Agilent 83438A
Erbium ASE Source
User’s Guide
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The Agilent 83438A—At a Glance
The Agilent 83438A—At a Glance
The Agilent 83438A Erbium ASE Source provides incoherent light for charac-
terizing fiber-optic components. Its output is centered at approximately
1550 nm. Because it has a relatively high-power spectral density, you can
probe devices with medium or high insertion loss. Its single-mode output orig-
inates from the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) of an Erbium doped
fiber amplifier. The power spectral density of the output is up to one hundred
times (20 dB) greater than that of edge emitting LEDs (for example, the
Agilent 83437A Broadband Light Source) and up to 100,000 times (50 dB)
greater than white-light tungsten lamp sources. An internal optical isolator
protects the Agilent 83438A from back reflections from the device under test.
This greatly improves the power stability of the Agilent 83438A.
Block Diagram of Agilent 83438A
iii
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The Agilent 83438A—At a Glance
The output can be modulated or turned off
You can digitally modulate the output using a TTL compatible signal. For a
complete discussion of modulating the output light and making measurements
with your Agilent 83438A, refer to Chapter 2, “Making Measurements”.
Measurement accuracy—it’s up to you!
Fiber-optic connectors are easily damaged when connected to dirty or damaged cables
and accessories. The Agilent 83438A’s front-panel OPTICAL OUT connector is no excep-
tion. When you use improper cleaning and handling techniques, you risk expensive
instrument repairs, damaged cables, and compromised measurements.
Before you connect any fiber-optic cable to the Agilent 83438A, refer to “Cleaning Con-
nections for Accurate Measurements” on page 2-11.
Laser classification
The Agilent 83438A is classified as an IEC LASER Class 1. The total power of light
energy radiated out of the OPTICAL OUT connector is no greater than +8.1 dBm (6.5 mW)
at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Operator maintenance or precautions are not necessary to
maintain safety. No controls, adjustments, or performance of procedures result in haz-
ardous radiation exposure.
iv
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General Safety Considerations
General Safety Considerations
This product has been designed and tested in accordance with IEC Publica-
tion 61010-1, Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement,
Control and Laboratory Use, and has been supplied in a safe condition. The
instruction documentation contains information and warnings that must be
followed by the user to ensure safe operation and to maintain the product in a
safe condition.
W A R N I N G
W A R N I N G
If this instrument is not used as specified, the protection provided by
the equipment could be impaired. This instrument must be used in a
normal condition (in which all means for protection are intact) only.
To prevent electrical shock, disconnect the Agilent 83438A from
mains before cleaning. Use a dry cloth or one slightly dampened with
water to clean the external case parts. Do not attempt to clean
internally.
W A R N I N G
This is a Safety Class 1 product (provided with a protective earthing
ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be
inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact.
Any interruption of the protective conductor inside or outside of the
product is likely to make the product dangerous. Intentional
interruption is prohibited.
W A R N I N G
W A R N I N G
No operator serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to qualified
personnel. To prevent electrical shock, do not remove covers.
For continued protection against fire hazard, replace line fuse only
with same type and ratings, (type T 0.315A/250V for 100/120V
operation and 0.16A/250V for 220/240V operation). The use of other
fuses or materials is prohibited. Verify that the value of the line-
voltage fuse is correct.
• For 100/120V operation, use an IEC 127 5×20 mm, 0.315 A, 250 V, Agilent
part number 2110-0449.
• For 220/240V operation, use an IEC 127 5×20 mm, 0.16 A, 250 V, Agilent
Technologies part number 2110-0448.
vi
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General Safety Considerations
C A U T I O N
Before switching on this instrument, make sure that the line voltage selector
switch is set to the line voltage of the power supply and the correct fuse is
installed. Assure the supply voltage is in the specified range.
C A U T I O N
C A U T I O N
This product is designed for use in Installation Category II and Pollution
Degree 2 per IEC 1010 and 664 respectively.
VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS: When installing the product in a cabinet, the
convection into and out of the product must not be restricted. The ambient
temperature (outside the cabinet) must be less than the maximum operating
temperature of the product by 4°C for every 100 watts dissipated in the
cabinet. If the total power dissipated in the cabinet is greater than 800 watts,
then forced convection must be used.
C A U T I O N
C A U T I O N
C A U T I O N
Always use the three-prong ac power cord supplied with this instrument.
Failure to ensure adequate earth grounding by not using this cord may cause
instrument damage.
Do not connect ac power until you have verified the line voltage is correct as
described in “Line Power Requirements” on page 1-6. Damage to the
equipment could result.
This instrument has autoranging line voltage input. Be sure the supply voltage
is within the specified range.
vii
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Contents
1 Getting Started
Modulating the Output Light 2-10
3 Specifications and Regulatory Information
Specifications 3-3
4 Reference
Accessories 4-2
Power Cords 4-4
5 Servicing
Electrostatic Discharge Information 5-10
Troubleshooting 5-12
Performance Tests 5-20
Adjustment Procedure 5-23
Replacing Instrument Assemblies 5-26
Replaceable Parts 5-35
Contents-1
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Getting Started
Getting Started
Getting Started
The instructions in this chapter show you how to install your Agilent 83438A.
You should be able to finish these procedures in about ten to twenty minutes.
After you’ve completed this chapter, continue with Chapter 2, “Making Mea-
surements”.
Refer to Chapter 3, “Specifications and Regulatory Information” for informa-
tion on operating conditions such as temperature.
If you should ever need to clean the cabinet, use a damp cloth only.
W A R N I N G
This is a Safety Class I product (provided with a protective earthing
ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be
inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact.
Any interruption of the protective conductor inside or outside of the
product is likely to make the product dangerous. Intentional
interruption is prohibited.
C A U T I O N
C A U T I O N
This product has autoranging line voltage input. Be sure the supply voltage is
within the specified range.
VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS: When installing the product in a cabinet, the
convection into and out of the product must not be restricted. The ambient
temperature (outside the cabinet) must be less than the maximum operating
temperature of the product by 4°C for every 100 watts dissipated in the
cabinet. If the total power dissipated in the cabinet is greater than 800 watts,
then forced convection must be used.
C A U T I O N
This product is designed for use in INSTALLATION CATEGORY II and
POLLUTION DEGREE 2, per IEC 1010 and 664 respectively.
1-2
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Getting Started
Getting Started
Measurement accuracy—it’s up to you!
Fiber-optic connectors are easily damaged when connected to dirty or damaged cables
and accessories. The Agilent 83438A’s front-panel OPTICAL OUT connector is no excep-
tion. When you use improper cleaning and handling techniques, you risk expensive
instrument repairs, damaged cables, and compromised measurements.
Before you connect any fiber-optic cable to the Agilent 83438A, refer to “Cleaning Con-
nections for Accurate Measurements” on page 2-11.
1-3
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Getting Started
Step 1. Inspect the Shipment
Step 1. Inspect the Shipment
1 Verify that all components ordered have arrived by comparing the shipping
forms to the original purchase order. Inspect all shipping containers.
If your shipment is damaged or incomplete, save the packing materials and
notify both the shipping carrier and the nearest Agilent Technologies service
office. Agilent Technologies will arrange for repair or replacement of
damaged or incomplete shipments without waiting for a settlement from the
transportation company. Notify the Agilent Technologies customer engineer
of any problems.
2 Make sure that the serial number and options listed on the instrument’s rear-
panel label match the serial number and options listed on the shipping
document. The following figure is an example of the rear-panel serial number
label:
Table 1-1. Agilent 83438A Options
Option
Description
009
011
013
014
017
022
Built-in polarizer
Diamond HMS-10 fiber-optic input connector interface
DIN 47256 fiber-optic input connector interface
ST fiber-optic input connector interface
SC fiber-optic input connector interface
Angled contact fiber-optic output interface
1-4
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Getting Started
Step 2. Check the Fuse
Step 2. Check the Fuse
1 Locate the line-input connector on the instrument’s rear panel.
2 Disconnect the line-power cable if it is connected.
3 Use a small flat-blade screwdriver to open the pull-out fuse drawer.
4 Verify that the value of the line-voltage fuse in the pull-out drawer is correct.
The recommended fuse is an IEC 127 5×20 mm, 6.3A, 250 V, Agilent part
number 2110-0703.
Notice that an extra fuse is provided in a drawer located on the fuse holder.
W A R N I N G
For continued protection against fire hazard, replace line fuse only
with same type and ratings, (type T 6.3A/250V for 100/240V
operation). The use of other fuses or materials is prohibited.
1-5
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Getting Started
Step 3. Connect the Line-Power Cable
Step 3. Connect the Line-Power Cable
C A U T I O N
Always use the three-prong AC power cord supplied with this instrument.
Failure to ensure adequate earth grounding by not using this cord may cause
instrument damage.
C A U T I O N
C A U T I O N
Do not connect ac power until you have verified the line voltage is correct as
described in the following paragraphs. Damage to the equipment could result.
This instrument has autoranging line voltage input. Be sure the supply voltage
is within the specified range.
1 Verify that the line power meets the requirements shown in the following table.
Line Power Requirements
Power:
115 VAC: 50 WATTS MAX.
230 VAC: 50 WATTS MAX.
Voltage
nominal: 115 VAC / 230 VAC
range 115 VAC: 90-132 V
range 230 VAC: 198-254 V
Frequency
nominals: 50 Hz / 60 Hz
range: 47-63 Hz
2 Connect the line-power cord to the instrument’s rear-panel connector.
3 Connect the other end of the line-power cord to the power receptacle.
Various power cables are available to connect the Agilent 83438A to ac power
outlets unique to specific geographic areas. The cable appropriate for the area
to which the Agilent 83438A is originally shipped is included with the unit. You
can order additional ac power cables for use in different geographic areas.
