National Instruments Home Theater System Measurement Studio User Manual |
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For patents covering National Instruments products, refer to the appropriate location: Help»Patents in your software, the patents.txtfile
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RELIABILITY SUITABLE FOR USE IN OR IN CONNECTION WITH SURGICAL IMPLANTS OR AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN
ANY LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS WHOSE FAILURE TO PERFORM CAN REASONABLY BE EXPECTED TO CAUSE SIGNIFICANT
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AND DEVELOPMENT SOFTWARE USED TO DEVELOP AN APPLICATION, INSTALLATION ERRORS, SOFTWARE AND
HARDWARE COMPATIBILITY PROBLEMS, MALFUNCTIONS OR FAILURES OF ELECTRONIC MONITORING OR CONTROL
DEVICES, TRANSIENT FAILURES OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS (HARDWARE AND/OR SOFTWARE), UNANTICIPATED USES OR
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DAMAGE, INJURY, OR DEATH, THE USER OR APPLICATION DESIGNER MUST TAKE REASONABLY PRUDENT STEPS TO
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About This Manual
Chapter 1
Installation Requirements ..............................................................................................1-1
Distribution Requirements.............................................................................................1-2
Installation Instructions..................................................................................................1-2
Chapter 2
NI-488.2.........................................................................................................................2-4
User Interface.................................................................................................................2-5
Waveform Graph and Scatter Graph Controls ................................................2-6
Numeric Controls ............................................................................................2-9
Chapter 3
Measurement Studio Visual C++ Class Libraries
Measurement Studio Visual C++ Class Libraries Overview.........................................3-1
ActiveX Controls in Visual C++ ...................................................................................3-2
3D Graph Control ..........................................................................................................3-2
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Contents
Analysis......................................................................................................................... 3-3
Professional Analysis...................................................................................... 3-4
Microsoft Excel Interface.............................................................................................. 3-7
Microsoft Word Interface.............................................................................................. 3-7
Button Control................................................................................................. 3-10
Graph Control ................................................................................................. 3-11
Numeric Edit Control...................................................................................... 3-13
Chapter 4
Creating a Measurement Studio DAQ Application....................................................... 4-4
Creating an NI-DAQmx User Control............................................................ 4-6
Adding or Removing Measurement Studio Class Libraries.......................................... 4-8
Selecting a Measurement Studio Parameter Value ....................................................... 4-9
Technical Support and Professional Services
Glossary
Index
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About This Manual
The Measurement Studio User Manual introduces the concepts associated
with the Measurement Studio class libraries and development tools. This
manual assumes that you have a general working knowledge of Microsoft
Visual Studio .NET, including Microsoft Visual Basic .NET, Microsoft
Visual C#, or Microsoft Visual C++.
How to Use this Manual
Measurement Studio 7.1 includes two CDs—one with support for Visual
documents the Visual Studio .NET 2003 CD. For help with Visual
Studio 6.0, refer to the Measurement Studio Support for Visual Studio 6.0
The Measurement Studio User Manual is organized into four chapters.
Measurement Studio. This chapter includes installation and distribution
requirements, installation instructions, and a list of Measurement Studio
resources. Chapter 2, Measurement Studio .NET Class Libraries, and
Chapter 3, Measurement Studio Visual C++ Class Libraries, include
information about the .NET class libraries and the Visual C++ class
libraries, respectively. Chapter 4, Developing with Measurement Studio,
includes information on using Measurement Studio tools and features to
develop applications.
Use this manual as a starting point to learn about Measurement Studio.
Refer to the NI Measurement Studio Help within the Visual Studio .NET
environment for function reference and detailed information about the
Measurement Studio class libraries, wizards, assistants, and other features.
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About This Manual
Conventions
The following conventions appear in this manual:
»
The » symbol leads you through nested menu items and dialog box options
to a final action. The sequence File»Page Setup»Options directs you to
pull down the File menu, select the Page Setup item, and select Options
from the last dialog box.
This icon denotes a tip, which alerts you to advisory information.
This icon denotes a note, which alerts you to important information.
bold
Bold text denotes items that you must select or click in the software, such
as menu items and dialog box options.
italic
Italic text denotes variables, emphasis, a cross reference, or an introduction
to a key concept. This font also denotes text that is a placeholder for a word
or value that you must supply.
monospace
Text in this font denotes text or characters that you enter from the keyboard,
sections of code, programming examples, and syntax examples. This font
also is used for the proper names of disk drives, paths, directories,
programs, device names, filenames, and extensions.
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1
Introduction to Measurement
Studio
Measurement Studio is an integrated suite of native tools and class libraries
that are designed for developers using Visual Basic .NET, Visual C#, and
Visual C++ .NET to develop measurement and automation applications.
Measurement Studio dramatically reduces application development time
through object-oriented measurement hardware interfaces, advanced
analysis libraries, scientific user interface controls, measurement data
networking, wizards, interactive code designers, and highly extensible
.NET and Visual C++ classes. You can use Measurement Studio to develop
a complete measurement and automation application that includes data
acquisition, analysis, and presentation functionalities.
Installation Requirements
To install Measurement Studio, your computer must have the following:
•
•
Microsoft Windows 2000/XP operating system
Microsoft .NET Framework 1.1 (required only for the Measurement
Studio .NET class libraries)
•
Standard, Professional, Enterprise Developer, or Enterprise Architect
edition of Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003 (required to use the
Measurement Studio integrated tools)
•
•
Intel Pentium class processor, 133 MHz or higher
Video display—800 × 600, 256 colors (16-bit color recommended for
user interface controls)
•
•
•
•
Minimum of 128 MB of RAM (256 MB or higher recommended)
Minimum of 200 MB of free hard disk space
Microsoft-compatible mouse
Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0 or later
Optional Installation—In order for links from Measurement Studio help
topics to .NET Framework help topics to work, you must install the
Microsoft .NET Framework SDK 1.1.
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Measurement Studio
Distribution Requirements
To distribute an application built with Measurement Studio .NET class
libraries, the target computer must have a Windows 2000/XP operating
system and the .NET Framework version 1.1.
To distribute an application built with Measurement Studio Visual C++
class libraries, the target computer must have a Windows 2000/XP
operating system.
Installation Instructions
Complete the following steps to install Measurement Studio. These steps
describe a typical installation. Please review carefully all additional
licensing and warning dialog boxes. Measurement Studio 7.1 includes two
CDs—one with support for Visual Studio .NET 2003 and one with support
for Visual Studio 6.0. This manual documents the Visual Studio .NET 2003
CD. For help with Visual Studio 6.0, refer to the Measurement Studio
Support for Visual Studio 6.0 Readme located on the Measurement Studio
for Visual Studio 6.0 CD.
If you install Measurement Studio 7.1 on a machine that has Measurement
Studio 7.0 installed, the installer will replace Measurement Studio 7.0
functionality, including class libraries. The Measurement Studio 7.0
assemblies will remain in the global assembly cache (GAC); therefore,
applications that reference the Measurement Studio 7.0 version will
continue to use Measurement Studio 7.0 .NET assemblies.
If Measurement Studio 7.0 is on your machine, Measurement Studio 7.1
will install to the Measurement Studio 7.0 directory. To install
Measurement Studio 7.1 to the default directory (Program Files\
NationalInstruments\MeasurementStudioVS2003), you must first
uninstall all Measurement Studio class libraries, including class libraries
installed with National Instruments driver software, such as NI-VISA,
NI-488.2, and NI-DAQmx.
Measurement Studio supports side-by-side installation of version 6.0 and
7.1. You must install Measurement Studio 6.0 and 7.1 to different
directories.
automatically starts. If it does not automatically start, double-click the
autorun.exeicon.
2. Click Install NI Measurement Studio.
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Introduction to Measurement Studio
3. Enter the serial number. You can find your serial number on the
Certificate of Ownership card that you received with Measurement
Studio. Click Next.
4. Click Next to install all NI software to the default installation
directory, or click Browse to select a different installation directory.
You must install Measurement Studio to a local drive. Click Next.
Note The option to browse for an installation location is valid only if you have not already
installed any Measurement Studio features of the same version you are installing. If you
have any Measurement Studio features of the same version installed, the Measurement
Studio installer installs to the same root directory to which you installed other
Measurement Studio features.
5. From the feature tree, select the features you want to install. To change
the Measurement Studio installation directory, select the first feature in
the list and click Browse. Click Next.
6. In the Product Information dialog box, carefully review important
information about the features you are installing. Click Next.
7. Review the license agreement and select I accept the License
Agreement(s). Click Next.
8. In the Installation Summary dialog box, review the features you
selected. Click Next.
Note Step 8 starts the installation of Measurement Studio. Be aware that when the installer
indicates that it is removing backup files, this is a normal operation. The installer might
take several minutes to complete this step.
9. If prompted, insert the Device Drivers CD and select Rescan Drive.
If not prompted, go to step 14 on this list.
10. From the feature tree, select the Device Drivers components you want
to install. To change a driver installation directory, select the driver and
click Browse. Click Next.
11. In the Product Information dialog box, carefully review important
information about the features you are installing. Click Next.
12. Review the license agreement and select I accept the License
Agreement(s). Click Next.
13. In the Installation Summary dialog box, review the features you
selected. Click Next.
15. Click Finish to complete the installation.
16. Click the appropriate restart option.
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Measurement Studio
Measurement Studio Package Comparison Chart
Table 1-1 lists the features included in the Standard, Professional, and
Enterprise Editions of Measurement Studio.
