White paper
February 2015
Xperia™ E4 Dual
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Table of contents
Accessibility and Usability ....................................................................................8
Device-to-device communications (local) .............................................................9
Bluetooth® wireless technology.........................................................................9
Wi-Fi®...............................................................................................................10
Positioning – location based services .................................................................13
Provisioning (OMA CP) ........................................................................................13
Web browser .......................................................................................................16
Memory in Android™ devices .............................................................................17
Trademarks and acknowledgements ..................................................................21
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Product overview
Highlights
• 5-inch qHD Display with IPS for best viewing angle
• Large 2300mAh battery with Battery STAMINA Mode
• Quad-core 1.3 GHz processor with 1GB RAM and 8GB eMMC
• 5MP main camera with autofocus and flash and a 2MP front camera with selfie apps
• Sony audio technologies: xLoud™, ClearAudio+ and PartyShare app
Feel the quality
The Xperia™ E4 Dual focuses on durability and reliability without sacrificing style. The Xperia™ E4 Dual's
2300 mAh battery and power-saving modes ensure a two-day battery life, while a high-performance
quad-core processor takes care of mobile device tasks, graphics rendering and touch control.
Enjoy large screen entertainment
The Xperia™ E4 Dual is equipped with a 5-inch qHD IPS screen (960x540 pixels) to deliver large screen
entertainment with a wider viewing angle. And for an even better video and audio experience, the
Xperia™ E4 Dual includes Sony's latest audio innovations such as ClearAudio+ and xLoud™.
Two-day battery
A powerful 2300 mAh battery and innovative power saving features give you an impressive two-day
battery life. You never miss a notification or social network message. And you don’t have to worry about
charging your phone every night. Battery STAMINA Mode optimizes how your battery is used and you can
decide which apps are kept running even when your Xperia™ E4 Dual is in sleep mode.
Straight to the fun
As soon as you swipe your screen, your favourite apps are there for you. Your pictures. Your music.
Facebook™ and your network. When you need to turn on and off Wi-Fi® or roaming, the Xperia™ E4 Dual
lets you do it in seconds with the Quick Settings tab. The Xperia™ E4 Dual is designed to make taking
great pictures easy. With Auto scene recognition, image enhancing features and built-in camera apps, you
get the best pictures with zero effort.
Music to make the party
At the park or at the party, the Xperia™ E4 Dual will impress. The speakers deliver audio clarity and depth
that will surprise everybody and put your music in the middle of it all.
The Xperia™ E4 Dual comes with ClearAudio+, xLoud™, aptX®, Bluetooth®, Clear Phase™, Clear
Bass™, Dynamic normaliser, Equalizer and the PartyShare app. PartyShare was developed by Sony to
make sharing music with friends easy and fun. You can also use it to share photos.
Pictures to make you proud
The Xperia™ E4 Dual has a 2MP front camera, a 5MP rear camera with autofocus and flash, and the
ability to record 30 fps video. The Xperia™ E4 Dual also comes with built-in photo and imaging apps such
as Auto scene recognition, Portrait retouch, Timeshift burst, AR effect, AR fun, Live on YouTube, Social
live, Creative effect, Sweep Panorama and Sound photo.
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One phone. Two numbers
The Xperia™ E4 Dual supports the use of two SIM cards simultaneously. While speaking to a caller using
the first SIM card and phone number, you can put the call on hold and answer an incoming call using the
second SIM card and phone number. You can activate the dual SIM feature when you set up your phone
the first time or via the Setup guide under the Settings menu.