Refer to “Power Cords” on page 4-4.
1-6
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Getting Started
Step 4. Turn on the Agilent 83438A
Step 4. Turn on the Agilent 83438A
1 Press the front-panel LINE key.
The front-panel LINE switch disconnects the mains circuits from the mains sup-
ply after the EMC filters and before other parts of the instrument.
2 Use the front-panel ACTIVE key to turn the light output on and off.
If the Agilent 83438A fails to turn on properly, consider the following possibili-
ties:
• Is the line fuse good?
• Does the line socket have power?
• Is it plugged into the proper ac power source?
If the instrument still fails, return it to Agilent Technologies for repair. Refer to
“Returning the Instrument for Service” on page 1-8.
1-7
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Getting Started
Returning the Instrument for Service
Returning the Instrument for Service
ment for repair or calibration. Always call the Agilent Technologies Instrument
Support Center first to initiate service before returning your instrument to a
service office. This ensures that the repair (or calibration) can be properly
tracked and that your instrument will be returned to you as quickly as possi-
ble. Call this number regardless of where you are located. Refer to “Agilent
Technologies Service Offices” on page 4-5 for a list of service offices.
Agilent Technologies Instrument Support Center . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 403-0801
If the instrument is still under warranty or is covered by an Agilent Technolo-
gies maintenance contract, it will be repaired under the terms of the warranty
or contract (the warranty is at the front of this manual). If the instrument is
no longer under warranty or is not covered by an Agilent Technologies mainte-
nance plan, Agilent Technologies will notify you of the cost of the repair after
examining the unit.
When an instrument is returned to a Agilent Technologies service office for
servicing, it must be adequately packaged and have a complete description of
the failure symptoms attached. When describing the failure, please be as spe-
cific as possible about the nature of the problem. Include copies of additional
failure information (such as the instrument failure settings, data related to
instrument failure, and error messages) along with the instrument being
returned.
Preparing the instrument for shipping
1 Write a complete description of the failure and attach it to the instrument.
Include any specific performance details related to the problem. The following
1-8
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Getting Started
Returning the Instrument for Service
information should be returned with the instrument.
• Type of service required.
• Date instrument was returned for repair.
• Description of the problem:
• Whether problem is constant or intermittent.
• Whether instrument is temperature-sensitive.
• Whether instrument is vibration-sensitive.
• Instrument settings required to reproduce the problem.
• Performance data.
• Company name and return address.
• Name and phone number of technical contact person.
• Model number of returned instrument.
• Full serial number of returned instrument.
• List of any accessories returned with instrument.
2 Cover all front or rear-panel connectors that were originally covered when you
first received the instrument.
C A U T I O N
C A U T I O N
Cover electrical connectors to protect sensitive components from electrostatic
damage. Cover optical connectors to protect them from damage due to physical
contact or dust.
Instrument damage can result from using packaging materials other than the
original materials. Never use styrene pellets as packaging material. They do not
adequately cushion the instrument or prevent it from shifting in the carton.
They may also cause instrument damage by generating static electricity.
3 Pack the instrument in the original shipping containers. Original materials are
available through any Agilent Technologies office. Or, use the following
guidelines:
• Wrap the instrument in antistatic plastic to reduce the possibility of damage
caused by electrostatic discharge.
• For instruments weighing less than 54 kg (120 lb), use a double-walled, cor-
rugated cardboard carton of 159 kg (350 lb) test strength.
• The carton must be large enough to allow approximately 7 cm (3 inches) on
all sides of the instrument for packing material, and strong enough to accom-
modate the weight of the instrument.
• Surround the equipment with approximately 7 cm (3 inches) of packing ma-
terial, to protect the instrument and prevent it from moving in the carton. If
packing foam is not available, the best alternative is S.D-240 Air Cap™ from
1-9
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Getting Started
Returning the Instrument for Service
Sealed Air Corporation (Commerce, California 90001). Air Cap looks like a
plastic sheet filled with air bubbles. Use the pink (antistatic) Air Cap™ to
reduce static electricity. Wrapping the instrument several times in this ma-
terial will protect the instrument and prevent it from moving in the carton.
4 Seal the carton with strong nylon adhesive tape.
5 Mark the carton “FRAGILE, HANDLE WITH CARE”.
6 Retain copies of all shipping papers.
1-10
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2
Performing Stimulus-Response Measurements 2-3
To characterize a passive device 2-5
Ambient Light Suppression 2-7
To suppress ambient light 2-8
Modulating the Output Light 2-10
Cleaning Connections for Accurate Measurements 2-11
Making Measurements
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Making Measurements
Making Measurements
Making Measurements
In this chapter, you’ll find examples of making measurements using the
Agilent 83438A. These examples use your Agilent 83438A in conjunction with
an Agilent 71450/1/2B optical spectrum analyzer. This combination provides
up to 70 dB of measurement range. And, because of the Agilent 83438A’s rela-
tively high power density, the optical spectrum analyzer can sweep much
faster than if a white light source, surface emitting LED, or even an EELED
were used.
The last section of this chapter explains how to maintain top performance of
your instrument by using proper handling and cleaning techniques. Be sure to
read this section before using your Agilent 83438A.
2-2
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Making Measurements
Performing Stimulus-Response Measurements
Performing Stimulus-Response Measurements
This section shows you how to perform stimulus-response measurements. The
combination of using the Agilent 83438A for broadband stimulus and the opti-
cal spectrum analyzer for selective response provides the following benefits:
• All wavelengths are available simultaneously
• Fast measurement speeds
• Small coherence length
• High dynamic range and high resolution
Measurements for DWDM systems
The following figure shows a system which is well suited for characterizing
dense wavelength-division multiplexed (DWDM) components. Because of the
high-power density of the Agilent 83438A, you can easily characterize such
items as the crosstalk of dimultiplexers and the reverse path of optical isola-
tors.
The polarization controller is used to characterize polarization dependencies
of a device. For example, the center wavelength shift or the polarization
dependent loss of a demultiplexer. If your instrument has Option 009 installed,
it contains a built-in polarizer.
Increasing wavelength accuracy
When measuring deep-notch filters, increased absolute wavelength accuracy
may be required. To increase wavelength accuracy, the combination of an
Agilent 8168E/F tunable laser source and the Agilent 86120A multi-wave-
length meter can be used to calibrate the optical spectrum analyzer. Simply
enter the difference between the two wavelength readings (optical spectrum
analyzer and multi-wavelength meter) into the optical spectrum analyzer as a
correction factor. Refer to the user’s guide for the optical spectrum analyzer to
learn how to enter correction factors. If you use this technique, be aware that
the Agilent 8168E/F measures wavelength in a vacuum and the optical spec-
trum analyzer measures wavelength in air unless you change its settings.
2-3
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Making Measurements
Performing Stimulus-Response Measurements
2-4
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Making Measurements
Performing Stimulus-Response Measurements
To characterize a passive device
1 Turn on the optical spectrum analyzer and the Agilent 83438A, and allow them
to warm up for 1 hour.
2 Use a fiber optic cable to connect the Agilent 83438A’s output to the input of
the optical spectrum analyzer.
3 On the optical spectrum analyzer, press INSTR PRESET, AUTO MEAS, and then
AUTO ALIGN.
4 On the optical spectrum analyzer, use the START and STOP keys to set the proper
wavelength range.
5 Press REF LEVEL, and set the reference level to –10 dBm.
6 Press SENS, and set the sensitivity to –70 dBm. You can increase the sensitivity
beyond this value if needed.
7 If you are measuring a deep-notch filter, more sensitivity may be required.
Perform the following steps:
a Press Amptd, MORE, and then CHOP On so that On is underlined.
b Press BW,Swp, SWPTIME AutoMan, and set the sweep time to 50 seconds.
These steps cause the optical spectrum analyzer to compensate for the
effect of stray light inside the analyzer’s monochromator.
8 Press State, instr modes, and then STM/RESP.
9 Press STORE THRU->B, and then NORM On Off to normalize the response.
2-5
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Making Measurements
Performing Stimulus-Response Measurements
If changes to wavelength range or resolution bandwidth are made after this
trace is stored, repeat this step.
10 Insert the device you are testing between the optical spectrum analyzer and the
Agilent 83438A.
11 Press NORMAL ON/OFF to turn the marker on. Rotate the front-panel knob to
read the values along the response.
2-6
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Making Measurements
Ambient Light Suppression
Ambient Light Suppression
Ambient light can add significant errors to optical power measurements. This
is especially true when you are using or characterizing open beam devices.
The following example shows how the combination of the Agilent 83438A and
an Agilent 71450/1/2B optical spectrum analyzer can be used to eliminate this
error.
In order to perform this measurement, the Agilent 83438A’s output is modu-
lated at 270 Hz. Because the optical spectrum analyzer has the ability to syn-
chronize its data acquisition with the modulated light, it can subtract out the
effects of ambient light. To learn more about using the optical spectrum ana-
lyzer’s adc trigger feature, refer to Agilent Technologies Product Note
71452–4, “Pulsed or Time-Dependent Optical Spectra Measurements.”