Table 1-1. Measurement Studio Package Comparison Chart
Standard Professional Enterprise
Feature
Edition
Edition
Edition
Project Templates
User Interface Controls
GPIB Interfaces1
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
VISA Interfaces1
✓
✓
✓
NI-DAQmx Interfaces1
✓
✓
✓
C++ LabVIEW Real-Time Connectivity
Standard Analysis2
✓
✓
✓
✓
—
✓
—
✓
UI DataSocket Binding
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
DataSocket Server
✓
✓
Parameter Assistant
✓
✓
Instrument I/O Assistant Integration1
Instrument I/O Assistant Code Generation1
Data Acquisition Assistant Integration1
Data Acquisition Assistant Code Generation1
ActiveX Controls for Visual Basic 6.0
Visual C++ 6.0 Classes
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Professional Analysis3
✓
—
✓
NI-Reports
—
—
—
—
C++ Microsoft Office Interface (Word and Excel)
3D Graph for Visual C++
✓
✓
NI TestStand Integration
LabWindows™/CVI™ Full Development System (FDS)
Enterprise Analysis4
✓
✓
1 Included with the Driver CD.
2 Refer to the Standard Analysis section of Chapter 2, Measurement Studio .NET Class Libraries, for a list of the
functionality included in the Standard Analysis class library.
3 Refer to the Professional Analysis section of Chapter 2, Measurement Studio .NET Class Libraries, for a list of the
functionality included in the Professional Analysis class library.
4 Refer to the Enterprise Analysis section of Chapter 2, Measurement Studio .NET Class Libraries, for a list of the
functionality included in the Enterprise Analysis class library.
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Measurement Studio
Measurement Studio Resources
As you work with Measurement Studio, you might need to consult other
resources. For detailed Measurement Studio help, including function
reference and in-depth documentation on developing with Measurement
Studio, refer to the NI Measurement Studio Help within the Visual
Studio .NET environment. The NI Measurement Studio Help is fully
integrated with the Visual Studio .NET help. You must have Visual
Studio .NET installed to view the online help, and you must have the
Microsoft .NET Framework SDK 1.1 installed in order for links from
Measurement Studio help topics to .NET Framework help topics to work.
You can launch the NI Measurement Studio Help in the following ways:
•
From the Windows Start menu, select Start»All Programs»National
Instruments»Measurement Studio 7.1 for VS .NET 2003»
Measurement Studio Documentation. The help launches in a
stand-alone help viewer.
•
•
From Visual Studio .NET, select Help»Contents to view the Visual
Studio .NET table of contents. The NI Measurement Studio Help is
listed in the table of contents.
From Visual Studio .NET, select Measurement Studio»
NI Measurement Studio Help. The help launches within the
application.
Tip As you work through this manual, you will see italicized references to relevant help
topics. You can find these topics by using the table of contents in the NI Measurement
Studio Help.
The following resources also are available to provide you with information
about Measurement Studio.
•
Examples—Measurement Studio installs examples to the following
paths, depending on whether you have previously installed
Measurement Studio on your machine.
If you have previously installed Measurement Studio for
Windows 2000/XP, Version 7.0, the example programs are installed to
the following directories:
–
Visual Basic .NET or Visual C#—Program Files\National
Instruments\MeasurementStudio70\DotNET\Examples
–
Visual C++ .NET—Program Files\National
Instruments\MeasurementStudio70\VCNET\Examples
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Introduction to Measurement Studio
If you have not previously installed Measurement Studio for
Windows 2000/XP, Version 7.0, the example programs are installed
to the following directory:
–
Visual Basic .NET or Visual C#—Program Files\National
Instruments\MeasurementStudioVS2003\DotNET\
Examples
–
Visual C++ .NET—Program Files\National
Instruments\MeasurementStudioVS2003\VCNET\
Examples
•
•
NI Technical Support—Refer to Appendix A, Technical Support and
Professional Services, for more information.
Measurement Studio Web site, ni.com/mstudio—Contains
Measurement Studio news, support, downloads, and evaluation
software.
•
•
NI Developer Zone, ni.com/devzone—Provides access to online
example programs, tutorials, technical news, and a Developer
Exchange where you can participate in discussion forums for Visual
Basic, Visual C++, and Visual Studio .NET.
Measurement Studio .NET Class Hierarchy Chart and Measurement
Studio Visual C++ Class Hierarchy Chart—Provide overviews of
class relationships within class libraries. Charts are included with all
Measurement Studio packages and are posted online under the Product
Manuals section of ni.com/mstudio.
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2
Measurement Studio .NET Class
Libraries
This chapter provides overview information about the .NET class libraries
included with Measurement Studio. Refer to the Using the Measurement
Studio .NET Class Libraries section of the NI Measurement Studio Help for
detailed information about these libraries.
Measurement Studio .NET Class Libraries Overview
Measurement Studio provides .NET class libraries that you can use to
develop complete measurement and automation applications in Visual
Basic .NET and Visual C#.
Measurement Studio includes the following .NET class libraries:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Analysis
Common
NI-488.2
NI-DAQmx
NI-VISA
User Interface
Refer to the following sections for information about each Measurement
Studio .NET class library.
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Chapter 2
Measurement Studio .NET Class Libraries
Analysis
The Measurement Studio Analysis .NET class library is in the
NationalInstruments.Analysisnamespace. The Analysis class
library includes a set of classes that provides various digital signal
processing, signal filtering, signal generation, peak detection, and other
general mathematical functionality. Use this library to analyze acquired
data or to generate data.
The functionality included in the Analysis library varies based on the
Measurement Studio package you purchased. Refer to the following
sections for information about the Standard, Professional, and Enterprise
Analysis class libraries.
Standard Analysis
The Standard Analysis class library, which ships with Measurement Studio
Standard Edition, includes the sawtooth, sine, square, triangle, and basic
function wave generators.
Professional Analysis
The Professional Analysis class library, which ships with Measurement
Studio Professional Edition, includes the Standard Analysis functionality
as well as the following functionality:
•
•
•
•
Bessel, Chebyshev, Inverse Chebyshev, Windowed, Kaiser, and
Elliptic Low, High, Bandpass, and Bandstop filters
Signal processing functions such as convolution, deconvolution,
correlation, decimation, integration, and differentiation
FFT, Inverse FFT, Fast Hartley, Inverse Fast Hartley, Fast Hilbert,
Inverse Fast Hilbert, and Real FFT transformations
Linear algebra functions such as determinant, check positive
definiteness, calculate dot product, and other various matrix methods
•
•
Scaled and unscaled windowing classes
Common statistical functions such as mean, median, mode,
and variance
•
•
Exponential, linear, and polynomial curve fitting functions
Signal generation functions
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Measurement Studio .NET Class Libraries
Enterprise Analysis
The Enterprise Analysis class library, which ships with Measurement
Studio Enterprise Edition, includes the Standard and Professional Analysis
functionality as well as the following advanced functionality:
•
EquiRipple filters
•
Linear algebra functions such as forward and back substitution,
LU factorization, and Cholesky factorization
•
•
•
Probability and analysis of variance
Sinc, impulse, pulse, ramp, and chirp patterns
General least square curve fit and interpolation functions
Tip For more information about analyzing or generating data with the Analysis class
library, refer to the Using the Measurement Studio Analysis .NET Library topic in the
NI Measurement Studio Help.
Common
The Measurement Studio Common .NET class library is in the
NationalInstrumentsnamespace. The Common class library provides
a set of classes that facilitates the exchange of data between the acquisition,
analysis, and user interface portions of your application. The Common
class library includes the following features:
•
A ComplexDoubledata type. This data type represents a complex
number of type Double that is composed of a real part and an
imaginary part.
•
•
A DataConverterclass that converts data from one data type to
another data type.
An EngineeringFormatInfoclass that defines a custom formatter
to format numeric values with engineering notation and International
System of Units (SI) prefixes and symbols.
Tip For more detailed information about the Common class library, refer to the
NationalInstruments section in the NI Measurement Studio Help.
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Chapter 2
Measurement Studio .NET Class Libraries
NI-488.2
The Measurement Studio NI-488.2 .NET class library is in the
NationalInstruments.NI4882namespace. This class library is included
on the Device Drivers CD. The NI-488.2 class library includes a set of
classes that communicates with GPIB instruments, controls GPIB boards,
and acquires GPIB status information. Use this library to design code that
communicates with and controls instruments on a GPIB interface. Use the
classes in the NI-488.2 class library to perform the following operations:
•
•
Configure and communicate with GPIB instruments and boards.
Perform I/O operations using the Deviceand Boardclasses.
Tip For information about easily creating a Measurement Studio NI-488.2 application
using the Instrument I/O Assistant, refer to the Creating a Measurement Studio NI-488.2
or NI-VISA Application section of Chapter 4, Developing with Measurement Studio. For
more information about GPIB, visit ni.com/gpib.
NI-DAQmx
The Measurement Studio NI-DAQmx .NET class library is in the
NationalInstruments.DAQmxnamespace. This class library is
included on the Device Drivers CD. Use the NI-DAQmx class library to
communicate with and control NI data acquisition (DAQ) devices.
Note Some DAQ devices are not currently supported by the NI-DAQmx driver. Refer
to the NI-DAQ Readme for a complete listing of supported hardware.