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Product specifications
Operating system
Processor
GPU
Google™ Android™ 4.4.4 (KitKat)
1.3 GHz MTK MT6582 Quad Core
ARM Mali-400 MP2
137 x 74.6 x 10.5 mm
146 grams
Size
Weight
Available colours
White
Black
SIM card
Dual SIM
Main screen
Colours
167,000 colour TFT
960x540 pixels
5 inches
Resolution
Size (diagonal)
Scratch-resistant
Input mechanisms
Text input
Yes
On-screen QWERTY keyboard
Capacitive
Touch screen
Touch gesture
Memory
Yes – multi-touch, up to 4 fingers supported
RAM
1 GB
Flash memory
Expansion slot
Camera
Up to 8 GB*
microSD™ card, up to 32 GB
Camera resolution
Smooth zoom
Video recording
Front Camera
Sensors
5 MP
4x
Yes – 1080p
Yes – HD 720p for video chat and 2 MP for camera capture
Accelerometer
Proximity sensor
Ambient light sensor
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Networks
E2124
SIM 1: UMTS HSPA+ 850 (Band V), 1900 (Band II),
2100 (Band I) MHz
GSM GPRS/EDGE 850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz
SIM 2: GSM GPRS/EDGE 850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz
Data transfer speeds
GSM GPRS
Up to 85.6 kbps
GSM EDGE
Up to 237 kbps
HSUPA (upload)
Cat 6, up to 5.8 Mbps
Cat 14, up to 21 Mbps
HSDPA (download)
Battery performance
Talk time (GSM)
Up to 10 hours 24 min.**
Up to 552 hours**
Standby time (GSM)
Talk time (UMTS)
Standby time (UMTS)
Music listening time
Video playback time
Battery (embedded)
Up to 10 hours 24 min.**
Up to 548 hours**
Up to 48 hours 26 min.**
Up to 6 hours 42 min.**
2300 mAh minimum
* Memory comprises approximately 3 GB of firmware plus 5 GB of “Internal storage” for music, pictures
and movies, and downloaded applications and their data. For more details about memory, see “Memory in
** Values are according to the GSM Association Battery Life Measurement Technique as performed in con-
trolled laboratory conditions. Actual time may vary.
NOTE: Battery performance may vary depending on network conditions and configurations, and device
usage.
NOTE: Performance metrics are measured under laboratory conditions.
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Categorised feature list
Search
Music
Camera
Bookmarks
3D Surround Sound (VPT)
Album art
5MP camera
Google Chrome™*
Google Play™
Google™ search*
Google Voice™ Search*
Google Maps™ for Mobile with
Street view*
4x digital zoom
AR Effect
AR Fun
Bluetooth® stereo (aptX®, A2DP)
ClearAudio+
Clear Bass™
Clear Phase™
Clear stereo
Dynamic normaliser
Manual equaliser
PartyShare app
Auto focus
Auto scene recognition
Creative effect
Face detection
Flash/Photo light
Geotagging
HDR for pictures
Image/Video stabiliser
Live on YouTube™ - by Xperia™*
Portrait retouch
Self-timer
Web browser (WebKit™)*
SensMe™
TrackID™ music recognition*
Walkman® application
xLoud™ Experience
Selfies
Send to web
Smile Shutter™
Social live*
Sound Photo
Sweep Panorama
Timeshift burst
Touch capture
Video recording (1080p)
White balance
Design
Communication
Call list
Conference calls
Facebook™ application*
Google+*
Hangouts™*
Loud Speaker
Multiple IM
Messaging
Battery STAMINA Mode
Gesture input
Conversations
Email
Google Mail™*
Illumination effect
On-screen 12-key keyboard
On-screen QWERTY keyboard
Picture wallpaper
Screen capturing
Touch screen
Handwriting recognition
Instant messaging
Multimedia messaging (MMS)
Predictive text input
Text messaging (SMS)
Twitter™ application*
Voice enhancement
Xperia™ Socialife*
Voice input
Wallpaper animation
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Connectivity
Organiser
Airplane mode
Alarm clock
Calculator
Calendar
Entertainment
DTV (Digital Television)
Media browser
3.5 mm audio jack (CTIA)
aGPS*
Bluetooth® 4.1 wireless
technology
Media Transfer Protocol support
Micro USB support
Native USB tethering
Media Go™*
PC Companion
PlayMemories*
Radio (FM radio with RDS)
Sony Entertainment Network**
YouTube™*
Contacts
Setup guide
Stopwatch
Timer
World clock
Smart Connect
Synchronisation via Facebook™
Synchronisation via SyncML™
Synchronisation via Google™
Synchronisation with computer
Synchronisation via Microsoft®
Exchange ActiveSync®
USB High speed 2.0 support
USB mass storage
Wi-Fi®
Wi-Fi Direct®
Wi-Fi® Hotspot functionality
Wi-Fi CERTIFIED Miracast™
* This service is not available in all markets.
** Sony Entertainment Network with Music Unlimited is not available in every market. Separate
subscription required. Additional terms and conditions apply.