2-7
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Making Measurements
Ambient Light Suppression
To suppress ambient light
This example uses specific equipment and settings to demonstrate how to
make accurate measurements in the presence of ambient light. As shown in
the equipment setup drawing, two Agilent 83438As are used. One
Agilent 83438A represents the broadband contribution of ambient light.
Because a 12 dB coupler is used, the ambient light contributes approximately
10 dB more power to the optical spectrum analyzer than the desired source.
1 Connect the equipment as shown in the following figure.
2 Set the square-wave generator for a frequency of 270 Hz. Set its voltage output
to TTL levels.
The TTL low state is defined to be within 0 to 0.8 Vdc. The TTL high state is
defined to be within 2.0 to 5 Vdc. If you use a different modulation frequency,
set the optical spectrum analyzer’s resolution bandwidth to a value that is at
least six times greater than the modulation frequency.
3 On the optical spectrum analyzer, press INSTR PRESET.
4 Use the START and STOP keys to set the wavelength range from 1500 nm to
1600 nm.
2-8
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Making Measurements
Ambient Light Suppression
5 Press REF LEVEL, and set the reference level to –10 dBm.
6 Press Amptd, LOG dB/DIV, and enter 5 dB.
7 Press MORE, CHOP On Off so that Off is underlined.
8 Press BW,Swp, SWPTIME AutoMan, and set the sweep time to 10 seconds.
9 Press MORE, MORE, adc trigger, and then ADCTRIG AC.
10 Press ADCTRIG DELAY, and enter a value of 1 ms.
11 The display should now show the proper amplitude values with the effect of the
ambient light subtracted out.
2-9
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Making Measurements
Modulating the Output Light
Modulating the Output Light
The rear panel of the instrument is equipped with a MODULATION INPUT connec-
tor. You can use this connector to digitally modulate the source for applica-
tions using lock-in techniques. (Refer to “Ambient Light Suppression” on
page 2-7.) Or, you can completely disable its output light.
Digital modulation requires a TTL compatible signal. Modulation rates can
range from DC to 300 Hz. A “high” TTL value turns the source on. A “low” TTL
value turns the source off. The TTL low state is defined to be within 0 to
0.8 Vdc. The TTL high state is defined to be within 2.0 to 5 Vdc.
The following schematic shows the input circuitry for the MODULATION INPUT
connector.
If no signal is present on the MODULATION INPUT connector, the source is turned
on. If you want to turn the output off, simply connect a BNC short to the rear-
panel modulation input. You can order a BNC short from Agilent Technologies
using the following part number: 1250-0774.
2-10
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Making Measurements
Cleaning Connections for Accurate Measurements
Cleaning Connections for Accurate
Measurements
Today, advances in measurement capabilities make connectors and connec-
tion techniques more important than ever. Damage to the connectors on cali-
bration and verification devices, test ports, cables, and other devices can
degrade measurement accuracy and damage instruments. Replacing a dam-
aged connector can cost thousands of dollars, not to mention lost time! This
expense can be avoided by observing the simple precautions presented in this
book. This book also contains a brief list of tips for caring for electrical connec-
tors.
Choosing the Right Connector
A critical but often overlooked factor in making a good lightwave measure-
tor types are mainly in the mechanical assembly that holds the ferrule in
position against another identical ferrule. Connectors also vary in the polish,
curve, and concentricity of the core within the cladding. Mating one style of
cable to another requires an adapter. Agilent Technologies offers adapters for
most instruments to allow testing with many different cables. Figure 2-1 on
page 2-12 shows the basic components of a typical connectors.
The system tolerance for reflection and insertion loss must be known when
selecting a connector from the wide variety of currently available connectors.
Some items to consider when selecting a connector are:
• How much insertion loss can be allowed?
• Will the connector need to make multiple connections? Some connectors are
better than others, and some are very poor for making repeated connections.
• What is the reflection tolerance? Can the system take reflection degradation?
• Is an instrument-grade connector with a precision core alignment required?
• Is repeatability tolerance for reflection and loss important? Do your specifica-
2-11
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Making Measurements
Cleaning Connections for Accurate Measurements
tions take repeatability uncertainty into account?
• Will a connector degrade the return loss too much, or will a fusion splice be re-
quired? For example, many DFB lasers cannot operate with reflections from
connectors. Often as much as 90 dB isolation is needed.
Figure 2-1. Basic components of a connector.
Over the last few years, the FC/PC style connector has emerged as the most
popular connector for fiber-optic applications. While not the highest perform-
ing connector, it represents a good compromise between performance, reli-
ability, and cost. If properly maintained and cleaned, this connector can
withstand many repeated connections.
However, many instrument specifications require tighter tolerances than most
tolerate connectors with the large non-concentricities of the fiber common
with ceramic style ferrules. When tighter alignment is required, Agilent
Technologies instruments typically use a connector such as the Diamond
HMS-10, which has concentric tolerances within a few tenths of a micron. Agi-
lent Technologies then uses a special universal adapter, which allows other
cable types to mate with this precision connector. See Figure 2-2.
2-12
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Making Measurements
Cleaning Connections for Accurate Measurements
Figure 2-2. Universal adapters to Diamond HMS-10.
The HMS-10 encases the fiber within a soft nickel silver (Cu/Ni/Zn) center
which is surrounded by a tough tungsten carbide casing, as shown in
Figure 2-3.
Figure 2-3. Cross-section of the Diamond HMS-10 connector.
The nickel silver allows an active centering process that permits the glass fiber
to be moved to the desired position. This process first stakes the soft nickel
silver to fix the fiber in a near-center location, then uses a post-active staking
to shift the fiber into the desired position within 0.2 µm. This process, plus the
keyed axis, allows very precise core-to-core alignments. This connector is
found on most Agilent Technologies lightwave instruments.
2-13
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Making Measurements
Cleaning Connections for Accurate Measurements
The soft core, while allowing precise centering, is also the chief liability of the
connector. The soft material is easily damaged. Care must be taken to mini-
mize excessive scratching and wear. While minor wear is not a problem if the
glass face is not affected, scratches or grit can cause the glass fiber to move
out of alignment. Also, if unkeyed connectors are used, the nickel silver can be
pushed onto the glass surface. Scratches, fiber movement, or glass contamina-
tion will cause loss of signal and increased reflections, resulting in poor return
loss.
Inspecting Connectors
Because fiber-optic connectors are susceptible to damage that is not immedi-
ately obvious to the naked eye, poor measurements result without the user
being aware. Microscopic examination and return loss measurements are the
ensure that optimum connector performance is maintained. With glass-to-
glass interfaces, any degradation of a ferrule or the end of the fiber, any stray
particles, or finger oil can have a significant effect on connector performance.
Where many repeat connections are required, use of a connector saver or
patch cable is recommended.
Figure 2-4 shows the end of a clean fiber-optic cable. The dark circle in the
the light. The surrounding area is the soft nickel-silver ferrule. Figure 2-5
shows a dirty fiber end from neglect or perhaps improper cleaning. Material is
smeared and ground into the end of the fiber causing light scattering and poor
reflection. Not only is the precision polish lost, but this action can grind off the
glass face and destroy the connector.
Figure 2-6 shows physical damage to the glass fiber end caused by either
improper cleaning tools. When severe, the damage of one connector end can
be transferred to another good connector endface that comes in contact with
the damaged one. Periodic checks of fiber ends, and replacing connecting
cables after many connections is a wise practice.
The cure for these problems is disciplined connector care as described in the
following list and in “Cleaning Connectors” on page 2-18.
2-14
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Making Measurements
Cleaning Connections for Accurate Measurements
Use the following guidelines to achieve the best possible performance when
making measurements on a fiber-optic system:
• Never use metal or sharp objects to clean a connector and never scrape the
connector.
• Avoid matching gel and oils.
Figure 2-4. Clean, problem-free fiber end and ferrule.
Figure 2-5. Dirty fiber end and ferrule from poor cleaning.
2-15
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Making Measurements
Cleaning Connections for Accurate Measurements
Figure 2-6. Damage from improper cleaning.
While these often work well on first insertion, they are great dirt magnets. The
oil or gel grabs and holds grit that is then ground into the end of the fiber.
Also, some early gels were designed for use with the FC, non-contacting con-
nectors, using small glass spheres. When used with contacting connectors,
these glass balls can scratch and pit the fiber. If an index matching gel or oil
must be used, apply it to a freshly cleaned connector, make the measurement,
and then immediately clean it off. Never use a gel for longer-term connections
and never use it to improve a damaged connector. The gel can mask the extent
of damage and continued use of a damaged fiber can transfer damage to the
instrument.
• When inserting a fiber-optic cable into a connector, gently insert it in as
straight a line as possible. Tipping and inserting at an angle can scrape material
off the inside of the connector or even break the inside sleeve of connectors
made with ceramic material.
• When inserting a fiber-optic connector into a connector, make sure that the fi-
ber end does not touch the outside of the mating connector or adapter.
• Avoid over tightening connections.
Unlike common electrical connections, tighter is not better. The purpose of
the connector is to bring two fiber ends together. Once they touch, tightening
only causes a greater force to be applied to the delicate fibers. With connec-
tors that have a convex fiber end, the end can be pushed off-axis resulting in
misalignment and excessive return loss. Many measurements are actually
improved by backing off the connector pressure. Also, if a piece of grit does
happen to get by the cleaning procedure, the tighter connection is more likely
to damage the glass. Tighten the connectors just until the two fibers touch.
2-16
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Making Measurements
Cleaning Connections for Accurate Measurements
• Keep connectors covered when not in use.
