National Instruments Graphics Tablet NI PXI 562X User Manual

Computer-Based  
Instruments  
NI PXI-562x User Manual  
High-Speed Frequency-Domain Digitizer  
NI PXI-562x User Manual  
July 2002 Edition  
Part Number 322949C-01  
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Important Information  
Warranty  
The NI PXI-5620 and the NI PXI-5621 is warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of  
shipment, as evidenced by receipts or other documentation. National Instruments will, at its option, repair or replace equipment that proves to  
be defective during the warranty period. This warranty includes parts and labor.  
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in materials and workmanship, for a period of 90 days from date of shipment, as evidenced by receipts or other documentation. National  
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uninterrupted or error free.  
A Return Material Authorization (RMA) number must be obtained from the factory and clearly marked on the outside of the package before  
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Patents  
For patents covering National Instruments products, refer to the appropriate location: Help»Patents in your software, the patents.txt file  
on your CD, or ni.com/patents.  
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Compliance  
FCC/Canada Radio Frequency Interference Compliance*  
Determining FCC Class  
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has rules to protect wireless communications from interference. The FCC  
places digital electronics into two classes. These classes are known as Class A (for use in industrial-commercial locations only)  
or Class B (for use in residential or commercial locations). Depending on where it is operated, this product could be subject to  
restrictions in the FCC rules. (In Canada, the Department of Communications (DOC), of Industry Canada, regulates wireless  
interference in much the same way.)  
Digital electronics emit weak signals during normal operation that can affect radio, television, or other wireless products. By  
examining the product you purchased, you can determine the FCC Class and therefore which of the two FCC/DOC Warnings  
apply in the following sections. (Some products may not be labeled at all for FCC; if so, the reader should then assume these are  
Class A devices.)  
FCC Class A products only display a simple warning statement of one paragraph in length regarding interference and undesired  
operation. Most of our products are FCC Class A. The FCC rules have restrictions regarding the locations where FCC Class A  
products can be operated.  
FCC Class B products display either a FCC ID code, starting with the letters EXN,  
or the FCC Class B compliance mark that appears as shown here on the right.  
Consult the FCC Web site at http://www.fcc.gov for more information.  
FCC/DOC Warnings  
This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in strict accordance with the instructions  
in this manual and the CE Mark Declaration of Conformity**, may cause interference to radio and television reception.  
Classification requirements are the same for the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the Canadian Department  
of Communications (DOC).  
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by National Instruments could void the users authority to operate the  
equipment under the FCC Rules.  
Class A  
Federal Communications Commission  
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC  
Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated  
in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and  
used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this  
equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct  
the interference at his own expense.  
Canadian Department of Communications  
This Class A digital apparatus meets all requirements of the Canadian Interference-Causing Equipment Regulations.  
Cet appareil numérique de la classe A respecte toutes les exigences du Règlement sur le matériel brouilleur du Canada.  
Class B  
Federal Communications Commission  
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the  
FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation.  
This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the  
instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not  
occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can  
be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of  
the following measures:  
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.  
Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.  
Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.  
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.  
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Canadian Department of Communications  
This Class B digital apparatus meets all requirements of the Canadian Interference-Causing Equipment Regulations.  
Cet appareil numérique de la classe B respecte toutes les exigences du Règlement sur le matériel brouilleur du Canada.  
Compliance to EU Directives  
Readers in the European Union (EU) must refer to the Manufacturers Declaration of Conformity (DoC) for information**  
pertaining to the CE Mark compliance scheme. The Manufacturer includes a DoC for most every hardware product except for  
those bought for OEMs, if also available from an original manufacturer that also markets in the EU, or where compliance is not  
required as for electrically benign apparatus or cables.  
To obtain the DoC for this product, click Declaration of Conformity at ni.com/hardref.nsf/. This Web site lists the DoCs  
by product family. Select the appropriate product family, followed by your product, and a link to the DoC appears in Adobe  
Acrobat format. Click the Acrobat icon to download or read the DoC.  
*
Certain exemptions may apply in the USA, see FCC Rules §15.103 Exempted devices, and §15.105(c). Also available in  
sections of CFR 47.  
** The CE Mark Declaration of Conformity will contain important supplementary information and instructions for the user or  
installer.  
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About This Manual  
Chapter 1  
Taking Measurements with the NI PXI-562x  
Configuring and Testing the Digitizer...........................................................................1-2  
Chapter 2  
Block Diagram ..............................................................................................................2-5  
Other Features................................................................................................................2-6  
Triggering........................................................................................................2-7  
Calibration .....................................................................................................................2-7  
Appendix A  
Technical Support and Professional Services  
Glossary  
Index  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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NI PXI-562x User Manual  
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About This Manual  
The NI PXI-562x is a single-channel high-speed digitizer module whose  
dynamic range and resolution are optimized for frequency-domain analysis  
applications in research, product design and validation, and manufacturing  
test. This manual provides information on installing, connecting signals to,  
and acquiring data from the NI PXI-562x. This manual also provides an  
overview of the features, functionality, and use of the NI PXI-562x  
high-speed digitizer module.  