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Technologies in detail
The information presented in this section is a general overview of the technology incorporated into the
product. However, hardware and software levels of compliance to standards and specifications vary
between products and markets. For more information, contact Sony Mobile Developer World or the
relevant Sony representative.
Accessibility and Usability
Accessibility and Usability
Talkback*
Yes, default is “off”
Yes, default is “off”
Yes, default is “off”
Yes, default is “Not checked”
No
Captions*
Magnifications gestures*
Large Text*
High Contrast Text*
Power button ends call*
Auto-rotation*
Yes, default is “Not checked”
Yes, default is “Checked”
Yes, default is “Not checked”
Yes, default is “off”
Yes
Speak Passwords*
Accessibility Shortcuts*
Text – to – Speech*
Touch and hold delay*
Color Inversion*
Yes, default is “Short”
No
Color correction*
No
* Android Lollipop feature. Subject to possible change in future releases of Google™ Android™.
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Device-to-device communications (local)
Bluetooth® wireless technology
Bluetooth® profiles supported
Advanced Audio Distribution Profile v1.2
Audio/Video Remote Control Profile v1.3
Generic Attribute Profile Client/Server over LE
Handsfree Profile v1.6 (Wide band speech)
Headset Profile v1.2
Object Push Profile v1.1
Personal Area Networking Profile v1.0
Phone Book Access Profile
FTP v1.1 (server role)
Core version and supported
core features
Version 4.1
Connectable devices
Products that support at least one of the profiles listed
above.
Bluetooth 4.1 accessories generally require installation of
a supporting application.
More information:
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Wi-Fi®
Supported standards
IEEE 802.11b/g/n and Wi-Fi®
Wi-Fi Direct®, Wi-Fi Protected Setup, Wi-Fi CERTIFIED
Passpoint™, Wi-Fi CERTIFIED Miracast™
Connectable devices
Wi-Fi® access points
Wi-Fi Direct® compatible devices
Frequency band
Data transfer rate
Security
2.4 GHz
Up to 150 Mbit/s
Open Authentication
Shared Authentication
EAP-SIM
EAP-AKA
EAP-TLS
EAP-TTLS/MSCHAPv2
PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2
PEAPv1/EAP-GTC
WPA Personal and WPA2 Personal
WPA Enterprise and WPA2 Enterprise
Encryption
Power save
QoS
WEP 64 bit, WEP 128 bit, TKIP and CCMP (AES)
WMM-UAPSD
WMM
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DLNA Certified® (Digital Living Network Alliance)
Supported Device Classes
M-DMS – Mobile Digital Media Server
Media Types: images, music and video
Summary: The digital media server exposes the media
files in your device to a Wi-Fi® network. The files can
then be accessed from other DLNA CERTIFIED® clients.
M-DMP – Mobile Digital Media Player
Media Types: image, music and video
Summary: You can play content stored on another
device, for example, a server or a PC, directly on your
device.
M-DMC – Mobile Digital Media Controller
Media Types: image, music and video
Summary: Digital Media Controllers find content offered
by a DMS or M-DMS and match it to the rendering capa-
bilities of a DMR — setting up the connections between
the DMS and DMR.
+PU+
Media Types: image, music and video
Summary: You can play media in your device on another
device, such as a TV or a PC using 2 box push technol-
ogy. +PU+ is integrated in the Album, Movies and "Walk-
man®" applications.
+DN+
Media Types: image, music and video
Summary: You can download content stored on another
device, for example, a server or a PC, and play the down-
loaded content directly on your device.
+UDO+
Media Types: image, music and video
Summary: A media server uploading function that allows
media files to be uploaded to Xperia devices from other
DLNA certified clients.
Supported Bearers
DRM Support
Wi-Fi®
Wi-Fi Direct®
The DLNA Certified® implementation does not support
DRM-protected content.