• Use fusion splices on the more permanent critical nodes. Choose the best con-
nector possible. Replace connecting cables regularly. Frequently measure the
return loss of the connector to check for degradation, and clean every connec-
tor, every time.
All connectors should be treated like the high-quality lens of a good camera.
The weak link in instrument and system reliability is often the inappropriate
use and care of the connector. Because current connectors are so easy to use,
there tends to be reduced vigilance in connector care and cleaning. It takes
only one missed cleaning for a piece of grit to permanently damage the glass
and ruin the connector.
Measuring insertion loss and return loss
Consistent measurements with your lightwave equipment are a good indica-
tion that you have good connections. Since return loss and insertion loss are
key factors in determining optical connector performance they can be used to
determine connector degradation. A smooth, polished fiber end should pro-
duce a good return-loss measurement. The quality of the polish establishes
the difference between the “PC” (physical contact) and the “Super PC” con-
nectors. Most connectors today are physical contact which make glass-to-glass
connections, therefore it is critical that the area around the glass core be clean
and free of scratches. Although the major area of a connector, excluding the
glass, may show scratches and wear, if the glass has maintained its polished
smoothness, the connector can still provide a good low level return loss con-
nection.
If you test your cables and accessories for insertion loss and return loss upon
receipt, and retain the measured data for comparison, you will be able to tell in
the future if any degradation has occurred. Typical values are less than 0.5 dB
of loss, and sometimes as little as 0.1 dB of loss with high performance con-
nectors. Return loss is a measure of reflection: the less reflection the better
(the larger the return loss, the smaller the reflection). The best physically
contacting connectors have return losses better than 50 dB, although 30 to
40 dB is more common.
2-17
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Making Measurements
Cleaning Connections for Accurate Measurements
Visual inspection of fiber ends
Visual inspection of fiber ends can be helpful. Contamination or imperfections
on the cable end face can be detected as well as cracks or chips in the fiber
itself. Use a microscope (100X to 200X magnification) to inspect the entire
end face for contamination, raised metal, or dents in the metal as well as any
other imperfections. Inspect the fiber for cracks and chips. Visible imperfec-
tions not touching the fiber core may not affect performance (unless the
imperfections keep the fibers from contacting).
W A R N I N G
Always remove both ends of fiber-optic cables from any instrument,
system, or device before visually inspecting the fiber ends. Disable all
optical sources before disconnecting fiber-optic cables. Failure to do
so may result in permanent injury to your eyes.
Cleaning Connectors
The procedures in this section provide the proper steps for cleaning fiber-
optic cables and Agilent Technologies universal adapters. The initial cleaning,
using the alcohol as a solvent, gently removes any grit and oil. If a caked-on
layer of material is still present, (this can happen if the beryllium-copper sides
of the ferrule retainer get scraped and deposited on the end of the fiber during
insertion of the cable), a second cleaning should be performed. It is not
uncommon for a cable or connector to require more than one cleaning.
C A U T I O N
Agilent Technologies strongly recommends that index matching compounds
not be applied to their instruments and accessories. Some compounds, such as
gels, may be difficult to remove and can contain damaging particulates. If you
think the use of such compounds is necessary, refer to the compound
manufacturer for information on application and cleaning procedures.
Table 2-1. Cleaning Accessories
Item
Agilent Part Number
Any commercially available denatured alcohol
Cotton swabs
—
8520-0023
9300-1223
8500-5262
Small foam swabs
Compressed dust remover (non-residue)
2-18
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Making Measurements
Cleaning Connections for Accurate Measurements
Table 2-2. Dust Caps Provided with Lightwave Instruments
Item
Agilent Part Number
Laser shutter cap
FC/PC dust cap
Biconic dust cap
DIN dust cap
08145-64521
08154-44102
08154-44105
5040-9364
HMS10/dust cap
ST dust cap
5040-9361
5040-9366
To clean a non-lensed connector
C A U T I O N
Do not use any type of foam swab to clean optical fiber ends. Foam swabs can
leave filmy deposits on fiber ends that can degrade performance.
1 Apply pure isopropyl alcohol to a clean lint-free cotton swab or lens paper.
Cotton swabs can be used as long as no cotton fibers remain on the fiber end
after cleaning.
2 Clean the ferrules and other parts of the connector while avoiding the end of
the fiber.
3 Apply isopropyl alcohol to a new clean lint-free cotton swab or lens paper.
4 Clean the fiber end with the swab or lens paper.
Do not scrub during this initial cleaning because grit can be caught in the
swab and become a gouging element.
5 Immediately dry the fiber end with a clean, dry, lint-free cotton swab or lens
paper.
6 Blow across the connector end face from a distance of 6 to 8 inches using
filtered, dry, compressed air. Aim the compressed air at a shallow angle to the
fiber end face.
Nitrogen gas or compressed dust remover can also be used.
2-19
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Making Measurements
Cleaning Connections for Accurate Measurements
C A U T I O N
Do not shake, tip, or invert compressed air canisters, because this releases
particles in the can into the air. Refer to instructions provided on the
compressed air canister.
7 As soon as the connector is dry, connect or cover it for later use.
If the performance, after the initial cleaning, seems poor try cleaning the con-
nector again. Often a second cleaning will restore proper performance. The
second cleaning should be more arduous with a scrubbing action.
To clean an adapter
The fiber-optic input and output connectors on many Agilent Technologies
instruments employ a universal adapter such as those shown in the following
picture. These adapters allow you to connect the instrument to different types
of fiber-optic cables.
Figure 2-7. Universal adapters.
1 Apply isopropyl alcohol to a clean foam swab.
Cotton swabs can be used as long as no cotton fibers remain after cleaning. The
foam swabs listed in this section’s introduction are small enough to fit into
adapters.
Although foam swabs can leave filmy deposits, these deposits are very thin, and
the risk of other contamination buildup on the inside of adapters greatly out-
weighs the risk of contamination by foam swabs.
2 Clean the adapter with the foam swab.
3 Dry the inside of the adapter with a clean, dry, foam swab.
4 Blow through the adapter using filtered, dry, compressed air.
Nitrogen gas or compressed dust remover can also be used. Do not shake, tip,
or invert compressed air canisters, because this releases particles in the can
into the air. Refer to instructions provided on the compressed air canister.
2-20
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Specifications and Regulatory Information
Specifications and Regulatory Information
Specifications and Regulatory Information
This chapter lists specification and characteristics of the instrument. The dis-
tinction between these terms is described as follows:
• Specifications describe warranted performance over the temperature range
0°C to +45°C and relative humidity <95% (unless otherwise noted). All speci-
fications apply after the instrument’s temperature has been stabilized after 15
minutes of continuous operation.
• Characteristics provide useful information by giving functional, but nonwar-
ranted, performance parameters. Characteristics are printed in italics.
Calibration cycle
should have a complete verification of specifications at least once every two
years.
Instrument block diagram
You can find a block diagram of the instrument in the front of this book. Refer
to “Block Diagram of Agilent 83438A” on page iii.
3-2
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Specifications and Regulatory Information
Specifications
Specifications
General Specifications
Total output powera
+8.1 dBm maximum (6.5 mW)
+5.5 dBm minimum (3.5 mW)
+5.1 dBm maximum (3.2 mW) (Option 009)
+2.5 dBm minimum (1.8 mW) (Option 009)
Power stabilityb
Compatible fiber
<
<
0.02 dB (15 minutes)
0.05 dB (6 hours)
9/125 µm, single mode
a. Measured with an InGaAs power sensor.
b. Ambient temperature change < 1°C measured with power meter having >30 dB return loss and after one hour warm-up time.
General Characteristics
Spectral density
1530 nm
1550 nm
1560 nm
> –13 dBm [1 nm] (> 50 µW/nm)
> –16 dBm [1 nm] (> 25µW/nm) (Option 009)
> –13 dBm [1 nm] (> 50 µW/nm)
> –16 dBm [1 nm] (> 25µW/nm) (Option 009)
> –13 dBm [1 nm] (> 50 µW/nm)
> –16 dBm [1 nm] (> 25µW/nm) (Option 009)
Output return loss
> 30 dB (characteristic)
> 50 dB (characteristic) a
Degree of polarization
< 5%, standard (characteristic)
> 95%, Option 009 (characteristic)
Modulation
Digital (TTL compatible), DC to 300 Hz (characteristic)
a. Measured at 1550 nm with FC/APC connector (Option 022).
3-3
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Specifications and Regulatory Information
Specifications
Characteristic output spectrum (1500 nm to 1600 nm)
Characteristic output spectrum (1550 nm to 1560 nm)
3-4
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Specifications and Regulatory Information
Specifications
Characteristic output waveform when modulated with 270 Hz square wave
Operating Specifications
Use
Indoor
Power:
115 VAC: 50 WATTS MAX.
230 VAC: 50 WATTS MAX.
Voltage
nominal: 115 VAC / 230 VAC
range 115 VAC: 90-132 V
range 230 VAC: 198-254 V
Frequency
nominals: 50 Hz / 60 Hz
range: 47-63 Hz
Altitude
Up to 15,000 feet (4,572 meters)
Operating temperature
Storage temperature
Maximum relative humidity
0°C to +45°C
– 40°C to +70°C
80% for temperatures up to 31°C decreasing linearly to 50%
relative humidity at 40°C
Laser Classification
FDA Laser Class I according to 21 CFR 1040.10
IEC Laser 1 according to IEC 60825
Weight
5.5 kg (12 lb)
Dimensions (H x W x D)
102 x 213 x 450 mm (4.02 x 8.39 x 17.72 in)
System II chassis (half module, 3.5" height, 1.75" hole spacing)
3-5
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Specifications and Regulatory Information
Regulatory Information
Regulatory Information
• Laser Classification: This product contains an IEC LASER Class 1.