Conventions  
The following conventions are used in this manual:  
<>  
Angle brackets that contain numbers separated by an ellipsis represent a  
range of values associated with a bit or signal namefor example,  
DBIO<3..0>.  
»
The » symbol leads you through nested menu items and dialog box options  
to a final action. The sequence File»Page Setup»Options directs you to  
pull down the File menu, select the Page Setup item, and select Options  
from the last dialog box.  
This icon denotes a note, which alerts you to important information.  
This icon denotes a caution, which advises you of precautions to take to  
avoid injury, data loss, or a system crash.  
bold  
Bold text denotes items that you must select or click in the software, such  
as menu items and dialog box options. Bold text also denotes parameter  
names.  
italic  
Italic text denotes variables, emphasis, a cross reference, or an introduction  
to a key concept. This font also denotes text that is a placeholder for a word  
or value that you must supply.  
monospace  
Text in this font denotes text or characters that you should enter from the  
keyboard, sections of code, programming examples, and syntax examples.  
This font is also used for the proper names of disk drives, paths, directories,  
programs, subprograms, subroutines, device names, functions, operations,  
variables, filenames and extensions, and code excerpts.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
ix  
NI PXI-562x User Manual  
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About This Manual  
Related Documentation  
The following documents contain information that you might find helpful  
as you read this manual:  
NI PXI-5620 Specifications  
NI PXI-5621 Specifications  
NI-SCOPE User Manual  
Spectral Measurements Toolset User Guide  
NI PXI-562x User Manual  
x
ni.com  
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1
Taking Measurements  
with the NI PXI-562x  
The NI PXI-5620 is a 64 Ms/s, 14-bit frequency-domain digitizer  
module optimized for the best possible noise and distortion performance  
in a 525 MHz passband. It has a 3 dB front-end bandwidth from  
10 kHz to 36 MHz, and is always AC-coupled, meaning it does not admit  
DC components of a signal.  
The NI PXI-5621 is a DC-coupled version of the NI PXI-5620, optimized  
for a passband of 025 MHz. Except for its permanent DC coupling and  
wider front-end bandwidth, the NI PXI-5621 is functionally identical to the  
NI PXI-5620.  
Refer to the NI PXI-5620 Specifications and the NI PXI-5621  
Specifications documents for NI PXI-562x performance specifications.  
This chapter provides information on installing, connecting signals to,  
and acquiring data from the NI 562x modules.  
The NI 562x family of high-speed digitizers has the following features:  
A 14-bit, 64 MS/s analog-to-digital converter (ADC)  
32 or 64 MB deep onboard sample memory  
Installing the Software and Hardware  
Perform the following steps to set up your digitizer:  
1. If you are using an application development environment (ADE) or  
third-party tool, install it now if you have not already done so. The  
supported ADEs include LabVIEW, LabWindows/CVI, and other C or  
C++ environments.  
Note You must install all of the included software before installing your hardware.  
2. Install NI-SCOPE. The included NI-SCOPE CD contains the software  
you need to configure, test, and program operation of the NI 562x.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
1-1  
NI PXI-562x User Manual  
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Chapter 1  
Taking Measurements with the NI PXI-562x  
a. Insert your NI-SCOPE CD into your CD drive. If installation does  
not start automatically, navigate to your CD drive and click  
setup.exe.  
b. To install both the instrument driver and ADE examples, select the  
Programmatic and Interactive Support option when prompted.  
3. Install the Spectral Measurements Toolset (SMT) CD, if included.  
The SMT provides frequency-domain functionality and examples.  
If installation does not start automatically, navigate to your CD drive  
and click setup.exe.  
Caution You must turn off and unplug your chassis before installing your device.  
To prevent damage due to electrostatic discharge or contamination, handle the device using  
the edges or the metal bracket.  
4. Install your digitizer as shown in Figure 1-1.  
PXI Chassis  
O
N
S
T
A
N
D
B
Y
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
Your PXI Device  
Ejector Handle in  
Down Position  
Figure 1-1. PXI Installation  
Configuring and Testing the Digitizer  
To configure and test your NI 562x, complete the following steps:  
1. Launch Measurement & Automation Explorer.  
2. Double-click Devices and Interfaces to open a list of recognized  
devices.  
NI PXI-562x User Manual  
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Chapter 1  
Taking Measurements with the NI PXI-562x  
3. Find the NI 562x in the list. Notice the device number assigned to your  
NI 562x. You need this device number to program your NI 562x.  
4. Right-click the device name, and select Properties from the menu.  
5. From the Properties window, click Test Resources to test the device  
resources. A dialog box appears and indicates if the resource test has  
passed.  
6. Click Run Test Panels to run the functional test panels and begin  
using your NI 562x. Connect a signal to your digitizer, and select  
appropriate parameters.  
