Reference Manual for the
MR814 v3 Cable/DSL
Wireless Router
NETGEAR, Inc.
4500 Great America Parkway
Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA
202-10039-01
Version 1.0
June 2004
202-10039-01
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Bestätigung des Herstellers/Importeurs
Es wird hiermit bestätigt, daß das MR814 v3 Cable/DSL Wireless Router gemäß der im BMPT-AmtsblVfg 243/1991
und Vfg 46/1992 aufgeführten Bestimmungen entstört ist. Das vorschriftsmäßige Betreiben einiger Geräte (z.B.
Testsender) kann jedoch gewissen Beschränkungen unterliegen. Lesen Sie dazu bitte die Anmerkungen in der
Betriebsanleitung.
Das Bundesamt für Zulassungen in der Telekommunikation wurde davon unterrichtet, daß dieses Gerät auf den Markt
gebracht wurde und es ist berechtigt, die Serie auf die Erfüllung der Vorschriften hin zu überprüfen.
Certificate of the Manufacturer/Importer
It is hereby certified that the MR814 v3 Cable/DSL Wireless Router has been suppressed in accordance with the
conditions set out in the BMPT-AmtsblVfg 243/1991 and Vfg 46/1992. The operation of some equipment (for example,
test transmitters) in accordance with the regulations may, however, be subject to certain restrictions. Please refer to the
notes in the operating instructions.
Federal Office for Telecommunications Approvals has been notified of the placing of this equipment on the market
and has been granted the right to test the series for compliance with the regulations.
Voluntary Control Council for Interference (VCCI) Statement
This equipment is in the second category (information equipment to be used in a residential area or an adjacent area
thereto) and conforms to the standards set by the Voluntary Control Council for Interference by Data Processing
Equipment and Electronic Office Machines aimed at preventing radio interference in such residential areas.
When used near a radio or TV receiver, it may become the cause of radio interference.
Read instructions for correct handling.
Customer Support
Refer to the Support Information Card that shipped with your MR814 v3 Cable/DSL Wireless Router.
World Wide Web
NETGEAR maintains a World Wide Web home page that you can access at the universal resource locator (URL)
http://www.netgear.com. A direct connection to the Internet and a Web browser such as Internet Explorer
or Netscape are required.
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Contents
Chapter 1
About This Manual
Audience, Scope, Conventions, and Formats ................................................................1-1
How to Use This Manual ................................................................................................1-2
Key Features of the Router ............................................................................................2-1
802.11b Standards-based Wireless Networking ......................................................2-2
A Powerful, True Firewall with Content Filtering ......................................................2-2
Maintenance and Support ........................................................................................2-5
Package Contents ..........................................................................................................2-5
The Router’s Rear Panel .........................................................................................2-7
A Road Map for ‘How to Get There From Here’ .............................................................2-7
Prepare to Install Your Router ........................................................................................3-1
First, Connect the Router to the Internet ........................................................................3-1
Now, Set Up a Computer for Wireless Connectivity .......................................................3-7
Troubleshooting Tips ......................................................................................................3-8
Overview of How to Access the Router ..........................................................................3-9
How to Log On to the Router After
Configuration Settings Have Been Applied ............................................................3-10
How to Bypass the Configuration Assistant ...........................................................3-12
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Using the Smart Setup Wizard .....................................................................................3-15
Wireless Configuration
Observe Performance, Placement, and Range Guidelines ............................................4-1
Implement Appropriate Wireless Security ......................................................................4-2
Understanding Wireless Settings ...................................................................................4-3
Advanced Wireless Settings ....................................................................................4-6
Information to Gather Before Changing Basic Wireless Settings .............................4-7
How to Set Up and Test Basic Wireless Connectivity ..............................................4-8
How to Configure WEP ..........................................................................................4-10
How to Configure WPA-PSK Wireless Security ............................................................4-11
Content Filtering
Content Filtering Overview .............................................................................................5-1
Blocking Access to Internet Sites ...................................................................................5-2
Blocking Access to Internet Services .............................................................................5-3
Configuring a User Defined Service .........................................................................5-4
Configuring Services Blocking by IP Address Range ..............................................5-5
Scheduling When Blocking Will Be Enforced .................................................................5-5
Viewing Logs of Web Access or Attempted Web Access ...............................................5-6
Configuring E-Mail Alert and Web Access Log Notifications ..........................................5-7
Maintenance
Viewing Router Status Information .................................................................................6-1
Configuration File Management .....................................................................................6-5
Restoring and Backing Up the Configuration ...........................................................6-6
Erasing the Configuration .........................................................................................6-7
Upgrading the Router Software ......................................................................................6-7
Changing the Administrator Password ...........................................................................6-8
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Configuring for Port Forwarding to Local Servers ..........................................................7-1
Configuring the WAN Setup Options ..............................................................................7-4
Respond to Ping on Internet WAN Port ...................................................................7-5
Setting the MTU Size ...............................................................................................7-5
Using the LAN IP Setup Options ....................................................................................7-6
Configuring LAN TCP/IP Setup Parameters ............................................................7-6
Using the Router as a DHCP server ........................................................................7-8
Using Address Reservation ......................................................................................7-8
Using a Dynamic DNS Service .......................................................................................7-9
Enabling Remote Management Access .......................................................................7-12
Using Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) ........................................................................7-13
Troubleshooting
Basic Functioning ...........................................................................................................8-1
LAN or WAN Port Lights Not On ..............................................................................8-2
Troubleshooting the Web Configuration Interface ..........................................................8-3
Troubleshooting a TCP/IP Network Using a Ping Utility .................................................8-5
Testing the LAN Path to Your Router .......................................................................8-5
Testing the Path from Your Computer to a Remote Device .....................................8-6
Restoring the Default Configuration and Password ........................................................8-7
Problems with Date and Time .........................................................................................8-8
Contents
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Appendix A
Appendix B
What is a Router? ................................................................................................... B-1
Netmask .................................................................................................................. B-4
Internet Security and Firewalls .................................................................................... B-10
Stateful Packet Inspection ...............................................................................B-11
Denial of Service Attack ..................................................................................B-11
Ethernet Cabling ...........................................................................................................B-11
Appendix C
Computer Network Configuration Requirements .................................................... C-1
Internet Configuration Requirements ...................................................................... C-2
Where Do I Get the Internet Configuration Parameters? ........................................ C-2
Record Your Internet Connection Information ......................................................... C-3
Preparing Your Computers for TCP/IP Networking ....................................................... C-3
Configuring Windows 95, 98, and Me for TCP/IP Networking ....................................... C-4
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Selecting Windows’ Internet Access Method .......................................................... C-8
Verifying TCP/IP Properties .................................................................................... C-8
Configuring Windows NT4, 2000 or XP for IP Networking ............................................ C-9
MacOS 8.6 or 9.x .................................................................................................. C-18
Verifying the Readiness of Your Internet Account ....................................................... C-20
Are Login Protocols Used? ................................................................................... C-20
What Is Your Configuration Information? .............................................................. C-20
Restarting the Network ................................................................................................ C-23
Appendix D
Wireless Networking Basics
Infrastructure Mode ................................................................................................. D-1
Open System Authentication ................................................................................... D-5
Shared Key Authentication ...................................................................................... D-5
Overview of WEP Parameters ................................................................................ D-6
Key Size .................................................................................................................. D-7
WEP Configuration Options .................................................................................... D-8
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WPA Wireless Security .................................................................................................. D-8
What are the Key Features of WPA Security? ...................................................... D-10
Changes to Wireless Access Points ............................................................... D-16
Changes to Wireless Network Adapters ......................................................... D-17
Changes to Wireless Client Programs ............................................................ D-18
Glossary
Index
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Chapter 1
About This Manual
This chapter describes the intended audience, scope, conventions, and formats of this manual.
Audience, Scope, Conventions, and Formats
This reference manual assumes that the reader has basic to intermediate computer and Internet
skills. However, basic computer network, Internet, firewall, and VPN technologies tutorial
information is provided in the Appendices and on the Netgear website.
This guide uses the following typographical conventions:
Table 1-1.
Typographical Conventions
italics
Emphasis, books, CDs, URL names
bold
User input
SMALL CAPS
Screen text, file and server names, extensions, commands, IP addresses
This guide uses the following formats to highlight special messages:
Note: This format is used to highlight information of importance or special interest.