• This product complies with 21 CFR 1040.10 Class 1, IEC 825-1 Class 1.
• This product is designed for use in INSTALLATION CATEGORY II and POLLU-
TION DEGREE 2, per IEC 1010 and 664 respectively.
Notice for
Germany: Noise
Declaration
This is to declare that this instrument is in conformance with the German Reg-
ulation on Noise Declaration for Machines (Laermangabe nach der Maschinen-
laermrerordnumg –3.GSGV Deutschland).
Acoustic Noise Emission
LpA < 70 dB-
Geraeuschemission
LpA < 70 dB
Operator position
Normal position
per ISO 7779
am Arbeitsplatz
normaler Betrieb
nach DIN 45635 t.19
3-6
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Reference
Instrument Options
Instrument Options
Option
Description
009
011
013
014
017
022
Built-in polarizer
Diamond HMS-10 fiber-optic input connector interface
DIN 47256 fiber-optic input connector interface
ST fiber-optic input connector interface
SC fiber-optic input connector interface
Angled contact fiber-optic output interface
Accessories
• BNC short (m) for rear-panel MODULATION INPUT connectors. Disables selected
source. Agilent Technologies part number 1250-0774.
• Agilent 81113PC DIN 4108 (angled) to Super-PC (straight) patchcord for use
with Option 022 and Option 013 instruments.
4-2
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Reference
Front-Panel Fiber-Optic Adapters
Front-Panel Fiber-Optic Adapters
Front Panel
Fiber-Optic
Adapter
Description
Agilent Part Number
81000AI
Diamond HMS-10
FC/PCa
D4
81000FI
81000GI
SC
81000KI
DIN
81000SI
ST
81000VI
Biconic
81000WI
Dust Covers
FC connector
1005-0594
1005-0593
1005-0595
1005-0596
1005-0597
Diamond HMS-10 connector
DIN connector
ST connector
SC connector
a. The FC/PC adapter is the standard adapter supplied with the instrument.
4-3
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Reference
Power Cords
Power Cords
Length
(in/cm)
Plug Type
Cable Part No. Plug Description
Color
Country
250V
8120-1351
8120-1703
Straight *BS1363A
90°
90/228
90/228
Gray
Mint Gray
United Kingdom,
Cyprus, Nigeria, Zimba-
bwe, Singapore
250V
250V
8120-1369
8120-0696
Straight *NZSS198/ASC
90°
79/200
87/221
Gray
Australia, New Zealand
Mint Gray
8120-1689
8120-1692
8120-2857p
Straight *CEE7-Y11
90°
Straight (Shielded)
79/200
79/200
79/200
Mint Gray
Mint Gray
Coco Brown
East and West Europe,
Saudi Arabia, So.
Africa, India (unpolar-
ized in many nations)
125V
8120-1378
8120-1521
8120-1992
Straight *NEMA5-15P
90°
Straight (Medical) UL544
90/228
90/228
96/244
Jade Gray
Jade Gray
Black
United States, Canada,
Mexico, Philippines,
Taiwan
250V
220V
8120-2104
8120-2296
Straight *SEV1011
1959-24507
Type 12 90°
79/200
79/200
Mint Gray
Mint Gray
Switzerland
Denmark
8120-2956
8120-2957
Straight *DHCK107
90°
79/200
79/200
Mint Gray
Mint Gray
250V
100V
8120-4211
8120-4600
Straight SABS164
90°
79/200
79/200
Jade Gray
Dark Gray
Republic of South
Africa
India
8120-4753
8120-4754
Straight MITI
90°
90/230
90/230
Japan
* Part number shown for plug is the industry identifier for the plug only. Number shown for cable is the Agilent
Technologies part number for the complete cable including the plug.
4-4
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Reference
Agilent Technologies Service Offices
Agilent Technologies Service Offices
Before returning an instrument for service, call the Agilent Technologies
Instrument Support Center at (800) 403-0801, visit the Test and Measurement
Web Sites by Country page at http://www.tm.agilent.com/tmo/country/English/
index.html, or call one of the numbers listed below.
Agilent Technologies Service Numbers
Austria
01/25125-7171
32-2-778.37.71
(11) 7297-8600
86 10 6261 3819
45 99 12 88
Belgium
Brazil
China
Denmark
Finland
358-10-855-2360
01.69.82.66.66
0180/524-6330
080-34 35788
+39 02 9212 2701
01 615 8222
France
Germany
India
Italy
Ireland
Japan
(81)-426-56-7832
82/2-3770-0419
(5) 258-4826
Korea
Mexico
Netherlands
Norway
Russia
020-547 6463
22 73 57 59
+7-095-797-3930
(34/91) 631 1213
08-5064 8700
(01) 735 7200
01 344 366666
(800) 403-0801
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States/Canada
4-5
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5
General Information 5-4
Troubleshooting 5-12
To replace the A2 Source assembly 5-28
To replace the A5 Laser Driver Board Assembly 5-30
To route the rear-panel BNC modulation cable 5-32
To replace line filter assembly FL1 5-33
To replace a cable clip 5-34
Replaceable Parts 5-35
Servicing
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Servicing
Servicing
Servicing
In this chapter, you'll find information on troubleshooting, testing perfor-
mance, adjusting, and replacing parts in the instrument.
Safety first!
Before servicing the Agilent 83438A, familiarize yourself with the safety mark-
ings on the instrument and the safety instructions in this manual. This instru-
ment has been manufactured and tested according to international safety
standards. To ensure safe operation of the instrument and the personal safety
of the user and service personnel, the cautions and warnings in this manual
must be heeded. Refer to the summary of safety considerations at the front of
this manual.
W A R N I N G
W A R N I N G
W A R N I N G
W A R N I N G
These servicing instructions are for use by qualified personnel only.
To avoid electrical shock, do not perform any servicing unless you are
qualified to do so.
The opening of covers or removal of parts is likely to expose
dangerous voltages. Disconnect the instrument from all voltage
sources while it is being opened.
The power cord is connected to internal capacitors that may remain
live for five seconds after disconnecting the plug from its power
supply.
This is a Safety Class 1 Product (provided with a protective earthing
ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be
inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact.
Any interruption of the protective conductor inside or outside of the
product is likely to make the product dangerous. Intentional
interruption is prohibited.
5-2
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Servicing
Servicing
W A R N I N G
W A R N I N G
For continued protection against fire hazard, replace line fuse only
with same type and ratings, (type T 6.3A/250V for 100/240V
operation). The use of other fuses or materials is prohibited.
Use of controls or adjustment or performance of procedures other
than those specified herein may result in hazardous radiation
exposure.
5-3
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Servicing
General Information
General Information
Whenever you contact Agilent Technologies about your Agilent 83438A, have
the complete serial number and option designation available. This will ensure
• Refer to Table 5-1 on page 5-5 for a list of internal labels.
• Refer to Table 5-2 on page 5-6 for a list of service tools.
• Refer to Table 5-3 on page 5-6 for the location of each instrument assembly.
• Refer to Table 5-4 on page 5-8 for the location of each cable.
Clean the cabinet using a damp cloth only.
Protect against ESD damage
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can damage or destroy electronic components.
All work on electronic assemblies should be performed at a static-safe work
A2 ASE Source Assembly
The A2 ASE Source Assembly can not be repaired. It must be returned to Agi-
lent Technologies for service as a complete unit. The following assemblies are
included in the A2 ASE Source Assembly. Refer to “Major Assemblies” on
page 5-6.
A2A1 Fiber Track Assembly
A2A2 Laser Modulation Board Assembly
A2A3 Pump Laser
A2MP1 Laser heat sink
A2MP2 Optical deck sheet metal
C A U T I O N
Do not remove any of the screws or open the cover on the A2A1 Fiber Track
Assembly. Disturbing the routing of the internal fiber-optic cable could degrade
instrument performance. There are no serviceable components inside this
assembly. Return the complete A2 ASE Source Assembly to Agilent
Technologies for service.
5-4
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Servicing
General Information
W A R N I N G
To avoid exposure to the laser path of a CLASS IIIb LASER
PRODUCT, do not open the A2A1 assembly. There are no
serviceable components inside. Do not damage the fiber-optic
cable that connects the CLASS IIIb pump laser, A2A3, to the
A2A1 assembly. Other laser paths outside of the A2A1
assembly do not require precautions to maintain safety.
Table 5-1. Internal Labels
This label warns you that removing the A2A1 Fiber Track
Assembly’s cover exposes the path of a CLASS IIIb LASER
PRODUCT. Never remove this cover.
This label identifies the A2A1 Fiber Track Assembly. The
serial and option numbers listed on the label are for the
instrument that the A2A1 assembly is installed in.