Use the NI-DAQmx class library to perform the following types of tasks:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Analog signal measurement
Analog signal generation
Digital I/O
Pulse generation
Signal switching
refer to the Creating a Measurement Studio DAQ Application section of Chapter 4,
Developing with Measurement Studio. For more information about DAQ, visit
ni.com/daq.
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Measurement Studio .NET Class Libraries
NI-VISA
The Measurement Studio NI-VISA .NET class library is in the
NationalInstruments.VisaNSnamespace. The NI-VISA class library
includes a set of classes that provides a rich, object-oriented interface to the
NI-VISA driver. Use this library to quickly create bus-independent and/or
bus-specific instrument control applications.
The NI-VISA class library supports I/O operations, locking, event
handling, and interface-specific extensions. With this class library you can
access the functionality available in NI-VISA for communicating with
message-based and register-based instruments using the following
interfaces:
•
•
•
•
•
•
GPIB
PXI
Serial (RS-232 and RS-485)
TCP/IP
USB
VXI
Tip For information about easily creating a Measurement Studio NI-VISA application
using the Instrument I/O Assistant, refer to the Creating a Measurement Studio NI-488.2
or NI-VISA Application section of Chapter 4, Developing with Measurement Studio. For
more information about NI-VISA, visit ni.com/visa.
User Interface
The Measurement Studio User Interface .NET class library is in the
NationalInstruments.UI.WindowsFormsnamespace. The User
Interface class library encapsulates the following Measurement Studio user
interface controls:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Waveform graph
Scatter graph
Legend
Knob
Gauge
Meter
Slide
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Chapter 2
Measurement Studio .NET Class Libraries
•
•
•
•
•
Thermometer
Tank
Numeric edit
Switch
LED
Use this class library to add measurement-specific user interface controls
to your application. Configure the controls programmatically or through
the Properties window in the Windows Forms Designer. The following
sections describe each of the Measurement Studio user interface controls.
Tip For more information about easily using the .NET interface controls, refer to
NI Measurement Studio Help.
Waveform Graph and Scatter Graph Controls
Use the Measurement Studio waveform graph and scatter graph controls,
as shown in Figure 2-1, to display two-dimensional data on a Windows
Forms user interface. Use the waveform graph to display data that is
uniformly spaced in one dimension. Use the scatter graph to display data
that is arbitrarily spaced in two dimensions.
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Figure 2-1. Waveform Graph with Cursors and Scatter Graph with XY Point
Annotation; Both Graphs Have Corresponding Legends
With the waveform graph and scatter graph controls and the classes that
interface with the controls, you can perform the following operations:
•
•
Plot and chart data.
Configure a graph to contain multiple plots to show separate but
related data on the same graph.
•
Configure a graph to include multiple axes or independent ranges so
that plot data fits the graph plot area.
•
•
Draw lines or fills from a plot to an X value, Y value, or plot.
Specify plots in the scatter graph control as X and Y data. Specify plots
in the waveform graph control as X or Y data and optionally with date
and time scaling.
•
•
Specify anti-aliased plots for plot lines.
Use plot data tooltips to display X and Y coordinates when a user
hovers the mouse over a data point.
•
•
Use cursors to identify key points in plots and the plot area.
Configure cursor snap modes to be fixed, floating, nearest point,
and to plot.
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•
•
Use cursor labels to display X and Y data coordinates that the cursor
crosshair points to, and customize the text font and colors of the label.
Use the extensible plot and plot area drawing capabilities and events to
customize the graph appearance.
•
•
•
Create custom point and line styles for plots and cursors.
Pan and zoom interactively.
Configure the axis modes to exact or loose autoscaling, fixed, strip
chart, or scope chart.
•
•
•
Configure major, minor, and custom divisions.
Use logarithmic axes with configurable bases.
Configure text labels, arrows, and drawing shapes to annotate a point
anywhere in the plot area of the graph.
•
•
Configure range area, text labels, and arrows to annotate a range in the
plot area of the graph.
Copy the graph as a BMP, GIF, JPEG, or PNG image, and paste it to
the clipboard or a file.
Tip For more information about using the waveform and scatter graph controls, refer to
the Using the Measurement Studio Graph .NET Controls section in the NI Measurement
Studio Help.
Legend Control
Use the Measurement Studio legend control, as shown in Figure 2-1, to
display symbols and descriptions for a specific set of elements of another
object, such as the plots or cursors of a graph. When you associate the
legend control with another object, any changes you make to that object are
automatically reflected in the legend. For example, if you associate the
legend control with the plots of a graph, any changes you make in the plots
collection editor are automatically reflected in the legend.
Tip For more information about using the legend control, refer to the Using the
Measurement Studio Legend .NET Control section in the NI Measurement Studio Help.
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Numeric Controls
Use the Measurement Studio numeric controls to display numerical
instruments. The numeric controls include a knob, gauge, meter, slide,
thermometer, and tank. The following sections describe operations
available with the controls and the classes that interface with them.
Use the Measurement Studio knob, gauge, and meter controls, as shown in
Figure 2-2, to represent a knob, gauge, and meter on your user interface.
Figure 2-2. Knob, Gauge, and Meter Controls
With the knob, gauge, and meter controls and the classes that interface with
the controls, you can perform the following operations:
•
the Properties Window.
•
Use automatic division spacing and custom divisions, and invert the
scale to counter-clockwise.
Use the Measurement Studio slide, tank, and thermometer controls, as
shown in Figure 2-3, to represent a slide, tank, and thermometer on your
interface.
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Figure 2-3. Slide, Tank, and Thermometer Controls
With the slide, tank, and thermometer controls and the classes that interface
with them, you can perform the following operations:
•
•
Fill the minimum or maximum value of the scale.
Position the scale horizontally with left, right, or both and position the
scale vertically with top, bottom, or both.
With all of the numeric controls and the classes that interface with them,
you can perform the following operations:
•
Configure the scale to be linear or logarithmic and toggle the visibility
of the scale.
•
•
Bind the value to a .NET data source using .NET data binding.
Connect to the Measurement Studio .NET numeric edit control so that
if you change the value of one control, it changes the value of the other
control.
•
•
Customize the appearance of the control using 3D lab styles or classic
2D styles and change the color and length of ticks and labels.
Configure the format of value labels to engineering or date/time.
Tip For more information about using the knob, gauge, meter, slide, tank, or thermometer
controls, refer to the Knob, Gauge, Meter, Slide, Tank, or Thermometer Class sections in
the NI Measurement Studio Help.
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Numeric Edit Control
Use the Measurement Studio numeric edit control, as shown in Figure 2-4,
to display numeric values and to provide a way by which end users can edit
numeric values. Typically, you use a numeric edit control to input or
display doublenumerical data instead of using a Windows Forms
TextBox or NumericUpDown control.
Figure 2-4. Numeric Edit Control in Engineering Format Mode
With the numeric edit control and the classes that interface with the control
you can perform the following operations:
•
•
•
•
Use up/down buttons for easy incrementing and decrementing.
Perform range checking.
Set the range to infinite maximums and minimums.
Create custom formats or use built-in numeric formats including
generic, engineering, and simple double.
•
•
Connect to a numeric control so that if you change the value of
one control, it changes the value of the other control.
Set the coercion mode property to discrete or continuous values. This
configures the control to allow entry or display of either a discrete set
of values or any value.
•
•
Set the interaction mode to keyboard and mouse, keyboard only,
mouse only, or none.
Use the edit box to select text programmatically and to validate text
values.
Tip For more information about using the numeric edit control, refer to the NumericEdit
Class section in the NI Measurement Studio Help.
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Switch and LED Controls
Use the Measurement Studio switch and LED controls as Boolean controls
on a Windows Forms user interface. You typically use a switch control,
as shown in Figure 2-5, to receive and control Boolean input on an
application user interface.
Figure 2-5. Switch Control in Vertical Toggle 3D Style
You typically use an LED control, as shown in Figure 2-6, to indicate a
Boolean value on an application user interface.
Figure 2-6. LED Control in Square 3D Style
With the switch and LED controls and the classes that interface with the
controls, you can perform the following operations:
•
•
Receive notification before or after the state of the control changes.
Configure how the control behaves when you click it with the mouse
or press the spacebar when the control has focus.
•
•
•
Configure the appearance of the control.
Make the control background transparent.
Configure the LED control to blink while it is on or off and configure
the rate at which the LED control blinks.
Tip For more information about using the switch and LED controls, refer to the Using
the Measurement Studio Switch and LED .NET Controls section in the NI Measurement
Studio Help.
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3
Measurement Studio Visual C++
Class Libraries
This chapter provides overview information about the Visual C++ class
libraries that are available with Measurement Studio. Refer to the Using
the Measurement Studio Visual C++ Class Libraries section of the
NI Measurement Studio Help for detailed information about these libraries.
Measurement Studio Visual C++ Class Libraries
Overview
Measurement Studio provides libraries of MFC-based classes that you can
use to develop complete measurement and automation applications in
Visual C++.
Measurement Studio includes the following Visual C++ class libraries:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
3D Graph
Analysis
Common
Instrument Drivers
LabVIEW Real-Time Interface
Microsoft Excel Interface
Microsoft Word Interface
NI-488.2
NI-DAQmx
NI-Reports
NI-VISA
User Interface
Utility
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ActiveX Controls in Visual C++
ActiveX controls are specialized COM servers that implement a specific set
of interfaces. The Measurement Studio Visual C++ button, graph, knob,
numeric edit, slide, and 3D Graph are ActiveX controls. Measurement
Studio includes classes that provide native C++ interfaces to the ActiveX
controls. For example, the CNiGraphclass provides an interface to the
CWGraph ActiveX graph control.