7. Click Advanced to enable triggering options.  
8. Click Close when you finish testing your NI 562x.  
9. Click OK in the Properties window.  
You have successfully installed and configured the necessary software and  
hardware to use your NI 562x.  
Acquiring Data Programmatically  
You can acquire data programmatically either by writing an application for  
your NI 562x or by using one of the examples that ships with NI-SCOPE.  
For time-domain examples, go to the following default locations:  
LabVIEW examples are located in the Functions palette at  
Instrument I/O»Instrument Drivers»NI SCOPE»IF Digitizers.  
Examples for C and Visual Basic programmers using  
Windows Me/98/95 are located in vxipnp\win95\niScope\  
Examples.  
Examples for C programmers using Windows 2000/NT are located at  
vxipnp\winnt\niScope\Examples\c.  
Examples for Visual Basic programmers using Windows 2000/NT are  
located at vxipnp\winnt\niScope\Examples\VisualBasic.  
LabWindows/CVI examples are located at  
cvi\NI-SCOPE Support\samples\niScope\cvi.  
Note If you installed the examples in a different location, your file paths differ from the  
default locations above.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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Chapter 1  
Taking Measurements with the NI PXI-562x  
For more detailed VI and function help, refer to the NI-SCOPE VI  
Reference Help and the NI-SCOPE Function Reference Help, located  
at Start»Programs»National Instruments»NI-SCOPE.  
Safety Information  
The following section contains important safety information that you must  
follow when installing and using the product.  
Do not operate the product in a manner not specified in this document.  
Misuse of the product can result in a hazard. You can compromise the  
safety protection built into the product if the product is damaged in any  
way. If the product is damaged, return it to National Instruments for repair.  
Do not substitute parts or modify the product except as described in this  
document. Use the product only with the chassis, modules, accessories, and  
cables specified in the installation instructions. You must have all covers  
and filler panels installed during operation of the product.  
Do not operate the product in an explosive atmosphere or where there may  
be flammable gases or fumes. Operate the product only at or below the  
pollution degree stated in the NI PXI-5620 Specifications and the  
NI PXI-5620 Specifications documents. Pollution is foreign matter in a  
solid, liquid, or gaseous state that can reduce dielectric strength or surface  
resistivity. The following is a description of pollution degrees:  
Pollution degree 1 means no pollution or only dry, nonconductive  
pollution occurs. The pollution has no influence.  
Pollution degree 2 means that only nonconductive pollution occurs in  
most cases. Occasionally, however, a temporary conductivity caused  
by condensation must be expected.  
Pollution degree 3 means that conductive pollution occurs, or dry,  
nonconductive pollution occurs that becomes conductive due to  
condensation.  
Clean the product with a soft nonmetallic brush. Make sure that the product  
is completely dry and free from contaminants before returning it to service.  
You must insulate signal connections for the maximum voltage for which  
the product is rated. Do not exceed the maximum ratings for the product.  
Remove power from signal lines before connecting them to or  
disconnecting them from the product.  
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Chapter 1  
Taking Measurements with the NI PXI-562x  
Operate this product only at or below the installation category stated in the  
NI PXI-5620 Specifications and the NI PXI-5620 Specifications  
documents.  
The following is a description of installation categories:  
Installation Category I is for measurements performed on circuits not  
directly connected to MAINS1. This category is a signal level such as  
voltages on a printed wire board (PWB) on the secondary of an  
isolation transformer.  
Examples of Installation Category I are measurements on circuits not  
derived from MAINS and specially protected (internal)  
MAINS-derived circuits.  
Installation Category II is for measurements performed on circuits  
directly connected to the low-voltage installation. This category refers  
to local-level distribution such as that provided by a standard wall  
outlet.  
Examples of Installation Category II are measurements on household  
appliances, portable tools, and similar equipment.  
Installation Category III is for measurements performed in the building  
installation. This category is a distribution level referring to hardwired  
equipment that does not rely on standard building insulation.  
Examples of Installation Category III include measurements on  
distribution circuits and circuit breakers. Other examples of  
Installation Category III are wiring including cables, bus-bars, junction  
boxes, switches, socket outlets in the building/fixed installation, and  
equipment for industrial use, such as stationary motors with a  
permanent connection to the building/fixed installation.  
Installation Category IV is for measurements performed at the source  
of the low-voltage (<1,000 V) installation.  
Examples of Installation Category IV are electric meters, and  
measurements on primary overcurrent protection devices and  
ripple-control units.  
1
MAINS is defined as the electricity supply system to which the equipment concerned is designed to be connected either for  
powering the equipment or for measurement purposes.  
© National Instruments Corporation  
1-5  
NI PXI-562x User Manual  
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Chapter 1  
Taking Measurements with the NI PXI-562x  
Below is a diagram of a sample installation.  
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2
Hardware Overview  
This chapter provides an overview of the features and functionality of  
the NI 562x.  
