the system can
resolve the isotope peaks:
• <4,000 Da on a Mariner system
• <5,000 Da on a Voyager-DE PRO system
• <6,000 Da on a Voyager-DE STR system
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
• Isotopes must be resolved
• Peak detection parameters must be set to detect all of the
peaks in the isotope cluster
• Charge determination parameters must be set
appropriately
• Charge state labels must be enabled
3.5.2 Setting Chromatogram
and Spectrum Peak Labels
This section includes:
• Customizing colors, font, or size
• Setting chromatogram labels
• Deleting labels
• Labels not displayed
• Charge state not displayed
3
Customizing To set colors, font, and size for peak labels, see Section 1.5,
Setting Graphic Options.
colors, font, and
size
chromatogram
labels
1. Click the Chromatogram window to activate it.
2. From the Peaks menu, select Peak Label.
The Chromatogram Peak Label dialog box is displayed
(Figure 3-21).
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Peak Labeling
Figure 3-21 Chromatogram Peak Label Dialog Box
3
3. Select Enable Labeling.
4. Set the number of decimal points to be displayed.
5. Select Label Attributes:
• Overlapping—Allows labels to be displayed when
peaks are close together.
• Peak bounds—Displays peak start, peak end,
and baseline.
• Orientation—Specifies Horizontal, 45-degree, or
Vertical labels.
6. Select the label content to display, (for example,
Spectrum #, Time, Vial Number).
7. To create custom labels, select User Labels, then click
User Label Setup. See Section 3.5.3, Setting Custom
Peak Labels.
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
8. Click OK.
The trace is displayed. The detected peaks that meet
the peak labeling criteria are labeled.
spectrum labels
1. Click the Spectrum window to activate it.
2. From the Peaks menu, select Peak Label.
The Spectrum Peak Label dialog box is displayed
(Figure 3-22).
3
Figure 3-22 Spectrum Peak Label Dialog Box
3. Select Enable Labeling to label peaks in m/z format.
4. Set the number of decimal points to be displayed.
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Peak Labeling
5. Select the Mass Type (peak apex or peak centroid).
6. Select the Peak Mass Label Type:
Label
Mass
Description
Labels with Apex or Centroid mass.
NOTE: If you create a custom user label for a mass, the user label is
displayed instead of the mass. For more information, see
Section 3.5.3, Setting Custom Peak Labels.
Mass
Shifts all peak labels by the value entered (either positive or
negative) and can be used to calculate mass differences from a
reference peak.
difference
from the
selected
peak
Right-click-drag across the reference peak to enter the negative of
the value of the peak in the Mass difference text box, then click OK.
NOTE: This The reference peak is labeled with zero, and all the other labels are
label was
previously
called Mass
Offset.
plus or minus their mass difference from the reference peak.
3
This label is useful to display neutral losses and adducts on a given
peak.
Mass
Labels peaks with a mass relative to the adjacent labeled peak of
lower m/z.
difference
between
adjacent
peaks
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
7. Select label attributes:
• Overlapping—Allows labels to be displayed when
peaks are close together.
• Peak bounds—Displays peak start, peak end,
and baseline.
• Orientation—Specifies Horizontal, 45-degree, or
Vertical labels.
8. Select label content to be displayed in addition to m/z:
• Area—Integrated area of peak, displayed with an
“A” label.
• Charge State—Charge state of peak, displayed
with a “z” label, where the “z” represents a positive
or negative charge.
3
NOTE: A “z” is displayed for positive or negative ions.
To determine the actual charge of the ions, display the
Instrument Setting tab in the Data Explorer Output
window. See “Output window” on page 1-15 for
information. Check the listed polarity. For spectra
acquired in positive ion mode, positive ions are
produced. For spectra acquired in negative ion mode,
9. To create custom labels, select User Labels, then click
User Label Setup. See Section 3.5.3, Setting Custom
Peak Labels.
10. Click OK.
The trace is displayed.
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Peak Labeling
If peak list filtering is enabled, only the detected peaks
that meet the peak filtering criteria are labeled
according to the peak label settings. Otherwise, all
detected peaks are labeled according to the peak label
settings. See Section 3.2.4, Peak Detection
Parameter Descriptions, and “Filtering the spectrum
peak list” on page 3-42.
Deleting labels To delete a peak label from the trace, click the Spec Peak List
tab in the Output window, select the item, right-click the
spectrum peak list, then select Delete Peak.
Labels not If a label is not displayed or is displayed incorrectly, possible
causes are:
displayed
• The label is too long, peaks are too close together, or a
peak is very close to the right axis. If there is not enough
room for the label to be displayed, the label is
suppressed. Zooming the region of interest expands the
trace and may allow the labels to display.
3
To display labels when peaks are close together, select
Allow overlapping peak labels in the Peak Label dialog
box.
• Peak filtering is enabled, labeling only peaks that meet
the peak list filtering criteria.
• Filter Width is set too high to detect the peak.
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Charge state If no charge is displayed, there are a few possible causes:
not displayed
• Peaks are more than 1 Da apart.
• Filter width is set too high to detect other isotope peaks.
peak.
• Charge state determination parameters are set such that
peaks are determined to have no charge. See
Section 3.2.5, Charge State Determination and
Examples.
• Peaks are not from the same isotope species.
NOTE: If you set %Base Peak Intensity or %Max Peak
Area too low (described on page 3-20), noise peaks
can be detected, and charge states can be incorrectly
labeled.
3
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Peak Labeling
3.5.3 Setting Custom Peak Labels
This section includes:
• Description
• Customizing colors, font, and size
• Creating custom peak labels
• Applying user labels from .LBC or LBS files
• Displaying user labels
Description A custom peak label displays the label name you enter. If you
specify a custom label for a spectrum, it is displayed instead of
the mass value.
Customizing To set colors, font, and size for custom labels or peak labels,
see Section 1.5, Setting Graphic Options.
colors, font, and
size
Creating custom To create custom peak labels:
3
peak labels
1. Click the Chromatogram or Spectrum window to
activate it.
2. From the Peaks menu, select Peak Label.
The Peak Label dialog box is displayed (see
Figure 3-22 on page 3-56).
3. Click User Label Setup.
The User Label Setup dialog box appears
(Figure 3-23).
NOTE: The Chromatogram User Label Setup dialog
box displays X Value and X Tolerance instead of Peak
Mass and Mass Error.
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Column
header
buttons
Figure 3-23 User Label Setup Dialog Box
3
4. Select the Label Type (spectra only):
• Mass—Labels with Apex or Centroid mass.
• Mass difference from adjacent peaks—Applies
the labels to peaks that have the specified mass
difference relative to the adjacent labeled peak of
lower m/z.
5. Select Match Charge State (spectra only) if you want the
charge state of a peak evaluated before applying the user
label. When this function is enabled, a peak must occur
within the specified Mass Tolerance (described below),
and have the specified charge state before the user label
is applied.
Hint: The Match Charge State function allows you to
screen out peaks that are within the specified Mass
Tolerance, but are not the charged species you are
interested in.
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Peak Labeling
6. To manually enter label settings, click
.
The User Label Entry dialog box is displayed
(Figure 3-24).
Figure 3-24 User Label Entry Dialog Box (Spectrum)
7. Set the following parameters:
3
Spectrum Parameter
Description/Specifies
Text of the label to display.
Label
Peak Mass (if Label Type selected
is Mass)
Mass of the peak to which the label applies.
Mass Difference (if Label Type
selected is Difference)
Difference in mass that must exist between
peaks to apply user labels.
Mass Tolerance
Mass tolerance that the peak must occur
within to apply user labels.
NOTE: If a peak meets the criteria for more
than one user label, multiple user labels are
applied to the peak and are separated by
commas.
Charge State
Charge state that the peak must have in
order to apply user labels.
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Chromatogram Parameter
Description
Label
Text of the label to display.
X Value
Retention time or Spectrum Number of the
peak to label. The default units for X
Tolerance correspond to the units of the
x-axis.
X Tolerance
Retention time or Spectrum Number that the
peak must fall within to apply user labels.
To enter Peak Mass, X Value, or Mass Difference, you
can type values or right-click-drag over a peak. A Mass
Tolerance or X Tolerance of 1 is automatically entered
when you right-click-drag. Charge state is also
automatically entered when you right-click-drag a
spectrum peak.
3
8. Click OK.
The User Label Setup dialog box reappears.
9. To change any information, double-click the Label field in
the User Label Setup dialog box.
Enter the new values, then click OK.
Hint: You can sort the label list by any field by clicking
the column header button (see Figure 3-23 on
page 3-62).
10. To save the label settings as a .LBC or .LBS file, click
Save As, type a file name, then click Save.
11. Click OK.
The Peak Label dialog box reappears.
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Peak Labeling
Applying user You can apply labels you previously created and saved in
.LBC or .LBS files.
labels from .LBC
or .LBS files
Open the .LBC or .LBS file by clicking
in the User Label
Setup dialog box. Select the file, then click Open.
The labels are imported into the .DAT file and displayed in the
label list. You can modify the settings, delete or add labels,
and save the changes in a new .LBC or .LBS file.
NOTE: Changes you make to user labels imported into a
.DAT file are not saved in the .LBC or .LBS file from which
they originated. Click Save As, then resave the file if you
want the changes saved to the originating file.
Displaying user Select both Enable Labeling and User Labels in the Peak
Label dialog box to display user labels. Peaks that do not
meet the peak detection criteria are not labeled.
labels
3
NOTE: If you specify user labels with an X Tolerance that is
outside the acquisition range for the data file, the user
labels are not displayed. Be aware that the default
X Tolerance of 1 may be outside the acquisition range when
the chromatogram is displayed in retention time.
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
User labels not If a user label is not displayed or is displayed incorrectly,
possible causes are:
displayed
• User labels are not enabled.
• The peak does not fall within the specified Tolerance.
• The label is too long or peaks are too close together. If
there is not enough room for the label to be displayed, the
label may be suppressed. Zooming the region of interest
expands the trace and may allow the labels to be
displayed.
To display labels when peaks are close together, select
Allow overlapping peak labels, or change Orientation
to Vertical or 45 degrees in the Peak Label dialog box.
• Peak filtering is enabled, and only peaks that meet the
peak list filtering criteria are labeled.
• Filter Width is set too high to detect the peak.
• If you have Match Charge State enabled for spectrum
user labels, the peak of interest does not have the charge
state specified in the user label.
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Process that Occurs During Peak Detection, Centroiding, and Integration
3.6 Process that Occurs
During Peak Detection,
Centroiding, and Integration
This section gives an overview of the process that occurs
during peak detection, centroiding and integration. Parameters
Parameter Descriptions.
Peak detection During peak detection, the Data Explorer software:
• Divides the trace into detection ranges based on the
number of data points per peak (described in
Section 3.1.2, The Resolution-Based Peak Detection
Routine).
• Starts scanning the chromatogram or spectrum at the
3
origin of the x-axis.
• Applies a Gaussian sliding filter to the number of raw data
points defined by the Filter Width setting. The filter moves
across the raw data by the number of data points
specified by the Increment parameter. An Increment of 1
is used for chromatogram data.
• Searches for an upward-to-downward inflection point
greater than the larger of the two specified peak detection
thresholds (% Base Peak Intensity or Minimum Intensity).
A Minimum Intensity of 2 is used for chromatogram data.
This inflection point defines the apex region.
• After the apex region is identified, scans to find the
downward-to-upward inflection points. These downward
to upward inflection points are the valley regions of the
peak.
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
• For spectral data, determines the peak boundaries by
one of two means:
• If the Noise Threshold is greater than zero, the
software scans from the valley regions toward the
apex region using the number of data points
defined by the Filter Width. If the difference
between two consecutive filtered regions is
greater than the Noise Threshold, the midpoint of
the filter region closest to the apex is used as the
peak bound.
• If the Noise Threshold is zero, the software scans
the valley regions for the minimum points to
determine the peak bounds.
For chromatogram data, determines the peak boundaries
by:
• Determining the Noise Threshold by performing an
automatic signal-to-noise calculation on the tallest
peak in the chromatogram and using 75 percent of
the noise value determined as the threshold.
3
• Scanning from the valley regions toward the apex
region using the number of data points defined by
the Filter Width. If the difference between two
consecutive filtered regions is greater than the
Noise Threshold, the midpoint of the filter region
closest to the apex is used as the peak bound.
• Compares the area of the new peak to the %Max Peak
Area and the Minimum Area. A Minimum Area of 2 is
used for chromatogram data. If the new peak is within the
specified area settings, the peak is added to the peak list.
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Process that Occurs During Peak Detection, Centroiding, and Integration
After peak After peaks are detected:
detection
• Centroid mass is calculated for spectral data, then
modified by Gaussian peak fitting, if it is selected.
• Chromatographic and spectral peaks are integrated.
• Peak lists are generated for chromatograms and spectra.
Centroiding The Data Explorer software calculates the peak centroid for
spectral data by:
•
Drawing a projected centroid baseline at the
percentage of the peak height specified by the
Centroiding% entered. Centroiding is measured
between the top of the peak and 0. For example, a
centroiding% of 10 uses the top ten percent of the peak,
where peak height is determined from 0.
•
•
Searching to the left and right of the apex for data
points that bound the projected centroid baseline, then
interpolating the centroid baseline.
3
Calculating the intensity-weighted area of the peak
from the left to the right intersection of the centroid
baseline, then dividing by the area of the same
region.
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Chapter 3 Peak Detection and Labeling
Integration The Data Explorer software integrates chromatographic and
spectral peaks to calculate the peak area using one of two
methods to determine the peak baseline (Figure 3-25):
• Valley-to-baseline—Drops a vertical line from all valleys
to a horizontal baseline. The level of the horizontal
baseline is determined using the minimum peak valley
point (left or right) for each peak.
• Valley-to-valley—Forces a baseline to all valley points.
3
Valley-to-Baseline
Valley-to-Valley
Figure 3-25 Valley-to-Baseline and Valley-to-Valley Integration
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Default Peak Detection Settings
3.7 Default Peak Detection Settings
This section includes:
• Default .SET files provided
• Additional Voyager .SET files provided
Default .SET files Default peak detection settings are contained in the following
.SET files:
provided
• MARINER.SET
• VOYAGERLINEAR.SET
• VOYAGERREFLECTOR.SET
• VOYAGERPSD.SET
The following table lists the default settings in .SET files
provided for chromatograms.
Chromatogram Settings in All .SET
Parameter
3
Files (Mariner and Voyager)
Basic Settings (chromatogram data)
Detection Range
Full
%Base Peak
Intensity
0.25
%Max Peak Area
Filter Width
0.25
3
Integration
V-to-B
Baseline Setting
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The following table lists the default settings in the .SET files
provided for spectra.
Voyager Spectrum
Mariner
Spectrum
MARINER.S
ET
Reflector
VOYAGER
REFLECTOR
.SET
Linear
VOYAGER
LINEAR.SET
PSD
VOYAGER
PSD.SET
Parameter
Basic Settings (spectrum data)
%Base Peak Intensity
%Max Peak Area
0.25
0
0
0
0.25
ON
2
2
2
Use Resolution Dependent
Settings
ON
ON
OFF
Mass Resolution
5,000
2,000
10,000
N/A
3
Peak Processing
Integration Baseline Setting V-to-V
V-to-B
50
V-to-B
50
V-to-B
50
Centroid%
50
6
Max. Charge State
Max. Isotopes#
Min. Intensity%
Max. Intensity%
1
1
1
6
5
10
5
5
10
10
10
100
100
100
100
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Default Peak Detection Settings
Voyager Spectrum
Mariner
Spectrum
MARINER.S
ET
Reflector
PSD
Linear
VOYAGER
LINEAR.SET
Parameter
VOYAGER
VOYAGER
PSD.SET
REFLECTOR
.SET
Advanced
Detection Range
Resolution Resolution Resolution Five
dependent dependent dependent ranges
Filter Width
Resolution Resolution Resolution Range
dependent dependent dependent dependent
Increment
Resolution
dependent
1
1
1
Noise Threshold
%Base Peak Intensity
%Max Peak Area
Min. Intensity
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
3
0.25
0.25
0
Min. Area
0
Range
dependent
Additional Additional .SET files that have been developed for detection of
different types of data are included in the
C:\VOYAGER\SETTINGS directory. The names of the .SET
files indicate the type of data the files can be used for.
Voyager .SET files
provided
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Chapter
4
4 Examining
ChromatogramData
This chapter contains the following sections:
4.1
4.2
4.3
Overview ......................................................... 4-2
Creating an Extracted Ion Chromatogram ........ 4-5
Creating an Extracted XAC Chromatogram
(Mariner Data Only) ....................................... 4-13
4.4
4.5
4.6
Noise Filtering/Smoothing.............................. 4-17
Adding and Subtracting Spectra .................... 4-20
Displaying MS Method Data
(Mariner Data Only) ........................................ 4-23
4.7
4.8
Adjusting the Baseline ................................... 4-27
Using UV Trace Offset ................................... 4-30
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
4-1
Chapter 4 Examining Chromatogram Data
4.1 Overview
This section includes:
• Types of Mariner data
• Types of Voyager data
• Creating macros to combine processing functions
• Returning to the original trace
Types of You can display different types of chromatogram traces from
Mariner data files by selecting Traces from the Display menu
with the Chromatogram window displayed, then selecting:
Mariner data
Select
TIC
To display
Total Ion Chromatogram, which includes the entire mass range
saved in the data file. Each data point represents the sum of all ion
intensities in the corresponding spectrum.
BPI
Base Peak Intensity trace, which includes only the base peak in
each spectrum. Each data point represents the single most intense
ion in the corresponding spectrum.
Analog
Trace of the input from an outside source representing any signal
that changes over time, for example, the UV signal from an
LC system, or the Analyzer Temperature, Air Temperature, Spray
Tip Potential, or Nozzle Temperature from the Mariner mass
spectrometer.
4
DAD TAC
Diode Array Detector (DAD) Total Absorbance Chromatogram
(TAC), which displays data acquired from LC samples.
Hint: To display spectra for DAD data, double-click the TAC or
Ch Absorbance trace.
DAD
Channel N
Diode Array Detector Channel chromatograms, which display
specific wavelength ranges, where N is the channel number set
during acquisition. The data file can include up to five channels.
Hint: To display spectra for DAD data, double-click the TAC or
Ch Absorbance trace
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Overview
You can display extracted chromatograms from Mariner data
files by selecting the Process menu with a Chromatogram
window displayed, then selecting:
Select
To display
Extracted Ion—
Center Window
or Range
Extracted Ion Chromatogram (XIC), which includes only the
signal response from a mass window or range. For more
Chromatogram (XIC).
Extracted Ion—
Neutral Loss
Constant Neutral Loss chromatogram, which extracts only the
response from peaks that are separated by a selected mass
Constant Neutral Loss (CNL) Chromatogram.
Extracted
Absorbance
(XAC)
Extracted Absorbance Chromatogram, which includes only the
response from a specified wavelength window or range. For
more information, see Section 4.3, Creating an Extracted
Absorbance Chromatogram (XAC) (Mariner Data Only).
Types of Voyager chromatograms can optionally be displayed for
multispectrum .DAT files. To display a Voyager chromatogram,
Voyager data
select Restore Chromatogram from the View menu. For
more information, see Section 2.1.3, Displaying Voyager
Chromatograms.
4
If you have a chromatogram displayed, you can display the
following type of Voyager data by selecting Traces from the
View menu, then selecting:
Select
TIC
To display
Total Ion Chromatogram, which includes the entire mass range
saved in the data file. Each data point represents the sum of all ion
intensities in the corresponding spectrum.
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Chapter 4 Examining Chromatogram Data
You can display the following types of Voyager data by
selecting Extracted Ion from the Process menu with a
Chromatogram window displayed, then selecting:
Select
To display
Center Window
or Range
(XIC)
Extracted Ion chromatogram, which includes only the response
Section 4.2.1, Creating an Extracted Ion Chromatogram (XIC).
Neutral Loss
(CNL)
Constant Neutral Loss Chromatogram, which extracts only the
response from a mass difference from a selected peak. For
more information, see Section 4.2.2, Creating a Constant
Neutral Loss (CNL) Chromatogram.
Creating macros You can create macros that perform multiple functions (for
example, smooth and baseline-correct), then start the macro
with one mouse click.
to combine
processing
functions
Returning to the Many processing functions generate a new trace. If you have
Trace Replace mode set to Replace, the new trace replaces
original trace
the original trace. For information on Replace mode, see
Section 2.4.4, Adding Traces from the Same Data File to a
Window.
To redisplay the original trace, select the trace type from the
Display menu or click the corresponding toolbar button.
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Creating an Extracted Ion Chromatogram
4.2 Creating an
Extracted Ion Chromatogram
This section includes:
• Creating an Extracted Ion Chromatogram (XIC)
• Creating a Constant Neutral Loss (CNL) Chromatogram
You can create an extracted ion chromatogram:
• To improve the signal-to-noise ratio for a mass or mass
range of interest
• To determine if mass differences in a data file correspond
to loss of specific fragments by generating a Neutral Loss
Chromatogram
4.2.1 Creating an Extracted
Ion Chromatogram (XIC)
This section describes how to create an XIC:
• From the Chromatogram window
• From the Spectrum window
From the To create an extracted ion chromatogram (XIC) from the
Chromatogram
4
Chromatogram window:
window
1. Click the Chromatogram window to activate it.
2. Select Duplicate Active Trace from the Display menu to
keep the original data displayed after processing.
3. From the Process menu, select Extracted Ion or click
in the toolbar.
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Chapter 4 Examining Chromatogram Data
4. In the Extracted Ion Chromatogram dialog box (Figure 4-1
on page 4-7), select one of the following from the Mass
Range/Difference Type drop-down list:
•
Center/Window, then type the mass of
interest and the mass window for masses to
include.
NOTE: When analyzing multiple components with
similar masses, set a Window of less than 0.5 to
include only the mass of interest.
•
Range, then type the From and To values for
masses to include.
NOTE: To improve the signal-to-noise ratio in the
extracted ion chromatogram, set the starting
NOTE: For more information on Constant Neutral Loss
chromatograms, see Section 4.2.2, Creating a Constant
Neutral Loss (CNL) Chromatogram.
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Creating an Extracted Ion Chromatogram
Figure 4-1 Extracted Ion Chromatogram Dialog Box
5. Specify the Extraction Mode:
•
Accumulative—Creates one extracted ion
chromatogram for all masses entered and sums
intensities
•
chromatogram for each mass entered
6. Click OK.
The extracted ion chromatogram is displayed in the
Chromatogram window (Figure 4-2 on page 4-8) with
an XIC trace label and the center mass and window or
the mass range indicated in the trace label
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Chapter 4 Examining Chromatogram Data
From the To create an extracted ion chromatogram for a mass range
from the Spectrum window:
Spectrum window
1. Click the Chromatogram window to activate it.
2. Select Duplicate Active Trace from the Display menu to
keep the original data displayed after processing.
region of interest in the extracted ion chromatogram. The
width of the box you draw defines the precise mass range
used in the extracted ion chromatogram.
The extracted ion chromatogram is displayed in the
Chromatogram window (Figure 4-2) with the mass
range indicated in the trace label.
Extracted ion chromatogram
(center window)
4
Figure 4-2 Extracted Ion Chromatogram
4. To return to the original trace, see “Returning to the
original trace” on page 4-4.
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Applied Biosystems
Creating an Extracted Ion Chromatogram
4.2.2 Creating a Constant
Neutral Loss (CNL) Chromatogram
This section includes:
• Overview
• Applications
• Labeling spectrum peaks with mass difference (optional)
• Procedure
• Example
Overview To rapidly screen for the presence of mass differences
corresponding to loss of specific fragments, you can create a
Constant Neutral Loss (CNL) extracted chromatogram.
When you generate a Constant Neutral Loss Extracted ion
chromatogram, the software constructs a chromatogram that
contains signal only for spectra that contain peaks separated
by the specified mass difference. To construct a Neutral Loss
Extracted ion chromatogram, the software:
• Compares each mass in the peak list to every other mass
in the peak list and derives mass differences.
• Takes the total signal of any pairs of peaks that generated
the mass difference and includes it in the chromatogram,
if any mass difference corresponds to a mass difference
plus tolerance specified.
Applications You can generate a CNL extracted chromatogram:
4
• To determine if a fragment of known mass is present
• To increase sensitivity of a trace by including signal from
both the parent and one or more fragment ions
For LCMS data, a CNL extracted chromatogram is useful to
identify eluting components with a given neutral loss.
For other types of data, a CNL extracted chromatogram is
useful to screen samples for a given mass difference. For
example, create a CNL extracted chromatogram to survey a
peptide digest for the presence of peaks separated by a
glycosyl residue, as you might see in a digest containing
glycopeptides.
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Chapter 4 Examining Chromatogram Data
Labeling You can label spectrum peaks with mass differences to assist
you in determining the mass differences to specify in the CNL
extracted chromatogram.
spectrum peaks
with mass
To label spectrum peaks with mass differences:
difference
(optional)
1. Display a spectrum of interest from the data file for which
you are creating the CNL extracted chromatogram.
2. Click the Spectrum window to activate it, then select Peak
Label from the Peaks menu.
3. In the Peak Mass Label Type, select Mass difference
from the selected peak.
4. In the Spectrum window, right-click-drag across the peak
from which you are measuring the difference. This enters
a negative value that corresponds to the reference peak in
the text box.
5. Click OK. The reference peak is labeled with zero, and all
the other peak labels are plus or minus their mass
difference from the reference peak.
For more information on peak labels, see Section 3.5,
Peak Labeling.
Procedure To create a CNL extracted chromatogram:
1. Click the Chromatogram window to activate it.
2. Select Duplicate Active Trace from the Display menu to
4
3. From the Process menu, select Extracted Ion or click
in the toolbar.
The Extracted Ion Chromatogram dialog box appears
(Figure 4-3).
4. In the Mass Range/Difference Type field select Neutral
Loss.
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Creating an Extracted Ion Chromatogram
5. Type in the Mass Difference and Tolerance.
NOTE: Do not right-click-drag across a peak in the
Spectrum window to select the mass difference.
Figure 4-3 Extracted Ion Chromatogram Dialog Box
with Neutral Loss Selected
4
6. Specify the Extraction Mode:
• Accumulative—Creates one extracted ion
chromatogram for all mass differences entered and
sums intensities
chromatogram for each mass difference entered
7. Click OK.
The CNL is displayed in the Chromatogram window
(Figure 4-5).
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Chapter 4 Examining Chromatogram Data
Example Figure 4-4 shows a TIC that contains three flavonoid
compound peaks. To determine if the diglycosyl group has
fragmented from the parent ion in any of these compounds,
you can generate a CNL extracted chromatogram.
Figure 4-4 TIC for Flavonoid Mixture Containing Three Peaks
Figure 4-5 shows a CNL extracted chromatogram generated
for mass difference of 308.146 m/z which corresponds to the
diglycosyl group.
4
Figure 4-5 CNL Containing Two Peaks
The CNL extracted chromatogram contains only two peaks,
indicating that the diglycosyl group has fragmented from the
parent ion in the first two compounds only.
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Creating an Extracted Absorbance Chromatogram (XAC) (Mariner Data Only)
4.3 Creating an Extracted
Absorbance Chromatogram
(XAC) (Mariner Data Only)
This section describes how to create an Extracted Absorbance
chromatogram (XAC) for DAD Mariner data:
• From the Chromatogram window
• From the Spectrum window
From the To create an extracted absorbance chromatogram (XAC) for a
selected wavelength window or range:
Chromatogram
window
1. Click the Chromatogram window to activate it.
2. Display a TAC or Channel chromatogram by selecting
Traces from the View menu, then selecting the
chromatogram.
3. Select Duplicate Active Trace from the Display menu to
keep the original data displayed after processing.
4. Select Extracted Absorbance from the Process menu or
click
in the toolbar.
5. In the Extracted DAD Chromatogram dialog box
(Figure 4-6), click one of the following:
4
•
Center/Window, then enter the wavelengths
of interest (from 190 nm to 950 nm) and the
window for wavelengths to include.
•
Range, then enter the From and To values for
wavelengths from 190 nm to 950 nm.
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Chapter 4 Examining Chromatogram Data
Figure 4-6 Extracted Absorbance Chromatogram
Dialog Box
6. Specify the Extraction Mode:
•
Accumulative—Creates a single trace
combining intensities of all specified
wavelengths
•
Individual—Creates one trace for each
specified wavelength
4
7. Click OK.
The extracted absorbance chromatograms are
displayed in the Chromatogram window with an XAC
trace label.
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Creating an Extracted Absorbance Chromatogram (XAC) (Mariner Data Only)
From the To create an extracted absorbance chromatogram for a
wavelength range from the Spectrum window:
Spectrum window
1. Click the Chromatogram window to activate it.
2. From the Display menu, select Traces, then select a
DAD TAC or DAD Channel chromatogram.
The TAC or Sig Absorbance trace appears in the
Chromatogram window.
3. Select Duplicate Active Trace from the Display menu to
keep the original data displayed after processing.
4. Double-click the left mouse button or right-click-drag over
an area of interest in the Chromatogram window.
A DAD Spectrum appears in the Spectrum window.
5. Click the Spectrum window to activate it.
interest. The width of the box you draw defines the precise
wavelength range used in the extracted absorbance
chromatogram.
The extracted absorbance chromatogram is displayed
in the Chromatogram window (Figure 4-7) with an XAC
trace label and the center mass and window, or the
mass range indicated in the trace label.
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Noise Filtering/Smoothing
4.4 Noise Filtering/Smoothing
Description The Noise Filter/Smooth command provides three options for
reducing noise in chromatogram traces:
• Noise filter
• Smooth by the Gaussian method
• Noise removal
Procedure To noise filter or smooth a chromatogram trace:
1. From the Process menu, select Noise Filter/Smooth.
The Noise Filter/Smooth dialog box (Figure 4-8) is
displayed.
Figure 4-8 Noise Filter/Smooth Dialog Box
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Chapter 4 Examining Chromatogram Data
2. Select the method to use based upon the type of data you
are examining, then enter the associated value displayed
for the method you select:
Suggested
Method
Type of Data
Description
Higher resolution
data
Noise Filter Specify a Correlation Factor of 0 to 1.0.
(NF)
Settings from 0.5 to 0.7 yield acceptable
results for most data. A setting close to 1.0
(May affect
peak
If applying the Noise Filter with a certain
resolution.) Correlation Factor does not yield the
necessary noise removal, return to the original
trace (see “Returning to the original trace” on
page 4-4) and apply the Noise Filter again with
a higher Correlation Factor setting. Applying
the filter more than one time with the same
Correlation Factor setting does not improve
noise removal.
Higher molecular
weight data
Gaussian
Smooth
(SM)
Specify a Filter Width in data points (odd
integers only). The maximum number of
smoothing points is 2001. Points less than 1
Filter Width from the edge of the spectrum are
not smoothed.
(May affect
peak
4
resolution.)
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Noise Filtering/Smoothing
Suggested
Method
Type of Data
Description
High-resolution data
Noise
Removal
(NR)
Specify the number of standard deviations of
noise to remove. The software automatically
calculates the average white noise for all
frequencies across the spectrum, then
removes the specified number of standard
deviations of noise. This method slightly
affects peak intensity, and removes peaks with
a signal-to-noise ratio less than the specified
standard deviation.
(Does not
affect peak
resolution.)
In general:
If you set
Std Dev to:
% White Noise
removed is:
1
2
3
68
95
99
If applying Noise Removal with a certain Std
Dev does not yield the necessary noise
removal, return to the original trace (see
“Returning to the original trace” on page 4-4)
and apply the Noise Removal again with a
higher Standard Deviation setting. Applying
the Noise Removal more than one time with
the same Standard Deviation setting will not
improve noise removal.
4
3. Click OK.
The trace is displayed with an NF, SM, or NR trace
label.
4. To return to the original trace, see “Returning to the
original trace” on page 4-4.
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Chapter 4 Examining Chromatogram Data
4.5 Adding and Subtracting
Raw Spectra Within a Data File
Use the Add/Subtract Spectra command to manipulate raw
spectra within a single data file.
NOTE: To manipulate processed spectra, spectra from
different data files, or spectra acquired under slightly
different instrument calibrations, use Trace Arithmetic. For
more information, see Section 5.12, Adding and Subtracting
Raw or Processed Spectra from the Same or Different Data
Files (Dual Spectral Trace Arithmetic).
Adding and To add and subtract spectra:
subtracting
spectra
1. Click the Spectrum window to activate it.
2. Select Duplicate Active Trace from the Display menu to
keep the original data displayed after processing.
3. From the Process menu, select Add/Subtract Spectra.
The Add and Subtract Spectra dialog box is displayed
(Figure 4-9).