This manual is written for the MR814 v3 router according to these specifications.:
Table 1-2.
Manual Scope
Product Version
MR814 v3 Cable/DSL Wireless Router
June 2004
Manual Publication Date
Note: Product updates are available on the NETGEAR Web site at
http://kbserver.netgear.com/products/MR814v3.asp.
About This Manual
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How to Use This Manual
The HTML version of this manual includes a variety of navigation features as well as links to PDF
versions of the full manual and individual chapters.
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Figure 1 -1: HTML version of this manual
1. Left pane. Use the left pane to view the Contents, Index, Search, and Favorites tabs.
To view the HTML version of the manual, you must have a version 4 or later browser with
JavaScript enabled.
2. Toolbar buttons. Use the toolbar buttons across the top to navigate, print pages, and more.
The Show in Contents button locates the current topic in the Contents tab.
Previous/Next buttons display the previous or next topic.
The PDF button links to a PDF version of the full manual.
The Print button prints the current topic. Click this button when a step-by-step
procedure is displayed to send the entire procedure to your printer. You do not
have to worry about specifying the correct range of pages.
3. Right pane. Use the right pane to view the contents of the manual. Also, each page of the
manual includes a
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containing just the currently selected chapter of the manual.
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How to Print this Manual
To print this manual you can choose one of the following several options, according to your needs.
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Printing a “How To” Sequence of Steps in the HTML View.
Use the Print button
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Printing a Chapter.
Use the
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print. The PDF version of the chapter you were viewing opens in a browser window.
Note: Your computer must have the free Adobe Acrobat reader installed in order to view
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Use the PDF button in the toolbar at the top right of the browser window.
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Chapter 2
Introduction
This chapter describes the features of the NETGEAR MR814 v3 Cable/DSL Wireless Router.
Key Features of the Router
The MR814 v3 Cable/DSL Wireless Router with 4-port switch connects your local area network
(LAN) to the Internet through an external access device such as a cable modem or DSL modem.
The MR814 v3 router provides you with multiple Web content filtering options, plus browsing
activity reporting and instant alerts -- both via e-mail. Parents and network administrators can
establish restricted access policies based on time-of-day, Web site addresses and address
keywords, and share high-speed cable/DSL Internet access for up to 253 personal computers. In
addition to the Network Address Translation (NAT) feature, the built-in firewall protects you from
hackers.
With minimum setup, you can install and use the router within minutes.
The MR814 v3 router provides the following features:
•
•
802.11b Standards-based wireless networking
WPA-PSK wireless security.
•
•
•
•
Easy, web-based Smart Wizard configuration assistant
Content Filtering and Site Blocking Security
Built in 4-port 10/100 Mbps Switch
Ethernet connection to a wide area network (WAN) device, such as a cable modem or DSL
modem
•
•
•
•
Extensive Protocol Support
Login capability
Front panel LEDs for easy monitoring of status and activity
Flash memory for firmware upgrade
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802.11b Standards-based Wireless Networking
The MR814 v3 router includes an 802.11b-compliant wireless access point, providing continuous,
high-speed 11 Mbps access between your wireless and Ethernet devices. The access point
provides:
•
•
•
•
802.11b Standards-based wireless networking at up to 11 Mbps
64-bit and 128-bit WEP encryption security.
WEP keys can be generated manually or by passphrase.
WPA-PSK support. Support for Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) data encryption which
provides strong data encryption and authentication based on a pre-shared key.
•
•
Wireless access can be restricted by MAC address.
Wireless network name broadcast can be turned off so that only devices that have the network
name (SSID) can connect.
A Powerful, True Firewall with Content Filtering
Unlike simple Internet sharing NAT routers, the MR814 v3 is a true firewall, using stateful packet
inspection to defend against hacker attacks. Its firewall features include:
•
Denial of Service (DoS) protection.
Automatically detects and thwarts DoS attacks such as Ping of Death, SYN Flood, LAND
Attack, and IP Spoofing.
•
•
•
Blocks unwanted traffic from the Internet to your LAN.
Blocks access from your LAN to Internet locations or services that you specify as off-limits.
Logs security incidents.
The MR814 v3 will log security events such as blocked incoming traffic, port scans, attacks,
and administrator logins. You can configure the router to E-mail the log to you at specified
intervals. You can also configure the router to send immediate alert messages to your E-mail
address or E-mail pager whenever a significant event occurs.
•
With its content filtering feature, the MR814 v3 prevents objectionable content from reaching
your PCs. The router allows you to control access to Internet content by screening for
keywords within Web addresses. You can configure the router to log and report attempts to
access objectionable Internet sites.
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Security
The MR814 v3 router is equipped with several features designed to maintain security, as described
in this section.
•
PCs Hidden by NAT
NAT opens a temporary path to the Internet for requests originating from the local network.
Requests originating from outside the LAN are discarded, preventing users outside the LAN
from finding and directly accessing the PCs on the LAN.
•
Port Forwarding with NAT
Although NAT prevents Internet locations from directly accessing the PCs on the LAN, the
router allows you to direct incoming traffic to specific PCs based on the service port number
of the incoming request, or to one designated “DMZ” host computer. You can specify
forwarding of single ports or ranges of ports.
Autosensing Ethernet Connections with Auto Uplink™
With its internal 8-port 10/100 switch, the MR814 v3 can connect to either a 10 Mbps standard
Ethernet network or a 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet network. Both the LAN and WAN interfaces are
autosensing and capable of full-duplex or half-duplex operation.
The router incorporates Auto UplinkTM technology. Each Ethernet port will automatically sense
whether the Ethernet cable plugged into the port should have a ‘normal’ connection such as to a
PC or an ‘uplink’ connection such as to a switch or hub. That port will then configure itself to the
correct configuration. This feature also eliminates the need to worry about crossover cables, as
Auto Uplink will accommodate either type of cable to make the right connection.
Extensive Protocol Support
The MR814 v3 router supports the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and
Routing Information Protocol (RIP). For further information about TCP/IP, refer to Appendix B,
“Network, Routing, Firewall, and Basics.”
•
IP Address Sharing by NAT
The MR814 v3 router allows several networked PCs to share an Internet account using only a
single IP address, which may be statically or dynamically assigned by your Internet service
provider (ISP). This technique, known as NAT, allows the use of an inexpensive single-user
ISP account.
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•
Automatic Configuration of Attached PCs by DHCP
The MR814 v3 router dynamically assigns network configuration information, including
IP, gateway, and domain name server (DNS) addresses, to attached PCs on the LAN using the
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). This feature greatly simplifies configuration
of PCs on your local network.
•
•
DNS Proxy
When DHCP is enabled and no DNS addresses are specified, the router provides its own
address as a DNS server to the attached PCs. The router obtains actual DNS addresses from
the ISP during connection setup and forwards DNS requests from the LAN.
PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)
PPPoE is a protocol for connecting remote hosts to the Internet over a DSL connection by
simulating a dial-up connection. This feature eliminates the need to run a login program such
as Entersys or WinPOET on your PC.
Easy Installation and Management
You can install, configure, and operate the MR814 v3 Cable/DSL Wireless Router within minutes
after connecting it to the network. The following features simplify installation and management
tasks:
•
Smart Wizard Configuration Assistant
A user-friendly Smart Wizard configuration assistant that automatically connects you to the
router, detects the type of Internet connection you have, and guides you through enabling your
wireless network.
•
Browser-based management
Browser-based configuration allows you to easily configure your router from almost any type
of personal computer, such as Windows, Macintosh, or Linux. A user-friendly Setup Wizard is
provided and online help documentation is built into the browser-based Web Management
Interface.
•
•
Smart Wizard
The MR814 v3 router automatically senses the type of Internet connection, asking you only
for the information required for your type of ISP account.
Visual monitoring
The MR814 v3 router’s front panel LEDs provide an easy way to monitor its status and
activity.
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Maintenance and Support
NETGEAR offers the following features to help you maximize your use of the MR814 v3 router:
•
•
Flash memory for firmware upgrade
Free technical support seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day
Package Contents
The product package should contain the following items:
•
•
•
•
MR814 v3 Cable/DSL Wireless Router.
AC power adapter.
Category 5 (CAT5) Ethernet cable.
MR814 v3 Resource CD (2230-10095-01 ), including:
— This guide.
— Application Notes and other helpful information.
•
•
Registration and Warranty Card.
Support Information Card.