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Messaging
MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service)
According to OMA Multimedia Messaging Service v1.0 + SMIL
Email
Bearer type (IP)
Character sets
GPRS, EGPRS, UMTS, Wi-Fi®
BIG5 Traditional Chinese
GB2312 Simplified Chinese
GB18030
ISO-2022-JP Japanese
ISO-8859-1
ISO-8859-2 Eastern Europe
ISO-8859-5 Cyrillic
ISO-8859-7 Greek
ISO-8859-9 Turkish
ISO 8859-11
KOI8-R Cyrillic
Shift_JIS Japanese
USASCII
UTF-16
UTF-8
Windows® 874
Windows® 1251 Cyrillic
Windows® 1252
Windows® 1254 Turkish
Windows® 1258 Vietnamese
Protocols
POP3 and IMAP4
Push email
Secure email
Microsoft® Exchange ActiveSync® (EAS)
SSL/TLS, both port methods (POPS/IMAPS) and
STARTTLS
HTML mail
Yes (read only)
More information:
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Positioning – location based services
Supported standards:
• OMA Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) v1.0
• 3GPP™ Control Plane location (incl. Emergency location), only supports E911
Supported satellite systems:
• GPS
Provisioning (OMA CP)
OMA CP version 1.1
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Multimedia (audio, image and video)
Audio Playback
Decoder format
Supported in file format
AAC (AAC-LC, AAC+, eAAC+,
AAC-ELD)
3GPP (.3gp, 3gpp), MP4 (.mp4,
.m4a), ADTS (.aac)
ALAC
MP4 (.m4a)
AMR-NB, AMR-WB
3GPP (.3gp, .3gpp), MP4 (.mp4,
.m4a), AMR (.amr, .awb)
FLAC
MIDI
FLAC (.flac), Matroska (.mka)
SMF (.mid), XMF (.xmf), Mobile
XMF (.mxmf), OTA (.ota), RTTTL
(.rtttl), RTX (.rtx), iMelody (imy)
MP3
MP3 (.mp3)
PCM
WAV (.wav)
Vorbis
OGG (.ogg), Matroska (.mkv)
ASF (.wma)
WMA
Audio Recording
Image Playback
Encoder format
AAC (AAC-LC, AAC+, AAC-ELD)
Supported in file format
3GPP (.3gp, .3gpp), MP4 (.mp4,
.m4a)
AMR (AMR-NB, AMR-WB)
3GPP (.3gp, .3gpp), MP4 (.mp4,
.m4a), AMR (.amr)
Decoder format
Supported in file format
BMP (.bmp)
BMP
GIF
GIF (.gif)
JPEG
JPEG (.jpg, .jpeg)
PNG (.png)
PNG
WebP
WebP (.webp)
Image Capture
Encoder format
JPEG
Supported in file format
JPEG (.jpg)
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Video Playback
Decoder format
Supported in file format
MPEG-4
3GPP (.3gp, .3gpp), MP4 (.mp4,
.m4v), Matroska (.mkv), AVI
(.avi), Xvid (.xvid)
H.263
H.264
3GPP (.3gp, .3gpp), MP4 (.mp4,
.m4v)
3GPP (.3gp, .3gpp), MP4 (.mp4,
.m4v), Matroska (.mkv)
H.265*
MP4 (.mp4, .m4v)
VP8
WebM (.webm), Matroska (.mkv)
WebM (.webm)
VP9
Video Recording
Encoder format
MPEG-4
H.263
Supported in file format
3GPP (.3gp), MP4 (.mp4)
3GPP (.3gp), MP4 (.mp4)
3GPP (.3gp), MP4 (.mp4)
H.264
Audio
DRM
Streaming transport
HLS
HTTP progressive streaming
RTSP
DRM (Digital Rights Management) – OMA DRM v1.0
features the rights and copy
Marlin DRM
protection of downloaded content
Widevine Level 3
PlayReady DRM (available in
specific regions)
* H.265 is not available in all markets.
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Synchronisation (OMA DS, EAS, Google Sync™)
OMA Data Synchronisation protocol versions 1.1.2 and 1.2
OMA Data Formats: vCard 2.1, vCalendar 1.0
Microsoft® Exchange ActiveSync® protocol version 2.5
Microsoft® Exchange ActiveSync® protocol version 12.0
Microsoft® Exchange ActiveSync® protocol version 14.0
Microsoft® Exchange ActiveSync® protocol version 14.1
Google Sync™
Related information:
Web browser
Google Chrome™ for Android™ is pre-installed in markets/regions where no restrictions apply.
Related information:
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Memory in Android™ devices
To use Android devices efficiently, users should be aware of the different types of device memory. This
knowledge is important in order to understand, for example, where data such as music, photos and
videos is saved; how many apps can be downloaded from Google Play™; and how photos can be copied
to a PC.