5-5
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Servicing
General Information
Table 5-2. Service Tools
Tool
Agilent Part Number
Small Pozidriv screwdriver
Wire cutter
8710-0899
8710-0012
8710-1107
8710-1220
8710-1217
8710-1623
8710-1622
Long-nose pliers
5.5 mm nut driver
7 mm nut driver
TORX T-10 driver
TORX T-15 driver
Table 5-3. Major Assemblies
Reference
Description
Designator
A1
Keyboard Assembly
A2
ASE Source Assembly (Not orderable, return A2 to Agilent Technologies)
Fiber Track Assembly (Not orderable, return A2 to Agilent Technologies)
Laser Modulation Board Assembly
A2A1
A2A2
A2A3
A3
Pump laser (Not orderable, return A2 to Agilent Technologies)
Power Distribution Board Assembly
A4
Power Supply Board Assembly
A5
Laser Driver Board Assembly
B1
Fan Assembly
FL1
Line-Module Filter. Also part of W2
5-6
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Servicing
General Information
5-7
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Servicing
General Information
Table 5-4. Cable Assemblies
Reference
Description
Designator
W1
W2
W3
W4
Input fiber optic cable (Part of A2 assembly)
Line switch cable (includes FL1 and LINE switch), to A4J1
A3J7 to B1 (Part of B1)
Power supply cable, A2A2J2 pin 5 to front-panel “LINE” LED indicator (green
wire)
W5
Power supply cable, A2A2J1 to front-panel “ACTIVE” LED and A1 assembly
Power distribution cable, A4J2 to A3J6
Modulation cable, A3J5 to A2A2J2
Driver 1 cable, A3J1 to A5J2
W6
W7
W8
W9 - W11
W12
Not assigned
Ribbon cable, A2A2J91 to A5J1
W13 - W16
W17
Not assigned
SMB to BNC cable, rear-panel J1 to A2A2J21
5-8
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Servicing
General Information
5-9
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Servicing
Electrostatic Discharge Information
Electrostatic Discharge Information
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can damage or destroy electronic components.
All work on electronic assemblies should be performed at a static-safe work
station. The following figure shows an example of a static-safe work station
using two types of ESD protection:
• Conductive table-mat and wrist-strap combination.
• Conductive floor-mat and heel-strap combination.
Both types, when used together, provide a significant level of ESD protection.
Of the two, only the table-mat and wrist-strap combination provides adequate
ESD protection when used alone.
5-10
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Servicing
Electrostatic Discharge Information
To ensure user safety, the static-safe accessories must provide at least 1 MΩ of
isolation from ground. Refer to Table 5-5 on page 5-11 for information on
ordering static-safe accessories.
W A R N I N G
These techniques for a static-safe work station should not be used
when working on circuitry with a voltage potential greater than
500 volts.
Table 5-5. Static-Safe Accessories
Agilent Part
Description
Number
9300-0797
3M static control mat 0.6 m × 1.2 m (2 ft× 4 ft) and 4.6 cm (15 ft) ground wire.
(The wrist-strap and wrist-strap cord are not included. They must be ordered
separately.)
9300-0980
9300-1383
Wrist-strap cord 1.5 m (5 ft)
Wrist-strap, color black, stainless steel, without cord, has four adjustable
links and a 7 mm post-type connection.
9300-1169
ESD heel-strap (reusable 6 to 12 months).
5-11
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Servicing
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting
The following procedures are located in this section:
If the output power is low 5-14
To check the A5 Laser Driver Board Assembly 5-15
To check the A2A2 Laser Modulation Board Assembly 5-17
To check the A4 Power Supply Board Assembly 5-18
To check the line-power fuse 5-19
W A R N I N G
To avoid exposure to the laser path of a CLASS IIIb LASER
PRODUCT, do not open the A2A1 assembly. There are no
serviceable components inside. Do not damage the fiber-optic
cable that connects the CLASS IIIb pump laser, A2A3, to the
A2A1 assembly. Other laser paths outside of the A2A1
assembly do not require precautions to maintain safety.
5-12
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Servicing
Troubleshooting
W A R N I N G
W A R N I N G
The opening of covers or removal of parts is likely to expose
dangerous voltages. Disconnect the instrument from all voltage
sources while it is being opened.
The power cord is connected to internal capacitors that may remain
live for five seconds after disconnecting the plug from its power
supply.
5-13
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Servicing
Troubleshooting
❒ Check that the front-panel ACTIVE key is on. If the ACTIVE or LINE LEDs do not
light, refer to “To check the A4 Power Supply Board Assembly” on
page 5-18.
❒ Clean the OPTICAL OUT connector as described in “Cleaning Connections for
Accurate Measurements” on page 2-11.
nector. Modulation reduces the average output power. Of course, the de-
crease in power is tied to the duty cycle of the modulating signal.
❒ Check the rear-panel MODULATION INPUT connector. If a BNC short is con-
nected, the output is turned off.
2 Perform the adjustment procedure “To adjust total power” on page 5-24.
Confirm that the power is low and cannot be adjusted within the specification.
page 5-18.
4 Perform the procedure “To check the A5 Laser Driver Board Assembly” on
page 5-15.
5 Perform the procedure “To check the A2A2 Laser Modulation Board Assembly”
on page 5-17.
5-14
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Servicing
Troubleshooting
To check the A5 Laser Driver Board Assembly
If the A5 Laser Driver Board Assembly needs to be replaced, perform the
instructions in “To replace the A5 Laser Driver Board Assembly” on page 5-30.
New A5 assemblies are shipped with three resistors unloaded. You must match
the values of these resistors to the values loaded in the original A5 assembly. A
bag of resistors is supplied with the new assembly.
W A R N I N G
Failure to fallow the proper procedure to replace the A5 assembly
could destroy the laser or result in increased laser output power from
the front-panel OPTICAL OUT connector. Increased laser output power
may change the laser classification of the product.
1 Remove the power supply cable from J2 on the A5 Laser Driver Board
Assembly. The end of this cable can be probed to measure all of the dc voltages
supplied in the assembly. The following list shows each wire color, its color
code, and its purpose:
• Red (2) wire: +15V
• White/red (92) wire: +5V
• Violet (7) wire: –15V
• Black (0) wire: ground
• White/black (90) wire: ground
2 Located the two indicator LEDs (green DS1 and yellow DS2) on the Laser
Driver Board Assembly.
5-15
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Servicing
Troubleshooting
3 If the green LED is on, the current source driving the pump laser is operating
correctly. If the yellow LED is on, the pump laser’s temperature stabilization
loop is not functioning; the current to the pump laser is automatically turned
off which turns the green LED off.
4 If the yellow LED is off, check ribbon cable W12.
5-16
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Servicing
Troubleshooting
To check the A2A2 Laser Modulation Board Assembly
1 Check the +5V supply by probing the center pin of J11. The modulation input
cable from the rear panel connects to this jack.
2 Check the –15V supply by probing any of the three resistors that are located
next to J2. These resistors are loaded in a straight line and have the label “1471”
printed on them.
3 Locate the large 3W black resistor on the assembly that is closest to the pump
laser.
4 Measure the voltage on the end of the resistor that is furthest from the pump
laser. The voltage should measure approximately –1V to –2V.
5 The pump laser is being driven by the current source and should be turned on.
6 Press the front-panel ACTIVE key so that the front-panel ACTIVE light is turned
off. The voltage measured at the 3W resistor should now be approximately
+0.7V.
The pump laser is turned off.
7 If the voltage measured across the resistor is incorrect, return the instrument
to Agilent Technologies for servicing.
5-17
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Servicing
Troubleshooting
To check the A4 Power Supply Board Assembly
1 Check the 6.3A fuse in the rear-panel’s line module FL1. Refer to “To check the
line-power fuse” on page 5-19.
2 Remove the power supply cable from J2 on the A5 Laser Driver Board
Assembly. The end of this cable can be probed to measure all of the dc voltages
supplied in the instrument. The following list shows each wire color, its color
code, and its purpose:
• Red (2) wire: +15V
• White/red (92) wire: +5V
• Violet (7) wire: –15V
• Black (0) wire: ground
• White/black (90) wire: ground
3 If no voltages are detected, check that the ac line input voltage at the cable that
connects to J1 on the A4 Power Supply Board Assembly. Measure the line
voltage across the white/gray/red wire and the gray wire. If the ac line voltage
is present, replace the A4 Power Supply Board Assembly.
5-18
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Servicing
Troubleshooting
To check the line-power fuse
1 Locate the line-input connector on the instrument’s rear panel.
2 Disconnect the line-power cable if it is connected.
3 Use a small flat-blade screwdriver to open the pull-out fuse drawer.
The recommended fuse is an IEC 127 5×20 mm, 6.3A, 250 V, Agilent Technol-
ogies part number 2110-0703. Notice that an extra fuse is provided in a drawer
located on the fuse holder.
W A R N I N G
For continued protection against fire hazard, replace line fuse only
with same type and ratings, (type T 6.3A/250V for 100/240V
operation). The use of other fuses or materials is prohibited.
5-19
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Servicing
Performance Tests
Performance Tests
tion” as the performance standard. All of the tests are done manually without
the aid of a computer. None of these tests require access to the interior of the
instrument. Allow the Agilent 83438A to warm up for 15 minutes before doing
any of the performance tests.
Test 1. Total Output Power 5-21
Test 2. Power Stability 5-22
Calibration Cycle
This instrument requires periodic verification of performance. The instrument
should have a complete verification of specifications at least once every two
years.
C A U T I O N
Option 022 instruments have an angled-fiber output. Be sure to use an angled-
fiber patchcord during testing. If you do not have an angled-fiber patchcord
available, you can purchase the required accessories from Agilent
Technologies. These include the Agilent 81000SI DIN connector interface and
the Agilent 81113PC DIN 4108 (angled) to Super-PC patchcord.