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Adding and Subtracting Raw Spectra Within a Data File
Figure 4-9 .Add and Subtract Spectra Dialog Box
4. Select spectra to add by doing one of the following:
•
Right-click-drag the area of the trace in the
Chromatogram window. The numbers of the
selected spectra are added to the list window.
A range of spectrum numbers is indicated as
X:X. For example, 10:20 indicates spectrum
4
•
Click
, type the spectrum number range
to add, for example 10:20, then press Enter.
Hint: To sum non-contiguous regions of spectra,
repeat step 4. For example, you can add spectra
10 to 20 and spectra 30 to 40 to the list window.
5. Click in the Spectra To Be Subtracted list box.
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Chapter 4 Examining Chromatogram Data
NOTE: Before you can subtract spectra, you must first
specify spectra to be added.
6. Select spectra to subtract as described in step 4.
7. Select the Add/Subtract mode:
•
Average—Spectra in each list are averaged
before the addition or subtraction occurs.
•
Accumulate—Spectra in each list are
summed before the addition or subtraction
occurs.
NOTE: If you select Accumulate mode, include at
least the same number of spectra in the Subtract
range that you include in the Add range. For
example, if you include spectra 775 to 794 in the Add
range, make sure to include 20 or more spectra in the
Subtract range.
8. Click OK.
The subtracted baseline trace is displayed, with the
added and subtracted spectrum numbers in the trace
label. Also, if the retention time labels are displayed,
the retention time range is included in the trace label.
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Displaying MS Method Data (Mariner Data Only)
4.6 Displaying MS Method Data
(Mariner Data Only)
Overview If you acquired a data file using an MS Method and assigned
event tags, you can display chromatogram traces in Data
Explorer filtered by event tag.
In this section This section includes:
• Example applications
• Displaying acquisition conditions and event tags
• Setting Trace Replace mode
• Filtering event tags
• Evaluating filtered traces
• Displaying additional filtered traces
Example Assume that you acquired data using two events, one
specifying a low Nozzle Potential, and one specifying a higher
applications
Nozzle Potential to induce in-source fragmentation. You also
assigned a Tag 1 event tag to the first event and the In-Source
CID event tag to the second event.
You can filter the TIC (or any chromatogram data) to display
separate traces for the different Nozzle Potentials.
Displaying To display instrument settings, MS Method segment and event
numbers, and event tags for a spectrum:
acquisition
conditions and
event tags
1. Display the spectrum of interest.
Setting Trace Before selecting the event tag to display, set the Trace
Replace mode (Add or Replace) in the Display Trace dialog
Replace mode
box. For information on Trace Replace mode, see
Section 2.4.4, Adding Traces from the Same Data File to a
Window.
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Chapter 4 Examining Chromatogram Data
Hint: Add mode is useful when you filter the same trace for
different event tags. The original trace remains displayed
and accessible. Each filtered trace (up to four total traces)
is added, allowing for visual comparison.
Filtering To display chromatogram traces for selected event tags:
event tags
1. Display the data file containing the event tags.
2. Click the Chromatogram window to activate it.
3. From the Display menu, select Traces, then select the
trace type to filter.
4. If you have more than one trace displayed, select the
trace to filter.
5. From the Process menu, select Event Tag Filtering.
NOTE: If the Chromatogram window is not active,
Event Tag Filtering is not displayed on the Process
menu. If the active chromatogram was not collected
with an MS Method that specified event tags, the Event
Tag Filtering command is dimmed.
The Event Tag dialog box is displayed (Figure 4-10).
4
Figure 4-10 Event Tag Dialog Box
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Applied Biosystems
Displaying MS Method Data (Mariner Data Only)
NOTE: Only tags present in the data file are available.
6. Select the event tags to display, then click OK.
The filtered trace is displayed with an EF trace label
(Figure 4-11).
Figure 4-11 Event Filtered Trace
NOTE: The spectra in an event-filtered trace are
numbered contiguously (1,2,3...) regardless of their
relation to the overall acquisition. However, because
the axes of the trace reflect the numbering of the
overall experiment, you may see spectra with numbers
that do not correspond to the x-axis.
4
Hint: Line mode is useful when displaying filtered LC
TIC traces. Vertical bar mode may be more useful when
filtering direct infusion TIC traces.
If you have the Replace mode set to Add in the Display
Trace dialog box, a new trace is added.
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Chapter 4 Examining Chromatogram Data
same trace for different event tags. The original trace
remains displayed and accessible. Each filtered trace
(up to four total traces) is added, allowing for visual
comparison.
7. To return to the original trace, see “Returning to the
original trace” on page 4-4.
Evaluating Note the following when evaluating filtered traces:
filtered traces
• If you select more than one tag to display, all spectra
containing the specific combination of tags are included in
the filtered trace.
For example, assume the MS Method used to acquire the
data specifies Tag 1 for event 1, and both Tag 1 and Tag 2
for event 2. If you select Tag 1 to filter, spectra from
event 1 are included in the filtered trace, but not spectra
from event 2.
• A filtered trace displays data points for the selected tags
only. However, if you double-click the filtered trace in an
area that does not appear to contain data, a spectrum is
displayed in the Spectrum window.
• Any actions you perform on a filtered trace, such as
summing, include only the spectra displayed in the
filtered trace. Spectra from areas of the filtered trace that
do not appear to contain data are not included.
4
NOTE: In a summed trace, the trace label includes the
spectrum numbers for all spectra in the summing
range, even if they are not in the filtered trace.
However, only the spectra with the appropriate tags are
included in the summed spectrum.
Displaying To display additional filtered traces:
additional filtered
1. Select the original, unfiltered trace.
traces
2. From the Process menu, select Event Tag Filtering, then
select the tags to display.
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Adjusting the Baseline
4.7 Adjusting the Baseline
This section includes:
• Using Baseline Offset
• Using Baseline Correction
4.7.1 Using Baseline Offset
Use the Baseline Offset command to offset the y-axis in a
chromatogram to improve the appearance of a trace or correct
a sloping baseline.
To use Baseline Offset:
1. Activate the window on which you want to perform the
offset.
NOTE: You can select a Chromatogram or Spectrum
window. If you do not activate the correct type of
window before performing the next step, the software
does not select values when you click-drag on the
trace. For example, you must select a Chromatogram
window before starting baseline offset on a
chromatogram.
4
2. Select Duplicate Active Trace from the Display menu to
keep the original data displayed after processing.
3. From the Process menu, select Baseline Offset.
The Baseline Offset dialog box (Figure 4-12) is
displayed.
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Chapter 4 Examining Chromatogram Data
Figure 4-12 Baseline Offset Dialog Box
4. Right-click-drag the left baseline to offset. The selected
value is displayed in the Left Baseline field.
5. Right-click-drag the right baseline to offset. The selected
value is displayed in the Right Baseline field.
6. To limit the baseline offset to the area between the two
selected points, select Only Apply from L to R Baseline
Midpoint.
To perform the baseline offset on the entire x-axis,
7. Click OK.
The offset baseline trace is displayed with a BO trace
label.
4
8. To return to the original trace, see “Returning to the
original trace” on page 4-4.
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Adjusting the Baseline
4.7.2 Using Baseline Correction
Description The Baseline Correction feature is a function that corrects for
a curved baseline, including a DC-offset baseline, by
eliminating broad artifacts from the data set.
When to use Baseline-correct if you are analyzing data:
• With a baseline that is not flat, and you are using the
%Base Peak Intensity parameter (intensity-based
thresholding) to screen out noise peaks. For best results,
apply Baseline Correction, then re-detect peaks.
If you use area-based thresholding (%Max Peak Area)
during peak detection, Baseline Correction is not typically
needed. %Max Peak Area compensates for a rising or
falling baseline.
• With a baseline that is not at 0, to improve peak detection
of small peaks.
Correcting the To correct the baseline:
baseline
1. Display the spectrum of interest.
2. From the Process menu, select Baseline Correction.
The baseline is adjusted, and the trace is displayed
with a BC trace label.
Returning to the To return to the original trace, see “Returning to the original
4
trace” on page 4-4.
original trace
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Chapter 4 Examining Chromatogram Data
4.8 Using UV Trace Offset
(Mariner Data Only)
To align a UV trace with a chromatogram trace:
2. Display the x-axis in retention time for each trace by
selecting Traces from the Display menu, selecting X Axis
3. Set the Replace Mode to Add a New Trace. For
information see “Setting the Replace mode” on page 2-17.
4. From the Process menu, select Realign UV Trace.
The UV Trace Offset dialog box is displayed
(Figure 4-13).
Figure 4-13 UV Trace Offset Dialog Box
5. Enter the retention times as follows.
4
Click the Original UV Peak Value (min) text box, then
right-click-drag over the peak to offset in the UV trace.
Select the Aligned UV Peak To (min) text box, then
right-click-drag over the peak to align with in the
chromatogram trace.
Hint: You can type retention times in the UV Trace
Offset dialog box. Use an X data cursor to read the
retention time of the peak. If you enter spectrum
numbers by mistake, the peak does not align properly.
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Using UV Trace Offset (Mariner Data Only)
6. Click OK.
The UV trace peak is shifted to align with the
chromatogram trace peak.
NOTE: To restore the original UV trace, open the UV
Trace Offset dialog box (see step 4), then click Reset.
7. To return to the original trace, see “Returning to the
original trace” on page 4-4.
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Chapter 4 Examining Chromatogram Data
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Chapter
5
5 Examining
Spectrum Data
This chapter contains the following sections:
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
Overview ......................................................... 5-2
Creating a Combined Spectrum ...................... 5-4
Manual Calibration........................................... 5-5
Automatic Calibration..................................... 5-26
Centroiding .................................................... 5-36
Mass Deconvolution (Mariner Data Only)....... 5-37
Noise Filtering/Smoothing.............................. 5-42
Adjusting the Baseline ................................... 5-45
Truncating a Spectrum................................... 5-56
5.10 Converting to a Singly Charged Spectrum
(Mariner Data Only) ....................................... 5-59
5.11 AutoSaturation Correction
(Mariner Data Only) ....................................... 5-62
5.12 Adding and Subtracting Raw or
Processed Spectra From the Same or
Different Data Files
(Dual Spectral Trace Arithmetic) .................... 5-64
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Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
5.1 Overview
Types of spectra You can display the following types of spectrum data:
you can display
•
•
Single spectrum—Double-click any point in the TIC to
display the corresponding spectrum.
Combined spectrum—Click-drag across a region of
the chromatogram to sum the intensity at each mass for
all selected spectra. Combining spectra can improve
peak shape, signal intensity, and signal-to-noise ratio.
NOTE: You cannot display a combined spectrum for
Voyager single-spectrum data files.
• DAD spectrum (Mariner DAD data only)—Click the
Chromatogram window, select Traces from the Display
menu, select the DAD TAC or channel of interest, then
double-click any point in the TAC or channel data trace to
display the corresponding DAD spectrum.
Voyager PSD Voyager PSD data files contain the precursor spectrum and
fragment ion spectra. You can view up to eight spectra at a
spectra
time and can click
fragment ions.
and
to display other
Creating macros You can create macros that perform multiple functions (for
example, smooth and baseline correct), and then start the
macro with one mouse click.
to combine
processing
For information, see Section 6.7, Using the Macro Recorder.
functions
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Returning to the Many processing functions generate a new trace. If you have
Trace Replace mode set to Replace, the new trace replaces
original spectrum
the original trace. For information on Replace mode, see
Section 2.4.4, Adding Traces from the Same Data File to a
Window.
To return to the original spectrum:
• If the original spectrum was an unprocessed spectrum,
select Spectrum # from the Display menu. The number
of the original spectrum is displayed in the Select
Spectrum dialog box. Click OK.
• If the original trace was a processed spectrum, select
Processing History from the Display menu, then select
the original trace.
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NOTE: Before creating a combined spectrum for Voyager
multispectrum data files, calibrate the data. See
Section 5.3, Manual Calibration.
To create a combined spectrum:
keep the original data displayed after processing.
2. In the Chromatogram window, right-click-drag across the
region of the chromatogram that contains the spectra to
combine.
The combined spectrum (Figure 5-1) is displayed.
Combined spectrum label
Figure 5-1 Combined Spectrum
3. To return to the original trace, see “Returning to the
original spectrum” on page 5-3.
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Manual Calibration
5.3 Manual Calibration
This section describes:
• Overview of manual calibration
• Manually calibrating
• Creating or modifying a calibration reference file
• Reverting to instrument calibration
• Hints for calibrating Mariner data
• Hints for calibrating Voyager data
NOTE: Manual calibration is not supported for Mariner
DAD data.
5.3.1 Overview of Manual Calibration
Overview During manual calibration:
• You specify a calibration reference file (.REF) that
contains reference masses.
• The software matches peaks by comparing observed
masses in the spectrum to reference masses.
• The software lists masses that match within the specified
peak matching criteria, and calculates calibration
constants.
• You can apply the calibration constants to all spectra in a
Mariner or Voyager data file.
• You can apply individual calibration constants to each
spectrum in a Voyager data file.
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The manual calibration feature provides two modes for peak
matching:
• Automatic—The software automatically compares
reference masses to observed masses, and lists peaks
that are within the specified peak matching criteria.
• Manual—You manually select an observed mass, then
select the reference mass for comparison.
Hint: It is often useful to automatically perform a match and
fit first, then manually adjust the fit as needed.
Calibration Default calibration reference files are provided with the
software. You can use these files as a starting point and add
delete reference masses as needed.
references files
(.REF) provided
For information, see Section 5.3.3, Creating or Modifying a
Calibration Reference File (.REF).
When to use Use manual calibration when you:
manual
• Calibrate Voyager data
calibration
• Calibrate Mariner data and any of the following occur:
• You have one or only a few spectra to calibrate
• You do not know in advance which reference
masses to use
• You want to fine-tune the results of an automatic
calibration
For information on automatic calibration, see Section 5.4,
Automatic Calibration.
Accurate mass Before performing an internal calibration, refer to the:
measurements
• Mariner Workstation User’s Guide
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• Voyager Biospectrometry Workstation User’s Guide
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Manual Calibration
5.3.2 Manually Calibrating
This section describes:
• Before calibrating Voyager data
• Manually calibrating a single spectrum
• Applying new constants to the data file
• Exporting calibration constants (.CAL file)
• Applying new constants to additional files
mass accuracy:
Voyager data
• Baseline correct—The Centroid% peak detection value
is derived from a percentage of the peak height, which is
measured from 0 (not from the local baseline). For
Correction.
• Noise filter or use default smoothing—Use the method
appropriate for your data to remove noise spikes. For
more information, see Section 5.7, Noise
Filtering/Smoothing.
It is critical to perform both these functions, which affect the
peak centroid, before calibration. It is also good practice to
perform the same processing functions on calibrants and
unknowns.
NOTE: If you are calibrating Mariner data, baseline
correction and noise filtering or smoothing are not
recommended before calibrating. Due to the shorter flight
times and fewer data points associated with Mariner data,
these functions may affect peak shape, which in turn affect
mass accuracy.
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Manually
calibrating a
single spectrum
NOTE: Multi-point calibration yields higher mass accuracy
than one-point calibration. Selecting calibrant peaks that
bracket the mass of interest also yields higher mass
accuracy.
To manually calibrate a single spectrum:
1. Click the Spectrum window to activate it, then select
the spectrum trace of interest.
2. From the Peaks menu, select Peak Label, set the Mass
Label Type to Centroid, then click OK.
NOTE: For spectra containing broad peaks that have
unresolved adducts or impurities such as proteins, you
may obtain better results if you use apex instead of
centroid settings.
3. From the Process menu, select Mass Calibration, then
select Manual Calibration.
The Manual Mass Calibration dialog box is displayed
(Figure 5-2).
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Manual Calibration
Figure 5-2 Manual Mass Calibration Dialog Box
4. Select a calibration reference file. For information on
creating a reference file, see Section 5.3.3, Creating or
Modifying a Calibration Reference File (.REF).
5. Enter reference matching and calibration criteria:
• Minimum Intensity—Peaks must be above this
intensity to be considered a match. Select the unit
for Minimum Intensity, % Relative Intensity or
Absolute Counts.
• Mass Tolerance—Peaks must be within this
tolerance of the theoretical m/z to be considered a
match. Select the unit, m/z or ppm.
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6. Select the Peak Weighting Factor. If the calibration
includes more than two points, you can apply the following
weighting factors to fit points to the curve:
• None—All peaks weighted equally
• Inverse Width—Narrower peaks are weighted
more than broader peaks
than less intense peaks
Manually matching 7. To manually select the reference mass for a peak,
right-click-drag over the peak of interest.
peaks
The Select or Create Reference Peak Information
dialog box (Figure 5-3) is displayed and lists all masses
in the selected reference file. The selected entry is the
nearest match in the calibration reference file to the
selected peak.
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Figure 5-3 Select or Create Reference Peak
Information Dialog Box
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Manual Calibration
8. Do any of the following:
• Click OK to accept the selected reference mass
for matching, then add it to the Peaks Matched
list.
• Select a different reference mass, then click OK.
• Type new reference mass information in the
Name, Theoretical m/z, Charge, and Elemental
Composition text boxes, select the mass type,
then click OK to accept the reference mass for
matching.
NOTE: You must type a minus sign (–) preceding
the charge in the Charge text box for negative
charge states.
• Type new reference mass information in the
appropriate text boxes, click Save or Save As to
add the information to the reference file, then click
OK to accept the reference mass for matching.
• Type new reference mass information in the
appropriate text boxes, click Update to replace an
to add the information to the reference file, then
click OK to accept the reference mass for
matching.
The Manual Mass Calibration dialog box is displayed
again (see Figure 5-2 on page 5-9) with the observed
mass and the reference mass you selected displayed in
the Peaks Matched list.
Hint: You can sort the list of matches by clicking the
column header buttons. You can display complete
information about a reference mass by double-clicking
the mass.
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9. Repeat step 7 and step 8 until all desired peaks are in the
matched list.
Eliminating data 10. To eliminate unacceptable data points from the
calibration, do either of the following:
points
• Select the data point (mass) in the Peaks matched
list, then click Delete Selected Match.
• Click Eliminate Fit Outlier. The software deletes
from the calibration the data point with the largest
calibrated Fit Error (difference between the
calibrated mass and the reference mass) as
reported in the Output window (Figure 5-4).
NOTE: The point deleted may not be the point
with the largest Initial Error (difference between the
pre-calibration observed mass and the reference
mass) listed in the Peaks Matched List in the
Manual Calibration dialog box.
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Eliminate Fit Outlier removes the mass associated with the largest fit error
in the Output window, not the mass associated with the largest initial error
in the Peaks Matched list.
The 267 Da mass is
removed when you
click Eliminate Fit
Outliers because
it generated the
largest fit error (below).
Figure 5-4 Eliminate Fit Outlier Deletes the Match with the Largest Fit Error from
the Output Window
To clear the entire list, click Delete Entire List.
Plotting 11. To apply the calibration constants to the displayed
spectrum, click Plot.
The spectrum is calibrated and displayed with an
MC trace label. The calibration statistics are displayed
in the Result tab of the Output window (Figure 5-5).
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Calibration
statistics
Figure 5-5 Calibration Statistics in Output Window
If you calibrate more than once, subsequent calibration
statistics are added to the end of the list in the Output
window. Older calibration statistics are listed at the top
of the list.
Automatically You can automate peak matching by clicking Match Peaks
instead of right-click-dragging individual peaks and selecting
the mass.
matching peaks
If any masses within the tolerances of any of the masses listed
in the calibration reference file are found in the spectrum, the
matches are displayed in the Calibration Mass Peak Selection
window with an Initial Error reported.
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Manual Calibration
NOTE: If you are calibrating Mariner data, see “Ensuring
that masses match during calibration” on page 5-24.
Applying new To apply the calibration constants to the data:
constants to the
data file
If you are
calibrating
Click
The following occurs
Mariner data Apply
All spectra in the data file are calibrated and
displayed with an MC trace label. The calibration
constants are saved with the data file. Each
spectrum in the data file is calibrated when
displayed.
(including
MS Method
data)
Calibration
Voyager data Apply
The current spectrum is calibrated and
displayed with an MC trace label. The calibration
constants are saved with the spectrum.
Calibration
Apply to All
All spectra in the data file are calibrated using
the currently displayed calibration, and are
displayed with an MC trace label. The calibration
constants are saved with the data file. Each
spectrum in the data file is calibrated when
displayed.
NOTE: This
button is
displayed only if
you are
calibrating a
Voyager
multispectrum
data file.
NOTE: If you select Apply to All, you overwrite
any calibrations previously applied to individual
spectra by clicking Apply Calibration.
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Exporting The calculated calibration constants can be exported to a
.CAL file for use with other data files. You have two options for
exporting:
calibration
constants
(.CAL file)
• Export the current calibration—Click Export in the
Manual Mass Calibration dialog box to calculate and
export the current calibration constants from the masses
displayed in the Peaks Matched list in the Manual Mass
Calibration dialog box.
NOTE: The calibration constants saved in the .CAL file
are not calculated from the active trace on the screen or
taken from the calibration in the data file. They are
calculated from the listed masses.
• Export a calibration from a previously calibrated data
file—Open an existing data file, then export the
calibration constants in a .CAL file. See “Exporting .BIC,
.MSM, and .CAL files” on page 1-36.
Applying new You can apply calibration constants from a .CAL file to any
data file. To apply the new constants from a mass calibration
file to a different file:
constants to
additional files
1. Display the spectrum to calibrate.
3. Select Import Calibration.
NOTE: If you are importing a calibration into a Voyager
data file, see “Importing a calibration” on page 5-25.
4. Select the .CAL file to use, then click Open.
The software displays the calibrated spectrum with an
MC trace label.
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5. To save the calibration to the data file, select Mass
Calibration from the Process menu, then:
If you are
calibrating
Select
The following occurs
Mariner
data
(including
MS Method
data)
Apply Calibration
All spectra in the data file are calibrated and
displayed with an MC trace label. The
calibration constants are saved with the data
file. Each spectrum in the data file is
calibrated when displayed.
Voyager
data
Apply Calibration
Apply to All
The current spectrum is calibrated and
displayed with an MC trace label. The
calibration constants are saved with the
spectrum.
All spectra in the data file are calibrated
using the currently displayed calibration, and
are displayed with an MC trace label. The
calibration constants are saved with the data
file. Each spectrum in the data file is
calibrated when displayed.
NOTE: This button is
displayed only if you
are calibrating a
Voyager
multispectrum data
file.
5.3.3 Creating or Modifying a
Calibration Reference File (.REF)
This section includes:
• Definition
• .REF files provided
• Calibration reference file contents
• Creating and saving a calibration reference file
• Modifying a calibration reference file
• Specifying mass type for highly charged, narrow peaks
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Definition A calibration reference file (.REF) is a list of masses and
corresponding information from which you can select
reference masses during calibration.
.REF files The following default calibration reference files are provided
with the software:
provided
• MARINER_POS.REF
• MARINER_NEG.REF
• VOYAGER.REF
• ANGIOTENSIN_FRAGMENTS.REF
• IMMONIUM_IONS.REF
Calibration A calibration reference file is a tab-delimited text file that
contains the following columns of information:
reference
file contents
• Reference mass
• Charge (defaults to 0 if you do not specify)
• Type—Resolved, Average, or Unknown (defaults to
Resolved if you do not specify)
• Name (optional)
• Elemental composition (optional)
NOTE: If you view the reference file in a text editor (such as
Notepad Editor), the order of the information listed in the
reference file is different than the order of the information
on page 5-10).
Creating and NOTE: You can also create a reference file using the Ion
Fragmentation calculator. For more information, see
“Creating a calibration reference file (.REF)” on page 6-30.
saving a
calibration
reference file
To create and save a calibration reference file:
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1. From the Process menu, select Mass Calibration, then
select Edit/Create Reference File.
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The Edit/Create Reference Peak Information dialog box
(Figure 5-6) is displayed.
Figure 5-6 Edit/Create Reference Peak Information
Dialog Box
2. Type the Name and Theoretical m/z for a reference
compound, then select the charge state. Optionally, enter
3. Specify the mass type (Resolved Isotope Mass or
Average Mass).
If you are adding masses for highly charged
compounds, see “Specifying mass type for highly
charged, narrow peaks” on page 5-21.
4. Click Insert.
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5. Repeat step 2 through step 4 for remaining compounds.
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CAUTION
The software allows you to add multiple items with the
same m/z value to the reference file if any other
attribute of the reference compound is different (for
example, charge state or name). Each mass in the list
is considered during calibration. If the mass list
contains duplicate entries, the calibration may return an
invalid number of matches.
6. To modify an entry, click the reference mass in the list to
select it, modify the entry as needed, then click Update.
The modified entry is saved in the .REF file.
7. Click Save.
8. In the Save As dialog box, select a location and type a
name for the file, then click OK.
The name of the reference file used for mass calibration
is stored in the .DAT file and is displayed in the
Calibration Reference File field when you open the
Manual Calibration dialog box again.
NOTE: Only the name and path of the reference file are
stored.
Modifying a Hint: You can also modify a calibration reference file when
you manually select reference masses during calibration.
See step 8 on page 5-11.
calibration
reference file
To add or delete information in a calibration reference file:
1. From the Process menu, select Mass Calibration, then
select Edit/Create Reference File.
The Edit/Create Reference Peak Information dialog box
(Figure 5-6 on page 5-19) is displayed.
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2. Click Browse, then select a calibration reference file.
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3. To modify an entry, click the entry to select it, modify the
entry as needed, then click Update.
4. To delete an entry, click the entry to select it, then click
Delete.
5. To add an entry, type the Name and Theoretical m/z for a
reference compound, then select the charge state.
Optionally, enter the Elemental Composition for the
compound.
6. Specify the mass type (Resolved Isotope or Average).
7. Click Insert.
CAUTION
The software allows you to add multiple items with the
same m/z value to the calibration list box if any other
attribute of the reference compound is different (for
example, charge state or name). Each mass in the list
is considered during calibration. If the mass list
contains duplicate entries, the calibration may return an
invalid number of matches.
8. Click Save or Save As.
9. In the Save As dialog box, select a location and type a
name for the file, then click Save.
Specifying mass When specifying highly charged, non-isotopically resolved
species with peaks less than 1 Da wide (for example,
myoglobin +20) as reference masses in a calibration reference
file, set the peak type as a Resolved Isotope Mass (even
though it is not a resolved isotope). The calibration routine
type for highly
charged, narrow
peaks
checks peak width to determine if a peak matches a Resolved
Isotope Mass or an Average mass. If narrow peaks are
specified as Average Masses in the calibration reference file,
the software mistakes these narrow peaks as isotopically
resolved and ignores the reference mass.
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5.3.4 Reverting to Instrument Calibration
The Revert to Instrument Calibration function does the
following:
• Mariner data—Reapplies the original calibration
constants used to acquire the data.
• Voyager data—Applies default calibration to the data,
regardless of whether default or external calibration is
used to acquire the data.
To revert the calibration:
1. From the Process menu, select Mass Calibration, then
select Revert to Instrument Calibration.
The spectrum is recalibrated with the original
calibration constants used during acquisition (Mariner
data) or default calibration (Voyager data) and
displayed with an MC trace label. The original and new
constants are displayed in the Output window.
2. To save the reverted calibration with the data file, select
Mass Calibration from the Process menu, then:
If you are
calibrating
Select
The following occurs
Mariner
data
(including
MS Method
data)
Apply Calibration
All spectra in the data file are calibrated and
displayed with an MC trace label. The
calibration constants are saved with the data
file. Each spectrum in the data file is
calibrated when displayed.
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Manual Calibration
If you are
calibrating
Select
The following occurs
Voyager
data
Apply Calibration
The current spectrum is calibrated and
displayed with an MC trace label. The
calibration constants are saved with the
spectrum.
Apply to All
All spectra in the data file are calibrated
using the currently displayed calibration, and
are displayed with an MC trace label. The
calibration constants are saved with the data
file. Each spectrum in the data file is
calibrated when displayed.
NOTE: This button is
displayed only if you
are calibrating a
Voyager
multispectrum data
file.
If you apply the calibration, the next time you open the
data file, the MC trace label is not displayed.
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5.3.5 Hints for Calibrating Mariner Data
Ensuring that Mariner TOF Analyzer parameters affect flight times of ions. If
you acquired Mariner data using different TOF Analyzer
parameters, and did not calibrate the data in the Instrument
masses match
during calibration
Control Panel to compensate for the altered parameters,
masses in the data file may be significantly different from the
reference masses. For information on calibrating in the
Instrument Control Panel, see the Mariner Workstation
User’s Guide.
Before performing automatic matching, set the Mass
Tolerance and Minimum Intensity appropriately to match the
expected reference masses. After automatic matching, check
the list of matched peaks to make sure the correct reference
masses and peak masses are selected.
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5.3.6 Hints for Calibrating Voyager Data
Importing a If you import a calibration, you must import a calibration
generated from a data file that was acquired on the same
instrument using identical settings for the following instrument
setting parameters:
calibration
• Polarity
• Instrument mode
If you import a calibration that was generated using settings
that are different from the current Polarity and Instrument
Mode settings, an error message is displayed.
NOTE: The calibration of the mass scale changes when
you change the Accelerating Voltage, Grid Voltage%, or
Delay Time. Default calibration adjusts for these changes.
However, you observe more accurate calibration if you use
an external calibration (.CAL) file generated with the same
Accelerating Voltage, Grid Voltage%, or Delay Time.
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5.4 Automatic Calibration
This section includes:
• Overview of automatic calibration
• Importing and specifying automatic calibration settings
• Automatically calibrating (Mariner data only)
NOTE: Automatic calibration is not supported for
Mariner DAD data.
5.4.1 Overview of Automatic Calibration
This section includes:
• During automatic calibration
• Automatic calibration for Mariner data
• Automatic calibration for Voyager data
During automatic During automatic calibration:
calibration
• You specify auto calibration settings (reference masses,
matching criteria, and fit rejection parameters). Auto
calibration settings are saved as part of processing
settings in a .DAT file.
• If Auto Calibrate is enabled in the Data Explorer software
(Mariner data only), or if the Automatic Calibration
function is accessed by the Voyager Sequence Control
Panel (Voyager data only), the software does the
following for each spectrum it displays or processes:
• Compares peaks in the trace to peaks listed in the
Masses to Match list in auto calibration settings.
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• Matches all peaks that meet the specified
Reference Matching criteria. If the number of
peaks matched is greater than or equal to the
specified Minimum Number of Peaks to Match,
and the resulting fit errors are less than or equal to
the specified Max Outlier Error, calibration is
successful.
• If any points exceed the specified Max Outlier
Error, the software eliminates the outliers,
one-by-one, worst to best, until all points are
within the specified Max Outlier Error.
If the number of matching peaks falls below the
Minimum Number of Peaks to Match when the
software eliminates an outlier, the calibration fails.
Automatic The Automatic Calibration function in Data Explorer is useful
for quickly calibrating all spectra in a Mariner data file, after
calibration for
Mariner data
you prepare automatic calibration settings. You use the
Automatic Calibration function in Data Explorer to prepare
Automatic Calibration settings (contain reference masses and
other matching information) and to calibrate the data.
You can also use the Automatic Calibration function in Data
Explorer to prepare Automatic Calibration settings (contain
reference masses and other matching information) for use by
the Mariner Sequence Control Panel (described in the Mariner
Workstation Version 4.0 Supplement). You can save a .SET
file that contains the settings, and specify the .SET file in the
Sequence Control Panel. If you create and specify a macro to
automatically calibrate, the Sequence Control Panel can use
the calibration settings contained in the .SET file.
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When to use Use automatic calibration for Mariner data when you:
• Have many spectra to calibrate
• Know in advance what reference masses to use
• Know in advance that the quality of the reference mass
signals is acceptable
For information on manual calibration, see Section 5.3,
Manual Calibration.
Automatic The Automatic Calibration function in Data Explorer is used by
the Voyager Sequence Control Panel (described in the
Voyager Biospectrometry Workstation User’s Guide) to
calibration for
Voyager data
calibrate data as it is acquired. You use the Automatic
Calibration function in Data Explorer to prepare Automatic
Calibration settings (contain reference masses and other
matching information). You then save a .SET file that contains
the settings, then specify the .SET file in the Sequence Control
Panel. The Sequence Control Panel automatically calibrates
spectra using the calibration settings contained in the .SET
file.
When to use Use automatic calibration for Voyager data to prepare
Automatic Calibration settings. The Sequence Control Panel
uses Automatic Calibration settings to calibrate data as it is
acquired. For more information on the Sequence Control
Panel and on specifying automatic calibration, see the
Voyager Biospectrometry Workstation User’s Guide.
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5.4.2 Importing and Specifying
Automatic Calibration Settings
Importing
Hint: Importing automatic calibration settings is useful
when you calibrate batches of related samples.