The Measurement Studio classes that provide interfaces to the
Measurement Studio ActiveX controls simplify using ActiveX controls in
Visual C++ interfaces and programs. The features that simplify this process
include overloaded functions, the ability to call the control from any thread,
3D Graph Control
Use the Measurement Studio ActiveX 3D graph control, as shown in
Figure 3-1, to plot three-dimensional data. The 3D graph is included only
in the Measurement Studio Enterprise package.
Figure 3-1. ActiveX 3D Graph Control
With the Measurement Studio ActiveX 3D graph control and the classes
that interface with the control, you can perform the following operations:
•
Plot three-dimensional data, including curves and surfaces.
Configure the control to render directly to OpenGL-enabled hardware
accelerator cards.
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•
•
•
•
Bind the control to a DataSocket Server to enable automatic read and
write functionality.
Use multiple plot styles—point-line, line-point, hidden-line, contour,
surface, surface-line, surface-contour, and surface-normal.
Create multiple plots with individual properties, such as name, line and
point style, width, and base value.
Configure the axes using customizable ticks, labels, value pairs,
and captions.
•
•
•
•
•
Use legends and plane projections.
Use cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems.
Customize the control using color maps, transparency, and lighting.
Display in orthographic and perspective views.
Use built-in format styles for labels including scientific, symbolic
engineering, scaling, time, and date.
•
Rotate, pan, and zoom interactively.
Tip For information about easily creating graphs with the 3D graph control library,
refer to the 3D Graph Visual C++ Class Library Overview topic in the NI Measurement
Studio Help.
Analysis
The Measurement Studio Analysis Visual C++ class library includes a set
of classes that provides various digital signal processing, signal filtering,
signal generation, peak detection, and other general mathematical
functionality. Use the Analysis Visual C++ class library to analyze
acquired data or to generate data.
The functionality included in the Analysis library varies based on the
Measurement Studio package you purchased. Refer to the following
sections for information about the Standard, Professional, and Enterprise
Analysis class libraries.
Standard Analysis
The Standard Analysis class library, which ships with Measurement Studio
Standard Edition, includes the sawtooth, sine, square, triangle, and basic
function wave generators.
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Professional Analysis
The Professional Analysis class library, which ships with Measurement
Studio Professional Edition, includes the Standard Analysis functionality
as well as the following functionality:
•
•
•
•
Bessel, Chebyshev, Inverse Chebyshev, Windowed Kaiser, and Elliptic
Low, High, Bandpass, and Bandstop filters
Signal processing functions such as convolution, deconvolution,
correlation, decimation, integration, and differentiation
FFT, Inverse FFT, Fast Hartley, Inverse Fast Hartley, Fast Hilbert,
Inverse Fast Hilbert, and Real FFT transformations
Linear algebra functions such as determinant, check positive
definiteness, calculate dot product, and other various matrix methods
•
•
Scaled and unscaled windowing classes
Common statistical functions such as mean, median, mode,
and variance
•
•
Exponential, linear, and polynomial curve fitting functions
Signal generation functions
Enterprise Analysis
The Enterprise Analysis class library, which ships with Measurement
Studio Enterprise Edition, includes the Standard and Professional Analysis
functionality as well as the following advanced functionality:
•
EquiRipple filters
•
Linear algebra functions such as forward and back substitution,
LU factorization, and Cholesky factorization
•
•
•
Probability and analysis of variance
Sinc, impulse, pulse, ramp, and chirp patterns
General least square curve fit and interpolation functions
Tip For more information about analyzing or generating data with the Analysis class
library, refer to the Analysis Visual C++ Class Library Overview topic in the
NI Measurement Studio Help.
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Common
The Measurement Studio Common Visual C++ class library provides data
types and classes that other Measurement Studio Visual C++ class libraries
use. The classes that are implemented natively in Visual C++ include the
CNiVectorand CNiMatrixclasses.
The Common class library includes the following data types:
• CNiScalarVector—Implements a vector object that contains scalar
numbers.
• CNiScalarMatrix—Implements a matrix object that contains scalar
numbers.
• CNiString—Extends the MFC CStringclass with streaming
operators for a variety of data types and with various other string
manipulation functions.
• CNiVariant—Extends the MFC COleVariantclass with additional
constructors and assignment operators for CNiComplex-,
CNiVector-, and CNiMatrix-derived objects and with cast operators
to convert CNiVariantobjects to a variety of other object types.
• CNiException—Extends the MFC CExceptionclass and serves as
the base class for many Measurement Studio exceptions.
• CNiRegKey—Encapsulates the interface to the Windows registry. Use
this class and related classes to open and create keys, get keys, and get
values associated with those keys.
Tip For more detailed information about the Common class library, refer to the Common
Visual C++ Class Library Overview topic in the NI Measurement Studio Help.
Instrument Drivers
Measurement Studio includes a set of class libraries that provides
Visual C++ classes that you can use to program instruments, such as digital
multimeters and oscilloscopes. These Visual C++ classes provide native
C++ interfaces to ANSI C DLL-based Interchangeable Virtual Instrument
(IVI) drivers. Each Measurement Studio instrument driver class library
includes a set of Visual C++ classes that interfaces to a single IVI driver.
The Measurement Studio Visual C++ classes provide enhancements to the
ANSI C interface, such as automatic data type translation and organization
of properties and methods into a logical hierarchy.
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IVI drivers are divided into two main categories—class drivers and specific
drivers. Each class driver provides a consistent interface to a particular type
of device. Measurement Studio includes the following class driver class
libraries:
• IviDcPwr—Provides an interface to the IVI DC power supply class
driver. CNiIviDcPwris the top-level class of this class library.
• IviDmm—Provides an interface to the IVI DMM class driver.
CNiIviDmmis the top-level class of this class library.
• IviFgen—Provides an interface to the IVI arbitrary waveform
generator class driver. CNiIviFgenis the top-level class of this class
library.
• IviScope—Provides an interface to the IVI oscilloscope class driver.
CNiIviScopeis the top-level class of this class library.
• IviSwitch—Provides an interface to the IVI switch class driver.
CNiIviSwtchis the top-level class of this class library.
Each specific driver provides an interface to a particular device, such
as the NI-DMM modular instrument. National Instruments provides
Measurement Studio Visual C++ instrument driver class libraries for
the National Instruments PXI modular instruments and for many
third-party vendor instruments. You can download the Measurement Studio
Visual C++ instrument driver class libraries from ni.com/idnet.
Tip For more information on using instrument drivers, refer to the Using Instrument
Drivers in Measurement Studio Applications section in the NI Measurement Studio Help.
LabVIEW Real-Time Interface
Use the Measurement Studio LabVIEW Real-Time Interface Visual C++
class library to read from and write to shared memory on a LabVIEW RT
Series processor board. Use shared memory to pass data between
LabVIEW RT VIs and your application. Use this class library both from
an application that runs on the host machine and from a DLL that you
download to the board.
Note The LabVIEW RT DLLs you create with the Measurement Studio LabVIEW RT
Interface Visual C++ class library work only with the LabVIEW Real-Time Module
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Tip For more information on using the LabVIEW Real-Time Module, refer to the
LabVIEW Real-Time Interface Visual C++ Class Library Overview topic in the
NI Measurement Studio Help. For more information about the LabVIEW Real-Time
Module, visit ni.com/labviewrt.
Microsoft Excel Interface
Use the Measurement Studio Excel Visual C++ class library to
automatically create Excel spreadsheets and charts from within
measurement and automation applications. Use the Microsoft Excel
Interface class library to perform offline processing of the measurement
and automation data you acquire and analyze using other Measurement
Studio Visual C++ classes. This class library is included only in the
Measurement Studio Enterprise package.
Tip For more information about using the Measurement Studio Excel Visual C++ class
library to create applications that present data in Microsoft Excel format, refer to the
Microsoft Excel Interface Visual C++ Class Library Overview topic in the
NI Measurement Studio Help.
Microsoft Word Interface
Use the Measurement Studio Microsoft Word Interface Visual C++ class
library to automatically create Word documents from within measurement
and automation applications. Use the Microsoft Word Interface class
library to perform offline processing of the measurement and automation
data you acquire and analyze using other Measurement Studio Visual C++
classes. This class library is included only in the Measurement Studio
Enterprise package.
Tip For more information about using the Measurement Studio Word Visual C++
class library to create applications that present data in Microsoft Word, refer to the
Microsoft Word Interface Visual C++ Class Library Overview topic in the
NI Measurement Studio Help.
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NI-488.2
Use the Measurement Studio NI-488.2 Visual C++ class library to
communicate with and control instruments on a GPIB interface.
Use the classes in this library to perform the following operations:
•
•
•
Perform I/O with GPIB instruments and boards.
Configure GPIB instruments and boards.
Perform event handling for GPIB instruments and boards.
with a device that is using GPIB and/or programs that interface with the
GPIB board directly.
Tip For information about easily creating a Measurement Studio NI-488.2 application
using the Instrument I/O Assistant, refer to the Creating a Measurement Studio NI-488.2
or NI-VISA Application section of Chapter 4, Developing with Measurement Studio. For
more information about GPIB, visit ni.com/gpib.
NI-DAQmx
Use the Measurement Studio NI-DAQmx Visual C++ class library to
communicate with and control an NI data acquisition (DAQ) device.