5-20
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Servicing
Performance Tests
Test 1. Total Output Power
Description
Procedure
Total power is verified using the following devices:
• Power meter
1 Connect a power meter to the Agilent 83438A’s front-panel OPTICAL OUT
connector.
2 Measure the total power.
5-21
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Servicing
Performance Tests
Test 2. Power Stability
Description
Procedure
Power stability is verified using a power meter (> 30 dB return loss)
This test must be performed in a stable environment where the ambient tem-
perature changes less than 1°C throughout the test.
1 Turn on the Agilent 83438A and the power meter. Allow them to warm up for
one hour.
2 Connect a power meter to the Agilent 83438A’s front-panel OPTICAL OUT
connector.
3 Remove any BNC termination on the rear-panel MODULATION INPUT connector.
4 Configure the power meter to measure total drift in output power over 15
minutes. Start the test.
5 After 15 minutes have passed, the total output power should not have drifted
more than 0.02 dB. Record the maximum drift on the following line:
Maximum drift (15 minutes): ____________ dB
6 Configure the power meter to measure total drift in output power over 6 hours.
7 After 6 hours have passed, the total output power should not have drifted more
than 0.05 dB. Record the maximum drift on the following line:
Maximum drift (6 hours): ____________ dB
5-22
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Servicing
Adjustment Procedure
Adjustment Procedure
The Agilent 83438A has only one adjustment procedure, total power. Periodic
adjustment is not required to maintain safety.
C A U T I O N
W A R N I N G
Option 022 instruments have an angled-fiber output. Be sure to use an angled-
fiber patchcord during testing. If you do not have an angled-fiber patchcord
available, you can purchase the required accessories from Agilent
Technologies. These include the Agilent 81000SI DIN connector interface and
the Agilent 81113PC DIN 4108 (angled) to Super-PC patchcord.
To avoid exposure to the laser path of a CLASS IIIb LASER
PRODUCT, do not open the A2A1 assembly. There are no
serviceable components inside. Do not damage the fiber-optic
cable that connects the CLASS IIIb pump laser, A2A3, to the
A2A1 assembly. Other laser paths outside of the A2A1
assembly do not require precautions to maintain safety.
5-23
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Servicing
Adjustment Procedure
To adjust total power
Description
Procedure
The total power is adjusted by a potentiometer. The potentiometer is located
on the A5 Laser Driver Board Assembly.
1 Remove the instrument’s top and bottom covers.
2 Connect a power meter to the Agilent 83438A’s front-panel OPTICAL OUT
connector.
3 Locate R18 on the A5 Laser driver board assembly for the pump laser. See the
following figure.
4 Adjust potentiometer R18 on the A5 Laser driver board assembly to set the
output power between +5.5 dBm and +8.1 dBm (3.6 mW to 6.5 mW).
5-24
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Servicing
Adjustment Procedure
5-25
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Servicing
Replacing Instrument Assemblies
Replacing Instrument Assemblies
To remove the instrument cover 5-27
To replace the A2 Source assembly 5-28
To replace the A5 Laser Driver Board Assembly 5-30
To route the rear-panel BNC modulation cable 5-32
To replace line filter assembly FL1 5-33
To replace a cable clip 5-34
5-26
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Servicing
Replacing Instrument Assemblies
To remove the instrument cover
1 Disconnect the power cord from the instrument.
2 Position the instrument so that you are looking at the rear panel.
3 Use a T-15 TORX driver to back out the screw that attaches the top cover to
the instrument.
Note that the screw is permanently secured to the cover.
4 After the screw is backed out, slide the cover toward the rear of the instrument
to remove it.
5 Remove the bottom cover using the same technique as used for the top cover.
6 Remove the two side covers.
5-27
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Servicing
Replacing Instrument Assemblies
To replace the A2 Source assembly
The A2 assembly, which includes A2A1, A2A2, A2A3, A2MP1, and A2MP2,
must be replaced as a complete unit. Individual components cannot be
repaired.
W A R N I N G
To avoid exposure to the laser path of a CLASS IIIb LASER
PRODUCT, do not open the A2A1 assembly. There are no
serviceable components inside. Do not damage the fiber-optic
cable that connects the CLASS IIIb pump laser, A2A3, to the
A2A1 assembly. Other laser paths outside of the A2A1
assembly do not require precautions to maintain safety.
1 Remove the instrument’s top, bottom, and right-side covers.
2 Remove all cables attached to the A2A2 Laser Modulation Board Assembly.
3 Remove the trim strip located on the top of the front frame.
4 Use a T-10 TORX driver to remove the six screws that secure the front panel
to the front frame. They are located along the top and bottom of the front
frame.
5 Gently move the front panel out to gain access to the back side of the front-
panel OPTICAL OUT connector. Unscrew the fiber-optic cable from the connector.
You may need to cut the cable tie that secures the line switch cable.
5-28
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Servicing
Replacing Instrument Assemblies
6 Be sure to cover the exposed end of the fiber-optic cable.
7 Use a T-10 TORX driver to remove the four screws securing the A2 assembly
to the instrument’s right-side frame.
8 Place the instrument on it’s right side.
9 Use a T-10 TORX driver to remove the three screws securing the A2 assembly
to the bottom of the instrument’s main deck sheet metal assembly.
10 Remove the A2 assembly.
5-29
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Servicing
Replacing Instrument Assemblies
To replace the A5 Laser Driver Board Assembly
current to the A2A3 Pump Laser. These resistors are matched to the particu-
lar pump laser installed in your instrument. New A5 assemblies are shipped
with these three resistors unloaded. You must load new resistors, which match
the values loaded in the original A5 assembly, into the new A5 assembly. A bag
of resistors is supplied with the new assembly. Refer to “Major Assemblies” on
page 5-37 for the part number of the A5 replacement assembly.
W A R N I N G
Failure to load the proper resistor values as described in this
procedure could destroy the laser or result in increased laser output
power from the front-panel OPTICAL OUT connector. Increased laser
output power may change the laser classification of the product.
1 Remove the A5 Laser Driver Board Assembly from the instrument.
2 Locate resistors R2, R8, and R9 as shown on the following diagram.
3 Read the values of each of these three resistors, and write them down. The
values should be printed on the sides of each resistor.
The possible values of each of resistors is 82Ω, 100Ω, 125Ω, or 150Ω. In the cir-
cuit, they are wired in parallel.
4 Locate the bag of resistors that was shipped with the new A5 Laser Driver
Board Assembly. Find three resistors with identical values to those identified
in the previous step.
5 Solder these resistors into the new A5 Laser Driver Board Assembly.
6 Installed the new assembly into the instrument.
7 Use an optical power meter to confirm that the total output power emitted from
the front-panel OPTICAL OUT connector does not exceed the following limits:
Maximum: +8.1 dBm (6.5 mW)
Minimum: +5.5 dBm (3.5 mW)
Maximum: +5.1 dBm (3.2 mW) (Option 009)
Minimum: +2.5 dBm (1.8 mW) (Option 009)
5-30
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Servicing
Replacing Instrument Assemblies
Location of resistors R2, R8, and R9
5-31
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Servicing
Replacing Instrument Assemblies
To replace line filter assembly FL1
Although replacing FL1 is straightforward, be sure to observe the following
points:
• Tighten the screws that attach FL1 to 6 in-lbs. Do not use the recommended
torque for M3 screws. Over tightening these screws will damage the line filter’s
flange.
• Observe the following warning about correct wire attachment. The wire color
codes in the figure refer to the following cable colors:
54 green/yellow
98 white/gray
918 white/brown/gray
W A R N I N G
Be sure to solder the wires to FL1 in the correct positions as
shown in the following figure. Failure to attach these wires
correctly could result in damage to the instrument and injury
to the user.
5-33
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Servicing
Replacing Instrument Assemblies
To replace a cable clip
Cable clips are used throughout the instrument to attach cables to sheet-metal
housings. They attach with self-adhesive bonds.
1 Remove the old clip.
2 Remove any remaining glue.
3 Clean the surface using isopropyl alcohol.
4 Remove the paper backing from the bottom of the new clip.
5 Press the clip firmly onto the surface.
5-34
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Servicing
Replaceable Parts
5Servicing
Replaceable Parts
Table 5-7, “Cable Assemblies,” on page 5-39
Table 5-8, “Front-Panel Parts,” on page 5-41
Table 5-9, “Rear-Panel Parts,” on page 5-43
Table 5-10, “Top and Bottom View Parts,” on page 5-45
Table 5-11, “Side View Parts,” on page 5-47
Table 5-12, “Instrument Cover Parts,” on page 5-48
Part ordering information
To order an assembly or mechanical part, quote the Agilent Technologies part
number, and indicate the quantity required. To order a part that is not listed,
include the following information with the order:
• Agilent 83438A model number
• Instrument serial number
• Description of where the part is located, what it looks like, and its function (if
known)
• Quantity needed
Parts can be ordered by addressing the order to the nearest Agilent Technolo-
gies office. Refer to “Agilent Technologies Service Offices” on page 4-5. Cus-
tomers within the USA can also use either the direct mail-order system or the
direct phone-order system described below. The direct phone-order system
has a toll-free phone number available.
5-35
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Servicing
Replaceable Parts
Direct mail-order system
Within the USA, Agilent Technologies can supply parts through a direct mail-
order system. Advantages of using the system are as follows:
• Direct ordering and shipment from Agilent Technologies
• No maximum or minimum on any mail order. (There is a minimum order
amount for parts ordered through a local Agilent Technologies office when the
orders require billing and invoicing.)