Automatic calibration settings are saved as part of processing
settings in a .DAT file. To use auto calibration settings from
another .DAT file:
2. Save the .SET information from this file by selecting
Settings from the File menu, then selecting Save
Processing Settings As. For more information, see
Section 1.6.5, Extracting and Saving Information from
3. Open or activate the new file.
4. Copy the settings to the new file by selecting Settings
from the File menu, then selecting Restore Processing
Settings. For more information, see Section 1.4.2,
Customizing Processing and Graphic Settings (.SET).
NOTE: All processing settings, not just calibration
settings, are applied to the new file.
Specifying To specify automatic calibration settings:
1. Click the Spectrum window to activate it, then select
the spectrum of interest.
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2. From the Peaks menu, select Peak Label, then set the
Mass Label Type to Centroid.
NOTE: For spectra containing broad peaks that have
unresolved adducts or impurities such as proteins, you
may obtain better results if you use apex instead of
centroid settings.
3. From the Process menu, select Mass Calibration, then
select Automatic Calibration.
The Automatic Calibration Settings dialog box is
displayed (Figure 5-7).
4. Click Select New File, then select a calibration reference
file. For information on creating a reference file, see
Section 5.3.3, Creating or Modifying a
Calibration Reference File (.REF).
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5. To add up to 10 reference masses to the Masses to Match
list, do either of the following:
• Click Add All to add the first 10 reference masses
from the reference file.
• Click Add Reference To List to individually select
reference masses to add.
NOTE: If the current list already contains
10 reference masses, you must delete a mass
before you click Add References to List.
If you click Add Reference to List, the Select or Create
Reference Peak Information dialog box (Figure 5-8) is
displayed and lists all masses in the reference file. If
you click Add All, this dialog box is not displayed.
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Figure 5-8 Select or Create Reference Peak
Information Dialog Box
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6. Specify reference masses to add by doing either of the
following:
• Click a mass, then click OK.
• Type new reference mass information in the
Name, Theoretical m/z, Charge, and Elemental
Composition fields, then click OK.
NOTE: You must type a minus sign (–) preceding
the charge in the Charge text box for negative
charge states.
NOTE: You can save changes to the Calibration
Reference File by clicking Save. For more
file” on page 5-20.
The Automatic Calibration Settings dialog box is
displayed again (see Figure 5-7 on page 5-30).
7. Repeat step 5 and step 6 to add all needed masses.
8. To delete masses, do either of the following:
• Select a reference, then click Delete Selected
Reference
• Click Delete All References
9. Enter Reference Matching Criteria:
• Minimum Intensity—Peaks must be above this
intensity to be considered a match. Select the unit
for Minimum Intensity, % Relative Intensity or
Absolute Counts.
5
• Mass Tolerance—Peaks must be within this
tolerance of the theoretical m/z to be considered a
match. Select the unit, m/z or ppm.
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Automatic Calibration
10. Select the Peak Weighting Factor. If the calibration
includes more than two points, you can apply the
following weighting factors to fit points to the curve:
• None—All peaks are weighted equally
• Inverse Width—Narrower peaks are weighted
more than broader peaks
• Height—More intense peaks are weighted more
than less intense peaks
11. Enter Fit Rejection parameters:
• Minimum Peaks to Match—Minimum number of
peaks that must meet the matching criteria for this
calibration to be successful.
• Maximum Outlier Error (m/z or ppm)—Tolerance
within which all matched peaks must fall for this
calibration to be successful.
NOTE: If the software finds fewer than three
matches, the maximum Outlier Error is not
significant. Masses are labeled with the specified
reference masses.
12. Click Save Settings to save the automatic calibration
settings (reference masses, matching criteria, and fit
rejection parameters) as part of processing settings in
the .DAT file.
Saving the .SET If you are preparing Automatic Calibration settings for use by
the Voyager Sequence Control Panel, save the .SET file by
selecting Settings from the File menu, then select
file
Save Graphic/Processing Settings As.
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Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
5.4.3 Automatically Calibrating
(Mariner Data Only)
This section includes:
• Automatically calibrating
• Applying new constants to the data file
• Calibration results
• Applying auto calibration settings to other files
Automatically To automatically calibrate:
calibrating
1. Open the data file to calibrate.
2. Click the Spectrum window.
3. From the Process menu, select Mass Calibration, select
Auto Calibrate State, then select On.
NOTE: The Auto Calibrate State command setting is
stored in a .DAT file. That is, if you turn on this
command, then close the .DAT file, the command is on
the next time you open the .DAT file.
NOTE: The Auto Calibrate State command is dimmed
unless you specified automatic calibration settings in
the data file. See Section 5.4.2, Importing and
Specifying Automatic Calibration Settings.
4. Display the spectrum of interest.
The spectrum is calibrated and displayed with an AC
trace label if calibration is successful. Calibration
results are displayed in the Output window.
If calibration fails, the spectrum is displayed with an
AC-failed trace label.
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Automatic Calibration
Applying new To save the calibration constants for each spectrum in the data
file, select Apply Calibration from the Process menu.
constants to the
data file
Calibration Automatic calibration results are displayed in the Output
window (Figure 5-9).
results
Figure 5-9 Automatic Calibration Results
For each spectrum in the data file, results include:
• Number of peaks matched
• Original and new calibration constants, calibrated mass,
and fit errors
• Successful or failed calibration message
calibration
settings to
other files
1. Extract the .SET information from the data file
containing the auto calibration settings by selecting
Settings from the File menu, then selecting Save
.DAT, .RSD, and .RCD Files.
2. Copy the settings to the new file by selecting Settings
from the File menu, then selecting Restore Processing
Settings. For more information, see Section 1.4.2,
Customizing Processing and Graphic Settings (.SET).
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Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
5.5 Centroiding
NOTE: Centroiding is not supported for Mariner DAD data.
To display peaks as centroid traces:
1. Click the Spectrum window to activate it.
2. Select Duplicate Active Trace from the Display menu to
keep the original data displayed after processing.
3. From the Process menu, select Centroiding.
The centroid spectrum is displayed with a CT trace
label (see Figure 5-10). The height of each vertical bar
corresponds to the original peak area.
Figure 5-10 Centroid Spectrum
4. To return to the original trace, see “Returning to the
original spectrum” on page 5-3.
NOTE: If the original spectrum is displayed in vertical
bars instead of lines, select Graphic Options from the
Display menu, click the trace tab of interest, then select
Lines for the Line Type in the Plot Setup section of the
dialog box. For more information, see Section 1.5,
Setting Graphic Options.
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Mass Deconvolution (Mariner Data Only)
5.6 Mass Deconvolution
(Mariner Data Only)
NOTE: Mass deconvolution is not supported for
Mariner DAD data.
NOTE: The Mass Deconvolution software is an option in the
Data Explorer software. The Multiple Charge command on
the Process menu is dimmed if you have not purchased the
option.
Overview You can use the Data Explorer Mass Deconvolution features
to generate a theoretical zero-charge spectrum that
represents the molecular mass of a protein:
•
Mass Deconvolution—Use when you have a
spectrum with clearly resolved, multiply charged peaks.
You specify the m/z values for the peaks to include.
This function requires at least two adjacent peaks within
the same charge envelope.
•
Convert to Zero-Charge Spectrum—Use when you
have a spectrum with overlapping charge envelopes, or
a noisy baseline. You specify a mass range for the
peaks to include and a mass range for the molecular
mass.
Mass To use the Mass Deconvolution function:
Deconvolution
1. Click the Spectrum window.
2. Select Duplicate Active Trace from the Display menu to
keep the original data displayed after processing.
3. From the Process menu, select Multiple Charge, then
5
select Mass Deconvolution.
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Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
The Multiply Charged Deconvolution dialog box
(Figure 5-11) is displayed.
4. In the Spectrum window, right-click-drag one multiply
charged peak.
5. Right-click-drag a second multiply charged peak adjacent
to the first selected peak and in the same envelope of
charged peaks. Mass/Charge values are entered in the
list box.
Figure 5-11 Multiply Charged Deconvolution
Dialog Box
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Applied Biosystems
Mass Deconvolution (Mariner Data Only)
6. Select the method to use for calculation:
•
Automatic—Selects additional multiply
charged peaks based on the selected peaks
and performs the calculation.
NOTE: If the trace is noisy, the software may not
accurately select additional multiply charged
peaks.
•
Manual—Performs the calculation using only
selected peaks. Does not select additional
multiply charged peaks.
7. Select Apex or Centroid mass to use for the calculation.
8. Enter the mass/charge range to include in the calculation.
This range is used for two purposes:
• If you selected Automatic mode, the software
searches this range for other peaks that are in the
same charge series as the peaks selected above.
The software includes these other peaks in the
calculation, to improve signal-to-noise ratio and
the accuracy of the calculation.
• Regardless of mode, the software uses all data
points in this range to construct the deconvoluted
spectrum.
9. Select or enter the mass of the adduct ion to use in the
calculation. The mass of a proton (H+) is selected by
default.
10. To display both the zero-charge spectrum trace and the
deconvolution results, select Generate Zero-Charge
Spectrum.
5
To display only the deconvolution results, do not select
Generate Zero-Charge Spectrum.
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Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
11. Click OK.
The result is displayed in the Output window and the
zero-charge spectrum is displayed with a DECONV
trace label, if selected.
NOTE: The numerical result displayed in the output
window generally is more accurate than the
computer-generated spectrum.
12. To return to the original spectrum, click
in the
toolbar. The number of the original spectrum is
displayed in the Select Spectrum dialog box.
13. Click OK.
Converting to To convert to a zero-charge spectrum:
zero-charge
1. Activate the Spectrum window.
keep the original data displayed after processing.
3. From the Process menu, select Multiple Charge, then
select Convert to Zero-Charge Spectrum.
The Zero-Charge Spectrum Conversion dialog box
(Figure 5-12 on page 5-41) is displayed.
4. Specify the Input Spectrum m/z range to include in the
calculation by doing one of the following:
•
•
Type in From and To values
Right-click-drag over a region of the trace that
includes the m/z range of interest
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Applied Biosystems
Mass Deconvolution (Mariner Data Only)
5. Type values for the following masses for the generated
zero-charge spectrum:
•
•
Center—Center mass
Half Width—Mass (±) from the Center mass
to include in the spectrum
•
Increment—Mass increment at which to
perform the calculation (0.1 for resolved
isotope peaks, 1.0 for unresolved isotope
peaks, >1.0 for noisy trace)
Figure 5-12 Zero-Charge Spectrum Conversion
Dialog Box
6. Select or type the mass of the adduct ion to use in the
calculation. The mass of a proton (H+) is selected by
default.
7. Click OK.
The deconvoluted trace (with a DECONV trace label)
replaces the original trace.
5
8. To return to the original trace, see “Returning to the
original spectrum” on page 5-3.
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Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
5.7 Noise Filtering/Smoothing
Description The Noise Filter/Smooth function includes four options for
reducing noise in a spectrum trace:
• Default smoothing
• Noise-filtering
• Smoothing by the Gaussian method
• Noise removal
Procedure To noise-filter or smooth the display:
1. Select Duplicate Active Trace from the Display menu
to keep the original data displayed after processing.
2. From the Process menu, select Noise Filter/Smooth.
The Noise Filter/Smooth dialog box (Figure 5-13) is
displayed.
Figure 5-13 Noise Filter/Smooth Dialog Box
NOTE: The smoothing/filtering method selected in this
dialog box is the method performed when you click
in the toolbar.
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Noise Filtering/Smoothing
3. Select the method to use based on the type of data you
are examining, then enter the associated value displayed
for the method you select:
Suggested
Description
Method
Type of Data
Noisy, low-resolution Default
No associated value is displayed. Default
data smoothing smoothing is a self-adjusting Gaussian filter
(RSM)
that uses the Peak Resolution (specified in the
Peak Detection Setup dialog box) to calculate
the optimum number of smoothing points to
apply at every mass point. See Figure 3-3 on
page 3-12.
(May affect
peak
resolution.)
NOTE: Default smoothing is not available for
PSD data.
High-resolution data, Noise
Specify a Correlation Factor of 0 to 1.0.
but the Noise
Removal method
may yield better
results
Filter (NF)
Settings from 0.5 to 0.7 yield acceptable
results for most data. A setting close to 1.0
yields a higher degree of noise reduction.
(May affect
peak
If applying the Noise Filter with a certain
resolution.) Correlation Factor does not yield the
necessary noise removal, return to the original
trace (see “Returning to the original spectrum”
on page 5-3) and apply the Noise Filter again
with a higher Correlation Factor setting.
Applying the Noise Filter more than one time
with the same Correlation Factor setting does
not improve noise removal.
Noisy, low-resolution Gaussian
Specify a Filter Width in data points (odd
integers only). The maximum number of
smoothing points is 2001. Points less than 1
Filter Width from the edge of the spectrum are
not smoothed.
data, chromatogram
data, or Voyager
PSD data
Smooth
(SM)
5
(May affect
peak
resolution.)
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Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
Suggested
Type of Data
Description
Method
High-resolution data
Noise
Removal
(NR)
Specify the number of standard deviations of
noise to remove. The software automatically
calculates the average white noise for all
frequencies across the spectrum, then
removes the specified number of standard
deviations of noise.
(Does not
affect peak
resolution.)
This method slightly affects peak intensity, and
removes peaks with a signal-to-noise ratio less
than the specified standard deviation.
In general:
If you set
Std Dev to:
% White Noise
removed is:
1
2
3
68
95
99
If applying Noise Removal with a certain Std
Dev does not yield the necessary noise
removal, return to the original trace (see
“Returning to the original spectrum” on
page 5-3) and apply Noise Removal again with
a higher Std Dev setting. Applying Noise
Removal more than one time with the same
Std Dev setting does not improve noise
removal.
4. Click OK.
The trace is displayed with an RSM, NF, NR or SM
trace label.
5
5. To return to the original trace, see “Returning to the
original spectrum” on page 5-3.
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Adjusting the Baseline
5.8 Adjusting the Baseline
This section includes:
• Using Baseline Offset
• Using Baseline Correction
• Using Advanced Baseline Correction
5.8.1 Using Baseline Offset
Use the Baseline Offset command to offset the y-axis in a
spectrum or to correct a sloping baseline:
1. Activate the window in which you want to perform the
offset.
NOTE: You can select a Chromatogram or a Spectrum
window. If you do not activate the correct type of
window before performing the next step, the software
does not select values when you click-drag on the
trace. For example, you must select a Spectrum
window before starting baseline offset on a spectrum.
2. Select Duplicate Active Trace from the Display menu to
keep the original data displayed after processing.
3. From the Process menu, select Baseline Offset.
The Baseline Offset dialog box (Figure 5-14) is
displayed.
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Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
Figure 5-14 Baseline Offset Dialog Box
4. Right-click-drag the left baseline to offset. The selected
value is displayed in the Left Baseline field.
5. Right-click-drag the right baseline to offset. The selected
value is displayed in the Right Baseline field.
6. To limit the baseline offset to the area between the two
selected points, select Only Apply from L to R Baseline
Midpoint.
To perform the baseline offset on the entire x-axis,
7. Click OK.
The offset baseline trace is displayed with a BO trace
label.
8. To return to the original trace, see “Returning to the
original spectrum” on page 5-3.
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Adjusting the Baseline
5.8.2 Using Baseline Correction
Description The Baseline Correction function corrects for a curved
baseline, including a DC-offset baseline, by eliminating broad
artifacts from the data set.
When to use Baseline-correct if you are analyzing data:
• With a baseline that is not flat, and you are using the
%Base Peak Intensity parameter (intensity-based
thresholding) to screen out noise peaks. For best results,
apply Baseline Correction, then re-detect peaks.
If you use area-based thresholding (%Max Peak Area)
during peak detection, Baseline Correction is not typically
needed. %Max Peak Area compensates for a rising or
falling baseline.
• With a baseline that is not at 0. Some measurements (for
example, Centroid% peak detection value, or the Peak
Height % in the Resolution calculator), are derived from a
peak height measured from 0.
NOTE: If you are analyzing Mariner data, baseline
correction is typically not needed. If you baseline-correct
Mariner data, note that due to the shorter flight times and
fewer data points associated with Mariner data, baseline
correction may affect peak shape, which in turn affects
mass accuracy.
Correcting the To correct the baseline:
baseline
1. Display the spectrum of interest.
2. Select Duplicate Active Trace from the Display menu to
keep the original data displayed after processing.
3. From the Process menu, select Baseline Correction.
The baseline is adjusted, and the trace is displayed
with a BC trace label.
5
Returning to the To return to the original trace, see “Returning to the original
spectrum” on page 5-3.
original spectrum
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Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
5.8.3 Using Advanced Baseline Correction
This section includes:
• Description
• When to use
• Correcting the baseline
• General guidelines for setting parameters
• Troubleshooting
• Returning to the original spectrum
Description The Advanced Baseline Correction feature corrects the
baseline by:
• Iteratively estimating baseline amplitude at regularly
spaced intervals throughout the spectrum
• Smoothly connecting the calculated baseline points
• Removing the calculated baseline from the spectrum
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
5
Figure 5-15 Advanced Baseline Correction
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Adjusting the Baseline
When to use Use advanced baseline correction if you are analyzing data
with an offset in the spectrum, particularly data with a strong
sloping baseline at low mass.
NOTE: Because this function is iterative, it may take
several seconds to complete, and typically takes longer for
narrower peaks.
Correcting the To correct the baseline:
baseline
to keep the original data displayed after processing.
2. From the Process menu, select Advanced Baseline
Correction.
The Advanced Baseline Correction dialog box
(Figure 5-16) is displayed.
Figure 5-16 Advanced Baseline Correction Dialog Box
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Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
3. Enter parameters as described below. These parameters
interact with each other and require experimentation to
determine the optimum settings for your data. Refer to
“General guidelines for setting parameters” on page 5-54
for more information.
Parameter
Description/Specifies
Peak Width
(at half height)
Value the software uses to estimate the baseline
amplitude at regularly spaced points in the spectrum. The
number of regularly spaced points used is derived using
the Peak Width parameter and the Flexibility parameter.
The illustration below shows how using a higher number
of points estimate the baseline (accomplished by using
higher Peak Width and Flexibility settings) can affect the
shape and slope of the calculated baseline.
Lower number of points
x
x
x
x
x
x
Higher number of points
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
(continued)
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Applied Biosystems
Adjusting the Baseline
Parameter
Peak Width
Description/Specifies
Set Peak Width according to the data you are correcting:
(at half height)
•
For best results, set to the peak width at half height
of the narrowest peak. However, smaller peak width
values increase processing time.
(continued)
•
•
If peak width varies across the spectrum, set to the
average peak width.
If peaks are narrow relative to the baseline region
you are correcting, set a larger value (for example,
10 times the width of widest peak) to increase
processing speed.
•
•
If the baseline changes sharply across the spectrum,
set a smaller value closer to the narrowest peak
width.
If the baseline is broad or gently sloping, set a larger
value, for example 10 to 20 times the width of the
actual peak width.
To determine the number of points across a peak, change
the trace display from Line to Vertical Bars (select
Graphic Options from the Display menu, click Graph #
Setup and change Line Type). Each vertical bar
represents one data point. For more information, see
Section 1.4, Customizing the Data Explorer Window.
(continued)
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Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
Parameter
Description/Specifies
Flexibility
With the Peak Width parameter, determines the number
of points used to estimate the baseline amplitude at
regularly spaced points in the spectrum, but is not directly
proportional to the number of points used. Valid entries
are 0 to 1.0.
The default value of 0.5 works best for most applications.
A value closer to 0 reduces flexibility and provides a
smoother more generalized baseline correction (see
below).
A value closer to 1 provides more localized baseline
correction by using a larger number of points to estimate
the baseline (see below).
If the baseline rises adjacent to peaks after
baseline-correcting, decrease the Flexibility value and
baseline-correct again.
Flexibility=0
Flexibility=1
(continued)
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Adjusting the Baseline
Parameter
Degree
Description/Specifies
Determines how closely the calculated baseline fits the
data. Valid entries are 0.0 to 1.0.
A value closer to 1 fits the baseline more closely to the
data, and corrects the midpoint of the noise signal to
approximately 0 intensity.
A value closer to 0 fits the baseline less closely to the
data, and corrects the midpoint of the noise signal to a
value greater than 0 intensity (see below).
For protein and tryptic digest peptide spectra, use 0 to
0.5. If the baseline after correction is too high, increase
the Degree value (see below).
Degree=1
Midpoint of noise signal
corrected to 0
Degree=0
Midpoint of noise signal
corrected above 0
A lower Degree setting allows the baseline correction to
occur more quickly, and often provides better correction
than a higher setting.
NOTE: Flexibility and Degree parameters may require
some testing to determine the optimum settings for your
data.
5
4. Click OK.
The baseline is adjusted, and the trace is displayed with a
AdvBC trace label.
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Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
General Refer to the following table to determine how to set Advance
Baseline Correction parameters and obtain the desired
baseline correction.
guidelines for
setting
parameters
Condition
Set Parameters To
Baseline follows a rising peak cluster
•
•
•
Peak Width—Average peak width
Flexibility—0.5
Degree—0.5
Baseline is gently curving
•
•
•
Peak Width—10 to 20 times peak width
Flexibility—0
Degree—0.5 (decrease further to raise
the baseline)
Baseline rise should be ignored and
treated as signal
•
Peak Width—Half of the width of the
cluster to correct (in the illustration
shown, if the width of the cluster is 200,
set Peak Width to 100)
Peak cluster
•
•
Flexibility—0
Degree—0.5 (decrease further to raise
the baseline)
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Adjusting the Baseline
Troubleshooting If the baseline rises preceding and following a peak after the
correction (a “hump” under the peak), adjust the following
parameters in the order listed:
• Decrease Flexibility
• Decrease Degree
• Decrease Peak Width
NOTE: Lower Peak Width values increase the time needed
for processing.
Returning to the To return to the original trace, see “Returning to the original
spectrum” on page 5-3.
original spectrum
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Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
5.9 Truncating a Spectrum
Description The Truncate function removes data points from a trace
outside a selected region.
Truncating spectra is useful to:
• Mariner data—Remove noise at the low end of a
spectrum before generating a result file
• Voyager data—Eliminate the Low Mass Gate spike and
background in the low-mass range
Truncating To truncate spectra:
1. Display the spectrum to truncate.
2. Select Duplicate Active Trace from the Display menu to
keep the original data displayed after processing.
3. From the Process menu, select Truncate Spectrum.
The Truncate Spectrum dialog box (Figure 5-17) is
displayed.
Figure 5-17 Truncate Spectrum Dialog Box
4. Type the starting and ending m/z values for the range of
the spectrum to retain, or right-click-drag over the range in
the spectrum.
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5. Click OK.
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Truncating a Spectrum
The data in the spectrum is truncated to the selected
displayed on the axis of the truncated trace is the range
of the original data file, and may be wider than the
range of the truncated spectrum.
original spectrum” on page 5-3.
Example Figure 5-18 and Figure 5-19 illustrate the effects of
truncating a Voyager spectrum and eliminating the Low
Mass Gate peak.
Figure 5-18 includes a Low Mass Gate spike. Because the
Low Mass Gate spike is the most intense peak in the
spectrum, it is identified as the base peak, and:
• All other peaks in the spectrum are scaled as a
percentage of the base peak.
• A default peak detection threshold, %Base Peak
Intensity, is set to 1 percent of the base peak. One
percent of an intense peak yields a high default threshold,
and many peaks in the spectrum are not detected.
Low Mass Gate spike
Figure 5-18 Complete Spectrum with Low Mass Gate
Spike
Figure 5-19 shows the spectrum truncated to eliminate the
Low Mass Gate spike. The peak at 3772 Da is identified as the
base peak, the %Base Peak Intensity is set to a lower value,
and more peaks in the spectrum are detected.
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Converting to a Singly Charged Spectrum (Mariner Data Only)
5.10 Converting to a Singly Charged
Spectrum (Mariner Data Only)
NOTE: Single-charge conversion is not supported for
Mariner DAD data.
Description The Single-Charge Conversion function generates a
theoretical, centroided, singly charged spectrum. This function
uses isotopic spacing in detected spectral peaks to generate
the theoretical spectrum.
For example, if you use this function on a spectrum that
includes +3 peaks, the software multiplies each mass by 3 and
removes the mass of two extra protons. The resulting
spectrum contains theoretical +1 species.
If more than one charge state is present, each charge state is
converted appropriately, and the total range of the converted
spectrum is approximately 1.2 times the m/z of the highest m/z
present.
Requirements Use this function only on isotopically resolved data that is
labeled with the correct charge state. Peaks with low
signal-to-noise ratios may be labeled with incorrect charge
states. Set peak detection thresholds to disregard these peaks
before converting the spectrum.
If you use this function on a spectrum that is not correctly
labeled, the resulting spectrum may contain charge states
other than 1.
Converting To convert a multiply charged spectrum to a singly charged
spectrum:
1. Display the spectrum trace of interest.
2. Examine the spectrum. Make sure peaks are labeled with
the correct charge state, and that no noise peaks are
labeled with a charge state. Adjust peak detection
parameters as needed.
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Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
keep the original data displayed after processing.
4. From the Process menu, select Single-Charge
Conversion.
The Single-Charge Spectrum Conversion dialog box
(Figure 5-20) is displayed.
Figure 5-20 Single-Charge Spectrum Conversion
Dialog Box
5. In the Adduct text box, type or select the adduct that is the
charge-carrying species in the spectrum you are
examining.
6. Select the polarity for the converted spectrum. You must
select the same charge as the spectrum you are
evaluating.
CAUTION
If you do not select the same charge as the spectrum
you are evaluating, an incorrect mass is reported.
The converted spectrum is displayed with an SC trace
label. The height of each vertical bar corresponds to the
original peak areas.
5
8. To return to the original trace, see “Returning to the
original spectrum” on page 5-3.
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Applied Biosystems
Example Figure 5-21 and Figure 5-22 illustrate the effects of
single-charge conversion.
Before conversion (Figure 5-21), the spectrum includes +2
and +3 charged species of neurotensin.
Neurotensin
multiply charged
species
Figure 5-21 Spectrum Before Single-Charge Conversion
After conversion (Figure 5-22), the +2 and +3 charged
species are converted to the +1 species of neurotensin.
Neurotensin
singly charged
species
Figure 5-22 Spectrum After Single-Charge Conversion
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NOTE: Charge states other than 0 or 1 in the converted
trace indicate that a peak in the original spectrum is labeled
with an incorrect charge state. Set peak detection
thresholds to disregard these peaks and convert the
spectrum again.
CAUTION
A zero value in the Spec Peak list does not indicate a
charge state of zero. It indicates that the software could not
determine the charge state.
5.11 AutoSaturation Correction
(Mariner Data Only)
NOTE: Autosaturation correction is not supported for
Mariner .RST or DAD data.
Function The AutoSaturation Correction function mathematically
corrects for signal saturation of the Mariner detector system to
provide optimum mass accuracy.
The AutoSaturation Correction feature is turned on by default,
and automatically corrects the data when you open a Mariner
data file in Data Explorer. Leave this feature turned on for
normal operation.
Hardware The AutoSaturation Correction function requires special
hardware. If the system used to acquire the data does not
requirements
5
include the required hardware, the AutoSaturation Correction
does not completely correct for saturation of the detection
system, even if it is enabled.
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AutoSaturation Correction (Mariner Data Only)
Effect on Mariner The AutoSaturation Correction feature is not applied to .RST
files saved from the Mariner Instrument Control Panel, even
.RST files
when Saturation Correction is turned on. Saturation requires
information about the pulser frequency used to acquire the
data, and this information is not stored in .RST files saved
from the Instrument Control Panel.
Trace label When AutoSaturation Correction is turned on, spectra in the
data file are displayed with an ASC (AutoSaturation
Correction) trace label.
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Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
5.12 Adding and Subtracting Raw or
Processed Spectra from the
Same or Different Data Files
(Dual Spectral Trace Arithmetic)
The Dual Spectral Trace Arithmetic function lets you add two
spectra together, or subtract one spectrum from another.
Spectra can be raw or processed, and can be from the same
or different data files.
To use the Dual Spectral Trace Arithmetic function:
1. To perform this function on spectra from different data
files, copy a spectrum trace from one data file to
another. See Section 2.5.2, Copying Traces from
Multiple Data Files to a Window, for information on
copying traces.
2. Activate the Spectrum window that contains the two
traces of interest.
3. Process the traces as needed.
4. Click the first trace in the Spectrum window to make it the
active trace.
NOTE: The Dual Spectral Trace Arithmetic command is
dimmed unless the first trace in the Spectrum window is
the active trace.
5. From the Process menu, select Dual Spectral Trace
Arithmetic.
The Dual Spectral Trace Arithmetic dialog box is
displayed (Figure 5-23).
5
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Applied Biosystems
Adding and Subtracting Raw or Processed Spectra from the Same or Different Data Files (Dual
Figure 5-23 Dual Spectral Trace Arithmetic Dialog Box
6. Set the Mass Tolerance within which data points from the
different traces will be considered as the same mass.
7. Select Add or Subtract for Operation.
8. Select Add New Trace or Replace Active Trace for the
result trace.
9. Click OK.
Absolute intensities of the two traces are added or
subtracted, and the result trace is displayed with ADD
or SUB in the trace header.
5
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Chapter 5 Examining Spectrum Data
5
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Applied Biosystems
Chapter
6
6 Using Tools and
Applications
This chapter contains the following sections:
6.1
Using the
Elemental Composition Calculator .......... 6-2
6.2
6.3
Using the Isotope Calculator ................ 6-13
Using the
Mass Resolution Calculator .................. 6-20
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
Using the
Signal-to-Noise Ratio Calculator........... 6-23
Using the
Ion Fragmentation Calculator ............... 6-25
Using the
Elemental Targeting Application............ 6-31
Using the Macro Recorder.................... 6-34
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
6.1 Using the Elemental
Composition Calculator
6
This section includes:
•
•
Determining elemental composition
Setting limits
6.1.1 Determining Elemental Composition
This section includes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Description
Determining identity of fragment masses
Procedure
Calculating
Results
If no results are displayed
Displaying the theoretical isotope distribution
Description The Elemental Composition calculator determines possible
elemental or amino acid compositions for a given mass. The
application then generates a theoretical isotope pattern using
the Mass Resolution specified in Basic Peak Detection
settings, compares each observed mass and isotope pattern
to the theoretical mass and isotope pattern for each possible
composition, and reports an isotope match score that reflects
how closely they match.
Determining You can also use the Elemental Composition calculator to
determine the identity of fragment masses. To do so, set Peak
Labels to display Mass Difference From Selected Peak, then
specify the mass of the intact molecule. For more information,
identity of
fragment masses
see “Setting spectrum labels” on page 3-56.
6-2
Applied Biosystems
Using the Elemental Composition Calculator
Procedure To determine elemental composition:
1. Display the spectrum containing the peak of interest.
6
2. Click the Spectrum window to activate it.
3. From the Applications menu, select Elemental
Composition.
The Elemental Composition Calculator dialog box
(Figure 6-1) is displayed.
Figure 6-1 Elemental Composition Calculator
Dialog Box
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
4. Enter m/z values in the m/z ratio list by doing any of the
following:
6
• Right-click-drag over a peak in the spectrum to
add the m/z and the associated charge state.
• Double-click the line to display the Elemental
Target Mass dialog box, type the m/z and the
associated charge state, then click OK.
• Click
to add a line to the list, then
double-click the line to display the Elemental
Target Mass dialog box, type the m/z and the
associated charge state, then click OK.
is directly used as the window for elemental comparisons,
and is also multiplied by 2 and used as the window for
isotope peak comparison (because related isotope peaks
will usually have lower mass accuracy than monoisotopic
6. Specify the Mass Type to calculate.
7. If the displayed Mass Peak Resolution is not appropriate
for this calculation, change the setting in Peak Detection.
Parameter Descriptions.
8. Specify the Result Type (Elemental, Amino Acid,
Carbohydrate, DNA, or RNA).
9. Specify the Max Number of Results for each m/z entered
in step 4.
total number of results generated for the calculation.
10. Set limits as described in:
•
“Setting limits for existing elements” on
page 6-7
6-4
Applied Biosystems
•
•
“Adding new elements and setting limits” on
page 6-9
6
“Setting limits for other result types” on
page 6-12
11. Click More Parameters, then enter the Minimum and
Maximum Double Bond Equivalents to include in the
calculation.
Electron state for 12. Set the Electron State to calculate. If you are
calculating composition for:
intact molecules or
fragment ions
•
•
Intact molecules—Use the default of Even
Only.
Fragment ions—Set to Both Odd and Even
if you are analyzing mass differences or
absolute masses.
NOTE: You may be able to refine results for fragment
ions by setting Electron State to Odd Only.
13. Click OK.
Calculating 14. Click Calculate.
To cancel a lengthy calculation, click Cancel Calc.
Results The results of the calculation are displayed in the Elemental
Analysis tab of the Output window (Figure 6-2).