If any of the parts are incorrect, missing, or damaged, contact your NETGEAR dealer. Keep the
carton, including the original packing materials, in case you need to return the router for repair.
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The Router’s Front Panel
The front panel of the MR814 v3 router contains the status lights described below.
7IRELESS
0OWER
4EST
)NTERNET 0ORT
,!. 0ORT ꢀ
Figure 2-1: MR814 v3 Front Panel
You can use the status lights to verify connections. Viewed from left to right, the table below
describes the lights on the front panel of the router.
Table 2-1.
Status Light Descriptions
Label
Activity
Description
Power
On Green Solid
Off
Power is supplied to the router.
Power is not supplied to the router.
Test
Blinking
Off
The router is performing its diagnostic test.
The router successfully completed its diagnostic test.
Wireless On
Off
The Wireless port is initialized and the wireless feature is enabled.
The wireless feature is turned off or there is a problem.
Internet
LAN
On
Blink
The Internet port has detected a link with an attached device.
Data is being transmitted or received by the Internet port.
On (Green)
The LAN (local area network) port has detected link with a 100 Mbps
device.
Blink (Green)
On (Yellow)
Blink (Yellow)
Off
Data is being transmitted or received at 100 Mbps.
The Local port has detected link with a 10 Mbps device.
Data is being transmitted or received at 10 Mbps.
No link is detected on this port.
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The Router’s Rear Panel
The rear panel of the MR814 v3 Cable/DSL Wireless Router contains these port connections.
Wireless
Antenna
1
3 2
4
Reset
Button
Power
Figure 1-2: MR814 v3 Rear Panel
Internet Port
4 LAN Ports
Viewed from left to right, the rear panel contains the following features:
•
•
AC power adapter outlet for 12 V DC @ 1 A output, 20W maximum
Four Local (LAN) 10/100 Mbps Ethernet ports for connecting the router to the local
computers
•
•
•
Internet (WAN) Ethernet port for connecting the router to a cable or DSL modem
Factory Default Reset push button for Restoring the Default Configuration and Password
Wireless antenna
A Road Map for ‘How to Get There From Here’
The introduction and adoption of any new technology can be a difficult process. Broadband
Internet service is considered so useful that more and more people want to set up networks in their
home to share a broadband connection. Wireless technology has removed one of the barriers to
networking—running wires. It allows more people to try networking while at the same time
exposes them to the inherent complexity of networking. General networking concepts, setup, and
maintenance can be difficult to understand. In addition, wireless technology adds issues, such as
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range, interference, signal quality, and security to the picture.
To help overcome potential barriers to successfully using home networks, the table below
identifies how to accomplish such things as connecting to a wireless network, assuring appropriate
security measures are taken, browsing the Internet through your wireless connection, exchanging
files with other computers and using printers in the combined wireless and wired network.
Table 2-1.
A Road Map for How to Get There From Here
If I Want To?
What Do I Do?
What’s Needed?
How Do I?
Set up a
wireless
network
• Wireless network
equipment such as the
MR814 v3 Cable/DSL
Wireless Router.
To set up the MR814 v3, see
1. Choose a wireless
network name
(SSID) and, decide if
you need to use
wireless security,
and if so, what
operating range of the
wireless network. For
guidelines about the range
of wireless networks, see
“Observe Performance,
Placement, and Range
Guidelines”.
To learn about wireless
networking technology, see
Appendix D, “Wireless
Networking Basics for a general
introduction.
settings to use.
2. Set up the MR814
v3 Cable/DSL
Wireless Router with
settings based on
step 1.
3. Set up the wireless
computers with the
settings from step 2.
Protect my
wireless
• A wireless network WEP
security enabled.
networking security, see
“Authentication and WEP“ on
page -4.
1. Assure that the
wireless network
has security
connection
from snooping,
hacking, or
information
theft.
• Wireless networking
equipment that supports
WEP, such as the MR814
v3 and all NETGEAR
wireless networking
products.
features enabled.
2. Configure my
MR814 v3 with the
security settings of
the wireless
To use WEP security features,
see “Implement Appropriate
Wireless Security” and configure
your MR814 v3 accordingly.
network.
3. Use Windows
security features.
Note: Secure Internet sites such as banks and online merchants use encryption security built into browsers
like Internet Explorer and Netscape. Any wireless networking security features you might implement are in
addition to those already in place on secure Internet sites.
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Table 2-1.
A Road Map for How to Get There From Here
If I Want To?
What Do I Do?
What’s Needed?
How Do I?
Share
Windows PC
files and
printers at
home in a
combined
wireless and
wired network.
• Windows computers (wired Windows Domain settings are
and wireless) I am using to usually managed by corporate
1. Use the Windows
Printers and Fax
features to locate
available printers in
the combined
connect to the network
need to be configured with
the Windows Client and
File and Print Sharing.
computer support groups.
Windows Workgroup settings
are commonly managed by
individuals who want to set up
small networks in their homes, or
small offices.
wireless and wired
network in your
home.
• Windows computers (wired
and wireless) I am using to
connect to the network
need to be configured with
the same Windows
2. Use the Windows
Add a Printer wizard
to add access to a
network printer from
the notebook PC
you are using to
Note: For
sharing files
and printers on
other types of
computers like
Macintosh or
Linux, refer to
the product
documentation
that came with
those
For assistance with setting up
Windows networking, refer to the
PC Networking Tutorial on the
MR814 v3 Resource CD
(2230-10095-01 ) and the Help
information provided in the
Workgroup or Domain
settings as the other
Windows computers in the
combined wireless and
wired network.
wirelessly connect
to the network.
• Any Windows networking
security access rights such
as login user name/
3. From the File menu
of an application
such as Microsoft
Word, use the Print
Setup feature to
Windows system you are using.
For assistance with setting up
printers in Windows, refer to the
Help and Support information
that comes with the version of
the Windows operating systems
you are using.
password that have been
assigned in the Windows
network must be provided
when Windows prompts for
such information.
computers.
direct your print
output to the printer
in the network.
• If so-called Windows ‘peer’
networking is being used,
the printer needs to be
enabled for sharing.
•
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Chapter 3
Connecting the Router to the Internet
This chapter describes how to set up the router on your local area network (LAN) and connect to
the Internet. You will find out how to configure your MR814 v3 Cable/DSL Wireless Router for
Internet access using the Setup Wizard, or how to manually configure your Internet connection.
Follow these instructions to set up your router.
Prepare to Install Your Router
•
•
Observe the wireless placement and range guidelines in the Reference Manual.
For Cable Modem Service: When you perform the router setup steps be sure to use the
computer you first registered with your cable ISP.
•
For DSL Service: You may need information such as the DSL login name/e-mail address and
password in order to complete the router setup.
Before proceeding with the router installation, familiarize yourself with the contents of the MR814
v3 Resource CD (2230-10095-01 ), especially this manual and the animated tutorials for
configuring networking on PCs.
First, Connect the Router to the Internet
1. CONNECT THE ROUTER, THE COMPUTER, AND THE MODEM
a. Turn off your computer.
b. Turn off the cable or DSL broadband modem.
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c. Locate the Ethernet cable (cable 1 in the diagram) that connects your PC to the modem.
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Figure 3-1: Disconnect the Ethernet cable from the computer
d. Disconnect the cable at the computer end only, point A in the diagram.
e. Look at the label on the bottom of the router. Locate the Internet port. Securely insert the
Ethernet cable from your modem (cable 1 in the diagram below) into the Internet port of
the router as shown in point B of the diagram.
B
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Figure 3-2: Connect the router to the modem
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Note: Place the MR814 v3 router in a location which conforms to the “Observe
Performance, Placement, and Range Guidelines” on page 4-1. The stand provided with the
router provides a convenient, space-saving way of installing the router. Avoid stacking it
on other electronic equipment.
f. Securely insert the blue cable that came with your router (cable 2 in the diagram below)
into a LAN port on the router such as LAN port 4 (point C in the diagram), and the other
end into the Ethernet port of your computer (point D in the diagram).
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Figure 3-3: Connect the computer to the router
Your network cables are connected and you are ready to restart your network.
2. RESTART YOUR NETWORK IN THE CORRECT SEQUENCE
Warning: Failure to restart your network in the correct sequence could prevent you from
connecting to the Internet.
a. First, turn on the broadband modem and wait 2 minutes.
b. Now, plug in the power cord to your router and wait 1 minute.
c. Last, turn on your computer.