• Prepaid transportation. (There is a small handling charge for each order.)
• No invoices
To provide these advantages, a check or money order must accompany each
order. Mail-order forms and specific ordering information are available
through your local Agilent Technologies office.
Direct phone-order system
The toll-free phone number, (800) 227-8164, is available Monday through Fri-
day, 6 am to 5 pm (Pacific time). Regular orders have a 4-day delivery time.
5-36
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Servicing
Replaceable Parts
Table 5-6. Major Assemblies
Reference
Designator
Agilent Part
Number
Description
A1
54710-66512
—
—
Keyboard Assembly
A2
ASE Source Assembly (Not orderable, return A2 to Agilent Technologies)
Fiber Track Assembly (Not orderable, return A2 to Agilent Technologies)
Laser Modulation Board Assembly (Not orderable, return A2 to Agilent Technologies)
Pump laser
Power Distribution Board Assembly
Power Supply Board Assembly
A2A1
A2A2
A2A3
A3
—
—
83437-60012
0950-2293
83438-60004
83437-20006
9135-0270
A4
A5
B1
FL1
Laser Driver Board Assembly (includes packet of resistors)
Fan Assembly
Line-Module Filter. Also part of W2
5-37
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Replaceable Parts
5-38
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Replaceable Parts
Table 5-7. Cable Assemblies
Reference
Designator
Agilent Part
Number
Description
W1
—
Input fiber optic cable (Part of A2 assembly)
Line switch cable (includes FL1 and LINE switch), to A4J1
A3J7 to B1 (Part of B1)
W2
W3
83437-60008
—
W4
83437-60003
83437-60004
83437-60001
83437-60002
83437-60013
—
83437-60020
—
8120-5056
1252-7513
Power supply cable, A2A2J2 pin 5 to front-panel “LINE” LED indicator (green wire)
Power supply cable, A2A2J1 to front-panel “ACTIVE” LED and A1 assembly
Power distribution cable, A4J2 to A3J6
W5
W6
W7
Modulation cable, A3J5 to A2A2J2
W8
Driver cable, 11 inches long, A3J1 to A5J2
Not assigned
Ribbon cable, A2A2J91 to A5J1
W9 - W11
W12
W13 - W16
W17
—
Not assigned
SMB to BNC cable, 55.5 cm, rear-panel J1 to A2A2J21
Ribbon cable clip for W12, W13, W14, and W15.
5-39
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Replaceable Parts
5-40
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Servicing
Replaceable Parts
Table 5-8. Front-Panel Parts
Agilent Part
Number
Item
Qty
Description
1
83437-00002
5021-8413
83437-00001
54714-41903
1990-1213
85680-40004
83437-20004
83410-20003
0515-0430
0535-0042
1400-0755
1400-0249
0380-0019
0590-0106
3050-0891
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
3
3
3
1
2
2
2
Front panel, dress
Front frame
Front subpanel
ACTIVE key
2
3
4
5
6
7
LED lamp IF=15 mA maximum
LED mount
LED spacer
8
9
Adapter
Screw with washer, TORX T10 Pan Head, M3 X 0.5, 6 mm long
Nut, hex PLSTC-LKG M3 X 0.5
10
11
12
13
14
15
Component clip 0.75 in x 0.75 in
Cable tie wrap
Spacer, round 0.188 IN LNG
Nut, hex PLSTC-LKG 2-56-THD
Washer, flat M3.0 3.3 mm inner diameter (not shown, fits between dress panel
and subpanel)
5-41
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Replaceable Parts
5-42
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Replaceable Parts
Table 5-9. Rear-Panel Parts
Agilent Part
Number
Item
Qty
Description
1
83437-00005
5021-5814
2110-0703
0515-2032
0535-0033
2190-0585
3050-0892
2950-0035
2190-0102
6960-0002
0515-0372
1
1
1
2
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
Rear panel, dress
2
3
4
Rear frame
Fuse, 6.3A 250V NTD FE IEC
Screw, TORX T10 Flat Head, M3 X 0.5, 8 mm long
Nut, hex M3.5 X 0.6
Washer, flat HLLC 3.6 mm inside diameter
Washer, flat MTLC 3.8 mm inside diameter
Nut, hex 15/32-32
Washer, lock 0.472" inside diameter
Hole plug for 0.5 inner diameter hole
Screw, TORX T10 Pan Head, M3 x 0.5, 8 mm long
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
5-43
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Replaceable Parts
5-44
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Replaceable Parts
Table 5-10. Top and Bottom View Parts
Agilent Part
Item
Qty
Description
Number
1
0515-1400
5041-8803
1252-7513
83437-00004
83437-00008
86120-00011
1400-0755
1400-0249
—
6
1
8
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
14
8
Screw, TORX T10 90° Flat Head, M3.5 x 0.6, 8mm long
Trim strip, top (not shown)
Ribbon cable clip
2
3
4
5
6
A2MP2, Sheet-metal optical deck (part of A2 assembly)
Sheet-metal power supply deck
Shield for A4 Power Supply
7
8
9
Component clip 0.75 in x 0.75 in
Cable tie wrap
A2MP1, LED heat sink (part of A2 assembly)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
—
—
—
Fiber container lid (part of A2 assembly, not separately orderable)
Fiber container (part of A2 assembly, not separately orderable)
Fiber track (part of A2 assembly, not separately orderable)
Screw, TORX T10 Pan Head, M3 x 0.5, 28 mm long
Screw, TORX T15 Pan Head, M4 x 0.7,10 mm long
Screw, TORX T10 Pan Head, M3 x 0.5, 8 mm long
0515-0830
0515-0380
0515-0372
—
Screw (part of A2 assembly, not separately orderable)
5-45
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Replaceable Parts
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Replaceable Parts
Table 5-11. Side View Parts
Agilent Part
Number
Item
Qty
Description
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5021-5831
5001-0538
0515-0458
0515-2086
0515-0377
1400-0249
—
2
Side frame
2
10
8
Trim strip, side (not shown)
Screw, TORX T10 Pan Head, M3.5 x 0.6, 8 mm long
Screw, TORX T15 Flat Head, M4 x 0.7, 7 mm long
Screw, TORX T10 Pan Head, M3.5 x 0.6, 10 mm long
Cable tie wrap
4
1
5
Screw (part of A2 assembly, not separately orderable)
5-47
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Servicing
Replaceable Parts
Table 5-12. Instrument Cover Parts
Agilent Part
Number
Item
Qty
Description
—
—
—
—
—
5062-3730
5062-3742
5062-3751
83437-00009
5041-8801
1
1
1
1
4
Cover, top
Cover, bottom
Cover, left side
Cover, right side
Molded feet
5-48
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Index
A
ac power cables, 1-6, 4-4
accessories, 4-2
accuracy
measurement, iv
wavelength, 2-3
ACTIVE key, 1-7
adapters
damaged shipment, 1-4
declaration of conformity, 3-7
deep-notch filters, 2-3
fiber optic, 4-3
Agilent offices, 4-5
ambient light, 2-7
angled output fiber, 1-4, 4-2
assemblies, instrument, 5-6, 5-37
DWDM, 2-3
edge emitting LED, iii
ESD (electrostatic discharge)
B
block diagram, iii
BNC short, 2-10
fiber optics
C
adapters, 4-3
cabinet, cleaning, vi, 1-2
cables
filters, 2-3
front panel
fuse, 1-5
clip, replacing, 5-34
instrument, 5-39
line power, 4-4
calibration
cycle, 3-2
care
of cabinet, vi, 1-2
of fiber optics, iv
characteristics, 3-3
characterize, passive device, 2-5
classification
laser, iv
product, vi, 1-2
cleaning
adapters, 2-20
cabinet, vi, 1-2
I
fiber-optic connections, 2-11, 2-19
non-lensed connectors, 2-19
compressed dust remover, 2-18
connector
care, 2-11
correction factors, 2-3
IEC Publication 61010-1, vi
input
connector, 2-11
inspecting
instrument, 1-4
Index-1
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Index
installing, 1-2
instrument
cover, removing, 5-27
rear view, v
major assemblies, 5-6, 5-37
L
laser
aperture, iv
classification, iv, 3-6
laser classification, 3-5
LINE key, 1-7
product notes, 2-7
line-power
cable, 1-6, 4-4
cables, 4-4
input connector, 1-5, 5-19
requirements, 1-6
specifications, 3-3, 3-5
cable clip, 5-34
instrument cover, 5-27
M
measurement
accuracy, 1-3
deep-notch filters, 2-3
DWDM, 2-3
stimulus response, 2-3
modulation, iv, 2-10
frequency, 2-8, 2-10
TTL compatible, 2-10
service, 1-8
N
noise declaration, 3-6
shipping
damage, 1-4
O
optical isolator, 2-3
OPTICAL OUT connector, iv, 1-3
optical spectrum analyzer, 2-3, 2-7
option 009, 2-3
procedure, 1-8
specifications, 3-2, 3-3
definition of terms, 3-2
operating, 3-3, 3-5
stimulus-response measurements, 2-3, 2-5
swabs, 2-18
option 013, 4-2
option 022, 4-2
options, instrument, 1-4
ordering parts, 5-35
Index-2
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Index
T
tools for servicing, 5-4
troubleshooting, 5-2
TTL logic, 2-10
turning output off, 2-10
V
ventilation requirements, 1-2
W
wavelength
accuracy, 2-3
specifications, 3-3
weight, 3-5
Index-3
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