Figure 6-2 Elemental Composition Calculation Results in Output Window
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
Hint: You can sort the results in a column by clicking the
column header.
6
Results include:
• Index—Sequential number assigned to each result.
• Input m/z—Entered m/z for each composition
calculation.
• Calculated Mass—Calculated mass for the entered m/z
and charge state for each theoretical composition.
• mDa Error and ppm Error—Error for each calculation.
• Double Bond Equivalents (DBE)—Value that
corresponds to the number of double bonds or rings that
the valence-bond theory requires to construct a molecule
from each calculated composition. If the target mass is a
protonated molecular ion, (M+H)+, the DBE value
includes 0.5 and corresponds to an even electron state.
To convert the reported DBE value to the actual number
of double bonds or rings, add 0.5. For example,
H2C=NH2+ has an (M+H)+ total mass of 30.0344 and a
reported double bond equivalent of 0.5, with an actual
number of double bonds of 1.
• Formula—Elemental composition for each mass.
• Isotope Match Score—Number between 0 and 1.0 that
reflects how well the observed peak matches the
theoretical formula, based on mass and isotope pattern.
A higher number represents a better match.
NOTE: An Isotope Match Score of 0.00000 is always
reported for fragment ion calculations.
If no results are If no results are displayed, it may indicate that the specified
Tolerance is too limiting and no matches were found.
displayed
6-6
Applied Biosystems
Using the Elemental Composition Calculator
Analysis tab of the Output window.
theoretical
isotope
distribution
6
The theoretical isotope trace is displayed in the Spectrum
window with an ISO trace label and the elemental formula.
To return to the original trace, see “Returning to the original
spectrum” on page 5-3.
6.1.2 Setting Limits
This section includes:
•
•
•
Setting limits for existing elements
Adding new elements and setting limits
Setting limits for other result types
Setting limits for To set limits for existing elements:
existing elements
1. To set limits for Elemental results, click Element Limits
in the Elemental Composition Calculator dialog box.
The Limits dialog box is displayed (Figure 6-3).
Figure 6-3 Element Limits Dialog Box
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
2. To change the limits for an element, double-click an
element to display the Isotope dialog box (Figure 6-4).
6
Figure 6-4 Isotope Dialog Box
NOTE: Ignore the column of check boxes to the left of
the Isotope column if it is displayed.
3.
Change the Minimum and Maximum number of
occurrences for the element as needed.
NOTE: The software ignores changes you make to the
individual isotope minimum and maximum values.
4.
5.
Click OK.
Change limits for other elements as needed, then click
OK to return to the Elemental Composition Calculator.
6-8
Applied Biosystems
Using the Elemental Composition Calculator
Adding new To add new elements and set limits:
elements and
setting limits
1. To add new elements and set limits for Elemental
results, click Element Limits in the Elemental
Composition Calculator dialog box.
6
The Limits dialog box is displayed (Figure 6-5).
Figure 6-5 Element Limits Dialog Box
2. Click
. The Periodic Table (Figure 6-6) is displayed.
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Using the Elemental Composition Calculator
6
Figure 6-7 Isotope Dialog Box
NOTE: Ignore the column of check boxes to the left of
the Isotope column if it is displayed.
4. Change the Minimum and Maximum number of
occurrences for the first isotope of the element as needed.
individual isotope minimum and maximum values.
5. Click OK two times to return to the Element Limits dialog
box.
6. Repeat step 2 through step 5 to add other elements as
needed, then click OK to return to the Elemental
Composition Calculator.
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
Setting limits for To set limits for amino acid, DNA, RNA, or carbohydrate result
types:
other result types
6
1. Click the limits button displayed for the selected result
type in the Elemental Composition Calculator dialog box
(see Figure 6-1 on page 6-3).
The Limits dialog box for the selected Result Type is
displayed. Figure 6-8 shows the Amino Acid Limits
dialog box.
Figure 6-8 Amino Acid Limits Dialog Box
2. Change the Min Number and Max Number for the
compound for which you are setting limits, then click OK.
3. Change limits for other entries as needed, then click OK
to return to the Elemental Composition Calculator.
6-12
Applied Biosystems
Using the Isotope Calculator
6.2 Using the Isotope Calculator
6
Description Use the Isotope calculator to generate a theoretical isotope
distribution. You can compare or overlay the theoretical
distribution with your observed distribution.
Using the Isotope To use the Isotope calculator:
Calculator
distribution.
2. Click the Spectrum window to activate it.
3. From the Applications menu, select Isotope Calculator.
The Isotope Calculator dialog box (Figure 6-9) is
displayed.
Figure 6-9 Isotope Calculator Dialog Box
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
4. Select the Formula or Sequence for the type of isotope to
calculate.
6
5. Select a formula from the list, or type in a new formula.
Valid entries for each formula type are:
Formula Type
Valid Entries
Elemental
Any element from the Periodic
Table. The first letter of two-letter
elemental symbols must be
capitalized. Spaces do not matter.
Amino Acid
Sequence
One-letter or three-letter amino acid
codes. The first letter of amino acid
codes must be capitalized. Spaces
do not matter.
NOTE: Do not include elemental
codes when you type the sequence
(for example, to specify water of
hydration). Invalid results may be
generated.
DNA
ACGT
Sequence
RNA
ACGU
Sequence
Carbohydrates Any entry listed for carbohydrates
from Elemental Composition Limits.
See “Setting limits for other result
types” on page 6-12.
Separate entries with spaces.
6. Select the Plus H2O check box if you want to calculate
the isotopes for the complete molecule (residue plus
water of hydration).
6-14
Applied Biosystems
Using the Isotope Calculator
7. Specify the Add/Subtract Group option. To enable or
disable the option, select or deselect the Group Type
check box.
6
8. In the Add/Subtract Group section, select:
• Element or group to add or subtract from the
formula before calculating the isotope (does not
apply if Add/Subtract Group is disabled).
• Number of elements or groups to add or remove
and the charge state to divide by.
NOTE: When Add/Subtract is enabled, the Group
Count/Charge field determines the number of
groups to add or subtract, and the charge state to
calculate. When Add/Subtract is disabled, the
Charge field determines the charge state to
calculate.
of elements or groups.
subtract must be present in the formula you
specify in step 5.
For more information, see “Add and subtract examples”
on page 6-16.
9. Select the Resolution option:
• Da—Resolves peaks that are separated by the
number of daltons you enter.
• Resolving Power—Resolves peaks using the
resolving power (M/∆M) you enter.
• PPM—Resolves peaks within the number of PPM
(parts per million) you enter.
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10. Select the calculation mode:
6
• FWHM—Resolves peaks using the full peak width
at peak half height.
• 10% Valley—Resolves peaks to a 10 percent
valley.
11. Set the Threshold %. Signal intensity below this percent
intensity is not included in the calculation or display.
NOTE: Setting Threshold % too high distorts the
isotope pattern.
12. Click Calculate.
The theoretical isotope distribution is displayed in the
Spectrum window with an ISO trace label and the
elemental formula, or the amino acid, DNA, or RNA
sequence.
The result is displayed in the Result tab in the Output
window. For more information, see “Evaluating traces”
on page 6-18.
Add and subtract The following examples illustrate how the software adds and
subtracts groups to or from an elemental formula, and how it
applies the charge state field.
examples
To calculate a theoretical isotope distribution for doubly
sodiated β-cyclodextrin with a +2 charge state (m/z 545)
The software performs
With these parameters specified
this calculation
Formula*—C42H60O30
Group type—Na
Group Count/Charge—2
Add
(C42H60O30 + 2Na)/2
6-16
Applied Biosystems
Using the Isotope Calculator
To calculate a theoretical isotope distribution for doubly
sodiated and deprotonated β-cyclodextrin with
–1 charge state (m/z –1089)
6
The software performs
With these parameters specified
this calculation
Formula*—C42H60O30Na2
Group type—H
(C42H60O30Na2 – H)
Group Count/Charge—1
Subtract
To calculate a theoretical isotope distribution for
β-cyclodextrin with +2 charge state (m/z 522)
The software performs
With these parameters specified
this calculation
Formula*—C42H60O30
Group type—deselected
Charge—2
C42H60O30/2
Add
*Formula entry is case sensitive
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
Evaluating traces The theoretical isotope distribution is displayed in the
Spectrum window with an ISO trace label (Figure 6-10).
6
Figure 6-10 Isotope Trace
If you have the Replace mode set to Add in the Display Trace
dialog box, a new trace is added. If you have the Replace
trace. For more information on Replace mode, see “Setting
the Replace mode” on page 2-17.
To evaluate the trace, you can:
• Overlay theoretical and observed isotope patterns. See
Section 2.4.8, Overlaying Traces, for information.
• Add new traces and calculate the isotope multiple times
using different settings, then compare or overlay the
different calculations.
Returning to the To return to the original trace, see “Returning to the original
spectrum” on page 5-3.
original spectrum
6-18
Applied Biosystems
Using the Isotope Calculator
Results The results of the calculation are displayed in the Result tab of
Output window (Figure 6-11).
6
Figure 6-11 Isotope Calculation Results
in Output Window
If results are not If results are not calculated, you may have tried to remove a
group that is not present in the formula.
calculated
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
6.3 Using the
6
Mass Resolution Calculator
Calculating mass To calculate mass resolution:
resolution
Spectrum window is active.
2. If you are examining Voyager data, baseline correct the
spectrum. The Peak Height used by the Resolution
calculator is calculated from 0. For information, see
Section 5.8.2, Using Baseline Correction.
NOTE: Baselines in Mariner data are typically at 0.
Baseline correction is not necessary.
NOTE: If the Spectrum window is not active, Resolution
Calculator does not appear on the Tools menu.
4. In the Resolution Calculator dialog box (Figure 6-12), set
the percentage of peak height at which to calculate
resolution. The default is 50%, which calculates the
resolution at the full width/half maximum (FWHM) of a
peak.
NOTE: Measuring resolution at the full width/half
maximum is the industry standard. Use 50% Peak
Height for most applications. If a peak is not resolved at
the Peak Height % you set, an error message is
displayed in the Result tab.
6-20
Applied Biosystems
Using the Mass Resolution Calculator
6
FWHM=50% peak height
Figure 6-12 Mass Resolution Calculator
5. Specify the peak for which to calculate resolution by doing
one of the following:
•
•
Type in a Mass/Charge value.
In the Spectrum window, right-click-drag over
the peak for which you want to calculate
resolution. The mass is automatically entered
in the Resolution Calculator dialog box.
NOTE: If you right-click-drag over more than one
peak, the mass of the highest peak is used.
6. Click OK.
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Using the Signal-to-Noise Ratio Calculator
6.4 Using the Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Calculator
6
Description A signal-to-noise ratio is typically used to describe how well a
peak of interest in a spectrum or chromatogram is
distinguished from background noise.
The Data Explorer software provides two signal-to-noise ratio
methods that calculate signal-to-RMS noise (electronic and
chemical):
• Auto—You specify the peak for calculation and the
software automatically calculates the average noise
across the spectrum.
• Manual—You specify the peak and the baseline region
for calculation. For accurate results, this method requires
a flat (non-rising) baseline that does not include peaks.
The manual method is useful when evaluating a narrow
region around a peak to determine the relative
significance of a peak.
Calculating To calculate a signal-to-noise ratio:
signal-to-noise
ratio
1. Click the Spectrum window to activate it.
2. From the Tools menu, select S/N Calculator.
The Signal-to-Noise Calculator dialog box (Figure 6-14)
is displayed.
Figure 6-14 Signal-to-Noise Dialog Box
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
3. Select the method to use, then right-click-drag on peaks
in the trace to enter the associated values displayed for
the method you select:
6
•
Auto—Right-click-drag across the apex of the
peak for signal-to-noise calculation. The
software automatically calculates the average
noise across the entire spectrum.
The noise calculation is not affected by the
presence of peaks or a poor baseline.
•
Manual—Right-click-drag across the apex of
the peak for signal-to-noise calculation.
Right-click-drag across a flat region of the
baseline to use to determine the RMS noise
for the calculation.
NOTE: If you enter a baseline value instead of
right-click-dragging, the software uses an RMS
value of 1.000 to perform the signal-to-noise
calculation.
4. Click OK. The result is displayed in the Output window.
6-24
Applied Biosystems
Using the Ion Fragmentation Calculator
6.5 Using the
6
Ion Fragmentation Calculator
Description The Ion Fragmentation calculator generates a list of possible
fragment masses for a peptide sequence you enter. It can
calculate the masses for:
•
Multiply charged fragments you may see in Mariner
data.
•
PSD fragments you may see in Voyager data.
If the calculated fragments are present in the current data file,
you can label fragments.
The calculator includes a list of defined amino acids and
residues that you can add to as needed.
Using the Ion To use the Ion Fragmentation Calculator:
Fragmentation
calculator
1. Display the spectrum of interest.
2. Click the Spectrum window to activate it.
3. From the Applications menu, select Ion Fragmentation
Calculator.
The Ion Fragmentation Calculator dialog box
(Figure 6-15) is displayed.
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
6
Figure 6-15 Ion Fragmentation Calculator Dialog Box
4. Type or copy the amino acid or residue sequence of
interest. Use single-letter codes.
Sequence codes are case-sensitive. Click the
User-Defined Amino Acids button to display the list of
allowed residues and their associated codes.
5. Select the N-terminus and C-terminus options for the
sequence.
6. Specify the cysteine modification, and specify the mass
type (average or monoisotopic) for the calculated
fragment ion masses.
6-26
Applied Biosystems
Using the Ion Fragmentation Calculator
Setting Options 7. Click Options.
6
The Ion Fragmentation Options dialog box (Figure 6-16)
is displayed.
Figure 6-16 Ion Fragmentation Options Dialog Box
8. Select the ion types to display, and whether or not to
generate results for internal fragments.
9. If you are analyzing Mariner data, select Calculate
multiple charge states if desired, then specify the
maximum charge state to calculate (up to 12).
Masses that fall outside the tolerance are not labeled.
11. To add the labels generated by this operation to the list
of available user labels, select Append new labels to
existing user label list. For more information, see
Section 3.5.3, Setting Custom Peak Labels.
12. Click OK.
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
Setting 13. Click User-Defined Amino Acids.
user-defined amino
acids
6
The User-Defined Amino Acids dialog box (Figure 6-17)
is displayed.
Figure 6-17 User-Defined Amino Acids Dialog Box
14. Add amino acid definitions and codes as needed.
NOTE: You cannot modify pre-defined amino acids.
User-defined amino acids are not saved when you
close the Data Explorer software.
15. Click Close.
Calculating the 16. Click Induce Fragmentation.
fragment ions
Results are displayed in the Ion Fragmentation
Calculator dialog box (Figure 6-18).
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Applied Biosystems
Using the Ion Fragmentation Calculator
6
Figure 6-18 Ion Fragmentation Results for
Synthetic Peptide (PPPPPPPPPPPPAR)
Results Results are displayed in the:
• Ions table—Lists the masses for each fragment and ion
type.
• Internal fragments table—Lists possible internal
sequences, if you enabled this option in the Options
dialog box (see Figure 6-16 on page 6-27).
Click Clear Table Info to clear results. You can change
options and recalculate ion fragmentation results.
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
Labeling peaks Click Label Peaks. The ion peaks specified in the Options
dialog box are labeled on the trace if they are present
(Figure 6-19).
6
Hint: To screen out labels, decrease the Label Tolerance in
the Options dialog box.
Figure 6-19 Labeled Ion Fragmentation Peaks for
Synthetic Peptide (PPPPPPPPPPPPAR)
Hint: The Label Peaks function creates User Labels in the
data file. To view, select Peak Label from the Peaks menu,
then select User Label Setup. Click Save As to save the
labels in a .LBS file for use with other data files. For more
information, see Section 3.5.3, Setting Custom Peak
Labels.
To display the original labels, select Peak Label from the
Peaks menu, then deselect User Labels.
Creating a To create a PSD calibration reference file, click Create
Reference File. For more information, see “Creating PSD
Calibration Reference (.REF) Files” on page 8-21.
calibration
reference file
(.REF)
6-30
Applied Biosystems
Using the Elemental Targeting Application
6.6 Using the Elemental
6
Targeting Application
Description The Elemental Targeting application determines if observed
masses in a spectrum correspond to chemical formulas you
enter. This application generates a theoretical isotope pattern
for the mass you enter using the Mass Resolution specified in
Basic Peak Detection settings. It then compares each
observed mass and isotope pattern to the theoretical mass
and isotope pattern for each composition you entered, and
reports an isotope match score that reflects how closely they
match.
Use the Elemental Targeting application to screen a spectrum
for the presence of specific chemical compounds.
Using the To use the Elemental Targeting application:
Elemental
Targeting
application
1. Display the spectrum of interest.
2. Click the Spectrum window to activate it.
3. From the Applications menu, select Elemental Targeting.
The Elemental Targeting dialog box (Figure 6-20) is
displayed.
5. If the displayed Mass Peak Resolution is not appropriate
for this calculation, change the setting in the Basic
Settings tab of the Spectrum Peak Detection Setup dialog
box. For more information, see Section 3.2.4, Peak
Detection Parameter Descriptions.
6. Enter formulas in the Element list by doing either of the
following:
• Click
, type a formula, select a charge state,
then click OK.
• Click Import, then select a tab-delimited .TXT file
that contains formulas and charge states.
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Note the following when entering formulas:
6
•
Spaces do not matter for formula. The first
letter of two-letter elemental symbols must be
capitalized (for example, Na).
•
To ensure a better match between theoretical
and observed isotopes, include the
appropriate number of protons in the formula
you enter for multiply charged ions.
Figure 6-20 Elemental Targeting Dialog Box
7. Click Calculate.
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Applied Biosystems
Using the Elemental Targeting Application
Displaying results The results of the calculation are displayed in the Elemental
Target tab of the Output window (Figure 6-21).
6
Figure 6-21 Elemental Targeting Results in the Output Window
Results include:
• Index—Sequential number assigned to each result.
• Formula—Elemental composition you entered.
• m/z—Mass/charge of an observed peak that, compared
to the theoretical mass of the formula specified, is within
the Mass Tolerance and Resolution you specified.
• Charge—Charge of the observed peak.
• Isotope Match Score—Number between 0.0 and 1.0
that reflects how well the observed peak matches the
theoretical formula, based on mass and isotope pattern.
A higher number represents a better match.
• Isotope Match Intensity—Peak area (counts) that
overlaps between the observed isotope pattern and the
theoretical isotope pattern. A higher number represents a
better match.
Displaying the To display the theoretical isotope distribution for a formula,
double-click the line in the Elemental Target tab of the Output
window.
theoretical
isotope
The theoretical isotope trace is displayed in the Spectrum
window with an ISO trace label and the elemental formula.
distribution
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
6.7 Using the Macro Recorder
6
Description The Macro Recorder feature in Data Explorer allows you to
set up multi-step tasks to execute automatically when you
Visual Basic script of your actions as you record the macro,
then executes the script when you run the macro.
Macros provided Macros provided with the Data Explorer software are
described in Appendix C, Data Explorer Toolbox (Visual Basic
Macros).
In this section This section includes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Before using the macro recorder
Recording a macro
Assigning macros to buttons
Running a macro
Deleting a macro
Advanced macro editing
Importing or Exporting Macros
in DATAEXPLORER.VB6
•
Running macros automatically when opening and
closing files
Importing macros Macros are provided with the Data Explorer software, but are
not available for use until you import them into the Data
Explorer project. For information, see Section 6.7.7, Importing
or Exporting Macros in DATAEXPLORER.VB6.
provided
Maximum number You can create an unlimited number of macros. However,
there are only 10 buttons in the toolbar to which you can
assign macros at a given time. You can change the macro
assigned to a button.
of macros
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Applied Biosystems
Using the Macro Recorder
Location of All macros you record are stored in a file called
DATAEXPLORER.VB6 in the C:\MARINER\PROGRAM or
C:\VOYAGER directory.
macros
6
Displaying the If the macro toolbar (Figure 6-22) is not displayed:
macro toolbar
1. Select Toolbar from the View menu.
2. Select Macros, then click Close.
Figure 6-22 Macro Toolbar
If a numbered macro button is disabled (gray), no macro has
been assigned to it. If a numbered macro button is enabled
(green), a macro has been assigned to it.
For a description of a toolbar button, place the cursor on the
toolbar button. The name you assign to the macro or the
default macro name is displayed below the button.
Functions not Most commands in the Data Explorer software can be
included in a macro that you create with the Macro Recorder.
supported
The following menu commands are not supported by the
Macro Recorder:
Menu
Commands Not Supported
File
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Open
Close
Close All
Result Spectrum—Delete
Convert All Spectra—New Data Format
Export—Result Spectrum
Settings—Save Processing Settings
Settings—Restore Graphic Settings
Settings—Save Graphic Settings
Settings—Revert to last saved Graphic/Processing Settings
Print Setup
Exit
Continued
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
Menu
View
Display
Commands Not Supported
No commands supported
Add/Remove Traces
6
•
NOTE: The
and
buttons are supported by the Macro Editor.
•
•
•
•
Processing History
Range
Graphic Options*
Default—Revert to Last Graphic Settings
Process
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
PSD processing
Mass Calibration—Manual Calibration
Mass Calibration—PSD calibration
Mass Calibration—Automatic Calibration
Mass Calibration—Revert to instrument calibration
Mass Calibration—Edit/Create Reference File
Dual Spectral Trace Arithmetic
Multiple Charge—Mass Deconvolution
Peaks
Tools
•
•
•
Peak Detection*
Peak Label*
Insert Peak (chromatogram)
•
•
•
•
Processing History Options
Customize Toolbar
Customize ToolMenu
Macro commands, including Automatic Macros
Applications
Window
•
•
Elemental Targeting
Ion Fragmentation Calculator
No commands supported
* You can apply specific Graphic Options or Peak Detection settings by creating a macro that loads a
.SET file containing the desired settings. You can apply specific peak labels by creating a macro that
loads a .USR (user label file) containing the desired labels.
Functions you perform in the Output window, for example,
sorting or copying the peak list, are not supported by the
Macro Recorder.
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Applied Biosystems
Using the Macro Recorder
6.7.2 Recording a Macro
6
To record a macro:
1. Open a data file.
2. From the Tools menu, select Record New Macro.
The Record Macro dialog box (Figure 6-23) is
displayed.
Figure 6-23 Record Macro Dialog Box
3. Type a name and a description if desired.
4. Click OK.
macro. For example, select Noise Filter/Smooth from the
Process menu, select the smoothing method, specify the
associated parameter, then click OK.
Not all functions in Data Explorer are supported. See
“Functions not supported” on page 6-35.
6. From the Tools menu, select Stop Macro Recording.
The macro is saved and added to the
DATAEXPLORER.VB6 file.
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
6.7.3 Assigning Macros to Buttons
6
Only macros present in the DATAEXPLORER.VB6 file can be
assigned to buttons and run in the Data Explorer software.
NOTE: If you have installed a new version of Data Explorer
software, new macros may be provided. New macros are
not available for use until you import them into the Data
Explorer project. For information, see Section 6.7.7,
Importing or Exporting Macros in DATAEXPLORER.VB6.
Assigning a You can assign macros to 10 buttons. To assign a macro:
macro to a button
1. From the Tools menu, select Assign Macro.
The Assign Macro dialog box (Figure 6-24) is
displayed.
Figure 6-24 Assign Macro Dialog Box
2. Select the button to assign from the list on the left, and the
macro to assign from the list on the right.
3. Click Assign.
The macro button in the toolbar to which you assigned
the macro turns from gray to green (if it did not
previously have a macro assigned to it).
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Applied Biosystems
Using the Macro Recorder
De-assigning a To de-assign a macro from a button, select the macro button in
the Assign Macro dialog box, then click De-assign.
macro from a
6
button
6.7.4 Running a Macro
You can run a macro using a:
•
•
Toolbar button
Menu command
Using a toolbar To run a macro using the toolbar button:
button
1. Open the data file on which you want to run the macro.
2. Click the button assigned to the macro you want to run.
Hint: Place the cursor on a macro button to display the
name of the macro assigned to the button.
The macro executes.
Using the menu To run a macro using the menu:
command
1. Open the data file on which you want to run the macro.
2. From the Tools menu, select Macros.
The Macros dialog box (Figure 6-25) is displayed.
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
6
Figure 6-25 Macros Dialog Box
3. Select the macro to run from the list.
4. Click Run.
If the macro If the macro contains a syntax error, it may cause the Data
Explorer software to close unexpectedly. If this occurs, restart
contains a syntax
the Data Explorer software and examine the macro in the
Visual Basic Editor. See Section 6.7.6, Advanced Macro
Editing.
error
Macro lines containing syntax errors are displayed in color in
the Visual Basic Editor. For information on correcting errors,
refer to the online help available in the Visual Basic Editor.
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Applied Biosystems
Using the Macro Recorder
6.7.5 Deleting a Macro
6
To delete a macro:
1. From the Tools menu, select Macros.
The Macros dialog box (Figure 6-26) is displayed.
Figure 6-26 Macros Dialog Box
2. Select the macro to delete from the list.
3. Click Delete.
NOTE: Other buttons on this dialog box are for
advanced editing. Refer to the online help available
within the Visual Basic Editor.
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
6.7.6 Advanced Macro Editing
6
Accessing the You can access the Visual Basic Editor to enhance or edit a
script created by the Macro Recorder in Data Explorer, or to
create a new script.
Visual Basic
Editor
Access the Visual Basic Editor from Data Explorer in three
ways:
• Select Visual Basic Editor from the Tools menu.
• Select Macros from the Tools menu, select the macro to
edit, then click Edit.
• Click
in the Macro toolbar
The DATAEXPLORER.VB6 file is displayed in the Visual Basic
Project Explorer window.
Macro scripts created using the Macro Recorder in Data
Explorer are stored in Module folders in the Project Explorer
window.
Displaying To display a list of the scriptable objects available within Data
Explorer, select Object Browser from the View menu in the
Visual Basic Project Explorer window.
scriptable objects
For information on using the Visual Basic Editor, refer to the
online help in the Visual Basic Editor.
Numbering When you create Macro scripts, the Visual Basic Editor uses a
numbering sequence that starts at 0. If you specify a number
sequence
of 1 in the Visual Basic Editor, it indicates the second item in a
sequence, not the first. For example, if you create a script to
sort the Peak List in the Output window, and you want to sort
by Area (column 8 in the Peak List), specify sorting on column
7 in the script.
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Applied Biosystems
Using the Macro Recorder
6.7.7 Importing or Exporting Macros
in DATAEXPLORER.VB6
6
You can import macros into, or export macros from, the
DATAEXPLORER.VB6 project for use in the Data Explorer
software.
Importing when When you install a new version of the Data Explorer software:
new versions of
Data Explorer
software installed
•
The DATAEXPLORER.VB6 file is not overwritten. This
allows you to maintain any macros you have developed
in the DATAEXPLORER.VB6 file.
•
New macros are supplied in stand-alone ASCII format
(.BAS and .FRM files) in C:\MARINER\PROGRAM\
MACROS or C:\VOYAGER\MACROS and are not
incorporated into the DATAEXPLORER.VB6 file
automatically.
To make the new macros available for use, import them into
the DATAEXPLORER.VB6 file.
Importing NOTE: You can also import by opening NT Explorer, then
displayed in the Visual Basic Editor window.
To import macros:
1. Access the Visual Basic Editor from Data Explorer as
described in Section 6.7.6, Advanced Macro Editing.
2. From the File menu, select Import File.
3. Select the .BAS file (Basic File module containing the
macros) or .FRM file (form containing the user interface
for the macros, if applicable), then click Open.
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
The selected macros are imported into the
DATAEXPLORER.VB6 project. The .BAS files are
6
DataExplorerProject, and the .FRM files are included in
the Forms folder in the DataExplorerProject. All macros
imported into the DataExplorerProject are displayed in
the list of macros you can assign in the Data Explorer
software. See Section 6.7.3, Assigning Macros to
Buttons.
Exporting To export macros:
1. Access the VBA Editor from Data Explorer as described
above.
2. From the File menu, select Export File.
3. Select the .BAS or .FRM file to export, then click Save.
NOTE: You have to export modules or forms one at
a time.
6-44
Applied Biosystems
Using the Macro Recorder
6.7.8 Running Macros Automatically
You can set the Data Explorer software to automatically run
macros you previously created when you open or close a data
file. For information on creating macros, see Section 6.7.2,
Recording a Macro.
To set up automatic macros:
1. From the Tools menu, select Automatic Macros.
The Automatic Macro Setup dialog box (Figure 6-26) is
displayed.
Figure 6-27 Automatic Macro Setup Dialog Box
2. Select File Open Macro or File Close Macro, as desired,
then select the macro to run when you open or close a
data file.
3. Click OK.
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Chapter 6 Using Tools and Applications
6
6-46
Applied Biosystems
Chapter
7
7 Data Explorer
Examples
This chapter contains the following sections:
7.1
Mariner Data Examples ...................................... 7-2
7.1.1
7.1.2
Improving Signal-To-Noise Ratio ......... 7-2
Deconvoluting and Evaluating
Unresolved Chromatographic Peaks ... 7-4
7.1.3
Determining if a Peak is
Background Noise .............................. 7-8
7.2
Voyager Data Examples..................................... 7-11
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
Detecting and Labeling
Partially Resolved Peaks ...................7-11
Processing Before Calibrating to
Optimize Mass Accuracy .................. 7-14
Detecting Peaks from
Complex Digests ............................... 7-18
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
7-1
Chapter 7 Data Explorer Examples
7.1 Mariner Data Examples
This section includes:
• Improving signal-to-noise ratio
• Deconvoluting and evaluating unresolved
chromatographic peaks
• Determining if a peak is background noise
7
7.1.1 Improving Signal-To-Noise Ratio
Overview You can improve the signal-to-noise ratio for low-level
components in the total ion chromatogram (TIC) by creating
an extracted ion chromatogram for the mass of interest.
Each data point in the TIC represents the sum of all ion
intensities for all masses in the corresponding spectrum. By
creating an extracted ion chromatogram for a specific mass,
you can screen out ion contribution from masses that you are
not interested in.
Creating an The following example illustrates how you can create an
extracted ion chromatogram to improve the signal-to-noise
ratio for reserpine (609 Da):
extracted ion
chromatogram
1. Display the data file.
2. In the Chromatogram window, click
in the toolbar, or
set the Trace Replace mode to Add, if you want to add a
new trace. See Section 2.4.4, Adding Traces from the
Same Data File to a Window, for information.
3. From the Display menu, select Trace, then select
Extracted Ion.
4. In the Extracted Ion Chromatogram window, select
Center/Window, then type the mass of interest (609 Da)
and the window for the mass (for example, 0.5 Da).
5. Click OK.
7-2
Applied Biosystems
Mariner Data Examples
Figure 7-1 illustrates the improved signal-to-noise ratio
in the extracted ion chromatogram for three replicate
loop injections.
7
Original TIC
containing all
masses
Extracted ion
chromatogram for 609 Da
with improved
signal-to-noise ratio
Figure 7-1 Improving Signal-To-Noise Ratio with an
Extracted Ion Chromatogram
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Chapter 7 Data Explorer Examples
7.1.2 Deconvoluting and
Evaluating Unresolved
Chromatographic Peaks
Overview You can use the Data Explorer software to deconvolute
chromatographic peaks and obtain masses for each
component by:
•
Creating a combined spectrum to identify the coeluting
species by mass
7
•
Creating extracted ion chromatograms for the masses,
and comparing the extracted ion chromatograms to the
original TIC containing the unresolved peaks
You can then create a combined spectrum from each
extracted ion chromatogram to evaluate the spectral data.
unresolved chromatographic peaks in a tryptic digest of
cytochrome c:
combined
spectrum
1. Display the data file.
2. In the Chromatogram window, zoom in on the unresolved
peaks (Figure 7-2).
Figure 7-2 Unresolved Peaks in Cytochrome C
3. In the Chromatogram window, right-click-drag over the
unresolved peak pair.
7-4
Applied Biosystems
Mariner Data Examples
The combined spectrum is displayed (Figure 7-3), with
two intense peaks at 410 Da and 723 Da. Generate
extracted ion chromatograms as described below to
determine if these peaks are the coeluting components.
NOTE: If these peaks do not yield chromatograms with
profiles that correspond to the unresolved peaks, try
another spectral peak.
7
Figure 7-3 Combined Spectrum for Unresolved Peaks in Cytochrome C
Creating To create extracted ion chromatograms:
extracted ion
1. With the Chromatogram window activated, click
in
chromatograms
the toolbar two times to add two traces. Click an added
trace to activate it.
2. In the Spectrum window, right-click-drag over the first
peak.
The extracted ion chromatogram is displayed.
3. In the Chromatogram window, click the second added
trace to activate it.