Note Some DAQ devices are not currently supported by the NI-DAQmx driver. Refer to
the NI-DAQ Readme for a complete listing of supported hardware.
Use the NI-DAQmx class library to perform the following types of tasks:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Analog signal measurement
Analog signal generation
Digital I/O
Pulse generation
Signal switching
Tip For information about easily creating a DAQ application using the NI DAQ Assistant,
Developing with Measurement Studio. For more information about DAQ, visit
ni.com/daq.
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NI-Reports
Use the Measurement Studio NI-Reports Visual C++ class library to
generate printed reports from Measurement Studio Visual C++
applications. This class library is included only in the Measurement Studio
Enterprise package.
Tip For more information about generating printed reports using the NI-Reports class
library, refer to the NI-Reports Visual C++ Class Library Overview topic in the
NI Measurement Studio Help.
NI-VISA
The Measurement Studio NI-VISA Visual C++ class library includes
Visual C++ classes that provide an object-oriented interface to the
NI-VISA driver. Use the NI-VISA class library to quickly create
bus-independent and/or bus-specific instrument control applications.
The NI-VISA class library supports I/O operations, locking, event
handling, and interface-specific extensions. With this class library, you
can access the functionality available in NI-VISA for communicating with
message-based and register-based instruments using the following
interfaces:
•
•
•
•
•
GPIB
PXI
Serial (RS-232 and RS-485)
TCP/IP
USB
VXI
Tip For more information about easily creating a Measurement Studio NI-VISA
application using the Instrument I/O Assistant, refer to the Creating a Measurement Studio
NI-488.2 or NI-VISA Application section of Chapter 4, Developing with Measurement
Studio. For information about NI-VISA, visit ni.com/visa.
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User Interface
Use the Measurement Studio User Interface Visual C++ class library to add
user interface controls to your application. You can configure the user
interface controls programmatically or through the property pages in the
Measurement Studio Visual C++ user interface controls.
Button Control
Use the Measurement Studio ActiveX button control, as shown in
Figure 3-2, for different Boolean displays, such as on/off or true/false.
Typically, you use buttons to input or display Boolean information or
initiate an action in a program. The CNiButtonclass provides the Visual
C++ interface to the ActiveX button control.
Figure 3-2. ActiveX Button Control
With the button control and the classes that interface with the control,
you can perform the following operations:
•
Configure how the control behaves when you click it with the mouse
or press the spacebar when the control has focus.
•
Configure how the button control appears using button styles. You can
configure the button control to appear as a push button, LED,
or switch.
•
Bind properties to a DataSocket source or target. You use binding to
read property values from a source and write property values to a
target.
Tip For more information about easily using the button control, refer to the Using the
Measurement Studio Visual C++ Button Control section in the NI Measurement
Studio Help.
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Graph Control
Use the Measurement Studio ActiveX graph control, as shown in
Figure 3-3, to plot and chart two-dimensional data. The CNiGraphclass
provides the Visual C++ interface to the ActiveX graph control.
Figure 3-3. ActiveX Graph Control
With the graph control and the classes that interface with the control, you
can perform the following operations:
•
•
Plot and chart data.
Configure a graph to contain multiple plots to show separate but
related data on the same graph.
•
•
•
Configure a graph to include multiple Y axes so that plot data fits the
graph plot area.
Use cursors and annotations to identify key points in plots and the
plot area.
Configure cursor snap modes to be fixed, floating, nearest point,
and to plot.
•
•
Pan and zoom interactively.
Use the CNiAxisclass to interface to a single axis of a graph control.
This feature allows you to modify the appearance and behavior of
the axis.
•
•
•
•
Automatically label axes with log or inverted numeric scales.
Configure the axis modes for manual scaling or autoscaling.
Configure the graph for fixed, strip, or scope charting.
Customize the graph by using ticks, labels, and value pairs.
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•
Bind properties to a DataSocket source or target. You use binding to
read property values from a source and write property values to a
target.
Tip For more information about easily using the graph control, refer to the Using the
Studio Help.
Knob Control
Use the Measurement Studio ActiveX knob control, as shown in
Figure 3-4, to display numerical information. The CNiKnobclass provides
the Visual C++ interface to the ActiveX knob control.
Figure 3-4. ActiveX Knob Control
With the knob control and the classes that interface with the control, you
can perform the following operations:
•
•
Use different display styles—dials, gauges, and meters.
Use multiple control pointers, each representing one scalar value.
A control pointer indicates the current value of the knob.
•
•
Use the CNiAxisclass to interface to a single axis of a knob control.
This feature allows you to modify the appearance and behavior of
the axis.
Automatically label axes with log or inverted numeric scales and
continuous or discrete values.
•
•
Customize the knob by using ticks, labels, and value pairs.
Bind properties to a DataSocket source or target. You use binding to
read property values from a source and write property values to a
target.
Tip For more information about easily using the knob control, refer to the Using the
Measurement Studio Visual C++ Knob Control section in the NI Measurement
Studio Help.
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Numeric Edit Control
Use the Measurement Studio ActiveX numeric edit control, as shown in
Figure 3-5, to display numeric values and provide a way by which end
users can edit numeric values. Typically, you use a numeric edit control to
input or display numerical data instead of using a text box. The
CNiNumEditclass provides the Visual C++ interface to the ActiveX
numeric edit control.
Figure 3-5. ActiveX Numeric Edit Control with Scientific Formatting
With the numeric edit control and the classes that interface with the control,
you can perform the following operations:
•
Use built-in numeric format styles, including scientific, symbolic
engineering, scaling, time, and date.
•
•
Perform range checking.
Bind properties to a DataSocket source or target. You use binding to
read property values from a source and write property values to a
target.
Tip For more information about easily using the numeric edit control, refer to the Using
the Measurement Studio Visual C++ Numeric Edit Control section in the NI Measurement
Studio Help.
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Slide Control
Use the Measurement Studio ActiveX slide control, as shown in
Figure 3-6, to display numerical data. CNiSlideis the class that provides
the Visual C++ interface to the ActiveX slide control.
Figure 3-6. ActiveX Slide Control
With the slide control and the classes that interface with the control,
you can perform the following operations:
•
Use different display styles—vertical, horizontal, tank, and
thermometer.
•
Use the CNiAxisclass to interface to a single axis of a slide control.
This ability allows you to modify the appearance and behavior of
the axis.
•
•
Use multiple control pointers, each one representing one scalar value.
Automatically label axes with log or inverted numeric scales and
continuous or discrete values.
•
•
Customize the slide by using ticks, labels, and value pairs.
Bind properties to a DataSocket source or target. You use binding to
read property values from a source and write property values to a
target.
Tip For more information about easily using the slide control, refer to the Using the
Measurement Studio Visual C++ Slide Control section in the NI Measurement Studio Help.
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Utility
Use the Measurement Studio Utility Visual C++ class library to easily
access Windows operating system functionality. Table 3-1 lists classes in
the Utility class library and their functionality.
Table 3-1. Utility Class Names and Functionalities
Utility Class
Functionality
CNiFile
CNiFileextends the MFC CStdioFileclass by adding streaming
operators for standard Visual C++ data types. In addition, a variety
of class static functions add the ability to manipulate file, path,
directory, and drive attributes.
CNiSound
CNiSoundencapsulates an interface for generating synchronous and
asynchronous tones at specific frequencies.
CNiSystem
CNiSystemprovides the following functionality:
•
•
•
Getting and setting system preferences
Displaying help files
Getting input for the keyboard
CNiSystemTrayIcon
CNiSystemTrayIconencapsulates the interface to the system tray
area that displays changes in the status of an application. The
CNiSystemTrayIconclass includes the following features:
•
•
•
•
Icons—You can place an icon in the system tray to notify the user
of changes in an application status.
String tooltips—You can associate a string tooltip with an icon
and display the tooltip when the user hovers over the icon.
Shortcut menus—You can associate a shortcut menu with an icon
and display the shortcut menu when the user right-clicks the icon.
Overridable event handling.
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Table 3-1. Utility Class Names and Functionalities (Continued)
Utility Class
Functionality
CNiTempFile
CNiTempFileextends the functionality of CNiFileto add
temporary file creation and manipulation.
CNiTimer
CNiTimerobjects use the Windows multimedia timer to generate
high-resolution, asynchronous tick events. Respond to tick events
when you want to perform an action at a discrete interval.
Additionally, you can count the tick events to calculate elapsed time.
The CNiTimerclass also contains static functions you can use to
delay for a period of time or to determine elapsed time between
two points in your program.
Tip For more information about using the Utility class library, refer to the Utility Visual
C++ Class Library Overview topic in the NI Measurement Studio Help.
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4
Developing with Measurement
Studio
When you use Measurement Studio in the Visual Studio .NET
environment, you have access to measurement and automation tools and
features for Visual Basic .NET, Visual C#, and Visual C++ .NET. These
integrated tools and features are designed to help you quickly and easily
build measurement and automation applications.
This chapter includes the following sections to help you develop
applications with Measurement Studio:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Measurement Studio Menu
Creating a New Measurement Studio Project
Creating a Measurement Studio DAQ Application
Creating a Measurement Studio NI-488.2 or NI-VISA Application
Adding or Removing Measurement Studio Class Libraries
Selecting a Measurement Studio Parameter Value
Calling Instrument Drivers from .NET Languages
These sections include overview information on developing applications
with Measurement Studio tools and features. Refer to the Developing with
Measurement Studio section of the NI Measurement Studio Help for more
information about the functionality of these tools and features.