Note: For DSL customers, if software logs you in to the Internet, do not run that software. You
may need to go to the Internet Explorer Tools menu, Internet Options, Connections tab page
where you can select “Never dial a connection.”
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Figure 3-4: Verify the connections according to the status lights on the router
d. Check the router status lights to verify the following:
•
•
•
Power: The power light should turn solid green. If it does not, see “Troubleshooting
Tips” on page 3-8.
Test: The test light blinks when the router is first turned on then goes off. If after 2
Internet: The Internet port light should be lit. If not, make sure the Ethernet cable is
securely attached to the router Internet port and the modem, and the modem is
powered on.
•
•
Wireless: The Wireless light should be lit. If the Wireless light is not lit, see
“Troubleshooting Tips” on page 3-8.
LAN: A LAN light should be lit. Green indicates your computer is communicating at
100 Mbps; yellow indicates 10 Mbps. If LAN light is not lit, check that the Ethernet
cable from the computer to the router is securely attached at both ends, and that the
computer is turned on.
3. USE THE SMART WIZARD TO CONFIGURE THE ROUTER
a. From the Ethernet connected PC you just set up, open a browser such as Internet Explorer
or Netscape® Navigator.
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In its factory default state, the router will automatically display the NETGEAR Smart
Wizard configuration assistant welcome page.
Figure 3-5: NETGEAR Smart Wizard configuration assistant
Tools menu, Internet Options, and clicking Delete Files, then selecting the Delete all
offline files check box and clicking Ok.
If you still do not connect, type http://www.routerlogin.net in the browser address bar and
Assistant” on page 3-12 and the “How to Manually Configure Your Internet Connection”
on page 3-13 topics in this chapter.
If you cannot connect to the router, verify your computer networking setup. It should be
set to obtain both IP and DNS server addresses automatically, which is usually so. For help
with this, see Appendix C, “Preparing Your Network” or the animated tutorials on the CD.
b. Click OK. Follow the prompts to proceed with the Smart Wizard configuration assistant to
connect to the Internet.
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c. Follow the instructions on the screen to enable the wireless feature.
Figure 3-6: Enable the wireless feature
d. Enable your wireless network, click Next to proceed, then click Done to finish. If you
have trouble connecting to the Internet, see “Troubleshooting Tips” on page 3-8 to correct
basic problems.
Note: The Smart Wizard configuration assistant only appears when the router is in its
factory default state. After you configure the router, it will not appear again. You can
always connect to the router to change its settings. To do so, open a browser such as
Internet Explorer and go to http://www.routerlogin.net. Then, when prompted, enter
admin as the user name and password for the password both in lower case letters.
You are now connected to the Internet and the wireless feature of the router is enabled!
Next, configure your wireless computer.
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Now, Set Up a Computer for Wireless Connectivity
You are now connected to the Internet and the wireless feature of the router is enabled! Next,
configure your wireless computer.
1. CONFIGURE THE COMPUTER’S WIRELESS ADAPTER SETTINGS
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Figure 3-7: Configure wireless computer
NETGEAR, Inc. wireless adapters display a list of available wireless networks, and, when
wireless security is disabled, you simply choose yours from the list and connect.
For a non-NETGEAR wireless adapter, configure it to match your settings exactly. If you
changed the default Network Name (SSID), be sure to use the correct Network Name (SSID)
you set in the router.
WIRELESS FEATURE
Network Name (SSID)
WEP Security
DEFAULT SETTING
NETGEAR
Disabled
2. VERIFY WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY
Verify wireless connectivity. Connect to the Internet or log in to the router from a computer
with a wireless adapter. For wireless connectivity problems, see “Troubleshooting Tips” on
page 3-8.
You are now wirelessly connected to the Internet! Implement wireless security according to the
instructions in “Implement Appropriate Wireless Security” on page 4-2.”
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Troubleshooting Tips
Here are some tips for correcting simple problems you may have.
Be sure to restart your network in this sequence:
1) Turn off the modem, router, and computer; 2) Turn on the modem, wait two minutes; 3)
Turn on the router and wait 1 minute; 4) Turn on the computer.
Make sure the Ethernet cables are securely plugged in.
•
The Internet status light on the router will be lit if the Ethernet cable to the router from the
modem is plugged in securely and the modem and router are turned on.
•
For each powered on computer connected to the router with a securely plugged in Ethernet
cable, the corresponding router LAN port status light will be lit. The label on the bottom of the
router identifies the number of each LAN port.
Make sure the wireless settings in the computer and router match exactly.
The Wireless Network Name (SSID) and WEP settings of the router and wireless computer
must match exactly.
Make sure the network settings of the computer are correct.
•
LAN and wirelessly connected computers must be configured to obtain an IP address
automatically via DHCP. Please see Appendix C, “Preparing Your Network” or the animated
tutorials on the CD for help with this.
•
Some cable modem ISPs require you to use the MAC address of the computer registered on
the account. If so, in the Router MAC Address section of the Basic Settings menu, select, “Use
this Computer’s MAC Address.” The router will then capture and use the MAC address of the
ISP. Click Apply to save your settings. Restart the network in the correct sequence.
Check the router status lights to verify correct router operation.
•
If the Power light does not turn solid green within 2 minutes after turning the router on, reset
the router according to the instructions in “Restoring the Default Configuration and Password”
on page 8-7.
•
If the Wireless light does not come on, verify that the wireless feature is turned on according to
the instructions in “Restoring the Default Configuration and Password” on page 8-7.
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Overview of How to Access the Router
The table below describes how you access the router, depending on the state of the router.
Table 3-1.
Ways to access the router
Router State
Access Options
Description
Factory Default
Automatic Access via Any time a browser is opened on any computer connected to
the Smart Wizard
Note: The router is Configuration
the router, the router will automatically connect to that
browser and display the Configuration Assistant
welcome page.
supplied in the
factory default
factory default state
use the factory reset
button. See
“Restoring the
Default
Configuration and
Password” on page
8-7 for more
Assistant
There is no need to enter the router URL in the browser,
or provide the login user name and password.
Manually enter a URL You can bypass the Smart Wizard Configuration Assistant
to bypass the Smart feature by typing
Wizard Configuration http://www.routerlogin.net/basicsetting.htm
Assistant
in the browser address bar and clicking Enter. You will not be
prompted for a user name or password.
This will enable you to manually configure the router even
when it is in the factory default state. When manually
configuring the router, you must complete the configuration
by clicking Apply when finished entering your settings. If you
do not do so, a browser on any PC connected to the router
will automatically display the router's Configuration Assistant
Welcome page rather than the browser’s home page.
information on this
feature.
Configuration
Settings Have
Been Applied
Enter the standard
URL to access the
router
Connect to the router by typing either of these URLs in the
address field of your browser, then click Enter:
• http://www.routerlogin.net
• http://www.routerlogin.com
The router will prompt you to enter the user name of admin
and the password. The default password is password.
Enter the IP address Connect to the router by typing the IP address of the router in
of the router to
access the
the address field of your browser, then click Enter.
192.168.0.1 is the default IP address of the router. The router
will prompt you to enter the user name of admin and the
password. The default password is password.
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How to Log On to the Router After
Configuration Settings Have Been Applied
1. Connect to the router by typing http://www.routerlogin.net in the address field of your
browser, then click Enter.
2. For security reasons, the router has its own user name and password. When prompted, enter
admin for the router user name and password for the router password, both in lower case
letters. To change the password, see “Changing the Administrator Password” on page 6-8
Note: The router user name and password are not the same as any user name or password you
may use to log in to your Internet connection.
A login window like the one shown below opens:
Figure 3-8: Login window
Once you have entered your user name and password, your Web browser should find the
MR814 v3 router and display the home page as shown in below.
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Figure 3-9: Login result: MR814 v3 home page
The browser will then display the MR814 v3 settings home page.
When the router is connected to the Internet, click the Knowledge Base or the Documentation link
under the Web Support menu to view support information or the documentation for the router.
If you do not click Logout, the router will wait 5 minutes after there is no activity before it
automatically logs you out.
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How to Bypass the Configuration Assistant
1. When the router is in the factory default state, type
http://www.routerlogin.net/basicsetting.htm in the address field of your browser, then click
Enter.
When the router is in the factory default state, a user name and password are not required.
2. The browser will then display the MR814 v3 settings home page shown in “Login result:
MR814 v3 home page” on page 3-11.