4. In the Spectrum window, right-click-drag over the second
peak.
The extracted ion chromatogram is displayed.
Figure 7-4 illustrates the peaks deconvoluted from the
original unresolved peaks.
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Chapter 7 Data Explorer Examples
7
Original TIC
containing
unresolved peaks
Extracted ion
chromatograms with
deconvoluted peaks
Figure 7-4 Deconvoluting Unresolved Chromatographic Peaks
Creating Create a combined spectrum for each extracted ion
chromatogram:
combined spectra
1. Activate the Spectrum window, then click
toolbar two times to add two traces.
in the
2. Right-click-drag over the first half of the mass range in the
410 extracted ion chromatogram.
3. Activate the second trace in the Spectrum window.
4. Right-click-drag over the second half of the mass range in
the 723 extracted ion chromatogram.
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Applied Biosystems
Mariner Data Examples
Figure 7-5 illustrates the combined spectra for the
deconvoluted peaks.
Note that both spectra contain a peak at 391 Da which
requires investigation to determine if it is a low-level
component or background noise. See Section 7.1.3,
Determining if a Peak is Background Noise.
7
Both combined spectra
contain a peak at 391 Da
Figure 7-5 Combined Spectra for Deconvoluted Peaks
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Chapter 7 Data Explorer Examples
7.1.3 Determining if a Peak
is Background Noise
Overview To determine if spectral peaks represent low-level
components or if they are due to solvent contribution, you can:
•
•
Create an extracted ion chromatogram for the spectral
peaks
7
Subtracting The following example uses the chromatograms and spectra
from Section 7.1.2, Deconvoluting and Evaluating Unresolved
spectral peaks
Chromatographic Peaks. It illustrates how to subtract baseline
and determine if the spectral peak observed at 391 Da
(Figure 7-5 on page 7-7) is eliminated.
To subtract spectra:
1. Activate the first extracted ion chromatogram in
Chromatogram window (see Figure 7-4 on page 7-6).
3. Click
, then right-click-drag over the peak in the
extracted ion chromatogram.
The spectrum range is displayed in the Spectra To Be
Added list in the Add and Subtract Spectra dialog box
(Figure 7-6).
4. In the Add and Subtract Spectra dialog box, click
anywhere in the Spectra To Be Subtracted list.
5. In the TIC, right-click over a region of baseline that does
not contain any peaks.
NOTE: When selecting spectra to subtract, select from
the TIC. The baseline in the extracted ion
chromatograms is for a selected mass and does not
represent all components which may be present.
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Applied Biosystems
Chapter 7 Data Explorer Examples
Figure 7-7 Subtracted Spectrum
7
The peak at 391 is still present, which indicates one of the
following conditions:
•
•
You did not subtract sufficient baseline
The peak is a coeluting component
To evaluate further, create an extracted ion chromatogram for
391 Da as described below and evaluate the signal.
Creating To create the extracted ion chromatogram, right-click-drag
over the peak at 391 Da in the spectrum trace.
extracted ion
chromatogram
NOTE: You can also create an extracted ion chromatogram
by selecting Trace from the Display menu, selecting
Extracted Ion, then entering a mass.
Figure 7-8 illustrates the extracted ion chromatogram for mass
391. The signal is relatively consistent, indicating that it is
background instead of a component peak.
Figure 7-8 Extracted Ion Chromatogram for Mass 391 Da
7-10
Applied Biosystems
Voyager Data Examples
7.2 Voyager Data Examples
This section includes:
• Detecting and labeling partially resolved peaks
• Processing before calibrating to optimize mass accuracy
• Detecting peaks from complex digests
7.2.1 Detecting and Labeling
7
Partially Resolved Peaks
If peaks are not If peaks are partially resolved and the peaks of interest are not
labeled, you can adjust the following peak detection
parameters:
labeled
If...
Adjust the following...
Peaks represent two
compounds, and you
want both peaks labeled
In the Peak Label dialog box, select Allow Overlapping
Peak Labels.
OR
On the Basic Settings tab in Peak Detection, set %Max
Peak Area to 0, then adjust the %Base Peak Intensity
until peaks are detected.
OR
On the Peak Processing tab in Peak Detection, change
the default Integration Baseline Setting from
Valley-to-Valley to Valley-to-Baseline.
resolved isotopes, and
you want to label and
detect the average mass
the Mass Resolution setting until the isotopic envelope is
detected.
Figure 7-9 shows a spectrum with partially resolved peaks that
represent two compounds.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 7 Data Explorer Examples
Figure 7-9 Partially Resolved Peaks That Represent Two Compounds, Minor
Component Not Detected
7
Adjusting peak To adjust peak detection:
detection
1. Click
in the toolbar or select Peak Detection from
the Peaks menu.
The Spectrum Peak Detection Setup dialog box is
displayed with the Basic Settings tab (Figure 7-10)
displayed.
Figure 7-10 Spectrum Peak Detection Setup—
Basic Settings Tab
7-12
Applied Biosystems
Voyager Data Examples
2. Do either of the following:
• Change the %Max Peak Area from 1 (the default)
to 0, and the %Base Peak Intensity from 0 (the
default) to 1.
default Integration Baseline Setting from
Valley-to-Valley to Valley-to-Baseline.
3. Click OK.
7
Figure 7-11 shows the partially resolved peaks that are now
labeled.
Figure 7-11 Partially Resolved Peaks Labeled
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Chapter 7 Data Explorer Examples
7.2.2 Processing Before Calibrating to
Optimize Mass Accuracy
This section includes:
• Before calibrating
• Calibrating
Calibrating For optimum mass accuracy, baseline correct and deisotope a
without baseline
7
spectrum before calibrating.
correcting and
deisotoping
Figure 7-12 shows a spectrum before calibration.
Figure 7-12 Spectrum Before Calibration
Figure 7-13 shows a spectrum that has been calibrated
without initial baseline correction and deisotoping. Mass
accuracy is not acceptable.
Figure 7-13 Calibration Without Baseline Correction
or Deisotoping
7-14
Applied Biosystems
Voyager Data Examples
1. Display the spectrum of interest.
Baseline correcting 2. From the Process menu, select Baseline Correction.
The spectrum is baseline corrected. For more
information, see Section 5.8.2, Using Baseline
Correction.
Deisotoping 3. From the Peaks menu, select Peak Deisotoping.
7
The Deisotoping dialog box (Figure 7-14) is displayed.
C6H5NO for Generic Formula.
5. Click OK.
Figure 7-15 shows the baseline-corrected, deisotoped
spectrum before calibration. For more information on
deisotoping, see Section 3.4, Deisotoping a Spectrum.
Figure 7-15 Baseline-Corrected, Deisotoped Spectrum
Before Calibration
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 7 Data Explorer Examples
Calibrating To calibrate the deisotoped spectrum:
1. From the Peaks menu, select Peak Label, and select
use for calibration. Click OK.
2. From the Process menu, select Mass Calibration and
then select Manual Calibration.
The Manual Calibration dialog box is displayed
(Figure 7-16).
7
Figure 7-16 Manual Calibration Dialog Box
3. Click
, then select the VOYAGER.REF calibration
reference file.
4. Enter Reference Matching and Calibration Criteria.
NOTE: For descriptions of calibration parameters, see
Section 5.3, Manual Calibration.
7-16
Applied Biosystems
Voyager Data Examples
Matching peaks 5. Click Match Peaks and Solve. The software compares
observed masses in the spectrum to reference masses in
the selected reference file, lists the matches in the Peak
Matched list, calibrates the spectrum, and displays the
calibration statistics in the Output window.
NOTE: If you set Mass Tolerance too low, no peaks will
match.
7
You can also add peaks to the Peak Matched list by
right-click-dragging on a peak in the spectrum, then
selecting the mass from the reference Peak Information
dialog displayed. Click Solve and Plot after manually
adding masses.
The spectrum is calibrated and displayed with an MC
the Output window.
Applying 6. If the calibration statistics are acceptable, click Apply
Calibration.
Figure 7-17 shows the deisotoped spectrum after calibration,
with improved mass accuracy.
Figure 7-17 Deisotoped Spectrum After Calibration
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 7 Data Explorer Examples
7.2.3 Detecting Peaks
from Complex Digests
Overview Complex digests often contain hundreds of peaks which may
have relatively low signal-to-noise ratios. To quickly screen out
noise and detect peaks of interest:
• Noise filter/smooth to remove initial noise.
• Set initial peak detection thresholds low enough to detect
all peaks, to ensure that monoisotopic peaks are detected
for proper deisotoping.
7
• Deisotope to identify isotope peak clusters. The
total area of all peak areas in the isotope cluster. It does
not amplify noise peaks.
• Increase peak detection thresholds to eliminate noise
peaks.
Figure 7-18 represents a spectrum trace from a digest.
Overlapping Peak Labels are enabled to illustrate the large
number of peaks detected in the spectrum (over 300 peaks
contained in the peak list displayed in the Output window).
Figure 7-18 Digest with Several Hundred Peaks
Detected (Allow Overlapping Labels Enabled)
7-18
Applied Biosystems
Voyager Data Examples
Procedure To detect peaks from complex mixtures:
1. Display the spectrum of interest.
Noise 2. From the Process menu, select Noise Filter/Smooth.
filtering/smoothing
The Noise Filter/Smooth dialog box (Figure 7-19) is
displayed.
7
3. Select Default Smoothing or Noise Filter (with a
Correlation Factor of 0.7), then click OK.
For more information, see Section 5.7, Noise
Filtering/Smoothing.
4. Click
in the toolbar or select Peak Detection from
Setting detection
thresholds
the Peaks menu.
The Spectrum Peak Detection Setup dialog box is
displayed with the Basic Settings tab (Figure 7-20)
displayed.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
7-19
Voyager Data Examples
7
Advanced Settings Tab
6. Set Minimum Area to 0.
7. Click the Basic Settings tab (see Figure 7-20 on
page 7-20), then set %Max Peak Area to 0 or 0.1.
list in the Output window.
For more information, see Section 3.2, Peak Detection.
Deisotoping 9. From the Peaks menu, select Peak Deisotoping.
The Deisotoping dialog box (Figure 7-14) is displayed.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 7 Data Explorer Examples
7
Figure 7-22 Deisotoping Dialog Box
10. For this example spectrum, specify H for Adduct and
11. Click OK. For more information on deisotoping, see
Section 3.4, Deisotoping a Spectrum.
Increasing 12. In the Basic Settings tab in Global Thresholds (see
Figure 7-20 on page 7-20), increase %Max Peak Area
to a setting between 0.1 and 1% until the peaks of
interest are detected and noise is screened out.
detection
thresholds
Figure 7-23 shows the trace after deisotoping. Note
that many fewer peaks are detected. By further
fine-tuning %Max Peak Area, you can screen out
additional noise peaks.
Figure 7-23 Digest After Noise Filtering, Deisotoping,
and Adjusting Detection Thresholds
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Applied Biosystems
Chapter
8
8 Viewing
Voyager PSD Data
This chapter contains the following sections:
8.1
8.2
8.3
Displaying PSD Data ....................................... 8-2
Applying Fragment Labels ............................... 8-8
Calibrating a PSD Spectrum .......................... 8-10
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
Checking Peak Detection ............... 8-11
Calibrating .....................................8-12
Creating PSD .CAL Files and
Applying to Other Data Files ..........8-20
8.3.4
8.3.5
Creating PSD Calibration
Reference (.REF) Files ..................8-21
Changing the Precursor Mass ........8-23
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
8-1
Chapter 8 Viewing Voyager PSD Data
8.1 Displaying PSD Data
This section includes:
• Displaying the composite spectrum
• Advancing through segment traces
• Displaying multiple segment traces
• Redisplaying the composite spectrum
• How the composite spectrum is generated
NOTE: For information on acquiring PSD spectra, see the
Voyager Biospectrometry Workstation User’s Guide.
Displaying the NOTE: You cannot display the PSD data you are currently
acquiring in the Instrument Control Panel in the Data
Explorer software until you stop the PSD experiment in the
Instrument Control Panel. Error messages are displayed if
you try to open the file. For more information, see the
composite
spectrum
8
To display PSD data:
1. Open the PSD data file of interest in the Data Explorer
software as described in Section 2.1, Opening and
Closing Data Files.
NOTE: PSD data files are named with a .DAT
_PSD suffix when you name PSD data files, for
non-PSD data files.
The composite spectrum is generated as described in
“How the composite spectrum is generated” on
page 8-6, and displayed with a Stitched PSD trace label
(Figure 8-1).
8-2
Applied Biosystems
Displaying PSD Data
8
Figure 8-1 PSD Spectrum in Data Explorer
through segment
traces
Segments are displayed in the order in which they were
acquired.
NOTE: If these buttons are not displayed in the toolbar, you
can add them. See Section 1.4.3, Customizing Toolbars.
Displaying To display multiple segment traces:
multiple segment
traces
1. Click
in the toolbar three times to add three “Not
Used” traces.
2. From the Process menu, select PSD Processing.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
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Chapter 8 Viewing Voyager PSD Data
The PSD Processing dialog box is displayed
(Figure 8-2) and lists all segments contained in the PSD
.DAT file in the order in which they were acquired with
associated Mirror Ratios and Max Stitch Masses.
Column
header
8
Figure 8-2 PSD Processing Dialog Box
The Max Stitch Mass is equal to the Precursor Mass
times the Mirror Ratio. This value reflects the maximum
mass of the segment that will be included in the composite
spectrum. The mass range included in the segment is
approximately 15 percent higher than the Max Stitch
Mass. Optimum focus and resolution is achieved for
fragment ions close to this mass.
8-4
Applied Biosystems
Displaying PSD Data
NOTE: The entry number in the PSD Segment list
above may not correspond to Segment number
specified in the Segment list for acquisition (described
in the Voyager Biospectrometry Workstation User’s
Guide) if you did not acquire all segments, or did not
acquire segments in order of decreasing Mirror Ratio.
The number above reflects the order of acquisition. For
example, if you listed Segments 1 through 5 for
acquisition, but acquired Segments 1, 3, and 5, you
would see three entries above that correspond to the
three acquired segments.
3. In the Spectrum window, click the first Not Used trace.
4. In the PSD Processing dialog box, double-click the Entry
number of the segment to add.
5. Repeat step 3 and step 4 to display additional segments.
6. To advance through traces, select any trace, then click
and
.
Redisplaying the To redisplay the composite spectrum, click Generate
Composite in the PSD Processing dialog box (Figure 8-2).
composite
spectrum
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
8-5
Chapter 8 Viewing Voyager PSD Data
How the The software does the following to generate a composite
spectrum:
composite
spectrum is
generated
• Evaluates all segments in the .DAT file to determine if
there are multiple segments acquired using the same
• If there are duplicates, selects the most recently acquired
segment to include in the composite spectrum.
• Using the precursor ion mass and calibration constants
from the PSD calibration in the .DAT file (see “PSD
calibration equation” below), determines the region of
each segment to include in the composite spectrum as
illustrated in Figure 8-3 on page 8-7.
• Applies baseline correction and two-standard-deviation
noise removal to the composite region of each segment.
• “Stitches” the composite regions together and displays
the composite spectrum.
8
PSD calibration The equation that the Voyager software uses to calculate the
mass for fragment ions is:
equation
α Ri + β
α + β
2
mp
mf
=
(α R + β)
[(tf – tp) + γ (tf – tp) ] +
i
where:
m
=
=
=
=
Fragment ion mass
f
Calibration constants
Mirror Ratio
α, β, γ
R
i
t
t
Fragment ion flight time
f
=
Precursor ion flight time (at R = 1) calculated
p
i
during acquisition
m
=
Precursor ion mass entered in PSD Acquisition settings
before acquisition, or changed in PSD Processing
p
8-6
Applied Biosystems
Displaying PSD Data
If you are performing an internal standard calibration, the
software determines the constants as listed below:
PSD Internal
Standard Calibration
Constant
Value Used
One-point
α
Calculated from standard mass
β and γ
α and β
γ
0
Two-point or
three-point
Calculated from standard masses
0
More than three-point α, β, γ
Calculated from standard masses
Region of The composite spectrum is generated from portions of the
segment traces. The upper mass limit of the composite region
8
segments included
in each segment is determined by the PSD Mirror Ratio (Rn)
with which the segment was acquired and the mass of the
precursor ion (mp) (Figure 8-3).
in composite
spectrum
included in composite
included in composite
Seg 1
Seg 2
R x m
1
p
included in composite
(If first segment acquired
with PSD Mirror Ratio=1.0,
upper limit is
slightly higher than
precursor ion mass)
Seg 3
Seg 4
R x m
2
p
R x m
3
p
Figure 8-3 Portions of Segment Traces Included in the Composite Spectrum
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
8-7
Chapter 8 Viewing Voyager PSD Data
Overview Use the Ion Fragmentation calculator to apply fragment labels.
For detailed information on using the Ion Fragmentation
calculator, see Section 6.5, Using the
Ion Fragmentation Calculator.
Applying labels To apply fragment labels to PSD spectra:
1. From the Applications menu, select Ion Fragmentation
Calculator.
The Ion Fragmentation Calculator dialog box
(Figure 8-4) is displayed.
8
Figure 8-4 Ion Fragmentation Calculator Dialog Box
8-8
Applied Biosystems
2. In the Sequence text box, type the amino acid sequence
of the compound. Use single-letter codes. Set other
parameters as needed. For parameter descriptions, see
Section 6.5, Using the Ion Fragmentation Calculator.
3. Click Options to specify the fragment peaks to label.
4. Click Induce Fragmentation.
5. Click Label Peaks.
The ion peaks specified in Options are labeled on the
trace if they are present.
Hint: To more selectively apply labels, decrease the
Mass Tolerance in the Options dialog box.
Hint: This function creates User Labels in the data file.
To view, select Peak Label from the Peaks menu, then
click User Label Setup. Click Save As to save the
labels in a .LBS file for use with other data files. For
more information, see Section 3.5.3, Setting Custom
Peak Labels.
8
6. To display the original labels, select Peak Label from the
Peaks menu, then deselect User Labels.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
8-9
Chapter 8 Viewing Voyager PSD Data
8.3 Calibrating a PSD Spectrum
NOTE: Multi-point calibration yields higher mass accuracy
than one-point calibration.
This section includes:
• Checking peak detection
• Calibrating
• Creating PSD .CAL files and applying to other data files
• Creating PSD calibration reference (.REF) files
• Changing the precursor mass
When to use this Use this procedure to:
procedure
• Generate a PSD calibration (.CAL) file from a known
standard analyzed in PSD mode. You can then export the
PSD .CAL file and include the PSD .CAL file in a PSD
instrument settings (.BIC) file you use to acquire unknown
PSD samples.
8
• Internally calibrate an unknown PSD data file by
specifying known monoamino acid fragment ions as the
Overview of To create a PSD .CAL file:
creating a PSD
.CAL file
PSD mode.
• Check peak detection as described in Section 8.3.1,
Calibration Reference (.REF) Files.
• Internally calibrate the PSD .DAT file as described in
Section 8.3.2, Calibrating. Specify the calibration
reference (.REF) file created in Section 8.3.4, Creating
PSD Calibration Reference (.REF) Files, when
calibrating.
• Export the calibration (.CAL) file from the PSD .DAT file to
use when acquiring unknown samples in PSD mode.
8-10
Applied Biosystems
Calibrating a PSD Spectrum
8.3.1 Checking Peak Detection
Checking Before calibrating, check that peaks in all segment traces of
interest are properly peak detected and that noise is not
detected as peaks. Note the following when setting peak
detection parameters:
• Peak detection settings are applied to the currently
displayed composite spectrum or segment traces.
• The default peak detection settings (in
VOYAGERPSD.SET) have different detection ranges for
different mass ranges. You can fine tune ranges and
Filter Width settings in ranges to optimize detection. For
more information, see “Detection Ranges” on page 3-28.
• Fragment ion peaks in segments collected with lower
PSD Mirror Ratios are broader and include more data
points. Use a higher Filter Width setting for these
segments.
8
• Within a segment, resolution increases with increasing
mass, as the flight time of the fragment ions approaches
the flight time of the precursor. Use a lower Filter Width
setting for higher resolutions.
For more information, see Section 3.2, Peak Detection.
Smoothing If a segment appears noisy, smooth the trace (for example,
use 25-point Gaussian smoothing) before calibrating.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
8-11
Chapter 8 Viewing Voyager PSD Data
8.3.2 Calibrating
This section includes:
• Calibrating
• Matching peaks automatically
• Selecting peaks manually
• Solving and plotting
• Applying new constants to the data file
• Selecting calibration peaks for optimum mass accuracy
Calibrating To calibrate a PSD spectrum:
1. Click the Spectrum window to activate it. Select the
spectrum of interest.
NOTE: You cannot calibrate a result spectrum or a
composite spectrum you have accessed from the
Processing History command on the Display menu. For
more information, see Section 2.4.7, Recalling and
Rearranging Traces (Processing History).
8
2. From the Peaks menu, select Peak Label, then select the
calibration. Click OK.
3. From the Process menu, select Mass Calibration, then
select PSD Calibration.
The PSD Processing dialog box is displayed with the
Calibration tab selected (Figure 8-5).
Hint: You can also access this dialog box by selecting
PSD Processing from the Process menu, then clicking
the Calibration tab.
8-12
Applied Biosystems
Calibrating a PSD Spectrum
Column
header
buttons
Figure 8-5 PSD Processing Dialog Box with
Calibration Tab Displayed
4. Select a PSD Calibration Reference File that you
generated as described in Section 8.3.4, Creating PSD
Calibration Reference (.REF) Files. A calibration
reference file called Angiotensin_Fragments.REF is
provided with the software.
NOTE: Use a calibration reference (.REF) file that
specifies the peak type for reference masses as
Resolved Isotope Mass (even if they are not resolved
isotopes). The calibration routine checks peak width to
Average Masses in the calibration reference file, the
software mistakes these narrow peaks as isotopically
resolved and ignores the reference mass. For more
information on creating calibration reference files, see
Section 5.3.3, Creating or Modifying a
Calibration Reference File (.REF).
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
8-13
Chapter 8 Viewing Voyager PSD Data
NOTE: If the calibration reference file is stored on a
network drive, an error message may display when you
select the calibration file when performing a calibration.
If an error message is displayed, copy the file to a local
drive on your computer using Windows NT Explorer.
5. Enter Reference Matching Criteria:
• Minimum Intensity—Peaks must be above this
intensity to be considered a match. Select the unit
for Minimum Intensity, % Relative Intensity or
% Relative Area.
• Mass Tolerance—Peaks must be within this
tolerance of the theoretical mass to be considered
a match. Select the unit, m/z or ppm.
6. Select the Peak Weighting Factor. If the calibration
includes more than two points, you can apply the following
weighting factors to fit points to the curve:
8
• None—All peaks weighted equally
• Inverse Peak Width—Narrower peaks are
weighted more than broader peaks
7. Match observed peaks in the spectrum with reference
masses in the calibration reference file using one of the
following procedures:
• “Matching peaks automatically” described below
• “Selecting peaks manually” on page 8-16
8-14
Applied Biosystems
Calibrating a PSD Spectrum
Matching peaks If you want the software to compare observed masses in all
segment spectra included in the .DAT file to reference masses
in the selected calibration reference file:
automatically
1. Click Match.
If a mass within the tolerance of any of the masses
listed in the calibration reference file is found in any
spectrum in the .DAT file, the match is displayed in the
Calibration Mass Peak Selection window.
CAUTION
Use the Match function with care. Before using, ensure
that all peaks in all segments are correctly peak
detected. The Match function examines the complete
mass range in all segments in the .DAT file.
NOTE: The entire mass range of each spectrum in the
.DAT file is checked, not just the mass range included
in the composite spectrum, and even if the spectrum is
not currently displayed in the Spectrum window.
8
For comparison, the difference between the reference
mass in the calibration reference file and the observed
peak mass is displayed.
Hint: You can sort the list of matches by clicking on the
column header buttons (see Figure 8-5 on page 8-13).
You can display complete information about a reference
mass by double-clicking on the mass.
If no matches are found, an error message is displayed.
2. To delete a match from the list, select the mass and click
Delete Selected Match.
To clear the entire list, click Delete Entire List.
3. Complete the calibration as described in “Solving and
plotting” on page 8-18.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
8-15
Chapter 8 Viewing Voyager PSD Data
Selecting peaks For optimum mass accuracy, select peaks as described in
page 8-19.
manually
To manually select the reference mass for a peak:
1. Right-click-drag over the peak of interest.
The Reference Mass dialog box (Figure 8-6) is
displayed and lists all masses in the calibration
reference file. The entry highlighted is the nearest
match in the calibration reference file to the selected
peak that is within the mass tolerance specified.
8
Figure 8-6 Reference Mass Dialog Box
8-16
Applied Biosystems
Calibrating a PSD Spectrum
2.
Do any of the following:
• Click OK to accept the highlighted reference mass
for matching.
• Select a different reference mass and click OK.
• Type new reference mass information in the
Name, Theoretical Mass, Charge and Elemental
Composition text boxes and select the mass type.
Click OK to accept the reference mass for
matching.
NOTE: You must type in a minus sign (-) for
negative charge states.
• Type new reference mass information in the
add the information to the calibration reference
file, then click OK to accept the reference mass for
matching.
8
The PSD Calibration dialog box is displayed again (see
Figure 8-5 on page 8-13) with the observed mass and
the reference mass you selected displayed in the
Matched Peak list.
3.
Repeat step 1 through step 2 until the desired peaks
are in the matched list.
For optimum mass accuracy, take at least one mass
from each segment, if possible.
The software does not allow you to add duplicate
masses collected with the same PSD Mirror Ratio.
specified in Reference Matching Criteria, but has the
same PSD Mirror Ratio, the software allows you to
add it.
4. Complete the calibration as described in “Solving and
plotting” on page 8-18.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
8-17
Chapter 8 Viewing Voyager PSD Data
Solving and After matching peaks, click Solve and Plot.
plotting
The calibration statistics are displayed in the Result tab of the
Output window and the calibration constants are applied to
the spectrum displayed
If you calibrate more than one time, subsequent calibration
statistics are added to the end of the list in the Output window.
Older calibration statistics are listed at the top of the list. Use
the scroll bar to view newer statistics at the bottom of the list.
The spectrum is calibrated and displayed with an MC trace
label. The calibration statistics are displayed in the Output
window.
Applying new To apply the calibration constants to each spectrum (all
segments) in the data file, click Apply Calibration.
constants to the
data file
All spectra in the data file are calibrated and displayed with an
MC trace label. The calibration constants are saved with the
data file. Each spectrum in the data file is calibrated when
displayed.
8
The software uses different values in the calibration equation
calculation based on the type of calibration performed.
8-18
Applied Biosystems
Calibrating a PSD Spectrum
Selecting To improve calibration statistics, you can select the same
fragment ion from more than one segment. Monoamino acid
calibration peaks
for optimum mass
accuracy
fragments (immonium ions) below 150 Da are useful for this
purpose. Because the segments have been collected with
different PSD Mirror Ratios, the software allows you to add the
same mass to the list multiple times.
Hint: A calibration reference file called
Immonium_Ions.REF is provided with the software.
To optimize mass accuracy across the entire PSD composite
spectrum (multi-point calibration):
• Select reference peaks from a wide range of segments to
ensure that high and low Mirror Ratios are represented.
• Include peaks with masses that are substantially below
the Max Stitch Mass (for example, up to 50 percent lower
than the Max Stitch Mass.
8
• Avoid selecting peaks with masses that are above the
Max Stitch Mass.
• Avoid selecting peaks with signal-to-noise ratios less
than 20.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
8-19
Chapter 8 Viewing Voyager PSD Data
8.3.3 Creating PSD Calibration (.CAL) Files
and Applying to Other Data Files
Creating PSD To generate a PSD .CAL file:
.CAL files
Instrument Control Panel in PSD mode. For more
information, see the Voyager Biospectrometry
Workstation User’s Guide.
2. Open the .DAT file in the Data Explorer software.
3. Calibrate as described in Section 8.3.2, Calibrating.
4. From the File menu, select Export, then select
Calibration.
5. Name and save the file.
8
Hint: Include a _PSD suffix when you export a PSD
.CAL file to help you distinguish them from non-PSD
.CAL files. For example, type Cal_PSD as the file
name. The complete file name will be Cal_PSD.CAL.
Applying new You can apply calibration constants from a .CAL file to any
data file. To apply the new constants from a mass calibration
file to a different file:
constants to
additional files
1. Display the spectrum to calibrate.
2. From the Process menu, select Mass Calibration.
3. Select Import Calibration.
4. Select the .CAL file to use. Click Open.
The software displays the calibrated spectrum with an
MC trace label.
5. To save the calibration to the data file, select Mass
Calibration from the Process menu, then select Apply
Calibration.
8-20
Applied Biosystems
Calibrating a PSD Spectrum
8.3.4 Creating PSD
Calibration Reference (.REF) Files
Overview You can manually create a calibration reference file by typing
masses in a text file as described in Section 5.3.3, Creating or
Modifying a Calibration Reference File (.REF).
You can also use the Ion Fragmentation calculator to generate
theoretical fragments and masses from the sequence for a
standard compound, then automatically save the masses and
associated information in a calibration reference file. For
detailed information on using the Ion Fragmentation calculator,
see Section 6.5, Using the Ion Fragmentation Calculator.
Fragmentation calculator:
Fragmentation
calculator to
create a
calibration
reference (.REF)
file
1. From the Applications menu, select Ion Fragmentation
Calculator.
8
The Ion Fragmentation Calculator dialog box is displayed
(Figure 8-4 on page 8-8).
2. In the Sequence text box, type the amino acid sequence
of the standard compound. Use single-letter codes. Set
other parameters as needed. For parameter descriptions,
see Section 6.5, Using the Ion Fragmentation Calculator.
3. Select Monoisotopic from the Calculate fragment ion
masses as drop-down list.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
8-21
Chapter 8 Viewing Voyager PSD Data
NOTE: This selection determines the mass type specified
for the reference masses in the calibration reference file.
Use a calibration reference (.REF) file that specifies the
peak type for reference masses as Resolved Isotope
Mass (even if they are not resolved isotopes). The
calibration routine checks peak width to determine if a
Masses in the calibration reference file, the software
mistakes these narrow peaks as isotopically resolved
and ignores the reference mass. For more information
on creating calibration reference files, see
Section 5.3.3, Creating or Modifying a
Calibration Reference File (.REF).
4. Click Induce Fragmentation.
Results are listed in the ions table, and fragment ions
are labeled if they are present in the spectrum.
8
5. Click Create Reference File.
A Save As dialog box is displayed.
6. Name and save the calibration reference file.
Hint: PSD calibration reference files are named with an
.REF extension. When you create PSD calibration
reference files, include a _PSD suffix when you name
files to help you distinguish them from non-PSD
calibration reference files.
Hint: Calibration reference files are ASCII text files.
You can delete unwanted fragment ion entries using
Microsoft Notepad.
8-22
Applied Biosystems
Calibrating a PSD Spectrum
8.3.5 Changing the Precursor Mass
When to change When analyzing the composite spectrum, you may find that
the observed fragments and sequence are not consistent with
precursor mass
the precursor mass used to acquire the .DAT file. For
example, you acquired the data with a precursor mass of
1,000.5 Da, and while examining the data in Data Explorer,
you realize that the data may correspond to a precursor mass
of 1,000 Da or 1,001 Da.
You can change the precursor mass in the Data Explorer
software and regenerate the composite spectrum to observe
whether the mass accuracy of the fragment ions improves with
a different precursor mass specified.
Before changing the precursor mass, note the following points:
• The Change Mass function changes the value for mp in
the PSD calibration equation (described on page 8-6). It
does not change the value for tp.
8
• Use the Change Mass function only if the precursor mass
used to acquire the data does not correspond to the
sequence you are observing in Data Explorer.
• Do not use the Change Mass function to correct a
precursor mass that you incorrectly typed before
acquiring. The precursor ion flight time associated with
the incorrect mass is stored in the .DAT file and will yield
invalid fragment masses even if you correct the precursor
mass. You must specify the correct precursor mass and
reacquire the data to obtain correct mass and flight time
values to yield a valid fragment mass calibration.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
8-23
Chapter 8 Viewing Voyager PSD Data
Changing If the precursor mass taken from the data file is not correct:
1. Display the Segments tab (see Figure 8-2 on page 8-4)
by doing either of the following:
• In the PSD Calibration dialog box, click the
Segments tab
• From the Process menu, select PSD Processing
2. Click Change Mass and enter a new mass to use for
calibration.
3. Click OK.
4. Click Plot to display the composite spectrum for the new
mass. The following occurs:
• A new composite spectrum is generated as
described in “How the composite spectrum is
generated” on page 8-6, and displayed.
8
• The PSD calibration for the data file is updated
with the new precursor ion mass.
• The new composite spectrum is displayed.