How the NI 562x Works  
A signal follows this path through the NI 562x to the host computer:  
1. The signal enters the NI 562x through the analog front panel connector,  
INPUT. Refer to the Connecting Signals section to find more about the  
front panel.  
2. The signal is filtered and conditioned. Gain and dither are applied to  
the signal. Refer to the Conditioning the SignalImpedance, Dither,  
Gain, and AC Coupling section for more information.  
3. The ADC converts the signal from analog to digital. Refer to the  
Digitizing the SignalThe ADC section for more information.  
4. (Optional) The digital downconverter (DDC) digitally zooms in  
on data. Refer to the Incorporating the DDC section.  
5. The data is sent to onboard memory (the buffer). Refer to the Storing  
Data in Memory section for additional information.  
6. The data is transferred to the host computer via the PXI backplane.  
Analog  
Input  
P
X
I
Filtering/  
Conditioning  
DDC  
(Optional)  
Onboard  
Memory  
ADC  
B
u
s
Figure 2-1. Basic Signal Flow  
© National Instruments Corporation  
2-1  
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Chapter 2  
Hardware Overview  
Connecting Signals  
Figure 2-2 shows the NI 562x front panel, which contains three connectors:  
two SMA connectors and an SMB connector.  
One of the SMA connectors, INPUT, is for attaching the analog input signal  
you want to measure. The second SMA connector, REF CLK IN, is a 50 ,  
10 MHz, AC-coupled reference input. The SMB connector, PFI1, is for  
external digital triggers.  
562x  
64 MS/s Digitizer  
INPUT  
50  
+20 dBm MAX  
REF CLK IN  
50  
+16 dBm MAX  
PFI 1  
Figure 2-2. NI 562x Front Panel  
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Chapter 2  
Hardware Overview  
Conditioning the Signal—Impedance, Dither, Gain, and AC Coupling  
To minimize distortion, signals receive a minimal amount of conditioning.  
Gain and coupling are nonadjustable. The NI PXI-5620 is AC coupled,  
meaning it rejects any DC signal components. The NI PXI-5621 is DC  
coupled, meaning its wider passband acquires DC signal components also.  
Both versions of the NI 562x digitizer module have a set input impedance  
of 50 and may apply dither to the input signal.  
Input Impedance  
The input impedance of the NI 562x and the output impedance of the source  
connected to the NI 562x form an impedance divider, which attenuates the  
input signal according to the following formula:  
Rin  
------------------  
Vm = Vs ×  
Rin + Rs  
where Vm is the measured voltage  
Vs is the unloaded source voltage  
Rin is the input impedance of the NI 562x  
Rs is the output impedance of the external device  
If the signal you are measuring has an output impedance other than 50 ,  
your measurements are affected by this impedance divider. For example,  
if the device has 75 output impedance, your measured signal has 80%  
of the voltage it would have at 50 .  
Dither  
Dither is random noise added to the input signal between 0 and 5 MHz.  
Dither lowers the amount of distortion caused by differential nonlinearity  
in the ADC when a signal is digitized. When an FFT is applied to the signal,  
this random noise cancels out most of the distortion created by differential  
nonlinearity. Dither is not automatically applied, but you can enable it in  
software.  
Digitizing the Signal—The ADC  
Regardless of your requested sample rate, the NI 562x ADC is always  
running at 64 MS/s. If you request a rate less than 64 MS/s, the timing  
engine of the NI 562x stores only one sample in a group of n samples,  
effectively reducing the sample rate to 64/n MS/s.  
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Chapter 2  
Hardware Overview  
Incorporating the DDC  
Optionally, you can route the data through the DDC before storing it in  
onboard memory.  
The DDC is a digital signal processing (DSP) chip, the Intersil  
HSP50214B. The first stage uses a digital quadrature mixer that shifts a  
signal to baseband from any frequency within the range of the digitizer.  
The next stage decimates (reduces the sample rate) by an integer from  
416,384. A series of programmable digital lowpass filters prior to each  
stage of decimation prevents aliasing when the sample rate is reduced. You  
can retrieve the decimated data as in-phase and quadrature, or as phase and  
magnitude. A discriminator allows you to take the derivative of the phase  
to demodulate an FM signal.  
By mixing, filtering, and decimating the sampled data, the DDC allows you  
to zoom in on a band of frequencies much narrower than the Nyquist band  
of the ADC. The lower sample rate means that signals of longer duration  
can be stored in the same amount of memory. For spectral analysis, you can  
use a smaller, faster FFT to look at only the band passed through the DDC.  
Refer to the NI-SCOPE VI Reference Help for specific DDC attributes you  
can use to program your NI 562x. For more information on using the  
onboard DDC with LabVIEW, refer to the online help included with  
NI-SCOPE and the Spectral Measurements Toolset software.  
Storing Data in Memory  
Samples are acquired into onboard memory on the NI 562x before being  
transferred to the host computer. The minimum size for a buffer is  
approximately 256 samples although you can specify smaller buffers in  
software. When specifying a smaller buffer size, the minimum number  
of points are still acquired into onboard memory, but only the specified  
number of points are retrieved into the host computer memory.  