If you do not click Logout, the router will wait 5 minutes after there is no activity before it
automatically logs you out.
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How to Manually Configure Your Internet Connection
You can manually configure your router using the menu below, or you can allow the Setup Wizard
to determine your configuration as described in the previous section.
ISP Does Not Require Login
ISP Does Require Login
Figure 3-10: Browser-based configuration Basic Settings menus
You can manually configure the router using the Basic Settings menu shown in Figure 3-10 using
these steps:
1. Connect to the router by typing http://www.routerlogin.net in the address field of your
browser, then click Enter.
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2. For security reasons, the router has its own user name and password. When prompted, enter
admin for the router user name and password for the router password, both in lower case
letters.
3. Click Basic Settings on the Setup menu.
4. If your Internet connection does not require a login, click No at the top of the Basic Settings
menu and fill in the settings according to the instructions below. If your Internet connection
does require a login, click Yes, and skip to step 3.
a. Enter your Account Name (may also be called Host Name) and Domain Name.
These parameters may be necessary to access your ISP’s services such as mail or news
servers.
b. Internet IP Address:
If your ISP has assigned you a permanent, fixed (static) IP address for your computer,
select “Use static IP address”. Enter the IP address that your ISP assigned. Also enter the
netmask and the Gateway IP address. The Gateway is the ISP’s router to which your router
will connect.
c. Domain Name Server (DNS) Address:
If you know that your ISP does not automatically transmit DNS addresses to the router
during login, select “Use these DNS servers” and enter the IP address of your ISP’s
Primary DNS Server. If a Secondary DNS Server address is available, enter it also.
Note: If you enter an address here, restart the computers on your network so that these
settings take effect.
d. Gateway’s MAC Address:
This section determines the Ethernet MAC address that will be used by the router on the
Internet port. Some ISPs will register the Ethernet MAC address of the network interface
card in your computer when your account is first opened. They will then only accept
traffic from the MAC address of that computer. This feature allows your router to
masquerade as that computer by “cloning” its MAC address.
To change the MAC address, select “Use this Computer’s MAC address.” The router
will then capture and use the MAC address of the computer that you are now using. You
must be using the one computer that is allowed by the ISP. Or, select “Use this MAC
address” and enter it.
e. Click Apply to save your settings.
5. If your Internet connection does require a login, fill in the settings according to the instructions
below. Select Yes if you normally must launch a login program such as Enternet or WinPOET
in order to access the Internet.
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Note: After you finish setting up your router, you will no longer need to launch the ISP’s login
program on your computer in order to access the Internet. When you start an Internet
application, your router will automatically log you in.
a. Select you Internet service provider from the drop-down list.
Figure 3-11: Basic Settings ISP list
Note: Not all ISPs are listed here. The ones on this list have special requirements.
b. The screen will change according to the ISP settings requirements of the ISP you select.
c. Fill in the parameters for your Internet service provider.
d. Click Apply to save your settings. Click the Test button to verify you have Internet access.
You can use the Smart Setup Wizard to assist with manual configuration or to verify the Internet
connection. The Smart Setup Wizard is not the same as the Smart Wizard configuration assistant
(as illustrated in Figure 3-5) that only appears when the router is in its factory default state. After
you configure the router, the Smart Wizard configuration assistant will not appear again.
To use the Smart Setup Wizard to assist with manual configuration or to verify the Internet
connection settings, follow this procedure.
1. Connect to the router by typing http://www.routerlogin.net in the address field of your
browser, then click Enter.
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2. For security reasons, the router has its own user name and password. When prompted, enter
admin for the router user name and password for the router password, both in lower case
letters. To change the password, see “Changing the Administrator Password” on page 6-8
Note: The router user name and password are not the same as any user name or password you
may use to log in to your Internet connection.
Once you have entered your user name and password, your Web browser should find the
MR814 v3 router and display the home page as shown in “Login result: MR814 v3 home
page” on page 3-11.
3. Click Setup Wizard on the upper left of the main menu.
4. Click Next to proceed. Input your ISP settings, as needed.
5. At the end of the Setup Wizard, click the Test button to verify your Internet connection. If you
have trouble connecting to the Internet, use the Troubleshooting Tips “Troubleshooting Tips”
on page 3-8 to correct basic problems, or refer to Chapter 8, “Troubleshooting.”
The topics below describe each of the various options the Smart Wizard can detect. Use this
information to assist you with filling in the menus.
NETGEAR product registration, support, and documentation
Register your product at http://www.NETGEAR.com/register. Registration is required before
you can use our telephone support service.
Product updates and web support are always available by going to:
http://kbserver.netgear.com/products/MR814v3.asp.
Documentation is available on the CD and at
http://kbserver.netgear.com/documentation/MR814v3.asp.
When the router is connected to the Internet, click the Knowledge Base or the Documentation link
under the Web Support menu to view support information or the documentation for the router.
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Chapter 4
Wireless Configuration
This chapter describes how to configure the wireless features of your MR814 v3 router. In
planning your wireless network, you should consider the level of security required. You should
also select the physical placement of your firewall in order to maximize the network speed. For
further information on wireless networking, refer to in Appendix D, “Wireless Networking
Basics.”
Observe Performance, Placement, and Range Guidelines
The operating distance or range of your wireless connection can vary significantly based on the
physical placement of the wireless firewall. The latency, data throughput performance, and
notebook power consumption also vary depending on your configuration choices.
Note: Failure to follow these guidelines can result in significant performance
degradation or inability to wirelessly connect to the router. For complete range/
performance specifications, please see Appendix A, “Technical Specifications.”
For best results, place your firewall:
•
•
Near the center of the area in which your PCs will operate.
In an elevated location such as a high shelf where the wirelessly connected PCs have
line-of-sight access (even if through walls).
•
•
Away from sources of interference, such as PCs, microwaves, and 2.4 GHz cordless phones.
Away from large metal surfaces.
The time it takes to establish a wireless connection can vary depending on both your security
settings and placement. WEP connections can take slightly longer to establish. Also, WEP
encryption can consume more battery power on a notebook PC.
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Implement Appropriate Wireless Security
Note: Indoors, computers can connect over 802.11 wireless networks at ranges
of up to 300 feet. Such distances can allow for others outside of your immediate area to
access your network.
Unlike wired network data, your wireless data transmissions can be received well beyond your
walls by anyone with a compatible adapter. For this reason, use the security features of your
wireless equipment. The MR814 v3 router provides highly effective security features which are
covered in detail in this chapter. Deploy the security features appropriate to your needs.
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There are several ways you can enhance the security of you wireless network.
•
Restrict Access Based on MAC Address. You can restrict access to only trusted computers o
that unknown computers cannot wirelessly connect to the MR814 v3. MAC address filtering
adds an obstacle against unwanted access to your network, but the data broadcast over the
wireless link is fully exposed.
•
•
WEP. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) data encryption provides data security. WEP Shared
Key authentication and WEP data encryption will block all but the most determined
eavesdropper.
WPA-PSK. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) data encryption provides strong data security.
WPA-PSK will block eavesdropping. Because this is a new standard, wireless device driver
and software availability may be limited.
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•
•
Turn Off the Wireless LAN. If you disable the wireless LAN, wireless devices cannot
communicate with the router at all. You might choose to turn off the wireless the LAN when
you are away and the others in the household all use wired connections.
Turn Off the Broadcast of the Wireless Network Name SSID. If you disable broadcast of
the SSID, only devices that have the correct SSID can connect. This nullifies the wireless
network ‘discovery’ feature of some products such as Windows XP, but the data is still fully
exposed to a determined snoop using specialized test equipment like wireless sniffers.
Understanding Wireless Settings
This section identifies the default factory settings and introduces each wireless option.
Default Factory Settings
When you first receive your MR814 v3, the default factory settings are shown below. You can
restore these defaults with the Factory Default Restore button on the rear panel. After you install
the MR814 v3 router, use the procedures below to customize any of the settings to better meet
your networking needs.
FEATURE
DEFAULT FACTORY SETTINGS
Wireless Access Point
Wireless Access List (MAC Filtering)
SSID broadcast
Enabled
All wireless stations allowed
Enabled
NETGEAR
11
SSID
11b RF Channel
Authentication Type
Automatic
Disabled
Wireless Security Options
Basic Wireless Settings
To configure the wireless settings of your router, click the Wireless link in the main menu of the
browser interface. The Wireless Settings menu will appear, as shown below.