NOTE: The Max Stitch Masses displayed in the
PSD segment list in the PSD Processing dialog
box are not updated until you apply the new
calibration.
5. To save the updated calibration information in the data file,
click Apply Precursor Mass.
8-24
Applied Biosystems
Chapter
9
9 Troubleshooting
This chapter contains the following sections:
9.1
9.2
9.3
Overview ......................................................... 9-2
General Troubleshooting.................................. 9-3
Processing, Tools, and Applications
Troubleshooting............................................... 9-6
9.4
9.5
9.6
Calibration Troubleshooting ........................... 9-10
Printing Troubleshooting ................................ 9-14
Peak Detection and Labeling
Troubleshooting............................................. 9-15
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
9-1
Chapter 9 Troubleshooting
9.1 Overview
This section includes:
• General troubleshooting
• Processing, tools, and applications troubleshooting
• Calibration troubleshooting
• Printing troubleshooting
• Peak detection and labeling troubleshooting
Troubleshooting information is organized according to
likelihood of possible cause, from most likely to least likely
possible cause. If you are unable to solve your problem using
the information in the following tables, call Applied Biosystems
Technical Support. To reach Applied Biosystems Technical
Support, refer to the list of offices on the back cover of this
book.
9
9-2
Applied Biosystems
General Troubleshooting
9.2 General Troubleshooting
Table 9-1 General Troubleshooting—Mariner and Voyager
Symptom
Possible Cause
Action
Cannot find data file
Did not save the spectrum Reacquire spectrum. Save
to a .DAT file
.DAT file.
Error message displayed
when opening PSD data
file
You are currently
Stop the Experiment. See
the Voyager
Biospectrometry
acquiring the PSD DAT
file and have not stopped
the experiment
Workstation User’s Guide.
Parts of other software
windows are displayed on windows overlap
top of the Data Explorer
Multiple application
Close applications not in
use, then minimize and
maximize the Data
window, or toolbar buttons
or status indicators are
Explorer window to
refresh the display.
not displayed
“Failed to create empty
Chromatogram and
Resize the Output window
document” message
Spectrum windows are too (click-drag border) so that
displayed when you open small
a data file
at least a small part of the
Chromatogram or
Spectrum window is
displayed.
9
Graphic Option settings
are not applied to all
traces
Did not select Use same
settings for all graphs
before entering settings
Select Use same
settings for all graphs
then click Apply.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
9-3
Chapter 9 Troubleshooting
Table 9-1 General Troubleshooting—Mariner and Voyager (Continued)
Symptom
Possible Cause
Action
M/z range in data files
converted to centroid
M/z range in a data file
that is converted from
No action. Normal
occurrence.
does not match m/z range profile to centroid is
in original data file
determined by the peak
detection range set in
Data Explorer, not the m/z
range in the original data
file
Text annotation from a
previous trace displayed
on current trace
Annotation stays in the
view until you delete it,
even if you advance to the Annotating Traces.
next spectrum
Delete the annotation.
See Section 2.4.9,
Table 9-2 General Troubleshooting—Mariner Only
Symptom
Possible Cause
Action
“Failed to open
You are opening a data
file collected with version
2.1 software and the
.CGM file not located in
the same directory as the
.SPC file
Place the .CGM and .SPC
files in the same directory.
chromatogram data”
message displayed when
you open a data file
9
9-4
Applied Biosystems
General Troubleshooting
Table 9-2 General Troubleshooting—Mariner Only (Continued)
Symptom
Possible Cause
You are viewing
Action
Spectra labeled with
No action. Normal
occurrence.
spectrum numbers that do event-filtered MS Method
not correspond to the axis data. Spectra in an
event-filtered trace are
numbered contiguously
(1,2,3...) regardless of
their relation to the overall
acquisition. However, the
axis of the trace reflects
the numbering of the
overall experiment.
Conversion of .SPC to
.DAT failed
A .DAT file with the same
file name you are
specifying for the
converted .SPC file is
open
1. Close the open .DAT
file.
2. Use a different name
for the converted .SPC
file to prevent the new
conversion from
overwriting the existing
file.
9
Table 9-3 General Troubleshooting—Voyager Only
Symptom
Possible Cause
Action
“Failed to get original
calibration” message
You are opening a
Voyager .MSF data file
No action. Normal
occurrence.
displayed when you open collected with version 4.0
a data file or earlier software.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
9-5
Chapter 9 Troubleshooting
9.3 Processing, Tools, and
Applications Troubleshooting
Table 9-4 Processing, Tools, and Applications Troubleshooting—Mariner and
Voyager
Symptom
Possible Cause
Failed to calculate result
for isotope calculator
You may have tried to
remove a group that is not
present in the formula
Can only remove a group
that is present in the
formula. For information,
see Section 6.2, Using the
Isotope Calculator.
All traces in an overlaid
trace are not processed
Only the active trace in an Display individual traces,
overlaid trace is
processed
Graphic Options, then
process.
For more information, see:
•
Section 1.5, Setting
Graphic Options
9
•
Section 2.4.8,
Overlaying Traces
9-6
Applied Biosystems
Processing, Tools, and Applications Troubleshooting
Table 9-4 Processing, Tools, and Applications Troubleshooting—Mariner and
Voyager (Continued)
Symptom
Possible Cause
Action
Results not saved for all
traces in an overlaid trace trace are saved
then save results for each
trace.
For more information, see:
•
Section 2.4.8,
Overlaying Traces
•
Section 2.6, Saving,
Deleting .DAT
Results
•
Section 2.8, Saving,
Opening, and
Deleting .SPC
Results Files
Link View command does You did not select Link
You must select Link View
for each window and each
data file you want to link.
See “Linking views” on
page 2-13.
not have an effect on
View for each window or
windows or open data files data file
9
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
9-7
Chapter 9 Troubleshooting
Table 9-4 Processing, Tools, and Applications Troubleshooting—Mariner and
Voyager (Continued)
Symptom
Possible Cause
After Single-charge
Conversion of multiply
charged peaks, you see
charge states other than 0
or 1
Peaks in the original
spectrum are labeled with
an incorrect charge state
1. Set peak detection
thresholds to disregard
these peaks. See
Section 3.2.5, Charge
State Determination
and Examples.
2. Convert the spectrum
again. See
Section 5.10,
Converting to a Singly
Charged Spectrum
(Mariner Data Only).
9
9-8
Applied Biosystems
Processing, Tools, and Applications Troubleshooting
Table 9-5 Processing, Tools, and Applications Troubleshooting—Mariner Only
Symptom
Possible Cause
Failed to calculate result
for mass deconvolution
Did not select at least two Select at least two peaks
peaks for same charge
envelope
(for example, +1 and +2).
For more information, see
Section 5.6, Mass
Deconvolution
(Mariner Data Only).
Multiple Charge/Mass
Your system does not
Contact Applied
Deconvolution commands include the optional mass Biosystems to purchase
dimmed on Process menu deconvolution software
the option.
Centroiding, Mass
Calibration, Multiple
Charge commands not
displayed on Process
menu
Spectrum window not
active
Activate Spectrum
window, then select
Process menu.
Resolution command not
displayed on Tools menu
Spectrum window not
active
Activate Spectrum
window, then select Tools
menu.
Only the active trace
zooms in Overlay mode
Zooming may not behave
as expected on overlaid
traces
Click
in the top right
9
corner of the window to
restore the view.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
9-9
Chapter 9 Troubleshooting
9.4 Calibration Troubleshooting
Table 9-6 Calibration Troubleshooting—Mariner and Voyager
Symptom
Possible Cause
Auto Calibration is turned Current spectrum is not
Advance to the next
spectrum, then return to
the current spectrum. For
more information, see
Section 5.4, Automatic
Calibration.
on, but current spectrum
is not auto calibrated
calibrated until the next
time the spectrum is
displayed
During calibration, the
software is not matching
spectrum masses to some determine if a peak
reference masses in the
calibration reference file
The calibration routine
checks peak width to
When specifying highly
charged, non-isotopically
resolved species with
peaks less than 1 Da wide
(for example, myoglobin
+20) as reference masses
in a calibration reference
file, set the peak type as a
Resolved Isotope Mass
(even though it is not a
resolved isotope). See
Section 5.3.3, Creating or
Modifying a
matches a Resolved
Isotope Mass or an
Average mass. If narrow
peaks are specified as
Average Masses in the
calibration reference file,
the software mistakes
these narrow peaks as
isotopically resolved and
ignores the reference
mass.
9
Calibration Reference File
(.REF).
Mass tolerance or
Adjust. See Section 5.3,
Minimum Intensity set too Manual Calibration.
high
9-10
Applied Biosystems
Calibration Troubleshooting
Table 9-6 Calibration Troubleshooting—Mariner and Voyager (Continued)
Symptom
Possible Cause
Action
Calibration returns an
invalid number of matches mass list in Manual or
When creating a reference Do not include multiple
entries with the same m/z
Automatic calibration, the value in the Calibration
software allows you to add Reference file. See
multiple items with the
same m/z value to the
calibration list box if any
other attribute of the
reference compound is
different (for example,
charge state or name).
Each mass in the list is
considered during
Section 5.3.3, Creating or
Modifying a
Calibration Reference File
(.REF).
calibration.
.REF file created with
Windows Notepad not
listed when you select
Reference file
Reference file does not
include .REF extension
Some applications
automatically append a
.TXT extension to file
names.
To name the file with a
.REF extension, include
the file name and
9
extension in
double-quotes in the Save
File dialog box, for
example “CAL.REF”.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
9-11
Chapter 9 Troubleshooting
Table 9-7 Calibration Troubleshooting—Mariner Only
Symptom
Possible Cause
Action
Mass Calibration
commands are dimmed
Chromatogram window is
selected
Select Spectrum window.
Apply Calibration
command is dimmed
when calibrating
MS Method data
For MS Method data,
calibration is valid for an
individual spectrum. You
cannot apply the
No action. Normal
occurrence.
calibration from one
spectrum to the entire
data file.
Error displayed when you .CAL file corrupted
import a calibration
Create new .CAL file. See
“Exporting .BIC, .MSM,
and .CAL files” on
page 1-36.
Importing a .CAL file
generated from a Voyager
data file
Import a Mariner .CAL.
9
9-12
Applied Biosystems
Calibration Troubleshooting
Symptom
Possible Cause
Action
Error displayed when you .CAL file corrupted
import a calibration
Create new .CAL file. See
“Exporting .BIC, .MSM,
and .CAL files” on
page 1-36.
Importing a .CAL file
generated from a Mariner
data file
Import a Voyager .CAL.
Importing a .CAL file
Import a .CAL generated
generated from a data file from a data file collected
collected in a different
instrument mode (Linear,
Reflector, or PSD)
in the same instrument
mode.
Importing a .CAL file
generated on a different
instrument
Import a .CAL generated
on the same instrument.
9
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
9-13
Chapter 9 Troubleshooting
9.5 Printing Troubleshooting
Table 9-9 Printing Troubleshooting—Mariner and Voyager
Symptom
Possible Cause
Action
Traces do not print
Line width is set to 0 or 1
Change the line width.
See Section 1.5, Setting
Graphic Options.
Line color is set to white
Change the color. See
Section 1.5, Setting
Graphic Options.
Landscape printer setup
lost when you close Data
Explorer
Landscape option set
using Printer Setup in
Data Explorer
Set landscape printing
using Printer Settings in
Windows Control Panel.
See “Dedicating a printer
to landscape orientation”
on page 2-35.
Data file names do not
Some printers may not
Print views individually, or
open only two data files
before you select Print All
Views. For more
print for multiple data files print the data file name if
you select Print All Views
from the File menu with
more than two data files
open. We have observed
this on HP LaserJet4,
information, see
Section 2.4.11, Printing
Traces.
9
HP LaserJet5, and
HP LaserJet6 printers.
9-14
Applied Biosystems
Peak Detection and Labeling Troubleshooting
9.6 Peak Detection and
Labeling Troubleshooting
This section includes:
• Peak detection and labeling troubleshooting
• Charge state and isotope determination troubleshooting
Table 9-10 Peak Detection and Labeling Troubleshooting—Mariner and
Voyager
Symptom
Possible Cause
Action
Peaks are not detected or Peaks are very close
•
•
Zoom in on region of
interest.
labeled
together or label is too
long
Select Allow
overlapping peak
labels in the Peak
Label dialog box. See
Chromatogram
and Spectrum Peak
Labels.
Peak detection
Adjust parameters. See
Section 3.2, Peak
Detection.
parameters, in particular,
Filter Width, not set to
detect peaks
Peak filtering is enabled.
Only peaks that meet the
peak list filtering criteria
are labeled.
Disable peak list filtering.
See “Filtering
the spectrum peak list” on
page 3-42.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
9-15
Chapter 9 Troubleshooting
Table 9-10 Peak Detection and Labeling Troubleshooting—Mariner and Voyager
(Continued)
Symptom
Possible Cause
Peaks are not detected or Analyzing masses above
Increase Mass Resolution
Strategy for Voyager Peak
Detection.
labeled
20,000 Da
(continued)
%Max Peak Area set too
high
Decrease. See
Section 3.2.2, Strategy for
Voyager Peak Detection.
%Base Peak Intensity set Set to 0. Adjust %Max
too high
Peak Area to optimize
peak detection for Voyager
data. See Section 3.2.2,
Strategy for Voyager Peak
Detection.
When creating a custom
label for a spectrum, you
right-click-drag across a
peak to identify the peak,
and an extracted ion
chromatogram is created
instead
The Chromatogram
Make sure the Spectrum
window is active before
selecting Peak Label from
the Display menu.
window was active when
you selected Peak Label
from the Display menu
9
9-16
Applied Biosystems
Peak Detection and Labeling Troubleshooting
Table 9-10 Peak Detection and Labeling Troubleshooting—Mariner and Voyager
(Continued)
Symptom
Possible Cause
Action
Expected user label not
displayed
Delta X value includes
more than one peak apex enough to prevent the
peak labeling windows
Set Delta X value low
from overlapping. For
information, see
Section 3.5.3, Setting
Custom Peak Labels.
Delta X value is outside
acquisition range for the
data file
Set Delta X value within
acquisition range for the
data file. For information,
see Section 3.5.3, Setting
Custom Peak Labels.
Peak label placed on peak Filter Width Increment set Set Increment to 1. See
shoulder instead of peak
apex
higher than 1
“Increment” on page 3-31.
Symptom
Possible Cause
Action
Increase. See
Section 3.2.2, Strategy for
Voyager Peak Detection.
Noise detected as peaks
%Max Peak Area set too
low
Low Mass Gate spike
identified as Base Peak
(linear data)
Software identifies the
most intense peak in a
trace as the base peak,
and does not ignore
artifacts
Truncate the data. See
Section 5.9, Truncating a
Spectrum.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
9-17
Chapter 9 Troubleshooting
Table 9-11 Peak Detection and Labeling Troubleshooting—Voyager Only
Symptom
Possible Cause
Action
Partially resolved peaks
not detected
Mass resolution set too
high to detect average
mass
Decrease Mass
Section 3.2.2, Strategy for
Voyager Peak Detection.
%Base Peak Intensity not Adjust. See Section 3.2.2,
adjusted correctly
Strategy for Voyager Peak
Detection.
Only
Symptom
Possible Cause
Known isotope labeled
with incorrect charge state parameter set too low.
(too low)
Max Charge State
Set Max Charge State
correctly. See “Peak
Processing parameters
(spectrum data only)” on
page 3-26.
See example in “Max
Charge State set too low”
on page 3-33.
9
9-18
Applied Biosystems
Peak Detection and Labeling Troubleshooting
Table 9-12 Charge State and Isotope Determination Troubleshooting—Mariner
Only (Continued)
Symptom
Possible Cause
Action
Known isotope not labeled Charge State peak labels
Turn on Charge State
peak labels. See
Section 3.5.2, Setting
with charge state
disabled
Labels.
Max Charge State
Set Max Charge State
correctly. See “Peak
Processing parameters
page 3-26.
parameter set too low.
See example in “Max
Charge State set too low”
on page 3-33.
Peak List Filtering is
enabled, with Charge
State filter enabled and
set too low
Disable Peak List
Minimum Intensity set too Set Minimum Intensity
high to detect other
isotope peaks. See
example in “Effect of
Minimum Intensity” on
page 3-36.
correctly. See “Advanced
Settings (spectrum data
Filter width set too high to Set Filter Width correctly.
determine other isotope
peaks
See “Advanced Settings
(spectrum data only)” on
page 3-28.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
9-19
Chapter 9 Troubleshooting
Table 9-12 Charge State and Isotope Determination Troubleshooting—Mariner
Only (Continued)
Symptom
Possible Cause
Action
Spectrum peaks not
labeled with charge state
when charge state labels
are selected
Mass of original molecule No action. Normal
above 4,000 Da, not
range in which the Mariner
system can resolve the
isotope peaks
occurrence.
Charge State parameters
not set to detect at least
two isotope peaks
Adjust parameters. See
“Peak Processing
parameters (spectrum
data only)” on page 3-26.
Peaks are more than 1 Da No action. Normal
apart
occurrence.
Peaks are not from the
same isotope species
No action. Normal
occurrence.
Filter width is set too high Adjust Filter Width. See
to detect other isotope
peaks
“Advanced Settings
page 3-28.
Maximum Charge State
for charge state
determination is set lower Processing parameters
Adjust the Maximum
Charge State. See “Peak
9
than the charge state of
the peak
(spectrum data only)” on
page 3-26.
9-20
Applied Biosystems
Peak Detection and Labeling Troubleshooting
Table 9-12 Charge State and Isotope Determination Troubleshooting—Mariner
Only (Continued)
Symptom
Possible Cause
Charge state
Action
Spectrum peaks labeled
Adjust parameters. See:
with incorrect charge state determination parameters
•
parameters
on page 3-26
when charge state labels
are selected
are set such that peaks
are determined to have no
charge
(continued)
•
Section 3.2.5,
Charge State
Determination and
Examples
Noise between isotope
peaks is detected
Increase %Base Peak
Intensity or %Max Peak
Area to eliminate noise.
(spectrum data only)” on
page 3-22.
Apply noise filter. See
Section 5.7, Noise
Filtering/Smoothing.
Monoisotopic peak not
labeled correctly
Peak detection charge
state parameters are not
set correctly, the software monoisotopic peak. See
Adjust parameters to
correctly identify the
is identifying the tallest
peak in a cluster as the
monoisotopic peak
“Peak Processing
parameters (spectrum
data only)” on page 3-26.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
9-21
Chapter 9 Troubleshooting
9
9-22
Applied Biosystems
Appendix
A
A Warranty
Applied Biosystems supplies or recommends certain
configurations of computer hardware, software, and
peripherals for use with its instrumentation. Applied
Biosystems reserves the right to decline support for or
impose extra charges for supporting non-standard
computer configurations or components that have not
been supplied or recommended by Applied Biosystems.
Applied Biosystems also reserves the right to require that
computer hardware and software be restored to the
standard configuration prior to providing service or
technical support.
Limited Product Warranty
Limited warranty Applied Biosystems warrants that for a period of ninety (90)
days from the date of installation, the Data Explorer™ software
designated for use with Mariner™ API-TOF Workstations or
Voyager™ Biospectrometry™ Workstations will perform
substantially in accordance with the function and features
described in its accompanying documentation when properly
installed on the instrument system. Applied Biosystems does
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
A-1
Appendix A Warranty
not warrant that the operation of the instrument or software will
be uninterrupted or error free. Applied Biosystems will provide
any software corrections or “bug-fixes”, if and when they
become available, for a period of ninety (90) days after
installation.
A
Warranty period Any applicable warranty period under these sections will begin
on the date of installation, but no later than three (3) months
effective date
from the date of shipment, for software installed by Applied
Biosystems personnel, unless that date has been delayed at
the buyer’s request, but in no event later than thirty (30) days
after shipment. In that case, and for all hardware and software
installed by the buyer, and for all other products, the applicable
warranty period begins the date the component is delivered to
the buyer. For software installed by the buyer or any person
other than Applied Biosystems, the applicable warranty period
will begin the date the product is delivered to the buyer.
Warranty claims Warranty claims must be made within the applicable warranty
period or, for chemicals or other consumable products, within
thirty (30) days after receipt by the buyer.
Warranty The above warranties do not apply to defects resulting from
misuse, neglect, or accident, including without limitation:
exceptions
operation outside of the environmental or use specifications or
not in conformance with the instructions for the instrument
system, software, or accessories; performance of improper or
inadequate maintenance by the user; installation of software
or interfacing not supplied by Applied Biosystems; and
modification or repair of the instrument or the software not
authorized by Applied Biosystems.
THE FOREGOING PROVISIONS SET FORTH APPLIED
BIOSYSTEMS SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE
REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES, AND OBLIGATIONS
WITH RESPECT TO ITS PRODUCTS, AND APPLIED
BIOSYSTEMS MAKES NO OTHER WARRANTY OF ANY
KIND WHATSOEVER, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE, WHETHER ARISING FROM A STATUTE OR
OTHERWISE IN LAW OR FROM A COURSE OF DEALING
OR USAGE OF TRADE, ALL OF WHICH ARE EXPRESSLY
DISCLAIMED.
A-2
Applied Biosystems
Warranties THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER’S SOLE
AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES. WITHOUT LIMITING THE
limitations
A
GENERALITY OF THE FOREGOING, IN NO EVENT SHALL
APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS BE LIABLE, WHETHER IN
CONTACT, TORT, WARRANTY OR UNDER ANY STATUTE
(INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY TRADE
PRACTICE, UNFAIR COMPETITION OR OTHER STATUTE
OF SIMILAR IMPORT) OR ON ANY OTHER BASIS, FOR
DIRECT, INDIRECT, PUNITIVE, INCIDENTAL,
CONSEQUENTIAL, OR SPECIAL DAMAGES SUSTAINED
BY BUYER OR ANY OTHER PERSON OR ENTITY,
WHETHER OR NOT FORESEEABLE AND WHETHER OR
NOT APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS IS ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES, INCLUDING WITHOUT
LIMITATION, DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR RELATED TO
LOSS OF USE, LOSS OF DATA, FAILURE OR
INTERRUPTION IN THE OPERATION OF ANY EQUIPMENT
OR SOFTWARE, DELAY IN REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT,
OR FOR LOSS OF REVENUE OR PROFITS, LOSS OF
GOOD WILL, LOSS OF BUSINESS OR OTHER FINANCIAL
LOSS OR PERSONAL INJURY OR PROPERTY DAMAGE.
NO AGENT, EMPLOYEE, OR REPRESENTATIVE OF
APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS HAS ANY AUTHORITY TO BIND
APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS TO ANY AFFIRMATION,
REPRESENTATION, OR WARRANTY CONCERNING THE
PRODUCT THAT IS NOT CONTAINED IN THIS LIMITED
WARRANTY STATEMENT. ANY SUCH AFFIRMATION,
REPRESENTATION, OR WARRANTY MADE BY ANY
AGENT, EMPLOYEE, OR REPRESENTATIVE OF APPLIED
BIOSYSTEMS WILL NOT BE BINDING ON APPLIED
BIOSYSTEMS.
THIS WARRANTY IS LIMITED TO THE BUYER OF THE
PRODUCT FROM APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS AND IS NOT
TRANSFERABLE.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
A-3
Appendix A Warranty
A
A-4
Applied Biosystems
Appendix B Overview of Isotopes
B.1 Isotopes
Overview Many elements in their natural state exist as one of several
isotopes. An isotope is one of two or more atoms with the
same atomic number but a different mass. The most abundant
isotope of carbon is 12C, but natural carbon also contains 13
and 14C.
C
Because a mass spectrometer measures mass-to-charge
ratios, isotopes appear in the mass spectrum. Isotopes of low
abundance, such as 14C, do not affect the appearance of a
mass spectrum. However, isotopes that occur in greater
abundance, such as 13C, which occurs in a natural abundance
of approximately 1.1 percent1 in carbon, do affect the
appearance of a mass spectrum.
B
The mass spectrum of methane (Figure B-1) illustrates the
impact of an isotope on the appearance of a mass spectrum.
Methane includes a peak representing the molecular ion at
16 Da (12CH4) and a peak representing the isotope at 17 Da
(13CH4). The relative abundance of the ions is about 99:1.
12C
13C
Figure B-1 Mass Spectrum of Methane
1. Meth. Enzymol., McCloskey, J.A, ed., 1990, 193, 869.
B-2
Applied Biosystems
Isotopes
As the number of carbon atoms in a compound increases, the
possibility of the compound containing a 13C instead of a 12
C
also increases. A compound with ten carbon atoms includes a
molecular ion M+ and an isotopic ion (M+1)+ one mass unit
11 percent of the abundance of the molecular ion. The
possibility of including two 13C atoms in the same molecule
also increases with increasing number of carbon atoms.
Therefore, (M+2)+ ions become more visible. In a compound
with ten carbon atoms such as decahydro naphthalene,
C10H18 (Figure B-2), relative heights of M+, (M+1)+, and (M+2)+
peaks are 100:11:0.5.
B
M+
(M+1)+
(M+2)+
Figure B-2 Mass Spectrum of Decahydro Naphthalene
Isotopic pattern All compounds containing carbon include molecular ions and
isotopic ions that are 1 and 2 mass units higher than the
molecular ion. At higher masses, the isotopic pattern of a
mass spectrum is more pronounced as the relative abundance
of isotopes increases. In angiotensin I (Figure B-3) with a
molecular weight of 1,296 Da, (C62H89O14N17), a peak
containing one 13C isotope is approximately 70 percent of the
pure 12C peak.
in mass spectra
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
B-3
Appendix B Overview of Isotopes
M+
(M+1)+
(M+2)+
B
Figure B-3 Mass Spectrum of Angiotensin I at
Resolution 3,000
the first 13C isotope peak exceeds the height of the 12C peak.
Isotope-limited The mass range you analyze and the resolving power of the
analyzer determine if you observe resolved isotope peaks in a
mass spectrum.
resolution
Figure B-3 represents angiotensin I at a resolution of 3,000.
Isotopes are fully resolved, and sharp peaks are observed in
the mass spectrum.
At lower resolutions, the shape of the individual peaks
becomes less pronounced, or may not be differentiated at all.
Figure B-4 represents angiotensin I at a theoretical resolution
of 1,000.
B-4
Applied Biosystems
Isotopes
M+
(M+1)+
(M+2)+
B
Figure B-4 Mass Spectrum of Angiotensin I at Resolution
1,000
If isotopes cannot be resolved, the highest resolution you can
obtain is limited by the width of the isotopic envelope. The
isotopic envelope is the mass range of the combined isotopes,
as measured at the half height of the tallest isotope peak in the
compound (Figure B-5).
isotopic envelope
Figure B-5 Unresolved Isotopes
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
B-5
Appendix B Overview of Isotopes
B.2 Monoisotopic
and Average Masses
When isotopes are clearly resolved (Figure B-6), the
monoisotopic mass is used for mass labeling, and
corresponds to the lowest mass peak in the cluster.
Monoisotopic mass
corresponds to
lowest mass peak
B
Figure B-6 Monoisotopic Mass
When isotopes are not resolved (Figure B-7), the average
mass is used for mass labeling, and corresponds to the
centroid of the unresolved peak cluster (weighted average of
all isotope peaks in the cluster).
B-6
Applied Biosystems
Appendix B Overview of Isotopes
B.3 Isotopes of Common Elements
Table B-1 lists the natural abundance of isotopes for some
common elements seen in mass spectrometry
Table B-1 Isotopes of Common Elements1
Natural
abundance
(%)
Natural
abundance
(%)
Isotope
Mass
Isotope
Mass
B
1H
1.0078
99.985
0.015
98.90
1.10
31P
30.9737
31.9720
32.9714
33.9678
35.9670
34.9688
36.9659
38.9637
39.9639
40.9618
78.9183
80.9162
100
2H
2.0141
32S
33S
34S
36S
35Cl
37Cl
39K
40K
41K
79Br
81Br
127I
95.02
0.75
12C
13C
14N
15N
16O
17O
18O
19F
12
13.0033
14.0030
15.0001
15.9949
16.9991
17.9991
18.9984
22.9897
27.9769
28.9764
29.9737
4.21
99.63
0.37
0.02
75.77
24.23
93.2581
0.012
6.7302
50.69
49.31
99.76
0.04
0.200
100
23Na
28Si
29Si
30Si
100
92.23
4.67
126.9044
100
____
____
____
3.10
1. Meth. Enzymol., McCloskey, J.A, ed., 1990, 193.
B-8
Applied Biosystems
Appendix
C Data Explorer
Toolbox
C
(Visual Basic
Macros)
This appendix includes:
C.1 Overview................................................ C-2
C.2 Preparing Data
Before Accessing Macros ....................... C-3
C.3 Accessing the Macros............................ C-4
C.4 Using the
Ladder Sequencing Toolbox.................... C-5
C.5 Using the
Peptide Fragmentation Toolbox............... C-9
C.6 Using the Polymer Analysis Toolbox ..... C-15
C.7 Using MS Fit/MS Tag Toolbox ............... C-18
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
C-1
Appendix C Data Explorer Toolbox (Visual Basic Macros)
C.1 Overview
Macros provided The following toolbox of Visual Basic macros is provided with
the Data Explorer software:
•
Ladder Sequencing Use when performing
sequencing to label peaks with the appropriate amino
acid, DNA residue, or RNA residue.
•
Peptide Fragmentation Use when examining
Voyager composite PSD spectra or Mariner in-source
CID spectra to label immonium ions, identify pairs, view
sequences based on different reference peaks, and
determine if a selected peak is of a specific fragment
ion category.
•
•
Polymer Analysis Use when analyzing polymer
spectra to calculate average molecular weight values.
MS Fit/MS Tag Use when analyzing peptide or
peptide fragment spectra to perform a protein database
search.
C
Importing macros If the macros listed above are not listed when you try to run
them (described in Section C.3, Accessing the Macros), you
provided
must import them into the Data Explorer project. For
information, see Section 6.7.7, Importing or Exporting Macros
in DATAEXPLORER.VB6.
Modifying the The Visual Basic macros described in this document are
provided in a file called DataExplorer.VB6 in the directory that
contains the Mariner or Voyager program file. New macros
you create using the Macro Recorder in the Data Explorer
software are also added to this file. You can modify the macros
in this file as desired. However, before you make changes,
make a copy of the DataExplorer.VB6 file (for example, make
a copy called DataExplorer.BAK). If the changes you make are
not acceptable, you can copy or rename the backup file over
the modified file.
macros
C-2
Applied Biosystems
Preparing Data Before Accessing Macros
References The following references are selected by default in the
DataExplorerProject in the Visual Basic Editor and are
required for the macros in the DataExplorer.VB6 file to
successfully run:
required
•
•
•
•
•
Visual Basic For Applications
Data Explorer 4.0 Type Library
OLE Automation
Microsoft Forms 2.0 Object Library
Microsoft Internet Controls
To view references:
1. Open the DataExplorerProject (select
VisualBasicEditor from the Tools menu in the Data
Explorer window).
2. Select References from the Tools menu in the Visual
Basic Editor.
C
C.2 Preparing Data
Before Accessing Macros
Before you access the toolbox, open data files of interest and:
•
•
•
•
•
Smooth the data, if necessary, to reduce noise
Set optimum peak detection and labeling
Set the display range or zoom as needed
Resize and organize the displays as needed
Enable Allow Overlapping Labels (select Peak Label
enabled, some peaks may not be labeled.
NOTE: Before using the MS Fit/MS Tag toolbox, additional
data preparation is recommended. See Section Using MS
Fit/MS Tag Toolbox.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
C-3
Appendix C Data Explorer Toolbox (Visual Basic Macros)
C.3 Accessing the Macros
To access the macros:
1. Open the Data Explorer software.
2. Open a data file.
3. Prepare the data as described in the previous section.
4. From the Tools menu, select Macros.
5. In the Macros dialog box, select
modToolBoxPalette.Toolbox_Palette, then click Run.
The Toolbox Palette dialog box is displayed.
C
Figure 3-8 Toolbox Palette Dialog Box
C-4
Applied Biosystems
Using the Ladder Sequencing Toolbox
NOTE: If the modToolBoxPalette.Toolbox_Palette is not
listed, you must import the macro into the Data Explorer
project. For information, see Section 6.7.7, Importing or
Exporting Macros in DATAEXPLORER.VB6.
Hint: You can assign the
modToolBoxPalette.Toolbox_Palette macro to a macro
button in the Data Explorer software. For information, see
the Data Explorer User’s Guide, Section 6.7, Using the
Macro Recorder.
You can also access individual macros directly, or assign
individual macros to a macro button, by selecting the
individual macro in the Macros dialog box.