During the acquisition, samples are stored in a circular buffer that is  
continually rewritten until a trigger is received. After the trigger is received,  
the NI 562x continues to acquire posttrigger samples if you have specified  
a posttrigger sample count. The acquired samples are placed into onboard  
memory. The number of posttrigger or pretrigger samples is limited only by  
the amount of onboard memory.  
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Block Diagram  
The block diagram below illustrates the operation of the NI 562x.  
An explanation of some of these features follows.  
Digital  
Downconverter  
Dither  
Analog  
Input  
(INPUT)  
Onboard  
Memory  
Data Path  
Logic  
MITE  
(PXI Interface)  
+
Filter  
ADC  
P
X
I
Voltage  
Controlled  
Oscillator  
Phase  
Detector  
TIO  
PLL  
(Timing and Control)  
10 MHz  
Reference  
Input  
CalDAC  
(REF CLK IN)  
CLK 10  
Trigger and  
Clock Routing  
PXI Trigger  
External Trigger  
EXT TRIG  
(PFI)  
Figure 2-3. NI 562x Block Diagram  
The digital downconverter is a digital signal processor (DSP) that allows  
you to digitally zoom in on data, which reduces the amount of data  
transferred into memory and speeds up the rate of data transfer. The digital  
downconverter performs frequency-translation, filtering, and decimation  
after signals go through the ADC. Refer to the Incorporating the DDC  
section for more information.  
The PLL uses a phase detector to synchronize the acquisition clock to either  
a 10 MHz reference clock supplied through REF CLK IN or to the CLK 10  
signal from the PXI backplane. You can also leave the acquisition clock in  
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Hardware Overview  
a free-running state, in which the acquisition clock is not synchronized to  
any external reference.  
The voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO) is a 64 MHz clock.  
The trigger and clock routing area directs clock signals and triggers.  
The TIO is the timing engine used for the NI 562x.  
The MITE is the PXI bus interface. The MITE provides high-speed direct  
memory access (DMA) transfers from the NI 562x to the host computer  
memory.  
Other Features  
This section contains information on other features on the NI 562x.  
Multiple-Record Acquisitions  
After the trigger has been received and the posttrigger samples have been  
stored, you can configure the NI 562x to begin another acquisition that is  
stored in another memory record on the device. This process is a  
multiple-record acquisition. To perform multiple-record acquisitions,  
configure the NI 562x to the number of records to be acquired before  
starting the acquisition. The NI 562x acquires an additional record each  
time a trigger is accepted until all the requested records are stored  
in memory. After the initial setup, this process does not require software  
intervention.  
Between each record, a dead time exists during which the trigger is not  
accepted. If the record length is greater than 80 µs, the dead time is 500 ns.  
If, however, the record length is less than 80 µs, the dead time is 80 µs.  
During this time, the memory controller sets up for the next record. Also,  
additional dead time may exist while the minimum number of pretrigger  
samples are being acquired.  
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Figure 2-4 shows a timing diagram of a multiple-record acquisition.  
1
2
3
Trigger  
500 ns  
Acquisition  
In Progress  
Buffer  
1
2
1 = Trigger Not Accepted (Pretrigger Points Not Acquired)  
2 = Trigger Not Accepted (500 ns Dead Time)  
3 = Trigger Not Accepted (Acquisition in Progress)  
= Trigger Accepted  
Figure 2-4. Multiple-Record Acquisition Timing Diagram  
Triggering  
You can externally trigger the NI 562x through the digital line, PFI1.  
You can also use software to trigger the NI 562x. Figure 2-5 shows the  
different trigger sources. The digital triggers are TTL-level signals with  
a minimum pulse-width requirement of 100 ns or 16 ns times the DDC  
decimation.  
Software  
RTSI <0..7>  
Trigger  
8
PFI1  
PXI Star  
Figure 2-5. Digital Trigger Sources  
Calibration  
Although the NI 562x is factory calibrated, it needs periodic calibration to  
verify that it is still within the specified accuracy. For more information on  
calibration, contact NI or visit the NI Web site at  
ni.com/support/calibrat.  
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Chapter 2  
Hardware Overview  
Synchronizing Multiple PXI Devices  
The NI 562x uses a PLL to synchronize the 64 MHz sample clock to a  
10 MHz reference clock. You can either supply the reference clock through  
the SMA connector (REF CLK IN) on the front panel or use the system  
reference clock on the PXI backplane.  
The PXI bus and the NI 562x have the following timing and triggering  
features that you can use for synchronizing multiple digitizers:  
System Reference ClockA 10 MHz clock on the PXI backplane  
with 100 ppm accuracy. It is independently distributed to each PXI  
peripheral slot through equal-length traces with a skew of less than  
1 ns between slots. Multiple devices can use this common timebase for  
synchronization, which allows each NI 562x to phase lock to the  
system reference clock.  