Wireless Configuration
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Figure 4-2: Wireless Settings menu
•
Name (SSID). The SSID is also known as the wireless network name. Enter a value of up to
32 alphanumeric characters. In a setting where there is more than one wireless network,
different wireless network names provide a means for separating the traffic. Any device you
want to participate in a particular wireless network will need to use this SSID for that network.
The MR814 v3 default SSID is: NETGEAR.
•
•
Region. This field identifies the region where the MR814 v3 can be used. It may not be legal
to operate the wireless features of the router in a region other than one of those identified in
this field.
Channel. This field determines which operating frequency will be used. It should not be
nearby access point. For more information on the wireless channel frequencies please refer to
“Wireless Channels” on page D-2.
•
Security Options. These options are the wireless security features you can enable. The table
below identifies the various basic wireless security options. A full explanation of these
standards is available in Appendix D, “Wireless Networking Basics.
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Table 4-1.
Security Options
Description
Field
Disable
No wireless security.
WEP
WEP offers the following options:
• Automatic
Normally, this can be left to the default setting of automatic. When set to Automatic, the
MR814 v3 will make a best effort attempt to use whatever options the wireless station is
using. If this fails, you may need to configure this setting so that the MR814 v3 router and
wireless stations match.
• Open System
With Open Network Authentication and 64- or 128-bit WEP Data Encryption, the MR814 v3
does perform 64- or 128-bit data encryption but does not perform any authentication.
• Shared Key
Shared Key authentication encrypts the SSID and data.
Choose the Encryption Strength (64- or 128-bit data encryption). Manually enter the key
values or enter a word or group of printable characters in the Passphrase box. Manually
entered keys are case sensitive but passphrase characters are not case sensitive.
Note: Not all wireless adapter configuration utilities support WEP passphrase key
generation.
WPA-PSK WPA-Pre-shared Key performs authentication, uses 128-bit data encryption, and dynamically
changes the encryption keys making it nearly impossible to circumvent.
• Passphrase
Enter a word or group of between 8-63 printable characters in the Passphrase box. These
characters are case sensitive.
• Key Lifetime
This setting determines how often the encryption key is changed. Shorter periods provide
greater security, but adversely affect performance. If desired, you can change the default
value.
Note: Not all wireless adapter configuration utilities support WPA. Furthermore, client software
is required on the client. Windows XP and Windows 2000 with Service Pack 3 do include the
client software that supports WPA. Nevertheless, the wireless adapter hardware and driver
must also support WPA.
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Advanced Wireless Settings
To configure the advanced wireless settings of your firewall, click the Wireless Setup link in the
Advanced section of the main menu of the browser interface. The Wireless Settings menu will
appear, as shown below.
Figure 4-3: Advanced Wireless Settings menu
•
Allow Broadcast of Name (SSID). If you disable broadcast of the SSID, only devices that
have the correct SSID can connect. Disabling SSID broadcast nullifies the wireless network
‘discovery’ feature of some products such as Windows XP.
•
•
Enable Wireless Access Point. If you disable the wireless access point, wireless devices
cannot connect to the MR814 v3.
Wireless Card Access List. When the Trusted PCs Only radio button is selected, the MR814
v3 checks the MAC address of the wireless station and only allows connections to computers
identified on the trusted computers list.
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Information to Gather Before Changing Basic Wireless Settings
Before customizing your wireless settings, print this form and record the following information. If
you are working with an existing wireless network, the person who set up or is responsible for the
network will be able to provide this information. Otherwise, you will choose the settings for your
wireless network. Either way, record the settings for your wireless network in the spaces below.
•
Wireless Network Name (SSID): ______________________________ The SSID, identifies
the wireless network. You can use up to 32 alphanumeric characters. The SSID is case
sensitive. The SSID in the wireless adapter card must match the SSID of the router. In some
configuration utilities (such as in Windows XP), the term “wireless network name” is used
instead of SSID.
•
If WEP Authentication is Used. Circle one: Open System, Shared Key, or Auto.
Note: If you select Shared Key, the other devices in the network will not connect unless they
are set to Shared Key as well and are configured with the correct key.
–
–
WEP Encryption key size. Choose one: 64-bit or 128-bit. Again, the encryption key size
must be the same for the wireless adapters and the router.
Data Encryption (WEP) Keys. There are two methods for creating WEP data encryption
keys. Whichever method you use, record the key values in the spaces below.
•
Passphrase method. ______________________________ These characters are case
sensitive. Enter a word or group of printable characters and click the Generate Keys
button. Not all wireless devices support the passphrase method.
•
Manual method. These values are not case sensitive. For 64-bit WEP, enter 10 hex
digits (any combination of 0-9 or a-f). For 128-bit WEP, enter 26 hex digits.
Key 1: ___________________________________
Key 2: ___________________________________
Key 3: ___________________________________
Key 4: ___________________________________
Note: Key values and key identities (for example Key 1, Key 2, etc.) must match on all
wireless devices. However, not all wireless configuration utilities identify the keys in the
same way. For example, Windows XP Key 0 corresponds to Key 1 in most other products.
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•
If WPA-PSK Authentication is Used.
–
Passphrase: ______________________________ These characters are case sensitive.
Enter a word or group of printable characters. When you use WPA-PSK, the other devices
in the network will not connect unless they are set to WPA-PSK as well and are configured
with the correct Passphrase.
Use the procedures described in the following sections to configure the MR814 v3. Store this
information in a safe place.
How to Set Up and Test Basic Wireless Connectivity
Note: If you use a wireless computer to configure WPA settings, you will be
disconnected when you click Apply. Reconfigure your wireless adapter to match the
new settings or access the router from a wired computer to make any further changes.
Follow the instructions below to set up and test basic wireless connectivity. Once you have
established basic wireless connectivity, you can enable security settings appropriate to your needs.
1. Log in to the MR814 v3 firewall at http://www.routerlogin.net with its default user name of
admin and default password of password, or using whatever LAN address and password you
have set up.
2. Click Wireless Settings in the main menu of the MR814 v3 firewall.
Figure 4-4: Wireless Settings menu
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3. Choose a suitable descriptive name for the wireless network name (SSID). In the SSID box,
enter a value of up to 32 alphanumeric characters. The default SSID is NETGEAR.
Note: The SSID is case sensitive; NETGEAR is not the same as nETgear. Also, the SSID of
any wireless access adapters must match the SSID you configure in the MR814 v3 Cable/DSL
Wireless Router. If they do not match, you will not get a wireless connection to the MR814 v3.
4. Set the Region. Select the region in which the wireless interface will operate.
5. Set the Channel. The default channel is 11.
This field determines which operating frequency will be used. It should not be necessary to
change the wireless channel unless you notice interference problems with another nearby
wireless router or access point. Select a channel that is not being used by any other wireless
networks within several hundred feet of your firewall and at least 5 channel positions from the
others in use. For more information on the wireless channel frequencies please refer to
“Wireless Channels” on page D-2.
6. For initial configuration and test, leave the Wireless Card Access List set to “Everyone” and
the Encryption Strength set to “Disabled.”
7. Click Apply to save your changes.
Note: If you are configuring the firewall from a wireless computer and you change the
firewall’s SSID, channel, or security settings, you will lose your wireless connection
when you click on Apply. You must then change the wireless settings of your computer
to match the firewall’s new settings.
8. Configure and test your computers for wireless connectivity.
Program the wireless adapter of your computers to have the same SSID and channel that you
configured in the router. Check that they have a wireless link and are able to obtain an IP
address by DHCP from the firewall.
Warning: The Network Name (SSID) is case sensitive. If NETGEAR is the Network Name
(SSID) in your router, you must enter NETGEAR in your computer's wireless settings.
Entering nETgear will not work.
Once your computers have basic wireless connectivity to the firewall, then you can configure the
advanced wireless security functions of the firewall.
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How to Configure WEP
To configure WEP data encryption, follow these steps:
Note: If you use a wireless computer configure WEP settings, you will be disconnected
when you click on Apply. You must then either configure your wireless adapter to match
the router WEP settings or access the router from a wired computer to make any further
changes.
1. Log in to the MR814 v3 firewall at http://www.routerlogin.net with its default user name of
admin and default password of password, or using whatever LAN address and password you
have set up.