C
C.4 Using the
Ladder Sequencing Toolbox
Use the Ladder Sequencing toolbox when you perform
sequencing to label peaks with the appropriate amino acid,
DNA, or RNA residue. Labels are determined by calculating
the mass differences between the peaks and comparing the
values to an internal listing of mass differences and
corresponding residues.
Running the To run the Ladder Sequencing macro:
macro
1. In the Toolbox Palette dialog box, click Ladder
Sequencing Toolbox. The range displayed in the
Spectrum window is reflected in the Mass Range fields.
NOTE: If you zoom on a different region in the Spectrum
window, the new range is not updated in the Mass Range
field, but is used for the analysis when you click Label
Peaks. The range is updated when you click any button.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
C-5
Appendix C Data Explorer Toolbox (Visual Basic Macros)
2. Enter the mass tolerance to apply to the analysis.
3. Click Get Spec Peak List.
4. Remove peaks you do not want included in the calculation
by clicking the peak in the list, then clicking Delete
Selected Peaks/Adducts.
5. Select the type of spectrum you are examining: Peptide,
DNA, or RNA.
6. Under Adducts to Remove, select the items you do not
want included in the interpretation.
C
Figure 3-9 Ladder Sequencing Toolbox
C-6
Applied Biosystems
Using the Ladder Sequencing Toolbox
7. Under Annotate Spectrum, select the types of labels you
want displayed:
•
•
•
Reference Mass (*) Mass of the reference
peak against which the current peak is
compared.
Mass Difference Difference between the
current peak and the reference, preceded by a
minus sign (–).
Peak Mass Mass of the current peak,
preceded by an equal sign (=).
8. Click Label Peaks.
If Peptide is selected, the software:
•
Examines the spectrum in 55 Da increments
and selects the most intense ion in the range.
(The 55 Da increment is used because it is
less than the smallest mass difference related
to a residue.)
C
•
•
•
Labels mass differences (plus or minus the
specified Tolerance) that correspond to amino
acids.
Labels the reference peak from which the
mass difference was derived with an
asterisk (*).
Applies the additional labels you selected
under Annotate Spectrum.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
C-7
Appendix C Data Explorer Toolbox (Visual Basic Macros)
If DNA or RNA is selected, the software:
•
Examines the spectrum in 270 Da increments
and selects the most intense ion in the range.
(The 270 Da increment is used because it is
less than the smallest mass difference related
to a DNA or RNA base.)
•
•
•
Labels mass differences (plus or minus the
specified Tolerance) that correspond to DNA
(ACGT) or RNA (ACGU) bases.
Labels the reference peak from which the
mass difference was derived with an
asterisk (*).
Applies the additional labels you selected
under Annotate Spectrum.
Displaying the To display the original labels, select Peak Label from the
C
Peaks menu in the Data Explorer software, then deselect
original labels
User Labels box.
C-8
Applied Biosystems
Using the Peptide Fragmentation Toolbox
C.5 Using the Peptide
Fragmentation Toolbox
Use the Peptide Fragmentation toolbox when examining
Voyager composite PSD spectra or Mariner in-source CID
spectra to label immonium ions, identify fragment ion pairs,
view sequences based on different reference peaks, and
determine if a selected peak is of a specific fragment ion
category.
Setup To enter Setup parameters for the Peptide Fragmentation
Toolbox macro:
1. In the Toolbox Palette dialog box, click Peptide
Fragmentation Toolbox.
C
Figure 3-10 Peptide Fragmentation Setup
2. In the Setup tab, click Get Spec Peak List.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
C-9
Appendix C Data Explorer Toolbox (Visual Basic Macros)
3. Add peaks to the peak list to be included in the calculation
by typing a mass in the Add Mass to Peak List field, then
clicking Add Peak.
Remove unwanted peaks from the list that you do not
want included in the calculation by clicking the peak in the
list, then clicking Delete Selected Peaks.
4. If you will be identifying y and b pairs, select the precursor
peak, then click Use Selected Peak.
Pairs To list ion pairs:
1. Click the Pairs tab.
C
Figure 3-11 Peptide Fragmentation Pairs
2. Click the button that corresponds to the ion masses you
want identified:
•
a and b pairs Lists peak pairs with a 28 Da
mass difference.
•
(a, b, y) –17 pairs Lists peak pairs with a 17
Da mass difference, which corresponds to the
loss of NH3.
C-10 Applied Biosystems
Using the Peptide Fragmentation Toolbox
•
•
y and b pairs Lists peak pairs whose
combined masses plus 1 Da add up to the
Precursor Ion Mass you specified on the
Setup tab.
Loss of H2O Lists peak pairs with a 18 Da
mass difference.
3. To remove all pairs results, click Clear List.
4. To remove a mass from the Spec Peak List (to simplify the
sequence interpretation), select an entry in the pairs
results, then click Left or Right under Remove Mass.
5. Click Copy to Output Window Result Tab to copy
results to the Result tab. You can then copy from the
Result tab to another application such as Notepad, or
print, as needed.
Sequence To list ion sequences:
C
1. Click the Sequence tab.
Figure 3-12 Peptide Fragmentation Sequence
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
C-11
Appendix C Data Explorer Toolbox (Visual Basic Macros)
2. If desired, click Label Immonium Ions.
NOTE: Label immonium ions before selecting a
reference peak and starting the search. If you click
Label Immonium Ions after selecting a reference peak,
the amino acid labels applied to the spectrum are
erased, and mass labels are reapplied.
3. Select a peak in the Spec Peak List, then click Set
Selected Peak as Reference.
The software evaluates mass differences between the
reference peak (labeled with *) and all other peaks, and
labels any differences that correspond to amino acid
residues.
4. Select a result peak from the results list, if desired, then
continue the sequence search by clicking the Search
Down or Up buttons.
C
The newly selected peak is now labeled as the reference
peak, and mass differences minus (if you click Down) or
plus (if you click Up) are labeled if they correspond to an
amino acid residue. You can generate the complete
sequence ladder by appending new results to existing
results.
NOTE: When you search using reference peaks
selected from the Sequence Results list, new results
retain the label of the original reference peak, and new
labels are appended. For example, if you select
433.08(+Thr)(*) as the reference, results are listed as
362.13(+Thr)(-Ala), 331.98(+Thr)(-Thr), and
334.07(+Thr)(-Val). The (+Thr) immediately following
the mass corresponds to the selected reference (the
result of the original search). The residue following
(+Thr) is the residue that corresponds to the mass
difference between the mass and the reference mass.
C-12 Applied Biosystems
Using the Peptide Fragmentation Toolbox
5. Click Copy to Output Window Result Tab to copy
results to the Result tab. You can then copy from the
Result tab to another application such as Notepad, or
print, as needed.
Correlation To list ion pair correlations:
1. Click the Correlation tab.
2. Select a peak in the Spec Peak List.
3. Select the correlation you want to determine for the
selected peak (that is, click a and b if you want to
determine if the selected peak is a member of an ab
fragment ion pair).
C
Figure 3-13 Peptide Fragmentation Correlation
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
C-13
Appendix C Data Explorer Toolbox (Visual Basic Macros)
4. Click Find Correlation.
Correlations for the selected peak are listed.
NOTE: Yp, Sp and Tp represent phosphotyrosine,
phosphoserine, and phosphothreonine, respectively.
5. Click Copy to Output Window Result Tab to copy
results to the Result tab. You can then copy from the
Result tab to another application such as Notepad, as
needed.
6. You can remove a peak from the Spec Peak list by
selecting a correlation in the results list, then clicking
Delete Selected Peaks from Spec List.
Displaying the To display the original labels, select Peak Label from the
Peaks menu, then deselect User Labels.
original labels
C
C-14 Applied Biosystems
Using the Polymer Analysis Toolbox
C.6 Using the
Polymer Analysis Toolbox
Use the Polymer Analysis Toolbox to determine the following
values that define the molecular distribution of a polymer:
•
•
•
•
M
M
n—Number average molecular weight
w—Weight average molecular weight
Mz—z-average molecular weight
Mw/Mn—Polydispersity Index
The Polydispersity Index represents how widely dispersed the
polymeric distribution is. A lower value (for example, 1.02)
indicates a narrowly dispersed polymer. A higher value (for
example, 3.0) indicates a widely dispersed polymer.
Using Polymer 1. In the Toolbox Palette dialog box, click Polymer
Analysis Toolbox. The range displayed in the
Spectrum window is reflected in the X Display Range
fields.
Analysis
C
NOTE: If you zoom on a different region in the
Spectrum window, the new range is not updated in the
X Display Range field, but is used for the analysis when
you click Calculate. The range is updated when you
click Calculate.
2. Baseline correct the trace.
Peak intensities and areas used in the polymer
calculations are calculated from a 0 y-axis value, not
from the calculated baseline of the peak.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
C-15
Appendix C Data Explorer Toolbox (Visual Basic Macros)
3. Select the mode for the analysis:
•
Use the entire mass range—Calculates
average molecular weights using all peak
intensities within the X Display Range. It does
not distinguish between different polymeric
species that may be present in the mass
range.
Enter an adduct mass.
C
Figure 3-14 Polymer Analysis Toolbox
NOTE: If the predominant ion series is M+Na+, enter 23 for
the adduct ion. If the predominant ion series is M+Ag+,
enter 108 for the adduct ion. If you are analyzing an
unknown or a mixture, leave this field blank; the calculation
is performed without subtracting the adduct ion mass.
C-16 Applied Biosystems
Using the Polymer Analysis Toolbox
•
Use labeled peaks—Calculates average
molecular weights using areas of peaks listed
in the Spec Peak List. It allows calculation of
values for a distinct polymer series when two
or more species are present.
Enter an adduct mass.
Enter the mass of the end group to subtract
from the calculation. You can leave this field
blank if you do not know the end group mass.
CAUTION: Correct labeling of the peaks is essential when
using the labeled peaks option.
4. Click Calculate.
5. Click Copy to Output Window Result Tab to copy
results to the Result tab. You can then copy from the
Result tab to another application such as Notepad, as
needed.
C
Calculations
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
C-17
Appendix C Data Explorer Toolbox (Visual Basic Macros)
C.7 Using MS Fit/MS Tag Toolbox
Use the MS Fit/MS Tag toolbox when analyzing protein digest,
peptide, or peptide fragment spectra to perform a protein
database search.
Preparing data Before using the MS Fit/MS Tag toolbox:
before accessing
1. In the Data Explorer software, smooth the data, perform
a baseline correction, then deisotope.
2. If needed, use Advanced Peak Detection parameters to
adjust peak detection ranges and thresholds to screen out
noise in low-mass regions and to detect peaks in
high-mass regions.
3. Set the Set the %Base Peak Intensity or %Max Peak Area
in peak detection until the unwanted noise peaks are
removed from the Spec Peak list.
Running To run the MS Fit/MS Tag macro:
C
MS Fit/MS tag
1. In the Toolbox Palette dialog box, click MS Fit/MS Tag.
Figure 3-15 MS Fit Dialog BoxMS Tag Dialog Box
C-18 Applied Biosystems
Using MS Fit/MS Tag Toolbox
2. Click:
•
•
MS-Fit tab If you are examining peptide data
from a protein digest.
MS-Tag tab If you are examining PSD data.
3. Navigate to the web site containing the database to
search.
4. Adjust settings on the web site as needed.
5. Minimize the web page. Do not exit.
6. In the MS Tag dialog box, enter Parent Ion mass if you
are using MS-Tag.
7. Click Copy Peaks.
The Spec Peak list for the data file is copied to the web
page.
8. Start the search from the web site.
C
The database search is performed. Results of the
search are displayed on the web site.
Data Explorer™ Software User’s Guide
C-19
Appendix C Data Explorer Toolbox (Visual Basic Macros)
C
C-20 Applied Biosystems
Index
E
Accelerating Voltage
changes compensated for by
system 5-25
Numerics and Symbols
- in spectrum header 2-31
%Base Peak Intensity
definition, chromatogram 3-20
definition, spectrum 3-22
in peak detection algorithm 3-67
Mariner data 3-7
effect on calibration 5-25
Accumulate spectra 4-22
Acquiring data
comment, displaying 1-15
comment, displaying for open data
file 1-15
comment, displaying when opening
a data file 2-3
setting for active detection range,
spectrum 3-30
setting global, spectrum 3-22
setting with data cursor,
chromatogram 3-11, 3-16
setting with data cursor,
spectrum 3-23
version of software used for 1-15
Acquisition comment
displaying for open data file 1-15
displaying when opening a data
file 2-3
setting, chromatogram 3-20
Voyager data 3-10
Activate file 2-8
%Max Peak Area
Add mode, setting for added
traces 2-18
definition, chromatogram 3-20
definition, spectrum 3-23
Mariner data 3-7
setting for active detection range,
spectrum 3-30
Adding and subtracting spectra
from different data files 5-64
from same data file 5-4
setting global, spectrum 3-23
setting, chromatogram 3-20
Voyager data 3-9
raw data only 4-20, 5-4
raw or processed data 5-64
within a data file 4-20
+ in spectrum header 2-31
/ in spectrum header 2-31
Adding peaks to peak list 3-39
Adding text to traces 2-29
Adding traces
maximum number 2-18
procedure 2-18
Replace mode, setting 2-18
A
a and b ion pairs, labeling C-10
a, b, y -17 ion pairs, labeling C-10
Advanced baseline correction 5-48
Advanced peak detection parameters
description, spectrum 3-28
setting spectrum 3-17
Absolute Threshold, replaced by
Minimum Intensity 3-30
AC in spectrum header 2-31, 5-34
AdvBC in spectrum header 2-31, 5-53
Air Temperature, displaying trace 4-2
Data Explorer Software User’s Guide
Index-1
Amino acids, labeling C-5
Analog signal, displaying 4-2
trace 4-2
ANGIOTENSIN_FRAGMENTS.REF 5-
18
Automatic Calibration
On command dimmed 5-34
see also Calibrating mass,
automatic (Mariner data
only)
I
N
D
E
X
settings (reference masses) for
Mariner Sequence Control
Panel 5-27
settings (reference masses) for
Voyager Sequence Control
Panel 5-28
Annotating traces
adding text 2-29
deleting text 2-29
text from previous trace
displayed 2-29
with ASCII text 2-28
with results 2-28
settings, importing 5-29
settings, specifying 5-29
Automatic macros 6-45
Apex mass
copying from peak list 1-41
labeling 3-57
AutoSaturation Correction (Mariner
data only)
Applied Biosystems
description 5-62
Technical Support 9-2
world wide web address xiv
effect on Mariner .RST files 5-62
effect on mass accuracy 5-62
Area, peak
Average mass
detection threshold,
chromatogram 3-20
detection threshold, global,
spectrum 3-23
detection threshold, local,
spectrum 3-30
definition B-6
labeling partially resolved
isotopes 3-10, 7-11
Averaging data, graphic
compression 1-28
Averaging spectra 4-22
displaying 3-38
Axes
in peak detection algorithm 3-68
labeling, chromatogram 3-55
labeling, spectrum 3-58
numbers do not match spectrum
numbers 4-25
offsetting Y 4-27
scaling 2-11
turning off right axis 2-12
ASC 5-63
ASC in spectrum header 2-6, 2-31,
5-63
ASCII text
annotating traces with 2-28
exporting traces to 1-34
importing traces from 1-35
B
Background color
changing 1-23
Assign Macro 6-38
default, Mariner 1-4
default, Voyager 1-4
Auto Cal, see Calibrating mass,
automatic (Mariner data only)
Background signal
evaluating 7-8
Autocolor
description 2-27
subtracting 4-20
setting 1-26
Index-2
Applied Biosystems
Bar mode, traces 1-28
BP Relative% label on data cursor 1-27
I
BAS files for macros 6-43
see also Base peak intensity
in chromatogram header 2-30
N
Base mass, labeling peaks 3-55, 3-56
Base peak intensity
definition 4-2
scaling to 2-12
threshold for peak detection,
chromatogram 3-20
threshold for peak detection,
spectrum 3-22, 3-30
CAL files
see also Calibration constants
description 1-7
exporting during calibration 5-16
exporting from DAT 1-36
importing 5-16, 8-20
importing, error displayed 9-11,
9-12
Baseline
changing line width 1-26
displaying on trace 3-55, 3-58
Baseline correction
chromatogram 4-29
spectrum 5-47
spectrum, advanced 5-48
PSD, creating 8-20
PSD, overview of creating 8-10
saving 5-16
Baseline offset
chromatogram 4-27
spectrum 5-45
Calculator tools
Basic peak detection parameters
description, spectrum 3-22
resetting 3-18
elemental composition 6-2
Ion Fragmentation 6-25
isotope 6-13
mass resolution 6-20
signal-to-noise ratio 6-23
setting, chromatogram 3-11
setting, spectrum 3-13
Calibrating mass, automatic (Mariner
data only)
Basics of the Data Explorer
software 1-1, 1-2
see also Calibration constants
applying settings to other data
files 5-29
batches of related samples 5-29
calibration reference file
(REF) 5-17
calibration settings 5-29
commands dimmed on menu 9-11
constants, calculating A and B 5-34
error, fit 5-12
BC
in chromatogram header 2-30, 4-29
in spectrum header 2-31, 5-47
BIC files
see also Instrument settings
description 1-6
exporting from DAT 1-36
exporting from RSD and RCD 1-36
Binning data, graphic
compression 1-28
error, initial 5-12
overview 5-26
BO
peak weighting factor 5-33
results 5-35
in chromatogram header 2-30
in spectrum header 2-31, 5-46
Data Explorer Software User’s Guide
Index-3
Calibrating mass, automatic (Mariner
data only) (continued)
reverting to instrument
calibration 5-22
Calibrating mass, PSD (Voyager data
only)
I
all segment masses
N
D
E
X
considered 8-15
calibration reference file
(REF) 8-21
constants, applying A and B to new
file 8-20
error message when selecting
calibration reference
file 8-14
troubleshooting 9-9
turning on 5-34
when to use 5-28
Calibrating mass, manual
see also Calibration constants
baseline correcting and deisotoping
to optimize mass
internal calibration using known
monoamino acid fragment
ions 8-10
accuracy 7-14
calibration reference file
(REF) 5-17
internal calibration, values
used 8-7
multi-point calibration 8-10
peak detection, checking before
calibrating 8-10
commands dimmed on menu 9-11
constants, applying A and B to new
file 5-16
error, fit 5-12
error, initial 5-12
peak matching, automatic 8-15
peak matching, manual 8-16
peak weighting factor 8-14
Precursor mass, changing 8-23
procedure 8-12
results 8-18
reverting to instrument
fit outliers, eliminating 5-12
importing, Voyager
requirements 5-25
multi-point calibration 5-8
overview 5-5
peak matches, sorting 5-11
peak matching, automatic 5-6
peak matching, manual 5-6
peak weighting factor 5-10
procedure 5-8
selecting peaks for optimum mass
accuracy 8-19
selecting peaks near Max Stitch
Mass 8-19
single-point calibration 8-10
results 5-13
reverting to instrument
calibration 5-22
single-point calibration 5-8
troubleshooting 9-9
Calibration, see Calibrating mass
when to use 5-6
Index-4
Applied Biosystems
Calibration constants
see also Calibrating mass
applying to new file 5-16, 8-20
calculating 5-34
Centering a peak 2-15
Centroid mass
calculated during peak
detection 3-69
calculating 3-39
copying from peak list 1-41
definition B-6
determining 5-36
improving accuracy of calculation
labeling 3-57
N
displayed in Output window 5-14,
8-18
exporting 1-36
extracting from DAT file 1-36
importing from another
source 5-16, 8-20
PSD 8-20
reverting to original
instrument 5-22
Centroid Percent, spectrum,
setting 3-26
Calibration curve, peak weighting
factors 5-10, 8-14
Centroiding
centroid data file size smaller than
profile 1-33
Calibration fit error 5-12
Calibration reference file (REF)
ANGIOTENSIN_FRAGMENTS.RE
F 5-18
command not displayed 9-8
converting profile to centroid
data 1-33
contents 5-18
creating 5-18
default 5-18
duplicate m/z entries 5-20, 5-21,
9-10
creating centroid trace 5-36
during peak detection, improving
calculation 3-26
example 5-36
MARINER_POS.REF 5-18
modifying 5-20
narrow peaks, specifying as
Resolved Isotope
mass 5-21, 9-9
not listed 9-10
provided 5-18
PSD, creating 8-21
PSD, specifying Resolved Isotope
masses 8-13
selecting for automatic
calibration 5-30
selecting for manual calibration 5-9
selecting for PSD calibration 8-13
viewing contents of 5-10
VOYAGER.REF 5-18
histogram trace 5-36
manual 5-36
CGM files 1-31, 1-33
Channel, displaying DAD data by 1-12
Charge state, peak
and isotope spacing 3-53
converting to singly charged 5-59
converting to zero charged 5-40
custom label applied only if
present 3-62
determining ion polarity 3-58
examples 3-32
filtering peak list by 3-42
labeled incorrectly 3-60, 9-20
labels 3-53, 3-58, 3-62
labels not displayed 3-60, 9-19
parameters, setting 3-27
Data Explorer Software User’s Guide
Index-5
requirements for labeling 3-53
single 5-59
multispectrum Voyager data,
displaying 1-13
I
N
D
E
X
troubleshooting 9-17
z labels 3-58
noise filtering 4-17
peak labels 3-52
peak list 3-38
zero 3-40, 3-43
results, opening 2-40
retention time, displaying 1-12
smoothing 4-17
spectrum number, displaying 1-12
traces, selecting type 4-2
vial #, displaying 3-55
Voyager data, displaying
multispectrum 2-7
Chro peak list tab, Output window 1-15
CHRO window, see Chromatogram
Chromatogram noise threshold
calculated automatically 3-21, 3-68
in peak detection algorithm 3-68
Chromatogram window
see also Chromatogram window,
traces
Chromatogram window, traces
adding 2-18
do not print 2-34
overlaying 2-25
overlaying from different data
previewing and printing 2-33
trace labels in chromatogram 2-30
see also Peak Labels
see also Traces
adding and subtracting
spectra 4-20
baseline correction 4-29
baseline offset 4-27
composite PSD data,
displaying 1-13
CID data, labeling C-9
see also Extracted ion
chromatogram (CNL)
in chromatogram header 2-30
constant neutral loss (CNL)
chromatogram, creating
from 4-9
DAD (diode array detector),
displaying Mariner data 4-2
description 1-12
display range, adjusting 2-11
event tags (Mariner data only),
filtering 4-24
extracted absorbance
chromatogram (XAC) from
Mariner data, creating
from 4-13
extracted ion chromatogram (XIC)
chromatogram, creating
from 4-5
Colors
background, changing 1-23
printing 2-33
customizing 1-25
default, Mariner 1-4
default, Voyager 1-4
overlaid traces 2-27
setting 1-25
Combined spectrum
creating 5-4
definition 5-2
example 7-4, 7-6
label 5-4
improving signal-to-noise ratio 7-2
Mariner data, displaying 1-12, 2-2
Index-6
Applied Biosystems
CombiSolv data
all peaks 1-40
displaying one injection 4-24
dimmed (Mariner data
only) 4-24
apex mass list 1-41
centroid mass list 1-41
data from other data files 2-37
displayed peaks 1-39
mass list 1-41
peak list 1-40
results 2-28
to metafile 1-38
trace data 1-39, 2-37
Comment
acquisition, displaying 1-15
acquisition, displaying for open
data file 1-15
acquisition, displaying when
opening a data file 2-3
result file 1-15, 2-40
Comparing data files 2-38
Correcting baseline
chromatogram 4-29
spectrum 5-47
Composite spectrum, PSD
automatically processed when
generated 8-6
spectrum, advanced 5-48
displaying segment traces 8-3
generating 8-2, 8-5
how it is generated 8-6
labeling fragment ions 8-8
Max Stitch Masses 8-4
precursor mass, changing 8-23
Correlation factor, noise filtering 4-18,
5-43
CT
file suffix 1-33
in spectrum header 2-32, 5-36
Composition, elemental 6-2
Compression, data 1-28
CTS files 1-7
disabling 2-23
purging 2-23
Computer
Cursors, see Data cursors 1-27
configuration requirement A-1
technical support for altered
configuration A-1
Custom labels
see Graphic options, peak labels,
customizing
see Peak labels, custom
Configuration, exporting from DAT
file 1-36
Publications e-mail address xiv
Constant neutral loss (CNL), see
Extracted ion chromatogram
(CNL)
colors, text, and line width 1-25
creating your own software
applications 1-5
data compression 1-28
Data Explorer window 1-17
defaults 1-17
Context-sensitive menus 1-14
Converting
see also Exporting
DAT to ASCII 1-34
profile data to centroid 1-33
SPC to DAT 1-30
graphic options 1-24
peak labels 3-52
Voyager .MS files 1-30
processing settings 1-17
Data Explorer Software User’s Guide
Index-7
Customizing (continued)
SET files 1-17
Data cursors (continued)
turning on and off in graphic
options 1-27
I
toolbars 1-22
N
D
E
X
turning on and off in peak
detection 3-23
vertical 1-27
D
Data Explorer
DAD
moving between open files 2-8
starting and exiting the
software 1-3
window, customizing 1-17
window, parts of 1-11
displaying Channels 1-12, 4-2
displaying TAC 1-12
displaying traces 2-6
extracted absorbance
chromatogram (XAC) 4-13
in spectrum header 2-32
spectrum, displaying 4-2, 5-2
TAC in chromatogram header 2-30
XAC in chromatogram header 2-30
Data Explorer examples
Mariner data 7-2
Voyager data 7-11
accessing C-4
Dark background
changing colors 1-20
default settings 1-23
SET file 1-19
Ladder Sequencing macro C-2, C-5
modifying C-2
MS Fit/MS Tag macro C-2
overview C-2
Peptide fragmentation macro C-2,
C-9
Polymer analysis macro C-2, C-15
preparing data for C-3
Visual Basic References
required C-3
DAT format
converting DAT file to ASCII 1-34
converting from SPC 1-30
converting profile to centroid 1-33
extracting information from 1-6,
1-36
file properties, adding to DAT
file 1-31
file properties, searching 1-32
file properties, viewing 1-32
information stored in 1-6
overview 1-5
Data file
activate 2-8
cannot find 9-3
closing 2-10
closing and running a macro
automatically 6-45
comparing open files 2-36, 2-38
converting from profile to
centroid 1-33
converting to ASCII 1-34
copying traces from 2-37
decreasing size 1-33
default settings, applying 2-4
error message displayed when
opening PSD 8-2, 9-3
results, saving, opening,
deleting 2-38
Data cursors
%Base Peak Intensity,
spectrum 3-23
displaying retention time on 1-27
horizontal 1-27
labels 1-27, 4-2
printing and suppressing 1-27
Index-8
Applied Biosystems
Data file (continued)
full name not displayed 1-14
inserting traces into 2-37
moving between open 2-8
multiple, zooming 2-36
name 1-14
deconvolution
Default settings, applying from SET
file 2-4
E
DEFAULTBLACK.SET 1-19, 1-23
Defaults
names do not print 9-13
opening 1-30
opening and applying default and
selected settings 2-4
opening and running a macro
automatically 6-45
opening manually 2-2
opening PSD 8-2
read-only 2-7
result, opening 2-39, 2-40
trace browser 2-8
version of software used to
acquire 1-15
background color 1-23
colors, Mariner 1-4
colors, Voyager 1-4
peak detection 3-2
processing and graphics settings,
data file 2-4
REF files 5-6, 5-18
SET files 1-19, 1-23, 8-11
setting for dialog boxes 1-17
trace color 1-23
DEFAULTWHITE.SET 1-19, 1-23
description 3-45
enhancing peak interpretation 3-9
formula 3-49
procedure 3-48
working with separate 2-36
zooming multiple 2-36
Data format, see DAT format
Data points
copying 1-39
requirements 3-47
determining number across a
peak 3-21, 3-31, 5-51
eliminating from spectrum 5-56
Deleting
peak labels from the trace 3-44,
3-59
peaks from the peak list 3-44, 3-59
text annotation 2-29
Database search macro C-18
DATAEXPLORER.VB6
exporting macros from 6-44
importing new macros into 6-43
location 6-35
Detection Ranges
adding, chromatogram 3-19
adding, spectrum 3-29
calculating automatically 3-4
combining, chromatogram 3-20
combining, spectrum 3-29
deleting chromatogram 3-20
deleting, spectrum 3-29
example 3-4
until imported 6-43
not overwritten when new software
DBE, definition 6-6
Decimal points, number
displayed 3-55, 3-56
overlapping regions 3-5
PSD data 8-11
DECONV in spectrum header 2-32,
5-40, 5-41
Data Explorer Software User’s Guide
Index-9
Detection Ranges (continued)
Isotope Match Score 6-6
Isotope Match Score not reported
for fragment ion
I
setting manually,
N
D
E
X
setting manually, spectrum 3-28
setting parameters globally,
spectrum 3-30
calculations 6-6
isotope min and max values
ignored 6-8, 6-11
limits, setting 6-7, 6-9, 6-12
Periodic table 6-10
procedure 6-3
Detection, see Peak detection
DI in spectrum header 2-32, 3-49
Diode array detector data, see DAD
results 6-5
Elemental targeting
description 6-31
Diode array detector data, see DAD
data
Isotope Match Score 6-33
procedure 6-31
results 6-33
Disk space, conserving by converting
profile data to centroid 1-33
Display range
theoretical isotope, displaying 6-33
scaling 2-11
x range, expanding 2-11
y range, expanding 2-11
Eliminate Fit Outlier 5-12
Publications xiv
Display Trace dialog box 2-18
Displaying
PSD calibration 8-6
resolution-based peak
detection 3-4
peak labels 3-54, 3-56
Voyager chromatogram window 2-7
DNA residues, labeling C-5
Error, calibration
fit 5-12
Double bond equivalents (DBE)
definition 6-6
initial 5-12
determining 6-6
Event tag filtering (Mariner data only)
not displayed on Process
menu 4-24
Duplicating a trace 2-15
overview 4-23
performing 4-24
redisplaying original data 4-26
E
EF
Event tag, MS Method (Mariner data
only)
in chromatogram header 2-30, 4-25
redisplaying original data 4-26
see also MS Method (Mariner data
only), events
determining tags in file 4-23
displaying 4-23
filtering 4-23
redisplaying original data 4-26
Elemental composition
calculating 6-2
description 6-2
elements, adding 6-9
fragment ions, electron state for
accurate results 6-5
Examples, see Data Explorer examples
fragment ions, identifying 6-2
Index-10 Applied Biosystems
Excel, see Microsoft Excel
Exiting software 1-3
I
Failed to create empty document
message 9-3
Expanding traces 2-21
Exporting
Failed to open chromatogram data
message 9-4
see also Converting
ASCII data 1-34
BIC 1-36
File format, converting SPC to
DAT 1-30
CAL files 1-36
Configuration from DAT file 1-36
entire data file 1-34
macros from DATA
EXPLORER.VB6 6-44
MSM and CAL from DAT 1-36
results 2-39
File management 1-30
File name
does not print 9-13
File properties
searching 1-32
viewing 1-32
RSD and RCD files 2-39
trace to ASCII format 1-34
File size, reducing 1-33
File types 1-6 to 1-8
Extracted absorbance chromatogram
(XAC) (Mariner data only)
creating 4-13
Files
automatically running macros when
opening or closing 6-45
cannot find 9-3
definition 4-3
displaying 4-13
trace label 4-14, 4-15
closing 2-10
Extracted ion chromatogram (CNL)
corresponds to loss of
fragments 4-9
error message displayed when