SMA connector (REF CLK IN)A 10 MHz reference input that you  
can use to connect an external frequency source for synchronization.  
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A
Technical Support and  
Professional Services  
Visit the following sections of the National Instruments Web site at  
ni.com for technical support and professional services:  
SupportOnline technical support resources include the following:  
Self-Help ResourcesFor immediate answers and solutions,  
visit our extensive library of technical support resources available  
in English, Japanese, and Spanish at ni.com/support. These  
resources are available for most products at no cost to registered  
users and include software drivers and updates, a KnowledgeBase,  
product manuals, step-by-step troubleshooting wizards, hardware  
schematics and conformity documentation, example code,  
tutorials and application notes, instrument drivers, discussion  
forums, a measurement glossary, and so on.  
Assisted Support OptionsContact NI engineers and other  
measurement and automation professionals by visiting  
ni.com/ask. Our online system helps you define your question  
and connects you to the experts by phone, discussion forum,  
or email.  
TrainingVisit ni.com/custed for self-paced tutorials, videos, and  
interactive CDs. You also can register for instructor-led, hands-on  
courses at locations around the world.  
System IntegrationIf you have time constraints, limited in-house  
technical resources, or other project challenges, NI Alliance Program  
members can help. To learn more, call your local NI office or visit  
ni.com/alliance.  
If you searched ni.com and could not find the answers you need, contact  
your local office or NI corporate headquarters. Phone numbers for our  
worldwide offices are listed at the front of this manual. You also can visit  
the Worldwide Offices section of ni.com/niglobal to access the branch  
office Web sites, which provide up-to-date contact information, support  
phone numbers, email addresses, and current events.  
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Glossary  
Prefix  
p-  
Meanings  
pico  
Value  
1012  
109  
106  
103  
103  
n-  
nano-  
micro-  
milli-  
kilo-  
µ-  
m-  
k-  
M-  
G-  
mega-  
giga-  
106  
109  
Symbols  
%
+
/
percent  
positive of, or plus  
negative of, or minus  
per  
°
degree  
plus or minus  
ohm  
<
less than  
A
A
amperes  
A/D  
AC  
analog-to-digital  
alternating current  
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Glossary  
AC coupled  
ADC  
allowing the transmission of AC signals while blocking DC signals  
analog-to-digital converteran electronic device, often an integrated  
circuit, that converts an analog voltage to a digital number  
ADC resolution  
the resolution of the ADC, which is measured in bits. An ADC with  
16 bits has a higher resolution, and thus a higher degree of accuracy,  
than a 12-bit ADC.  
ADE  
alias  
application development environment  
a false lower frequency component that appears in sampled data acquired  
at too low a sampling rate  
amplification  
a type of signal conditioning that improves accuracy in the resulting  
digitized signal and reduces noise  
amplitude flatness  
a measure of how close to constant the gain of a circuit remains over a range  
of frequencies  
analog bandwidth  
attenuate  
the range of frequencies to which a measuring device can respond  
to decrease the amplitude of a signal  
B
b
bitone binary digit, either 0 or 1  
B
byteeight related bits of data, an eight-bit binary number. Also used to  
denote the amount of memory required to store one byte of data.  
bus  
the group of conductors that interconnect individual circuitry in a computer.  
Typically, a bus is the expansion vehicle to which I/O or other devices are  
connected. An example of the PC bus is the PCI bus.  
C
C
Celsius  
CMOS  
complementary metal oxide semiconductora process used in making  
chips.  
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Glossary  
CMRR  
common-mode rejection ratioa measure of an instruments ability to  
reject interference from a common-mode signal, usually expressed in  
decibels (dB)  
coupling  
the manner in which a signal is connected from one location to another  
D
data path logic  
a signal router  
dB  
decibelthe unit for expressing a logarithmic measure of the ratio of two  
signal levels: dB = 20log10 V1/V2, for signals in volts  
dBm  
decibels with reference to 1 mW, the standard unit of power level used in  
RF and microwave work. Using this standard, 0 dBm equals 1 mW, 10 dBm  
equals 10 mW, and so on. In a 50 system, 0 dBm equals 0.224 Vrms  
.