Information regarding memory presented in this section may be useful to developers when optimising
applications for mobile devices.
Generally, all Android devices share the same basic memory setup. What differs is how much memory is
available to you via the different types of memory, and whether your device uses an external SD card or an
internal memory chip. Any information specific to the particular device model described in this White
Paper is noted as such.
Types of memory
The types of memory described and numbered below are consistent with the terminology used in Sony
mobile device menus and in other content relating to 2015 Xperia™ devices:
1. Dynamic Memory (also known as RAM) is used by applications that run when the device is turned on.
The amount of Dynamic Memory influences how many applications and operating system services can
run at the same time. The Android operating system automatically closes applications and services
that are not being used.
However, such automatic functionality has limits. For example, if a lower amount of free RAM is
available to applications after a new release of the operating system (due to increased capabilities in
the system), device speed will eventually be impacted. This is the main reason that a device cannot be
indefinitely upgraded to newer releases of Android™.
If you experience problems with RAM, for example, if the device runs slower than usual or if the Home
application restarts frequently when you leave an application, you should minimise the use of apps that
run all the time. Social networking apps that connect and update their data online and animated
backgrounds are examples of apps that are always running and affect RAM performance. To minimise
RAM issues, you could also consider using a static wallpaper instead of a live wallpaper.
To see which apps and services are currently active, go to Settings > Apps > Running. You should
have at least 50 MB, and ideally 100 MB or more, of free RAM to avoid slowdowns and application
restarts.
You should also be aware that if you update the device to a later Android release, the load on the built-
in Dynamic Memory will increase due to the addition of more features. As a result, the device may run
slower after an update.
The Xperia™ E4 Dual has 1 GB of RAM available to the Android OS and any installed applications. 200
MB of the total RAM is in use during normal operation when the user starts using the device out of the
box.
2. System Memory (also known as “System partition” or “/system”) is used for the Android OS and for
most applications that are pre-loaded from the factory. This type of memory is normally locked, and
can only be changed through a firmware upgrade. There is usually some free space available in this
section of memory. However, since it is locked, you cannot save apps, photos or any other content to
this memory. System Memory is reserved for future firmware upgrades, which almost always need
more memory than the original firmware. You cannot see or influence the use of this memory.
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3. Internal Storage is referred to as "working" memory. It can be compared to the C: drive on a PC or to
the startup disk on a Mac.
This type of memory is used to store all application downloaded from the Google Play™ Store (and
other sources) as well as their settings and data (such as emails, messages and calendar events, for
example). All applications have an allocated area for application data. Memory dedicated to an
application is inaccessible to other applications.
Some game applications also store content such as game music and game level information outside
their own designated area. In most cases, an application can choose to save its data in a location of its
own choosing (outside the protected application settings area). Generally, such content is not deleted
when an application is uninstalled; it must be removed manually by connecting the device to a
computer with a USB cable, or by using a file manager application.
Internal storage is also used for all added user content. For example, photos taken using the device's
camera, media files downloaded from the Internet and file transfers are stored in this area. Typical user
content includes:
• photos
• movies
• music
• Email attachments
Internal Storage will tend to fill up as a result of normal usage. Devices with a large initial Internal
Storage can handle more applications and store more user content.
If the Internal Storage starts to get full, the device slows down, and in some cases it might no longer be
possible to install more apps. You should always ensure that you have at least 100 MB of free Internal
Storage. If not, you should consider removing some apps that you seldom use, or move content that
you do not frequently access to external storage.
You can see approximately how much Internal Storage is free in Settings > Storage > DEVICE
MEMORY. You can also view more details about how much memory is used by applications under
Settings > Apps. In the Xperia™ E4 Dual, about 5 GB of Internal Storage is available out of the box.
Please note that in Sony Mobile 2015 products, “Internal Storage” is now the combination of what was
previously known as “Device Memory” or “Phone Memory” (for applications and their data – also
previously known as “/data”) and “Internal Storage” (for user’s content – also previously known as “/
sdcard”). The changes in Internal Storage were made so that memory usage could be more flexible
and to allow encryption of user content.