Measurement Studio Menu
The Measurement Studio Menu provides an easy way to access the
following National Instruments resources and tools:
•
Parameter Assistant—Use the Measurement Studio Parameter
Assistant to discover and insert valid parameter values for various
Measurement Studio class libraries, such as NI-DAQ, NI-488.2,
and NI-VISA methods.
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•
•
•
•
Add/Remove Class Libraries Wizard—Use the Measurement
Studio Add/Remove Class Libraries wizard to add or remove
Measurement Studio class libraries or assemblies in existing Visual
Basic .NET, Visual C#, or Visual C++ .NET projects.
Project Conversion Wizard—Use the Project Conversion wizard to
convert Measurement Studio 1.0 and 6.0 Visual C++ projects to
the current version installed on your machine. Conversion from
7.0 projects to 7.1 projects is not necessary.
National Instruments Tools»Measurement & Automation
Explorer (MAX)—Use MAX to configure NI hardware; add new
channels, interfaces, and virtual channels; execute system diagnostics;
and view devices and instruments connected to the system.
National Instruments Tools»NI Spy—Use NI Spy to monitor,
record, and display National Instruments API calls made by instrument
connectivity applications. Use NI Spy to quickly locate and analyze
any erroneous National Instruments API calls that an application
makes and verify that the communication with an instrument is correct.
•
•
•
Developer Exchange—Use NI Developer Exchange at
ni.com/devzoneto participate in discussion forums and exchange
code with measurement and automation developers around the world.
Instrument Driver Network—Use the NI Instrument Driver
Network at ni.com/idnetas a central resource for downloading,
developing, and submitting instrument drivers.
Search Technical Support—Use NI Technical Support at
ni.com/supportto find support resources available for most
products, including software drivers and updates, a KnowledgeBase,
product manuals, step-by-step troubleshooting wizards, conformity
documentation, example code, tutorials and application notes,
instrument drivers, discussion forums, and a measurement glossary.
•
•
NI Measurement Studio Help—Use the NI Measurement Studio
Help to access detailed Measurement Studio help, including function
reference and in-depth documentation on developing with
Measurement Studio.
Additional Online Resources»Measurement Studio Home
Page—Use the Measurement Studio Web site at ni.com/mstudioto
find Measurement Studio news, support, downloads, and evaluation
software.
the online NI Measurement Encyclopedia to find information on
measurement principles, standards organizations, and a wide range of
technology and measurement terms.
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•
Preferences—Use the Measurement Studio Preferences dialog box to
configure Measurement Studio settings, such as conversion options
and add-in preferences.
•
•
Patents—Use the Patents dialog box to view information about
NI patents.
About NI Measurement Studio—Use the NI Measurement Studio
About box to view version information.
Tip For more information about the resources included in the Measurement Studio Menu,
refer to the Measurement Studio Menu topic in the NI Measurement Studio Help.
Measurement Studio includes class library and application templates that
you can use to quickly create measurement applications with Visual Basic
.NET, Visual C#, and Visual C++ .NET. Use the Visual Studio .NET New
Project dialog box, as shown in Figure 4-1, to access these templates and
create the following types of projects:
•
•
•
•
Measurement Studio Visual Basic .NET project
Measurement Studio Visual C# project
Measurement Studio Visual C++ .NET project
Measurement Studio Visual C++ project with
NI LabWindows/CVI libraries
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Figure 4-1. New Project Dialog Box
Tip For more information about using project templates to create a new Measurement
Studio project, refer to the Creating a New Measurement Studio Project section in the
NI Measurement Studio Help. For information about converting Measurement Studio
projects, refer to the Converting Measurement Studio Projects section in the
NI Measurement Studio Help.
Creating a Measurement Studio DAQ Application
To create a Measurement Studio DAQ application, use the NI DAQ
Assistant. The DAQ Assistant integrates into Visual Studio .NET as a code
designer. Use the Add New Item wizard to add a DAQ task to your project,
and use the DAQ Assistant user interface, as shown in Figure 4-2, to
interactively create and configure the DAQ task. The DAQ Assistant
automatically generates a Visual Basic .NET, Visual C#, or Visual C++
.NET class that includes the functionality you configure in the user
interface.
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The DAQ Assistant interactively assists you in performing the following
operations:
•
•
•
Creating a DAQ task class
Configuring a DAQ task class
Generating a Visual Basic .NET, Visual C#, or Visual C++ .NET class
that includes the functionality you configure in the user interface
•
•
Generating code that uses a DAQ task class
Using a DAQ task class in a project
Figure 4-2. DAQ Assistant
Tip For more information about using the DAQ Assistant to create a Measurement Studio
DAQ application, refer to the Creating a Measurement Studio DAQ Application section in
the NI Measurement Studio Help.
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Developing with Measurement Studio
Creating an NI-DAQmx User Control
You can create an NI-DAQmx .NET user control with Measurement Studio
that provides a default graphical user interface to an NI-DAQmx task. The
NI-DAQmx User Control wizard wraps a configured NI-DAQmx task class
in a user-friendly control. You can drop the generated user control from the
Visual Studio .NET Toolbox onto a form and use it just as you use any
Windows Forms control.
Tip For more information on how to create a user control, refer to the Using a DAQmx
Task Class in a Project topic of the NI Measurement Studio Help.
Application
To create a Measurement Studio NI-488.2 or NI-VISA application, use the
Instrument I/O Assistant. The Instrument I/O Assistant, as shown in
Figure 4-3, integrates into Visual Studio .NET as a code designer. Use the
Add New Item wizard to add an instrumentation task to your project, and
use the Instrument I/O Assistant user interface to create and configure the
instrumentation task. The Instrument I/O Assistant generates a Visual
Basic .NET, Visual C#, or Visual C++ .NET class that includes the
functionality you configure in the user interface. Use this assistant to help
you write code that communicates with devices such as serial, Ethernet, or
GPIB instruments.
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Figure 4-3. Instrument I/O Assistant
The Instrument I/O Assistant aids you in performing the following
operations:
•
•
Creating an instrumentation task class
Configuring an instrumentation task class to communicate with
an instrument and parse data you receive from the instrument.
Tip For more information about using the Instrument I/O Assistant to create a
Measurement Studio NI-488.2 or NI-VISA application, refer to the Creating a
Measurement Studio 488.2 or VISA Application section of the NI Measurement
Studio Help.
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Adding or Removing Measurement Studio Class
Libraries
To add or remove Measurement Studio class libraries from a project,
use the Measurement Studio Add/Remove Class Libraries wizard on the
Measurement Studio menu. This wizard provides an interface, as shown
in Figure 4-4, that you can use to select the Measurement Studio class
libraries you want to add to or remove from a project.
When you exit the wizard, the wizard adds or removes the appropriate
references to or from the project, thus adding or removing the functionality
associated with the class library.
Figure 4-4. Measurement Studio Add/Remove Class Libraries Wizard
Tip For more information about using the Add/Remove Class Libraries wizard to add or
remove Measurement Studio class libraries, refer to the Adding or Removing Measurement
Studio Class Libraries section in the NI Measurement Studio Help.
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Selecting a Measurement Studio Parameter Value
To access I/O devices or resources, you must specify string constants or
scalar values for many method parameters and property values. Use the
Measurement Studio Parameter Assistant, on the Measurement Studio
menu, to discover and insert into your code valid parameter values for
methods and various Measurement Studio class libraries, such as
NI-DAQmx, NI-488.2, and NI-VISA.
With the Parameter Assistant, you can select the correct parameter value
for a device or resource, as shown in Figure 4-5, based on your current
system configuration. Click the Insert Selected Item button on the
Parameter Assistant to insert the value into the current location in the active
source file.
Figure 4-5. Measurement Studio Parameter Assistant
Tip For more information about using the Measurement Studio Parameter Assistant to
select a parameter value, refer to the Selecting a Measurement Studio Parameter Value
section in the NI Measurement Studio Help.
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Calling Instrument Drivers from .NET Languages
To use an IVI or VXIplug&play instrument driver with a C DLL in a
Instrument Driver wizard to create .NET entry points to the C DLL
functions you need to call from your application. Use the Add New Item
wizard to select the .NET Instrument Driver Wizard.
The Measurement Studio .NET Instrument Driver wizard, as shown in
Figure 4-6, generates a .NET wrapper class for calling into IVI,
VXIplug&play, and legacy instrument drivers based on the instrument
driver function panel, header file, and an optional .subfile for IVI drivers.
The wizard can generate both Visual C# and Visual Basic .NET source
code. After completing the wizard, a new instrument driver wrapper class
is added to your project and opened in the source code editor.
Figure 4-6. Launching the Measurement Studio .NET Instrument Driver Wizard from
the Add New Item Wizard
Instrument Drivers in Measurement Studio Applications section in the NI Measurement
Studio Help.
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A
Technical Support and
Professional Services
Visit the following sections of the National Instruments Web site at
ni.comfor technical support and professional services:
•
Support—Online technical support resources at ni.com/support
include the following:
–
Self-Help Resources—For immediate answers and solutions,
visit the award-winning National Instruments Web site for
software drivers and updates, a searchable KnowledgeBase,
product manuals, step-by-step troubleshooting wizards, thousands
of example programs, tutorials, application notes, instrument
drivers, and so on.