DC  
direct current  
DDC  
See digital downconverter.  
dead time  
default setting  
a period of time in which no activity can occur  
a default parameter value recorded in the driver. In many cases, the default  
input of a control is a certain value (often 0) that means use the current  
default setting.  
differential input  
digital downconverter  
dither  
an analog input consisting of two terminals, both of which are isolated from  
computer ground, whose difference is measured  
a DSP that selects only a narrow portion of the frequency spectrum, thereby  
eliminating unwanted data before it is transferred into memory  
random noise added to a signal before it is digitized to minimize distortion  
created by differential nonlinearity  
DMA  
direct memory accessa method by which data is transferred to/from  
computer memory from/to a device or memory on the bus while the  
processor does something else. DMA is the fastest method of transferring  
data to/from computer memory.  
double insulated  
a device that contains the necessary insulating structures to provide electric  
shock protection without the requirement of a safety ground connection  
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Glossary  
drivers  
DSP  
software that controls a specific hardware instrument  
digital signal processor  
E
EEPROM  
electrically erasable programmable read-only memoryROM that can be  
erased with an electrical signal and reprogrammed  
F
FFT  
fast Fourier transform  
filtering  
a type of signal conditioning that allows you to remove unwanted signals or  
frequency components from the signal you are trying to measure  
G
gain  
the factor by which a signal is amplified, sometimes expressed in decibels  
H
hardware  
the physical components of a computer system, such as the circuit boards,  
plug-in boards, chassis, enclosures, peripherals, cables, and so on  
harmonics  
Hz  
multiples of the fundamental frequency of a signal  
hertzthe number of scans read or updates written per second  
I
I/O  
input/outputthe transfer of data to/from a computer system involving  
communications channels, operator interface devices, and/or data  
acquisition and control interfaces  
impedance  
in.  
resistance  
inch or inches  
inductance  
the relationship of induced voltage to current  
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Glossary  
input bias current  
input impedance  
the current that flows into the inputs of a circuit  
the measured resistance and capacitance between the input terminals of a  
circuit  
instrument driver  
interrupt  
a set of high-level software functions that controls a specific plug-in DAQ  
board. Instrument drivers are available in several forms, ranging from a  
function callable language to a virtual instrument (VI) in LabVIEW.  
a computer signal indicating that the CPU should suspend its current task  
to service a designated activity  
interrupt level  
ISA  
the relative priority at which a device can interrupt  
industry standard architecture  
L
LabVIEW  
Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbencha program  
development application based on the programming language G and used  
commonly for test and measurement purposes  
LSB  
least significant bit  
M
m
meters  
M
(1) Mega, the standard metric prefix for 1 million or 106, when used with  
units of measure such as volts and hertz; (2) mega, the prefix for 1,048,576,  
or 220, when used with B to quantify data or computer memory  
MB  
megabytes of memory  
MITE  
MXI Interface to Everythinga custom ASIC designed by NI that  
implements the PCI bus interface. The MITE supports bus mastering for  
high-speed data transfers over the PCI bus.  
multiple-record  
acquisition  
multiple, distinct chunks (or records) of data  
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Glossary  
N
noise  
an undesirable electrical signalnoise comes from external sources such as  
the AC power line, motors, generators, transformers, fluorescent lights,  
soldering irons, CRT displays, computers, electrical storms, welders, radio  
transmitters, and internal sources such as semiconductors, resistors, and  
capacitors. Noise corrupts signals you are trying to send or receive.  
O
Ohms Law  
onboard memory  
overcurrent  
overrange  
(R = V/I)the relationship of voltage to current in a resistance  
the device memory. Onboard memory is distinct from computer memory.  
amperages above the maximum power level specified for a device  
a segment of the input range of an instrument outside of the normal  
measuring range. Measurements can still be made, usually with a  
degradation in specifications.  
P
PCI  
Peripheral Component Interconnecta high-performance expansion bus  
architecture originally developed by Intel to replace ISA and EISA; it is  
achieving widespread acceptance as a standard for PCs and workstations  
and offers a theoretical maximum transfer rate of 132 Mbytes/s  
peak value  
PFI  
the absolute maximum or minimum amplitude of a signal (AC + DC)  
Programmable Function Input  
PLL  
phase-locked loopan electronic circuit that controls an oscillator so that  
it maintains a constant phase angle relative to a reference signal  
PXI  
PCI eXtensions for InstrumentationPXI is an open specification that  
builds on the CompactPCI specification by adding instrumentation-specific  
features  
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Glossary  
R
R
resistor  
RAM  
random-access memory  
random interleaved  
sampling (RIS)  
method of increasing sample rate by repetitively sampling a repeated  
waveform  
real-time sampling  
record length  
sampling that occurs immediately  
the size of a chunk (or record) of data that can be or has been acquired by a  
device  
resolution  
The smallest amount of input signal change that an instrument or sensor can  
detect. Resolution can be expressed in bits, in proportions, or in percent  
of full scale. For example, a system has 12-bit resolution, one part in  
4,096 resolution, and 0.0244% of full scale.  
rms  
root mean squarea measure of signal amplitude; the square root of the  
average value of the square of the instantaneous signal amplitude  
ROM  
read-only memory  
S
s
seconds  
samples  
S
S/s  
samples per secondused to express the rate at which an instrument  
samples an analog signal  
sample rate  
sense  
the speed that a device can acquire data  
in 4-wire resistance the sense measures the voltage across the resistor  
being excited by the excitation current  
settling time  
the amount of time required for a voltage to reach its final value within  
specified limits  
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Glossary  
Shannon Sampling  
Theorem  
a theorem stating that a signal must be sampled at least twice as fast as the  
bandwidth of the signal to accurately reconstruct the signal as a waveform  
source impedance  
system noise  
T
a parameter of signal sources that reflects current-driving ability of voltage  
sources (lower is better) and the voltage-driving ability of current sources  
(higher is better)  
a measure of the amount of noise seen by an analog circuit or an ADC when  
the analog inputs are grounded  
temperature  
coefficient  
the percentage that a measurement will vary according to temperature.  