opening PSD 8-2, 9-3
opening manually 2-2
opening PSD 8-2
creating, example 4-12
definition 4-3, 4-9
determining if mass difference 4-9
trace label 4-9, 4-10
read-only 2-7
Filter Width
creating 4-5
in peak detection algorithm 3-3,
3-67
setting automatically 3-3
setting manually,
chromatogram 3-20, 3-21
too high, peaks not labeled 3-20,
3-21, 3-31, 9-19
definition 4-3, 4-4
example 7-2, 7-5, 7-10
improving signal-to-noise ratio 4-6
including only mass of interest 4-6
trace label 2-31, 4-7, 4-8, 4-16
Extraction mode, setting 4-7, 4-11
value used when resolution-based
detection enabled 3-3
Data Explorer Software User’s Guide Index-11
Filter Width Increment
I
setting manually, spectrum 3-31
suggested value, spectrum 3-31
value used when resolution-based
peak detection
N
D
E
X
Gaussian Fitting, peak detection 3-26
Gaussian smoothing, see Smoothing
description, spectrum 3-22
overriding for individual detection
ranges, spectrum 3-30
enabled 3-31
Filtered traces, viewing, see Filtering
Filtering
chromatogram traces 4-23
event tags (Mariner data only) 4-24
monoisotopic peaks 3-43
noise, chromatogram 4-17
peak list 3-42
setting spectrum 3-13
Graphic options
accessing 1-24
default settings for white or dark
background 1-19, 1-23
extracting from DAT file 1-36
graphic compression 1-28
peak labels, customizing 1-25
saving and restoring 1-20
saving to a SET file 1-37
setting graph and plot colors
with 1-25
Fit Error, calibration 5-12
Formulas
determining if present in observed
spectrum 6-31
determining possible for a
mass 6-2
Fragment ions
turning off right axis 2-12
correspond to loss of 4-9
determining if mass difference 4-9
electron state for accurate
results 6-5
generating list of masses with Ion
Fragmentation
Graphic settings
applying 2-4
automatically saved when data file
closed 1-18
description 1-18
extracting from DAT file 1-37
modifying 1-19
saving and restoring 1-20
files 1-19
identifying with Elemental
Composition calculator 6-2
labeling 6-25, C-9
Peptide fragmentation macro C-9
Fragment spectrum, PSD, see
Segment spectrum, PSD
H
FRM files for macros 6-43
FWHM 6-20
Help, see PerSeptive Biosystems
Technical Support
Histogram, centroid 5-36
Horizontal cursor 1-27
Horizontal peak labels 3-55, 3-58
How to use this guide xi
Index-12 Applied Biosystems
Ion Fragmentation Calculator
description 6-25
I
procedure 6-25
Immonium ions, labeling C-9
D
PSD segment spectra, labeling 8-8
REF file, PSD, creating 8-21
results 6-29
IMMONIUM_IONS.REF 5-18, 8-19
Import Calibration
error displayed 9-11, 9-12
procedure 5-16
sequence codes, acceptable 6-26
6-16, 6-18, 6-33
PSD 8-20
Importing
macros into DATA
average mass, labeling 3-10, 7-11
description B-1
displaying theoretical 6-33
isotopic envelope B-5
list of common B-8
monoisotopic and average
masses B-6
monoisotopic, labeling 3-43
overview B-1
EXPLORER.VB6 6-43
PKT files to Excel 3-41
trace from ASCII format 1-35
Improving signal-to-noise ratio 5-2, 7-2
Initial Error, calibration 5-12
Inserting peaks in peak list 3-39
In-source CID data, labeling C-9
Instrument calibration
reapplying 5-22
parameters controlling charge state
determination 3-27
reverting to 5-22
partially resolved, labeling 7-11
resolution, limits of system 3-53
resolution, overview B-4
spacing, and charge state 3-53
theoretical, generating with
Elemental Composition
Calculator 6-6
theoretical, generating with
Elemental Targeting 6-33
theoretical, generating with Isotope
Calculator 6-18
Instrument settings
extracting from DAT file 1-36
tab, Output window 1-16
viewing 1-16
Integration
description 3-70
setting, chromatogram 3-21
setting, spectrum 3-26
Valley-to-Baseline,
Valley-to-Baseline, spectrum 3-26,
3-70
troubleshooting 9-17
Valley-to-Valley,
amino acid codes 6-14
charge state to calculate 6-15
element codes 6-14
evaluating traces 6-18
examples 6-16
chromatogram 3-21, 3-70
Valley-to-Valley, spectrum 3-26,
3-70
Internal mass calibration 5-5, 5-26
Internal standard calibration, see
Calibrating mass
result, failed to calculate 9-6
results 6-19
using 6-13
Data Explorer Software User’s Guide Index-13
Isotope Match Intensity, elemental
targeting 6-33
Labels (continued)
CNL 4-9
I
CT 5-36
N
D
E
X
Isotope Match Score
DECONV 5-40, 5-41
filtered trace 4-25
ISO 6-6, 6-16, 6-33
MC 5-13
NF 4-19, 5-44
NR 4-19, 5-44
RSM 5-44
SC 5-60
SM 4-19, 5-44
TR 5-57
XAC 4-14, 4-15
XIC 4-7
elemental composition 6-6
elemental composition, not
reported for fragment ion
calculations 6-6
elemental targeting 6-33
K
Keywords, Windows NT
entering 1-31
searching 1-32
viewing 1-32
lost when you exit 9-13
L
Labeling peaks
setting permanently 2-35
see also Peak labels
chromatogram 3-54
customizing label appearance 1-25
factors affecting 3-52
manually 3-39
monoisotopic 3-43
partially resolved 7-11
spectrum 3-56
applying 3-65
creating 3-64
description 1-7
extracting from DAT file 1-36
Line mode, traces 1-28
Line width, setting 1-26
Linking
with amino acid, DNA, or RNA
multiple data files for zooming 2-13
traces within a data file 2-21
views 2-13
with area 3-58
with time 3-55
views, does not work 9-7
with vial number 3-55
Local peak detection parameters
setting, spectrum 3-28
Labels
see also Data cursor
see also Peak labels
see also Trace labels
AC 5-34
added and subtracted spectra 4-22
AdvBC 5-53
Loss of H2O, determining C-11
Loss of NH3, determining C-10
Low Mass Gate spike, eliminating 5-56,
5-57
BC 4-29, 5-47
BO 4-28, 5-46
Index-14 Applied Biosystems
examples 7-2
M
I
in-source CID, labeling C-9
isotope resolution limits 3-53
mass accuracy affected by peak
shape 5-7, 5-47
Macro Recorder
N
E
advanced editing 6-42
buttons, assigning to macros 6-38
DATAEXPLORER.VB6
location 6-35
DATAEXPLORER.VB6 not
overwritten when new
software installed 6-43
deleting a macro 6-41
description 6-34
peak detection strategy 3-6
automatic calibration settings
(reference masses) for 5-27
MARINER.REF
viewing masses in 5-10
exporting macros from DATA
EXPLORER.VB6 6-44
functions not supported 6-35
importing macros into DATA
EXPLORER.VB6 6-43
location of macros 6-35
maximum number of macros 6-34
new supplied macros not available
until imported 6-43
provided 5-18
provided 5-18
Mass
apex, copying from peak list 1-41
apex, labeling 3-57
average B-6
centroid, see Mass, centroid
in chromatogram header 2-30
in chromatogram header, replaced
by XIC 2-31
labels 3-56
peak
recording 6-37
running a macro 6-39
toolbar, displaying 6-35
Visual Basic Editor 6-42
Macros
provided, see Data Explorer
Toolbox
recording 6-37
running automatically when
opening and closing data
files 6-45
Mass accuracy
affected by peak shape 5-7, 5-47
multi-point calibration versus
single-point calibration 5-8,
8-10
running manually 6-39
Mass accuracy, optimizing
(Mariner data only) 5-62
by baseline correcting and
deisotoping before
Manual calibration, see Calibrating
mass, manual
Manually labeling peaks 3-39, 3-52
Mariner data
Chromatogram window,
displaying 2-2
DAD data (diode array detector),
displaying 1-12
calibrating 7-14
by baseline correcting and noise
filtering before
calibrating 5-7
DAD spectrum, displaying 5-2
Data Explorer Software User’s Guide Index-15
Mass Calibration commands
dimmed on menu 9-11
Maximize trace window 2-9
I
Maximum Charge State
description 3-27
not displayed on menu 9-8
N
D
E
X
Mass calibration, see Calibrating mass
set too low 3-33
Mass, centroid
setting 3-27
calculating 3-39
copying from peak list 1-41
definition B-6
displaying peaks as
histograms 5-36
labeling 3-57
setting too low 3-35
5-15, 5-17, 5-22, 5-23, 7-17,
8-18
Metafile, copying to 1-39
Mass deconvolution
command dimmed on Process
menu 5-37, 9-8
Microsoft applications
Excel 1-5
Microsoft Office 1-5
Visual Basic Editor 6-42
Word 1-5
example 7-4
performing 5-37
result, failed to calculate 9-8
results 5-40
Microsoft Excel, importing PKT files
to 3-41
Mass Difference peak label
from adjacent peak (regular
labels) 3-57
Minimum Area, setting spectrum 3-30
Minimum Intensity
from adjacent peak (user
labels) 3-62
setting spectrum 3-30
from selected peak 3-57
Mn Mw Mz Mw/Mn, determining C-15
Mass list, copying to Windows
clipboard 1-41
deisotoping a spectrum 3-9, 3-45
displaying in peak list 3-43
filtering 3-43
Mass Offset, replaced by Mass
Difference from Selected
Peak 3-57
labeling 3-43
mass, definition B-6
reducing trace to 3-9, 3-45
Mass Resolution Calculator, see
Resolution, mass
Mass resolution defaults used in peak
detection 3-24
Moving between open files 1-12
MS Fit/MS Tag macro C-2
Match Charge State 3-62
MS Method (Mariner data only)
applications 4-23
Max Stitch Mass
definition 8-4
displaying 8-4
conditions and tags,
displaying 4-23
optimum focus and resolution
observed near this
mass 8-4
updated when Precursor mass
changed 8-24
Event Tag Filtering command
dimmed 4-24
event tag, filtering 4-23
instrument settings, extracting from
DAT file 1-36
Index-16 Applied Biosystems
MS Method (Mariner data only)
(continued)
Noise Threshold
chromatogram, calculated
automatically 3-21, 3-68
in peak detection algorithm 3-68
setting locally, spectrum 3-30
instrument settings, viewing 4-23
spectrum numbers in filtered
trace 4-25
N
D
X
MSM files
Noise, screening out
noise filtering command 4-17, 5-42
subtracting spectra and creating
extracted ion
extracting from DAT file 1-36
overview 1-7
Multiple Charge command
dimmed on menu 5-37, 9-8
not displayed on menu 9-8
chromatogram (Mariner
data) 7-8
truncate spectrum 5-56
Multiple data files
trace 4-2
comparing 2-36, 2-38
copying traces into a window 2-37
printing 2-36
working with separately 2-36
zooming 2-13, 2-36
in chromatogram header 2-30, 4-19
in spectrum header 2-32, 5-44
Multiple spectra in Voyager data
files 2-7
Number average molecular weight,
determining C-15
Multiply charged peaks
deconvoluting 5-37
Number of data points across a peak,
determining 3-21, 3-31, 5-51
single-charge conversion 5-59
Multi-point calibration, see Calibrating
mass
Offsetting baseline
chromatogram 4-27
spectrum 5-45
N
Negative ion z label 3-58
Offsetting UV trace (Mariner data only)
Mariner data 4-30
Neutral loss chromatogram, see
Extracted ion chromatogram
(CNL)
restoring original trace 4-31
Open files, moving between 2-8
NF
Opening
in spectrum header 2-32, 5-44
data files 2-2
data files and automatically running
a macro 6-45
Noise filtering
PSD data files 8-2
result files 2-40
chromatogram 4-17
spectrum 5-42
spectrum, recommended
setting 4-18, 5-43
Data Explorer Software User’s Guide Index-17
Output window
acquisition comment,
color, changing 1-25
I
displaying 1-15
calibration statistics,
displaying 5-13, 8-18
Chro Peak list tab 1-15
clearing 1-16
N
D
E
X
see also Peak detection
data
see also Peak detection,
resolution-based
data
accessing 3-11, 3-13
Advanced Settings tab not
Advanced Settings, spectrum 3-17,
3-28
closing 1-16
copying results from 2-28
instrument settings 1-16
Instrument Settings tab 1-15
peak list, chro 1-15
peak list, displaying 1-15
peak list, importing and saving in
Excel 3-41
peak list, saving as a file 3-40
peak list, spec 1-15
Results tab 1-15
results, displaying 1-15
sample info 1-15
Sample Info tab 1-15
Spec Peak list tab 1-15
baseline, changing line width 1-26
baseline, displaying 3-55, 3-58
Basic Settings, spectrum 3-13,
3-22
Overlapping peak labels 3-55, 3-58
charge state determination 3-27
chromatogram 3-68
chromatogram, Noise Threshold
Overlaying traces
active trace color 2-26
advancing 2-26
data cursors, turning on and
off 3-23
autocolor 2-27
colors, setting 2-27
procedure 2-24
data points across a peak,
determining number 3-21,
3-31, 5-51
scaling options 2-27
troubleshooting 9-6
default 3-2, 3-71
Filter Width and Increment
used 3-3
P
Partially resolved peaks, labeling 7-11
Gaussian Fitting 3-26
isotope determination 3-27
isotope, partially resolved 7-11
manually inserting peaks in peak
list 3-39
Peak
area, see Area, peak
centroid, see Centroid mass
charge state, see Charge state,
peak
deisotoping, see Deisotoping
inserting 3-39
Index-18 Applied Biosystems
Peak detection (continued)
Noise Threshold, calculated
automatically for
Peak detection, resolution-based
see also Peak detection
default resolution 3-6, 3-24
description 3-3
D
chromatogram data 3-21,
3-68
overview 3-2
Peak Processing parameters,
spectrum 3-16, 3-26
peak start and end,
displaying 3-55, 3-58
peaks do not appear in
spectrum 9-17
process that occurs during 3-67
proteins 3-6
ranges, overlapping 3-5
regions, setting
chromatogram 3-19, 3-20
regions, setting spectrum 3-28
resetting Basic settings 3-18
spectrum 3-68
troubleshooting 9-14
use same settings for all
traces 3-21, 3-25
Filter Width value used 3-3
formula used to calculate number
of data points 3-4
overriding 3-10, 3-14
Peak detection, Voyager data
see also Peak detection
complex digests 7-18
default settings 3-71
deisotoping to aid in peak
detection 3-9
high mass peaks not detected 3-9
improving by baseline correcting,
smoothing 3-8
noise detected as peaks 3-9
partially resolved peaks not
detected 3-10, 7-11
PSD 8-11
Peak detection parameters,
chromatogram
strategy for 3-8
description 3-19
setting 3-11, 3-19
Peak integration, see Integration
Peak detection parameters, spectrum
Advanced 3-28
see also Peak labels, charge state
see also Peak labels, filtering
see also Peak labels, Mass
Difference
45 degree angle 3-55, 3-58
amino acid C-5
apex 3-56
applying user labels from LBC and
LBS files 3-65
area, chromatogram 3-55
area, spectrum 3-56, 3-58
base peak mass 3-55, 3-56
baseline, changing line width 1-26
baseline, displaying 3-55, 3-58
Basic 3-22
global, description 3-22
global, setting 3-13
for 3-30
local, description 3-28
local, setting 3-28
Peak Processing 3-26
Peak detection, Mariner data
see also Peak detection
default settings 3-71
noise detected as peaks 3-7
strategy for 3-6
troubleshooting 3-6
Data Explorer Software User’s Guide Index-19
Peak labels (continued)
centroid 3-56
Peak labels, filtering
charge state 3-43
I
custom 3-61
custom, creating for fragment
spectra 8-9
customizing 1-25
decimal places displayed 3-55,
3-56
deleting from trace 3-44, 3-59
displaying 3-65
DNA C-5
extracting from DAT file 3-64
factors affecting 3-52
height 3-55, 3-56
monoisotopic peak 3-43
N
D
E
X
Peak labels, Mass Difference
From Adjacent Peak (regular
labels) 3-57
From Adjacent Peak (user
labels) 3-62
From Selected Peak 3-57
Peak list
charge state, displaying
selected 3-42
Chro and Spec 3-40
contents 3-38
copying apex masses only 1-41
copying to Windows clipboard 1-40
copying with headings 1-40
copying without headings 3-41
deleting peaks 3-44, 3-59
description 3-37
displaying 3-37, 3-40
filtering 3-43
importing and saving in Excel 3-41
inserting peaks manually 3-39
monoisotopic peaks,
displaying 3-42
horizontal 3-55, 3-58
immonium ions C-9
manually applying 3-39, 3-52
manually inserting peaks 3-39
monoisotopic 3-43
not displayed 3-59, 3-66, 9-14,
9-15
overlapping 3-55, 3-58
peak start and end,
displaying 3-55, 3-58
PSD 8-8
RNA C-5
spectrum number 3-55, 3-56
spectrum, setting 3-56
time 3-55, 3-56
troubleshooting 9-14
turning on and off in
chromatogram 3-52
user defined 3-61
printing 3-44
saving as a file 3-40
sorting 3-42
when created 3-37
zero charge state displayed 3-43
vertical 3-55, 3-58
Vial number 3-55
clearing list 5-13, 8-15
sorting 5-11
Peak labels, charge state
filtering 3-43
automatic calibration 5-32
manual calibration 5-6, 5-9
PSD calibration 8-14
incorrect 9-20
not displayed 9-19
parameters used 3-53
requirements 3-53
selecting 3-58
Peak resolution, see Resolution, mass
Peak Threshold%, replaced by %Base
Peak Intensity 3-20, 3-22
user labels 3-62
Index-20 Applied Biosystems
Peak weighting factors 5-10, 8-14
Process menu, commands not
displayed 9-8
Peak Width
minimum and maximum used 3-21,
Processing
3-25
see also Processing settings
menu 9-6
set automatically by software 3-21,
3-25
troubleshooting 9-6
Peaks, do not appear in spectrum 9-17
Peptide fragmentation macro C-2, C-9
Periodic table 6-10
Processing History
description 2-22
disabling 2-23
options 2-23
PerSeptive Biosystems Technical
Support, see Applied
using 2-22
Processing settings
PKT files 3-40
automatically saved when data file
closed 1-18
Points across a peak,
determining 3-21, 3-31, 5-51
Polydispersity index, determining C-15
Polymer analysis macro C-2, C-15
Positive ion z label 3-58
customizing 1-19
description 1-18
extracting from DAT file 1-36
modifying 1-19
peak detection parameters,
spectrum 3-26
saving for use with other data
files 1-19
Precursor mass, see PSD analysis
Preface xi
Previewing traces before printing 2-33
Print preview 2-33
Print Setup 2-36
Printer, setting to landscape
orientation 2-35
Profile data
converting to centroid 1-33
traces do not print 1-26, 2-35
Printing
all traces in view 2-34
changing colors to black
before 2-33
data cursors 1-27
data file names do not print 2-34,
2-37
landscape orientation 2-35
multiple files 2-34
peak list 3-44
Protein database search macro C-18
Proteins, detection 3-6
Proton mass, value 3-32
see also Calibration mass, PSD
(Voyager data only)
see also Voyager Biospectrometry
Workstation Users Guide
CAL file, creating 8-20
calibrating 8-10
traces 2-33
traces do not print 2-34
troubleshooting 9-13
without previewing 2-34
Change Mass function 8-23
Data Explorer Software User’s Guide Index-21
PSD analysis (continued)
Realign, UV trace 4-30
I
composite spectrum,
Recording a macro 6-37
displaying 8-2, 8-5
composite spectrum, how it is
generated 8-6
N
D
E
X
(REF)
fragment labels, applying 8-8
optimum resolution observed near
Max Stitch Mass 8-4
peak detection algorithm 3-5
peak detection, checking 8-10
Peptide fragmentation macro C-9
precursor mass, changing 8-23
PSD, overview of creating 8-10
REF file, creating 8-21
see also Calibration reference file
adding to REF file 5-18
displaying list of 5-10, 8-16
for Voyager Sequence Control
Panel 5-27, 5-28
selecting 5-10, 5-14, 7-17, 8-15,
8-16
segment labels, applying 8-8
segment traces, displaying 8-3
Toolbox (Visual Basic macros
provided) C-3
PSD calibration
equation 8-6
Precursor mass, impact of
changing 8-23
Related documents xiv
Removing traces
active 2-21
PSD data, in Voyager, displaying 1-13
inactive 2-21
PSD mode
Replace mode, setting for added
traces 2-18
constants 8-6
equation 8-6
Resolution, mass
R
calculating 6-20
command not on menu 9-8
default peak height used 6-20
defaults used in peak
detection 3-24
Raw data, copying x,y pairs 1-39
RCD file
deleting 2-39
description 1-10
exporting 2-39
extracting information from 1-36
opening 2-39
isotope B-4
isotope, Mariner data 3-53
isotope, Voyager data 3-53
isotope-limited B-5
PSD segment, optimum observed
near Max Stitch Mass 8-4
results 6-22
RCT files
see also Results
name of raw data file result is
derived from 2-38, 2-39,
2-41
opening 2-39, 2-40
saving 2-40
trend within PSD segments 8-11
Resolution-based peak detection, see
Peak detection,
resolution-based
Read-only files, viewing 2-7
Index-22 Applied Biosystems
Result tab, Output window 1-15
RSD file
deleting 2-39
Results
description 1-10
exporting 2-39
extracting information from 1-36
opening 2-39
see also RSD and RCD
annotating traces with 2-28
copying 2-28
displaying in Output window 1-15
elemental composition 6-5
elemental targeting 6-33
exporting 2-39
extracting information from 1-36
ion fragmentation 6-29
isotope 6-19
D
RSM in spectrum header 2-32, 5-44
RST files
see also Results
name of raw data file result is
derived from 2-38, 2-39,
2-41
mass deconvolution 5-40
name of raw data file result is
derived from 1-15
not affected by AutoSaturation
Correction 5-62
opening 2-39, 2-40
saving 2-40
peak list 3-38
RCD and RSD files 2-39
resolution, mass 6-22
signal-to-noise ratio 6-24
Running a macro
automatically 6-45
manually 6-39
Results (DAT)
copying 2-28
deleting results 2-38
opening results 2-38
saving results 2-38
title when saving 2-38
Saturated spectra, correcting (Mariner
data only) 5-62
Results (SPC)
AutoSaturation Correction, effect
copying 2-28
name of raw data file result is
derived from 2-38, 2-39,
2-41
Scaling
see also Display Range
overlaid traces 2-27
to Absolute Value 2-12
to Base Peak 2-12
to min/max Y 2-12
opening RST and RCT files 2-39,
2-40
Searching for keywords 1-32
Segment spectra, PSD
calibrating 8-12
saving RST and RCT files 2-40
Retention time, displaying
for chromatogram 1-12
on data cursor 1-27
creating custom peak labels 8-9
labeling 8-8
lower masses require higher Filter
Width setting 8-11
optimum resolution observed near
Max Stitch Mass 8-4
resolution trend within 8-11
Reverting to instrument
calibration 5-22
Right axis, turning off 2-12
RNA residues, labeling C-5
Data Explorer Software User’s Guide Index-23
Sequence Control Panel, Mariner,
automatic calibration settings
(reference masses) for 5-27
Single-charge conversion
I
multiply-charged peaks seen after
conversion 5-62
procedure 5-59
troubleshooting 5-62
N
D
E
X
Sequence Control Panel, Voyager,
automatic calibration settings
(reference masses) for 5-28
SET files
mass
applying 1-20
contents 1-18
creating for Mariner Sequence
Control Panel 5-27
creating for Voyager Sequence
Control Panel 5-28, 5-29
customizing 1-19
defaults 1-19, 1-23
description 1-7
extracting from DAT 1-37
modifying 1-19
restoring 1-20
saving for use with other data
saving for Voyager Sequence
Control Panel 5-33
viewing contents of 1-18
in chromatogram header 2-30, 4-19
in spectrum header 2-32, 5-44
chromatogram 4-17
setting method performed by
toolbar 5-42
spectrum 5-42
spectrum, default 5-43
Software, starting and exiting 1-3
Sorting the peak list 3-42
SPC file
converting from profile to
converting to DAT 1-30
results, saving, opening, and
deleting 2-40
Settings
see also Graphic settings
see also Processing settings
see also SET files
automatically saved when data file
closed 1-18
Voyager, not supported 1-6
Spec peak list, Output window 1-15
SPEC window, see Spectrum window
restoring and saving 1-20
accumulating 4-22
data files 5-64
Signal intensity, summing for one
mass 5-2
adding/subtracting within a data
file 4-20
averaging 4-22
combining (Mariner data only) 5-2,
5-4, 7-4
Signal-to-noise ratio
algorithm 6-23
calculating 6-23
improving 5-2, 7-2, 7-3
saturated, correcting 5-62
single-charge conversion 5-59
subtracting 4-20
Index-24 Applied Biosystems
Spectra (continued)
summing non-contiguous 4-21
organizing 2-13
peak list 3-38
E
peak, centering 2-15
resolution, mass, calculating 6-20
results, opening 2-40
signal-to-noise ratio,
calculating 6-23
smoothing 5-42
spectrum numbers on trace do not
match axis 9-5
types of 5-2
Spectrum noise threshold, setting
locally 3-30
Spectrum window
see also Peak labels
see also Spectrum window, traces
see also Traces
adding spectra from different data
files 5-64
file 5-4
baseline correction, advanced 5-48
baseline offset 5-45
centroid, creating 5-36
centroiding 3-69, 5-36
charge state labels incorrect 3-60,
9-20
charge state labels not
displayed 9-19
charge state, labeling peaks
with 3-53
subtracting spectra from different
data files 5-64
types of data 5-2
Spectrum window, traces
adding 2-18
displaying as vertical bars 5-36
do not print 2-34
overlaying 2-25
overlaying from different data
files 2-24
previewing and printing 2-33
Spray Tip Potential, displaying
trace 4-2
Spreadsheet, saving peak list in 3-41
Starting Data Explorer software 1-3
combined spectrum, creating 5-4
context-sensitive menus 1-14
DAD (diode array detector),
displaying Mariner data 4-2
description 1-13
display range, adjusting 2-11
extracted absorbance
chromatogram (XAC),
creating from 4-13
Stitched PSD in spectrum header 2-32,
8-2
Stitched spectrum, see Composite
spectrum
Subtracting
background 4-20
raw spectra within a data file 4-20
spectra from different data
extracted ion chromatogram (XAC),
creating from 4-15
spectra, example 7-8
extracted ion chromatogram (XIC),
creating from 4-5, 4-8
linking in different data files 2-13
Mariner DAD data, displaying 1-13
mass deconvolution 5-37
noise filtering 5-42
Summing data, graphic
compression 1-28
Summing spectra
see Adding spectra
see Combined spectrum
Data Explorer Software User’s Guide Index-25
Trace labels
T
I
chromatogram 2-30
spectrum 2-31
N
D
E
X
Tabs
for open files 2-8
in Data Explorer window 2-8
TAC
Trace windows, maximizing 2-9
Traces
see also Trace labels
see also Traces, copying
see also Traces, removing
adding 2-16, 2-18
annotating 2-28
axes, setting 2-11
in chromatogram header 2-30
Mariner data, optional 1-12
Tag, see Event tag
Target compounds
determining if present in
spectrum 6-31
bar mode 1-28
Technical support
contacting 9-2
centering a peak 2-15
centroid, creating 5-36
changing colors to black before
printing 2-33
colors, setting 1-25
comparing 2-38
display range, setting 2-11
displaying as vertical bars 5-36
distorted when you copy to another
application 1-39
for computers with altered
configuration A-1
Temperature trace, displaying 4-2
Text files
saving peak list in PKT 3-40
Threshold, peak detection
chromatogram 3-20
global, spectrum 3-22
local, spectrum 3-30
dividing 2-15
do not print 2-34
duplicating 2-15
expanding 2-21
TIC
see also Chromatogram window
description 4-2, 4-3
exporting to ASCII format 1-34
filtering, see Event tag filtering
(Mariner data only)
graphic compression 1-28
importing from ASCII format 1-35
line mode 1-28
line width 1-26
linking 2-21
overlaid, troubleshooting 9-6
overlay scaling 2-27
overlaying 2-25
Title when saving results 2-38
Toolbars
buttons, adding and removing 1-21
customizing 1-21, 1-22
description 1-12
Macro, displaying 6-35
moving 1-22
Smoothing button, setting method
performed 5-42
Tools commands not displayed on
menu 9-6
previewing 2-33
printing 2-33
ToolTips 1-12
rearranging order 2-22
recalling previously
processed 2-22
TR in spectrum header 2-32, 5-57
Trace browser 2-9
Index-26 Applied Biosystems
Traces (continued)
Troubleshooting (continued)
Link View does not work 9-7
Multiple Charge commands
dimmed 5-37
Replace mode, setting 2-17
scaling mode, setting 2-12
splitting 2-15
switching between 2-8
text, customizing 1-25
traces do not print 1-26, 2-33
type, selecting in Chromatogram
window 4-2
D
overlaid traces 9-6
overview 9-2
peak detection 9-14
peak detection, Voyager 3-9
peak labeling 9-14
printer does not stay set to
landscape mode 9-13
printing 9-13
use same graphic options settings
for all 1-24
UV, offset 4-30
vertical bar mode 1-28
white, does not print 1-26, 2-33
processing 9-6
single-charge conversion 5-62
spectrum 9-17
Traces, copying
tools 9-6
from different data file 2-37
to Windows clipboard 1-38
to WMF 1-39
Truncate spectrum 5-56
TXT file 1-34
Traces, removing
active 2-21
from history list 2-22
inactive 2-21
Unresolved peaks, deconvoluting and
evaluating 7-4
Troubleshooting
calibration 9-9
calibration reference file (REF) not
listed 9-10
charge state and isotope 9-17
charge state incorrectly
labeled 9-17
conversion 9-5
Deconvolution commands
dimmed 5-37
elemental composition limits
ignored 6-8, 6-11
Unzooming 2-14
User labels
changing values 3-64
creating 3-61
customizing colors, font, size 3-61
do not display 3-59, 3-66
importing from other files 3-65
saving settings 3-64
setting values 3-64
UV (Mariner data only)
see also DAD data (diode array
detector)
error messages when you open a
file 9-4, 9-5
extracted ion chromatogram
created when you
right-click-drag to apply
custom label 9-15
general 9-3
DAD data (diode array detector),
displaying 5-2
displaying trace 4-2
trace offset 4-30
Isotope calculator 6-19
Data Explorer Software User’s Guide Index-27
Voyager Sequence Control Panel,
automatic calibration settings
(reference masses) for 5-28
V
I
N
D
E
X
Valley-to-Baseline integration
chromatogram 3-21, 3-70
spectrum 3-26, 3-70
VOYAGER.REF
provided 5-18
viewing masses in 5-10
Valley-to-Valley integration
chromatogram 3-21, 3-70
spectrum 3-26, 3-70
VOYAGERPSD.SET 8-11
Version of software used to acquire
data 1-15
Vertical bars
Warranty
displaying centroid traces 5-36
traces do not print 2-34
exceptions A-3
for computers with altered
configuration A-1
Vertical cursor 1-27
Weight average molecular weight,
determining C-15
Vertical peak labels 3-55, 3-58
Vial number, displaying in
White background
changing colors 1-20
default settings 1-23
SET file 1-19
Viewing read-only files 2-7
Views, linking 2-13
Visual Basic Editor 6-42
Visual Basic macros provided
accessing C-4
activate 2-8Applied
file 2-16
copying traces from different data
files 2-37
customizing 1-17
displayed 1-12
organizing 2-13, 2-36
Ladder Sequencing macro C-5
Ladder sequencing macro C-2
modifying C-2
MS Fit/MS Tag macro C-2
overview C-2
Peptide fragmentation macro C-2,
C-9
Polymer analysis macro C-2, C-15
preparing data for C-3
References required C-3
to 1-39
Windows NT
keywords, entering 1-31
keywords, searching 1-32
keywords, viewing 1-32
Print setup 2-36
Voyager .MS files, converting to .DAT
not supported 1-30
Voyager data
WMF, copying to 1-39
Chromatogram window,
displaying 1-13, 2-7
examples 7-11
World wide web address, Applied
Biosystems xiv
isotope resolution limits 3-53
peak detection strategy 3-8
Index-28 Applied Biosystems
X
I
X cursors, setting 1-27
N
D
E
X
x,y data pairs, copying 1-39
XAC
in chromatogram header 2-30
see also Extracted absorbance
chromatogram (XAC)
X-axis
chromatogram 2-11
setting range 2-11
spectrum 2-11
XIC
see also Extracted ion
chromatogram (XIC)
in chromatogram header 2-31
Y
y and b ion pairs, labeling C-11
Y cursor, setting 1-27
Y-axis
offsetting chromatogram 4-27
offsetting spectrum 5-45
scaling 2-12
spectrum 2-11
Z
z labels 3-58
z-average molecular weight,
determining C-15
Zero charge state displayed in peak
list 3-40, 3-43
Zero-charge spectrum
for overlapping peaks 5-40
for resolved peaks 5-37
Zooming, multiple data files 2-13, 2-36
Data Explorer Software User’s Guide Index-29
I
N
D
E
X
Index-30 Applied Biosystems
Headquarters
850 Lincoln Centre Drive
Foster City, CA 94404 USA
Phone: +1 650.638.5800
Toll Free (In North America): +1 800.345.5224
Fax: +1 650.638.5884
Worldwide Sales and Support
Applied Biosystems vast distribution and
service network, composed of highly trained
support and applications personnel, reaches
into 150 countries on six continents. For sales
office locations and technical support, please
call our local office or refer to our web site at
www.appliedbiosystems.com.
www.appliedbiosystems.com
Applera Corporation is committed to providing the
world’s leading technology and information for life
scientists. Applera Corporation consists of the
Applied Biosystems and Celera Genomics
businesses.
Printed in the USA, 07/2001
Part Number 4317717 Rev. C
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