–
Free Technical Support—All registered users receive free Basic
Service, which includes access to hundreds of Application
Engineers worldwide in the NI Developer Exchange at
ni.com/exchange. National Instruments Application Engineers
make sure every question receives an answer.
•
•
Training and Certification—Visit ni.com/trainingfor
self-paced training, eLearning virtual classrooms, interactive CDs,
and Certification program information. You also can register for
instructor-led, hands-on courses at locations around the world.
System Integration—If you have time constraints, limited in-house
technical resources, or other project challenges, NI Alliance Program
members can help. To learn more, call your local NI office or visit
ni.com/alliance.
If you searched ni.comand could not find the answers you need, contact
your local office or NI corporate headquarters. Phone numbers for our
worldwide offices are listed at the front of this manual. You also can visit
the Worldwide Offices section of ni.com/niglobalto access the branch
office Web sites, which provide up-to-date contact information, support
phone numbers, email addresses, and current events.
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Glossary
A
ActiveX
Set of Microsoft technologies for reusable software components. Formerly
called OLE.
ActiveX control
Reusable software component that adds functionality to any ActiveX
control container through exposed properties, methods, and events. The
Measurement Studio data acquisition, user interface, and analysis controls
are examples of ActiveX controls.
ActiveX control
container
Development environment that fully supports ActiveX controls and
integrates them into its own environment using COM. An ActiveX control
container enables you to specify how ActiveX controls interact with the
environment through environment properties. Visual Basic is an example
of an ActiveX control container.
analog I/O
annotate
ANSI C
API
Reading or writing data in continuously variable physical quantities,
such as voltage or current.
Adding text, arrows, or shapes to describe or highlight a point or region on
a graph.
C programming language defined by the American National Standards
Institute.
Application Programming Interface. A specification of software functions
and their input and return parameters.
assembly
A collection of one or more files that are versioned and deployed as a unit.
An assembly is the primary building block of a .NET Framework
application. All managed types and resources are contained within an
assembly and are marked either as accessible only within the assembly or
as accessible from code in other assemblies.
asynchronous
Function that begins an operation and returns control to the program prior
to the completion or termination of the operation.
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Glossary
B
button
A control used to input or display boolean information or to initiate an
action in a program.
C
channel
1. Physical—a terminal or pin at which you can measure or generate an
analog or digital signal. A single physical channel can include more than
one terminal, as in the case of a differential analog input channel or a digital
port of eight lines. The name used for a counter physical channel is an
exception because that physical channel name is not the name of the
terminal where the counter measures or generates the digital signal.
2. Virtual—a collection of property settings that can include a name, a
physical channel, input terminal connections, the type of measurement or
generation, and scaling information. You can define NI-DAQmx virtual
channels outside a task (global) or inside a task (local). Configuring virtual
channels is optional in Traditional NI-DAQ and earlier versions, but is
integral to every measurement you take in NI-DAQmx. In Traditional
NI-DAQ, you configure virtual channels in MAX. In NI-DAQmx, you can
configure virtual channels in either MAX or in a program, and you can
configure channels as part of a task or separately.
3. Switch—a switch channel represents any connection point on a switch.
It may be made up of one or more signal wires (commonly one, two, or
four), depending on the switch topology. A virtual channel cannot be
created with a switch channel. Switch channels may be used only in the
NI-DAQmx Switch functions and VIs.
chart
To append new data points to the end of an existing plot over time.
CodeBuilder
LabWindows/CVI feature that creates code based on a .uirfile to connect
your GUI to the rest of your program. This code can be compiled and run
as soon as it is created.
coercion
COM
Automatic conversion that Measurement Studio controls perform to change
the numeric representation of a data element.
Component Object Model. Microsoft specification for architecting and
developing reusable software components.
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Glossary
context-sensitive help
Help for dialog boxes, the controls in dialog boxes, and keywords in source
code that you can access with the <F1> key or a Help button, or by clicking
the link that appears in the Dynamic Help window in Visual Studio .NET.
control
1. ActiveX control. See ActiveX control.
2. Object for entering, displaying, or manipulating data on a user interface.
counter/timer I/O
Reading or writing data based on high-precision timing through a counter or
timer. By combining a counter with a highly accurate clock, you can create
a wide variety of timing and counting applications, such as monitoring and
analyzing digital waveforms and generating complex square waves.
cursor
Flashing rectangle that shows where you may enter text on the screen. If
you have a mouse installed, there is a rectangular mouse cursor, or pointer.
cursor label
Text object used to display X and Y coordinates that a cursor crosshair
points to on a graph.
D
DAQ
Data acquisition. Process of acquiring data, typically from A/D or digital
input plug-in boards.
DAQ Assistant
DAQ device
A graphical interface for configuring measurement tasks, channels, and
scales.
A device that acquires or generates data and can contain multiple channels
and conversion devices. DAQ devices include plug-in devices, PCMCIA
cards, and DAQPad devices, which connect to a computer USB or 1394
(FireWire) port. SCXI modules are considered DAQ devices.
DataSocket
Technology that simplifies live data exchange between applications and
HTTP, FTP, OPC, logos (Lookout objects) and file servers over the Internet.
protocols.
device
An instrument or controller you can access as a single entity that controls
or monitors real-world I/O points. A device is often connected to a host
computer through some type of communication network. See also DAQ
device and measurement device.
digital I/O
Reading or writing digital representations of data in discrete units
(the binary digits 1 and 0). Digital information is either on or off.
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Glossary
distribution
DLL
Ability to install programs you develop with Measurement Studio to others
working on different computers.
Dynamic Link Library. A library of functions that link to a program and
load at run time rather than being compiled into the program. Loading
DMM
driver
DSTP
Digital Multimeter. A common measurement instrument that measures
resistance, current, and voltage in a wide variety of applications.
Software that controls a specific hardware device, such as a data acquisition
board or GPIB interface board. See also instrument driver.
DataSocket Transfer Protocol. Protocol based on TCP/IP to exchange data
directly between two applications using DataSocket clients. Data is passed
through a DataSocket Server between the applications.
E
Ethernet
Standard connection type for networks, where computers are connected by
coaxial or twisted-pair cable.
event
Object-generated response to some action or change in state, such as a
mouse click or a completed acquisition. The event calls an event procedure
that processes the event.
executable
Program file with a .exeextension that you can run independently of the
development environment in which it was created.
F
form
Window or area on the screen on which you place controls and indicators
to create the user interface for your program.
front panel
FTP
Interactive user interface of a virtual instrument. Modeled after the front
panel of physical instruments, it is composed of switches, slides, meters,
graphs, charts, gauges, LEDs, and other controls and indicators.
File Transfer Protocol. Protocol based on TCP/IP to exchange files between
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Glossary
G
gauge
A control used to input or display numerical data.
GPIB
General Purpose Interface Bus. The standard bus used for controlling
electronic instruments with a computer. Also called IEEE 488 bus because
it is defined by ANSI/IEEE Standards 488-1978, 488.1-1987, and
488.2-1987.
graph
A 2D or 3D display of one or more plots.
H
HTTP
HyperText Transfer Protocol. Protocol based on TCP/IP, which is used to
I
IEEE 488
Shortened notation for ANSI/IEEE Standards 488-1978, 488.1-1987,
and 488.2-1987. See also GPIB.
IMAQ Vision
National Instruments image acquisition and analysis software that you
can use to acquire images from National Instruments image acquisition
(IMAQ) boards, display them in your program, perform interactive viewer
operations, and analyze the images to extract information.
indicator
installer
A control in read-only mode.
Software program that copies program, system, and other necessary files to
computers.
instrument driver
Library of functions to control and use one specific physical instrument.
Also a set of functions that adds specific functionality to an application.
Instrument I/O
Assistant
Assists in writing code to communicate with devices such as serial,
Ethernet, or GPIB instruments. The Instrument I/O Assistant provides a
user interface within the Visual Studio .NET environment. You use the
Instrument I/O Assistant to interactively write commands to a device, read
data that the device returns, and specify how to parse the response.
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Glossary
interface
Connection between one or more of the following: hardware, software, and
the user. For example, hardware interfaces connect two other pieces of
hardware.
IVI
Interchangeable Virtual Instruments. A technology involving standard
programming interfaces for classes of instruments, such as oscilloscopes,
DMMs, and function generators, that results in hardware-independent
instrument drivers. The IVI standard programming interfaces have been
defined by the IVI Foundation, an industry consortium. Visit
K
knob
A control used to input or display numerical data.
L
LabVIEW
Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench. Graphical
development environment used for developing test and measurement
applications.
LabWindows/CVI
LED
ANSI C development environment for building test and measurement
applications.
Light-Emitting Diode. An indicator that emits a light when current passes
through it. For example, an LED shows if your computer or printer is
turned on.
legend
A control that displays symbols and descriptions for a specific set of
elements of another object, such as the plots or cursors of a graph.
M
matrix
A rectangular array of numbers or mathematical elements that represent the
coefficients in a system of linear equations.
MB
Megabytes of memory.
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Glossary
Measurement &
Automation Explorer
(MAX)
National Instruments tool for configuring your National Instruments
hardware and driver software; executing system diagnostics; adding new
devices, interfaces, and virtual channels; and viewing devices and
instruments connected to your system.
measurement device
Measurement Studio
DAQ devices such as the E Series multifunction I/O (MIO) devices,
SCXI signal conditioning modules, and switch modules.