2. Click Wireless Settings in the main menu of the MR814 v3 firewall.
3. From the Security Options menu, select WEP. The WEP options display.
Figure 4-5.
Wireless Settings encryption menu
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4. Select the Authentication Type and Encryptions strength from the drop-down lists.
5. You can manually or automatically program the four data encryption keys. These values must
be identical on all computers and Access Points in your network.
•
Automatic - Enter a word or group of printable characters in the Passphrase box and click
nETgear. The four key boxes will be automatically populated with key values.
•
Manual - Enter ten hexadecimal digits (any combination of 0-9, a-f, or A-F). These entries
are not case sensitive; AA is the same as aa.
Select which of the four keys will be active.
Please refer to “Overview of WEP Parameters” on page D-6 for a full explanation of each of
these options, as defined by the IEEE 802.11 wireless communication standard.
6. Click Apply to save your settings.
How to Configure WPA-PSK Wireless Security
Note: Not all wireless adapters support WPA. Furthermore, client software is also required.
Windows XP service pack 1 and Windows 2000 with service pack 3 do include WPA support.
Nevertheless, the wireless adapter hardware and driver must also support WPA. For instructions
on configuring wireless computers or PDAs for WPA-PSK security, consult the documentation for
the product you are using.
To configure WPA-PSK, follow these steps:
1. Click Wireless Settings the main menu and select WPA-PSK for the Security Option.
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Figure 4-6: WPA Settings menu
2. Enter a word or group of 8-63 printable characters in the Password Phrase box.
3. Click Apply to save your settings.
How to Restrict Wireless Access by MAC Address
To restrict access based on MAC Addresses, follow these steps:
1. Log in to the MR814 v3 firewall at http://www.routerlogin.net with its default user name of
admin and default password of password, or using whatever LAN address and password you
have set up.
Note: When configuring the firewall from a wireless computer whose MAC address is
not in the Trusted PC list, if you select Turn Access Control On, you will lose your
wireless connection when you click on Apply. You must then access the router from a
wired computer or from a wireless computer which is on the access control list to make
any further changes.
2. Click Wireless Settings in the Advanced section of the main menu of the MR814 v3.
3. Click Setup Access List to display the Wireless Station Access List menu.
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Figure 4-7: Wireless Card Access List Setup
4. Click the Turn Access Control On check box.
5. Click Add to add a wireless device to the wireless access control list. The Wireless Card
Access Setup menu displays.
6. Then, either select from the list of available wireless cards the MR814 v3 has found in your
area, or enter the MAC address and device name for a device you plan to use. You can usually
find the MAC address printed on the wireless adapter.
Note: You can copy and paste the MAC addresses from the firewall’s Attached Devices menu
into the MAC Address box of this menu. To do this, configure each wireless computer to
obtain a wireless link to the firewall. The computer should then appear in the Attached
Devices menu.
7. Click Add to add this wireless device to the Wireless Card Access List. The screen changes
back to the list screen. Repeat these steps for each additional device you wish to add to the list.
8. Be sure to click Apply to save your wireless access control list settings.
Now, only devices on this list will be allowed to wirelessly connect to the MR814 v3.
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Chapter 5
Content Filtering
This chapter describes how to use the content filtering features of the MR814 v3 Cable/DSL
Wireless Router to protect your network. These features can be found by clicking on the Content
Filtering heading in the Main Menu of the browser interface.
Content Filtering Overview
The MR814 v3 Cable/DSL Wireless Router provides you with Web content filtering options, plus
browsing activity reporting and instant alerts via e-mail. Parents and network administrators can
establish restricted access policies based on time-of-day, web addresses and web address
keywords. You can also block Internet access by applications and services, such as chat or games.
To configure these features of your router, click on the subheadings under the Content Filtering
heading in the Main Menu of the browser interface. The subheadings are described below:
Content Filtering
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The MR814 v3 router allows you to restrict access based on web addresses and web address
keywords. Up to 255 entries are supported in the Keyword list. The Block Sites menu is shown in
Figure 5-1 below:
Figure 5-1: Block Sites menu
To enable keyword blocking, select either “Per Schedule” or “Always”, then click Apply. If you
want to block by schedule, be sure that a time period is specified in the Schedule menu.
To add a keyword or domain, type it in the Keyword box, click Add Keyword, then click Apply.
To delete a keyword or domain, select it from the list, click Delete Keyword, then click Apply.
Keyword application examples:
•
If the keyword “XXX” is specified, the URL <http://www.badstuff.com/xxx.html> is blocked.
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•
•
If the keyword “.com” is specified, only Web sites with other domain suffixes (such as .edu or
.gov) can be viewed.
If you wish to block all Internet browsing access during a scheduled period, enter the keyword
“.” and set the schedule in the Schedule menu.
To specify a Trusted User, enter that PC’s IP address in the Trusted User box and click Apply.
You may specify one Trusted User, which is a PC that will be exempt from blocking and
logging. Since the Trusted User will be identified by an IP address, you should configure that
PC with a fixed IP address.
Blocking Access to Internet Services
The MR814 v3 router allows you to block the use of certain Internet services by PCs on your
network. This is called services blocking or port filtering. The Block Services menu is shown
below:
Figure 5-2: Block Services menu
Services are functions performed by server computers at the request of client computers. For
example, Web servers serve web pages, time servers serve time and date information, and game
hosts serve data about other players’ moves. When a computer on your network sends a request for
service to a server computer on the Internet, the requested service is identified by a service or port
number. This number appears as the destination port number in the transmitted IP packets. For
example, a packet that is sent with destination port number 80 is an HTTP (Web server) request.
To enable service blocking, select either Per Schedule or Always, then click Apply. If you want to
block by schedule, be sure that a time period is specified in the Schedule menu.
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To specify a service for blocking, click Add. The Add Services menu will appear, as shown below:
Figure 5-3: Add Services menu
From the Service Type list, select the application or service to be allowed or blocked. The list
already displays several common services, but you are not limited to these choices. To add any
additional services or applications that do not already appear, select User Defined.
Configuring a User Defined Service
To define a service, first you must determine which port number or range of numbers is used by
the application. The service numbers for many common protocols are defined by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF) and published in RFC1700, “Assigned Numbers.” Service
numbers for other applications are typically chosen from the range 1024 to 65535 by the authors of
the application. This information can usually be determined by contacting the publisher of the
application or from user groups of newsgroups.
Enter the Starting Port and Ending Port numbers. If the application uses a single port number, enter
that number in both boxes.
If you know that the application uses either TCP or UDP, select the appropriate protocol. If you are
not sure, select Both.
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Configuring Services Blocking by IP Address Range
Under “Filter Services For”, you can block the specified service for a single PC, a range of PCs
(having consecutive IP addresses), or all PCs on your network.
Scheduling When Blocking Will Be Enforced
The MR814 v3 router allows you to specify when blocking will be enforced. The Schedule menu
is shown below:
Figure 5-4: Schedule menu
•
•
•
Use this schedule for blocking content. Check this box if you wish to enable a schedule for
Content Filtering. Click Apply.
Days to Block. Select days to block by checking the appropriate boxes. Select Everyday to
check the boxes for all days. Click Apply.
Time of Day to Block. Select a start and end time in 23:59 format. Select All day for 24 hour
blocking. Click Apply.
Be sure to select your Time Zone in the E-Mail menu.
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Viewing Logs of Web Access or Attempted Web Access
The log is a detailed record of what Web sites you have accessed or attempted to access. Up to 128
entries are stored in the log. Log entries will only appear when keyword blocking is enabled, and
no log entries will be made for the Trusted User. An example is shown below:
Figure 5-5: Logs menu
Log entries are described in Table 5-1
Table 5-1.
Log entry descriptions
Description
Field
Number
The index number of the content filter log entries. 128 entries
are available numbered from 0 to 127. The log will keep the
record of the latest 128 entries.
Date and Time
Source IP
Action
The date and time the log entry was recorded.
The IP address of the initiating device for this log entry.
This field displays whether the access was blocked or allowed.
The name or IP address of the website or newsgroup visited or
attempted to access.
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Log action buttons are described in Table 5-2
Table 5-2.
Log action buttons
Field
Description
Refresh
Clear Log
Send Log
Click this button to refresh the log screen.
Click this button to clear the log entries.
Click this button to email the log immediately.