Memory card slot
Some products include both a large internal memory and a built-in memory card reader. Android manages
devices with a built-in memory card reader and internal memory differently from a device that includes
only a built-in memory card reader.
Since most applications expect only a single location for storage, such applications will not generally
allow you to SAVE anything to the memory card (i.e., they do not offer the option to choose a storage
location). However, some applications (for instance, the Sony Mobile “Camera” application) may actually
allow you to do so. Other applications, for example, backup applications such as the Sony Mobile
“Memory” application, will by definition be configured to copy content from the Internal Storage to the
external SD card.
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On the other hand, when it comes to reading from an external SD Card, you will be able to access content
(for example, videos, photos and music) on a memory card inserted in this slot without any special
consideration since the Android system searches all available memory for content. Therefore, such
products may be regarded as supporting a fourth type of memory, called “External Card” or “SD Card”.
4. SD Card (known as “/ext_card” from a programmer’s point of view, or by other names in other Android
products) is the name for the removable SD memory card in all 2015 Sony Mobile products. As
described in the previous section, this External Card memory is generally more limited in that any
application can read from it, but many applications cannot save to this card. Only a few applications,
including backup applications and file manger applications, have the capability to save to this card.
Backing up data to different memory types
Generally, you should not save photos, videos and other personal content solely on the internal memory
of a device. If something should happen with the hardware, or if the device is lost or stolen, the data
stored on the device’s internal memory is gone forever.
In a device where an SD card reader is the main memory, it is relatively easy to take the card out and copy
all content to a PC or Mac, or to an entertainment device with a memory card slot. In a product featuring
Internal Storage as the main memory, it is not possible to physically remove the memory. Instead, any
critical or high-value content must either be copied to an external SD card by a special backup
application, transferred to remote storage over a network (mobile or Wi-Fi), or to a computer via a USB
cable.
To facilitate the transfer of data via a cable, the Xperia™ E4 Dual supports Media Transfer Protocol (MTP),
which makes it possible to easily transfer content back and forth between your device and a Windows®
PC. For Apple™ Mac® computers, a special application called Sony™ Bridge for Mac is available with
built-in support for MTP. This application can be downloaded from the Xperia™ E4 Dual support page.
Note that you do not need to back up or make a copy of applications that you have downloaded from the
Google Play™ Store. They can normally be downloaded again after you have set up your Google account
to work in a new device (or in a device where the memory has been completely erased).
Note 1:
Some Android devices, including Sony Mobile devices from 2012 and Sony Ericsson devices from 2011
and earlier, do not use a single “Internal Storage” for both applications (and their data) and user content.
Instead, these devices use either an external SD card for user content, or a corresponding area of internal
memory to reproduce the functionality of an SD card. In such devices, there is a fixed limit between the
application area (“/data”) and the user content area (“/sdcard”), with the result that user content can build
up and reach this limit. When the user content reaches this limit, no additional data can be added using
any application. For example, the camera application would no longer be able to capture additional
photos even if a considerable amount of free space was available in the application area. This limit also
applies to the application area. Downloading and installing new applications would not be possible even if
there was enough free memory in the user content area.
Note 2:
Some devices with integrated storage have abandoned the distinction between the application area and
the content area when it comes to a Factory Data Reset. As a result, there is no option in such devices to
perform a Factory Data Reset and preserve content. In such devices, all content is completely deleted
from the device when a reset is performed.
In contrast, Sony Mobile’s memory integration solution makes it possible to preserve user content in this
situation. Therefore, when performing a Factory Data Reset, the default action will still be to only remove
applications and their data, and an option box must be checked if all content is to be removed as well (as
might be desirable when selling the device second-hand).
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Note 3:
For a developer, it is important to note that from a programming point of view the location names used to
refer to the different memory areas described in Note 1 are still valid, i.e., the area used for applications (“/
data”) is still present, as is the area used for content (“/sdcard”).
In reality, “sdcard” is a “symbolic link” to “/data/media”. However, from inside an Android application, “/
sdcard” can still be used. For example, you can use “sdcard/DCIM/100Android” to find all camera
images. The continued use of “/sdcard” to access the content area ensures compatibility across different
products and Android releases in this regard.
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Trademarks and acknowledgements
All product and company names mentioned herein are the trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective owners. Any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved. All other trademarks are property
of their respective owners.
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