National Instruments software that includes tools to build measurement
applications in Visual Basic .NET, Visual C#, and Visual C++ .NET.
meter
A control used to input or display numerical data.
method
Function that performs a specific action on or with an object. The operation
of the method often depends on the values of the object properties.
MFC
Microsoft Foundation Class. A framework for programming in Microsoft
Windows, MFC provides code for managing windows, menus, and dialog
boxes; performing basic input/output; storing collections of data objects,
and more.
N
NI-488.2
Driver-level software to control and communicate with National
Instruments GPIB hardware.
NI-DAQ
Driver-level software to control and communicate with DAQ hardware.
NI-DAQ is an extensive library of VIs and functions you can call from an
application development environment (ADE) to program all the features of
an NI measurement device, such as configuring, acquiring and generating
data from, and sending data to the device.
NI-DAQmx
The latest NI-DAQ driver with new VIs, functions, and development tools
for controlling measurement devices. The advantages of NI-DAQmx over
earlier versions of NI-DAQ include the DAQ Assistant for configuring
channels and measurement tasks for your device for use in LabVIEW,
LabWindows/CVI, and Measurement Studio; increased performance such
as faster single-point analog I/O; and a simpler API for creating DAQ
applications using fewer functions and VIs than earlier versions of
NI-DAQ.
NI-IMAQ
Driver-level software to control and communicate with National
Instruments image acquisition hardware.
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Glossary
numeric edit control
A control used to display and edit numeric values.
O
OCX
OLE Control eXtension. Another name for ActiveX controls, reflected by
the .ocxfile extension of ActiveX control files.
OLE
OPC
Object Linking and Embedding. See ActiveX.
OLE for Process Control. An industry standard based on ActiveX and COM
technologies that enables you to create a single client application that can
communicate with disparate devices. Visit www.opcfoundation.org
.
oscilloscope
Measurement instrument widely used in high-speed testing applications,
such as telecommunication physical layer testing, video testing, and
high-speed digital design verification.
P
PCI
Peripheral Component Interconnect. High-performance expansion bus
architecture commonly found in PCs.
PID
plot
Proportional-Integral-Derivative. A three-term control mechanism
combining proportional, integral, and derivative control. You might use a
PID algorithm to control processes such as heating and cooling systems,
fluid level monitoring, flow control, and pressure control.
1. Trace (data line) on a graph representing the data in one row or column
of an array.
2. To display a new set of data while deleting any previous data on the
graph.
point
Structure that contains two 16-bit integers that represent horizontal and
vertical coordinates.
property
Attribute that defines the appearance or state of an object. The property can
be a specific value or another object with its own properties and methods.
For example, a value property is the color (property) of a plot (object),
while an object property is a specific Y axis (property) on a graph (object).
The Y axis itself is another object with properties, such as minimum and
maximum values.
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Glossary
property pages
PXI
Window or dialog box that displays current configuration information and
allows users to modify the configuration.
PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation. Rugged, open platform for modular
instrumentation with specialized mechanical, electrical, and software
R
range
Region between the limits within which a quantity is measured, received,
or transmitted. The range is expressed by stating the lower and upper range
values.
S
scalar
Number that a point on a scale can represent. The number is a single value
as opposed to an array.
scale
a series of marks or points at known intervals to denote units of measure.
scatter graph
A control that displays two-dimensional data on a Windows Forms user
interface; displays a graph of X and Y data pairs.
scope
serial
See oscilloscope.
Standard serial bus on a computer used to communicate with instruments.
Also known as RS-232.
slide
A control used to input or display numerical data.
Moveable part of a slide control.
slider
switch
A control used to receive and control boolean input in an application user
interface.
synchronous
Property or operation that begins and returns control to the program only
when the operation is complete.
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Glossary
T
tank
A control used to input or display numerical data.
task
NI-DAQmx—a set of channels and the channel configurations, timing, and
triggering, and other details that define a measurement or generation you
want to perform.
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. A standard format for
transferring data in packets from one computer to another. The two parts of
TCP/IP are TCP, which deals with the construction of data pockets, and IP,
which routes them from computer to computer.
TestStand
Ready-to-run test executive from National Instruments for organizing,
controlling, and executing your automated prototype, validation, or
manufacturing test systems.
thermometer
A control used to input or display numerical data.
U
UI
User Interface.
1D array.
V
vector
virtual instrument (VI)
Program in Measurement Studio that models the appearance and function
of a physical instrument.
VISA
Driver-software architecture developed by National Instruments to unify
instrumentation software for serial, GPIB, and VXI instruments or
controllers. It has been accepted as a standard for VXI by the
VXIplug&play Systems Alliance.
VXI
VME eXtension for Instrumentation. Instrumentation architecture and bus
based on the VME standard. Used in high-end test applications.
W
waveform graph
A control that displays two-dimensional data on a Windows Forms user
interface; displays data that is uniformly spaced in one dimension.
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Index
A
ActiveX controls in Visual C++, 3-2
adding or removing Measurement Studio class
libraries, 4-8
DAQ Assistant, 4-4
Analysis
data acquisition (DAQ), 2-4, 3-8
developing with Measurement Studio, 4-1
diagnostic tools (NI resources), A-1
distribution requirements, 1-2
documentation
.NET class library, 2-2
Enterprise Analysis, 2-3
Professional Analysis, 2-2
Standard Analysis, 2-2
Visual C++ class library, 3-3
Professional Analysis, 3-4
Standard Analysis, 3-3
conventions used in manual, viii
NI resources, A-1
drivers (NI resources), A-1
B
button control, 3-10
C
calling Instrument Drivers from .NET
languages, 4-10
gauge control, 2-9
graph control
3D, 3-2
class driver class libraries
IviDcPwr, 3-6
IviDmm, 3-6
IviFgen, 3-6
IviScope, 3-6
IviSwitch, 3-6
Common
Visual C++ class library, 3-5
conventions used in the manual, viii
creating
help
NI Measurement Studio Help, 1-5
technical support, A-1
how to use this manual, vii
Measurement Studio DAQ application, 4-4
Measurement Studio NI-488.2 or NI-VISA
application, 4-6
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Index
I
installation
optional, 1-1
requirements, 1-1
National Instruments support and services,
A-1
.NET class libraries
instrument driver wizard, .NET, 4-10
instrument drivers (NI resources), A-1
Instrument Drivers Visual C++ class library,
3-5
Analysis, 2-2
Common, 2-3
NI-488.2, 2-4
Instrument I/O Assistant, 4-6
NI-DAQmx, 2-4
NI-VISA, 2-5
overview, 2-1
User Interface, 2-5
K
knob
.NET control, 2-9
distribution requirements, 1-2
NI DAQ Assistant, 4-4
NI Developer Exchange, 4-2
NI Instrument Driver Network, 4-2
NI Measurement Encyclopedia, 4-2
NI Spy, 4-2
L
LabVIEW Real-Time Interface Visual C++
class library, 3-6
NI support and services, A-1
NI-488.2
LED control, 2-12
creating a 488.2 application, 4-6
.NET class library, 2-4
Visual C++ class library, 3-8
NI-DAQmx
creating a DAQ application, 4-4
.NET class library, 2-4
Visual C++ class library, 3-8
NI-Reports Visual C++ class library, 3-9
NI-VISA
legend control, 2-8
M
Measurement & Automation Explorer
(MAX), 4-2
Measurement Studio
developing with, 4-1
home page, 4-2
Menu, 4-1
package comparison chart, 1-4
Preferences, 4-3
resources, 1-5
creating a VISA application, 4-6
.NET class library, 2-5
Visual C++ class library, 3-9
numeric controls, 2-9
numeric edit
meter control, 2-9
.NET control, 2-11
Microsoft Excel Interface Visual C++ class
library, 3-7
Visual C++ control, 3-13
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Index
O
U
overview
User Interface
.NET class library, 2-5
Visual C++ class libraries, 3-1
gauge, 2-9
knob, 2-9
LED, 2-12
legend, 2-8
meter, 2-9
numeric edit, 2-11
scatter graph, 2-6
slide, 2-10
P
Parameter Assistant, 4-9
programming examples (NI resources), A-1
project templates, 4-3
switch, 2-12
tank, 2-10
thermometer, 2-10
waveform graph, 2-6
Visual C++ class library, 3-10
button, 3-10
R
requirements
distribution, 1-2
installation, 1-1
graph, 3-11
knob, 3-12
numeric edit, 3-13
slide, 3-14
S
scatter graph control, 2-6
selecting a Measurement Studio parameter
value, 4-9
Utility Visual C++ class library
CNiFile (table), 3-15
CNiSound (table), 3-15
CNiSystem (table), 3-15
slide control
.NET, 2-9
Visual C++, 3-14
software (NI resources), A-1
support, technical, A-1
switch control, 2-12
Visual C++ class libraries
3D graph, 3-2
Analysis, 3-3
Common, 3-5
T
tank control, 2-9
distribution requirements, 1-2
Instrument Drivers, 3-5
LabVIEW Real-Time Interface, 3-6
Microsoft Excel Interface, 3-7
Microsoft Word Interface, 3-7
NI-488.2, 3-8
technical support, A-1
thermometer control, 2-9
training and certification (NI resources), A-1
troubleshooting (NI resources), A-1
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Measurement Studio User Manual
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Index
NI-DAQmx, 3-8
NI-Reports, 3-9
NI-VISA, 3-9
overview, 3-1
User Interface, 3-10
Utility, 3-15
waveform graph control, 2-6
Web resources, A-1
Windows Forms user interface controls, 2-5
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