See also thermal drift.  
thermal drift  
measurements that change as the temperature varies  
thermal EMFs  
thermal electromotive forcesvoltages generated at the junctions of  
dissimilar metals that are functions of temperature. Also called  
thermoelectric potentials.  
thermoelectric  
potentials  
See thermal EMFs.  
TIO  
timing input/outputthe engine used for timing and control.  
transfer rate  
the rate, measured in bytes/s, at which data is moved from source to  
destination after software initialization and set up operations; the maximum  
rate at which the hardware can operate  
trigger  
TTL  
any event that causes or starts some form of data capture  
transistor-transistor logica digital circuit composed of bipolar transistors  
wired in a certain manner  
V
V
volts  
VAC  
VDC  
volts alternating current  
volts direct current  
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Glossary  
Verror  
voltage error  
vertical sensitivity  
VI  
the smallest voltage change a device can detect  
virtual instrument(1) a combination of hardware and/or software  
elements, typically used with a PC, that has the functionality of a classic  
stand-alone instrument (2) a LabVIEW software module (VI), which  
consists of a front panel user interface and a block diagram program  
Vrms  
volts, root mean square value  
W
waveform shape  
the shape the magnitude of a signal creates over time  
working voltage  
the highest voltage that should be applied to a product in normal use,  
normally well under the breakdown voltage for safety margin  
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Index  
dead time, in multiple-record acquisitions, 2-6  
diagnostic resources, A-1  
digitizing the signal (ADC), 2-3  
dither, 2-3  
A
acquiring data  
programmatically, 1-3  
ADC, 2-3  
documentation  
conventions used in manual, ix  
online library, A-1  
related documentation, x  
B
basic signal flow (figure), 2-1  
instrument, A-1  
C
software, A-1  
calibration, 2-7  
conditioning signals  
AC coupling, 2-3  
example code, A-1  
dither, 2-3  
gain, 2-3  
input impedance, 2-3  
connecting signals, 2-2  
contacting National Instruments, A-1  
conventions used in the manual, ix  
coupling, 2-3  
frequently asked questions, A-1  
front panel (figure), 2-2  
customer  
G
education, A-1  
professional services, A-1  
technical support, A-1  
gain, 2-3  
hardware installation, 1-1  
hardware overview  
basic signal flow (figure), 2-1  
block diagram, 2-5  
calibration, 2-7  
D
data acquisition  
multi-record acquisitions, 1-3, 2-6  
programmatically, 1-3  
data, storing in memory, 2-4  
DDC (digital downconverter)  
incorporating, 2-4  
conditioning signals  
coupling, 2-3  
dither, 2-3  
overview, 2-4  
© National Instruments Corporation  
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Index  
help  
I
gain, 2-3  
input impedence, 2-3  
O
technical support, A-1  
phase detector, 2-5  
phase-locked loop (PLL), 2-5  
phone technical support, A-1  
professional services, A-1  
programmatically acquiring data, 1-3  
programming examples, A-1  
PXI devices, multiple, synchronizing, 2-8  
PXI installation, 1-1  
incorporating DDC, 2-4  
installing software and hardware, 1-1  
instrument drivers, A-1  
K
REF CLK IN connector, 2-2, 2-8  
related documentation, x  
M
MITE interface, 2-6  
multiple-record acquisitions  
S
safety information, 1-4  
coupling, 2-3  
dither, 2-3  
gain, 2-3  
N
National Instruments  
SMA connectors, 2-2, 2-8  
software drivers, A-1  
software installation, 1-1  
specifications. See related documentation  
support  
customer education, A-1  
professional services, A-1  
system integration services, A-1  
technical support, A-1  
worldwide offices, A-1  
NI PXI-562x digitizer  
See also hardware overview  
acquiring data programmatically, 1-3  
block diagram, 2-5  
front panel (figure), 2-2  
installing software and hardware, 1-1  
technical, A-1  
synchronizing multiple PXI devices, 2-8  
system integration services, A-1  
System Reference Clock, PXI, 2-8  
NI-SCOPE driver, 1-1  
NI PXI-562x User Manual  
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ni.com  
Index  
T
technical support, A-1  
telephone technical support, A-1  
TIO (timing engine), 2-6  
training  
(VCXO), 2-6  
Web  
customer, A-1  
trigger and clock routing area, 2-6  
triggering  
professional services, A-1  
technical support, A-1  
worldwide technical support, A-1  
digital trigger sources (figure), 2-7  
overview, 2-7  
troubleshooting resources, A-1  
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