Configuring E-Mail Alert and Web Access Log Notifications
In order to receive logs and alerts by E-mail, you must provide your E-mail information in the
E-Mail menu, shown below:
Figure 5-6: Email menu
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•
•
Turn e-mail notification on
Check this box if you wish to receive e-mail logs and alerts from the router.
Your outgoing mail server
Enter the name of your ISP’s outgoing (SMTP) mail server (such as mail.myISP.com). You
may be able to find this information in the configuration menu of your e-mail program. If you
leave this box blank, log and alert messages will not be sent via e-mail.
•
Send to this e-mail address
Enter the e-mail address to which logs and alerts are sent. This e-mail address will also be used
as the From address. If you leave this box blank, log and alert messages will not be sent via
e-mail.
You can specify that logs are automatically sent to the specified e-mail address with these options:
•
Send alert immediately
Check this box if you would like immediate notification of attempted access to a blocked site.
•
Send logs according to this schedule
Specifies how often to send the logs: Hourly, Daily, Weekly, or When Full.
–
Day for sending log
Specifies which day of the week to send the log. Relevant when the log is sent weekly or
daily.
–
Time for sending log
Specifies the time of day to send the log. Relevant when the log is sent daily or weekly.
If the Weekly, Daily or Hourly option is selected and the log fills up before the specified
period, the log is automatically e-mailed to the specified e-mail address. After the log is sent,
the log is cleared from the router’s memory. If the router cannot e-mail the log file, the log
buffer may fill up. In this case, the router overwrites the log and discards its contents.
The MR814 v3 router uses the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to obtain the current time and date
from one of several Network Time Servers on the Internet. In order to localize the time for your
log entries, you must specify your Time Zone:
•
Time Zone
Select your local time zone. This setting will be used for the blocking schedule and for
time-stamping log entries.
•
Daylight Savings Time
Check this box if your time zone is currently under daylight savings time.
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Chapter 6
Maintenance
This chapter describes how to use the maintenance features of your MR814 v3 Cable/DSL
Wireless Router. These features can be found by clicking on the Maintenance heading in the Main
Menu of the browser interface.
Viewing Router Status Information
The Router Status menu provides a limited amount of status and usage information. From the
Main Menu of the browser interface, click on Maintenance, then select System Status to view the
System Status screen, shown below.
Figure 6-1: Router Status screen
Maintenance
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This screen shows the following parameters:
Table 6-1.
Field
Router Status Fields
Description
Account Name
Firmware Version
Internet Port
This field displays the Host Name assigned to the router.
This field displays the router firmware version.
These parameters apply to the Internet (WAN) port of the router.
MAC Address
This field displays the Media Access Control address being used by the
Internet (WAN) port of the router.
IP Address
This field displays the IP address being used by the Internet (WAN) port
of the router. If no address is shown, the router cannot connect to the
Internet.
IP Subnet Mask
DHCP
This field displays the IP Subnet Mask being used by the Internet (WAN)
port of the router.
If set to None, the router is configured to use a fixed IP address on the
WAN.
If set to Client, the router is configured to obtain an IP address
dynamically from the ISP.
LAN Port
These parameters apply to the Local (WAN) port of the router.
MAC Address
This field displays the Media Access Control address being used by the
LAN port of the router.
IP Address
IP Subnet Mask
DHCP
This field displays the IP address being used by the Local (LAN) port of
the router. The default is 192.168.0.1
This field displays the IP Subnet Mask being used by the Local (LAN)
port of the router. The default is 255.255.255.0
Identifies if the router’s built-in DHCP server is active for the LAN
attached devices.
Wireless Port
MAC Address
These parameters apply to the Wireless port of the router.
This field displays the Media Access Control address being used by the
Wireless port of the router.
Name (SSID)
Region
wireless port of the router. The default is Wireless.
This field displays the geographic region where the router being used. It
may be illegal to use the wireless features of the router in some parts of
the world.
Channel
Identifies if the channel the wireless port is using. See “Wireless
Channels” on page D-2 for the frequencies used on each channel.
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Click on the “Show Connection Status” button to display the connection status, as shown below.
Figure 6-2: Connection Status screen
This screen shows the following statistics:.
Table 6-2:
Item
Connection Status Items
Description
IP Address
The WAN (Internet) IP Address assigned to the router.
Subnet Mask
Default Gateway
DHCP Server
DNS Server
The WAN (Internet) Subnet Mask assigned to the router.
The WAN (Internet) default gateway the router communicates with.
The IP address of the DHCP server which provided the IP configuration addresses.
The IP address of the DNS server which provides network name to IP address
translation.
Lease Obtained
Lease Expires
Release
When the DHCP lease was obtained.
When the DHCP lease was expires.
Click the Release button to release the DHCP lease.
Renew
Click the Renew button to renew the DHCP lease.
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Click on the “Show Statistics” button to display router usage statistics, as shown below.
Figure 6-3: Router Statistics screen
This screen shows the following statistics:
Table 6-3:
Router Statistics Items
Description
Item
Port
The statistics for the WAN (Internet) and LAN (local) ports. For each port, the screen
displays:
Status
TxPkts
The link status of the port.
The number of packets transmitted on this port since reset or manual clear.
The number of packets received on this port since reset or manual clear.
The number of collisions on this port since reset or manual clear.
The current transmission (outbound) bandwidth used on the WAN and LAN ports.
The current reception (inbound) bandwidth used on the WAN and LAN ports.
The amount of time since the router was last restarted.
RxPkts
Collisions
Tx B/s
Rx B/s
Up Time
Up Time
Poll Interval
The time elapsed since this port acquired the link.
Specifies the intervals at which the statistics are updated in this window. Click on Stop
to freeze the display.
Set Interval
Enter a time and click the button to set the polling frequency.
Stop
Click the Stop button to freeze the polling information.
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Viewing a List of Attached Devices
The Attached Devices menu contains a table of all IP devices that the router has discovered on the
local network. From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under the Maintenance heading,
select Attached Devices to view the table, shown below.
Figure 6-4: Attached Devices menu
For each device, the table shows the IP address, NetBIOS Host Name (if available), and Ethernet
MAC address. Note that if the router is rebooted, the table data is lost until the router rediscovers
the devices. To force the router to look for attached devices, click the Refresh button.
Configuration File Management
The configuration settings of the MR814 v3 router are stored within the router in a configuration
file. This file can be saved (backed up) to a user’s PC, retrieved (restored) from the user’s PC, or
cleared to factory default settings.
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From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under the Maintenance heading, select the Settings
Backup heading to bring up the menu shown below.
Figure 6-5: Settings Backup menu
Three options are available, and are described in the following sections.
Restoring and Backing Up the Configuration
The Restore and Backup options in the Settings Backup menu allow you to save and retrieve a file
containing your router’s configuration settings.
To save your settings, select the Backup tab. Click the Backup button. Your browser will extract
the configuration file from the router and will prompt you for a location on your PC to store the
file. You can give the file a meaningful name at this time, such as pacbell.cfg.
To restore your settings from a saved configuration file, enter the full path to the file on your PC or
click the Browse button to browse to the file. When you have located it, click the Restore button to
send the file to the router. The router will then reboot automatically.
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Erasing the Configuration
It is sometimes desirable to restore the router to a known blank condition. This can be done by
using the Erase function, which will restore all factory settings. After an erase, the router's
will be enabled.
To erase the configuration, click the Erase button.
To restore the factory default configuration settings without knowing the login password or IP
address, you must use the Default Reset button on the rear panel of the router. See “Restoring the
Default Configuration and Password” on page 8-7.
Upgrading the Router Software
Note: Before upgrading the router software, use the router backup utility to save your
configuration settings. Any router upgrade will revert the router settings back to the
factory defaults. After completing the upgrade, you can restore your settings from the
backup.
The routing software of the MR814 v3 router is stored in FLASH memory, and can be upgraded as
new software is released by NETGEAR. Upgrade files can be downloaded from Netgear's Web
site. If the upgrade file is compressed (.ZIP file), you must first extract the binary (.BIN) file
before sending it to the router. The upgrade file can be sent to the router using your browser.
Note: The Web browser used to upload new firmware into the MR814 v3 router must support
HTTP uploads. NETGEAR recommends using Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator
3.0 or above.
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From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under the Maintenance heading, select the Router
Upgrade heading to display the menu shown below.
Figure 6-6: Router Upgrade menu
To upload new firmware:
1. Download and unzip the new software file from NETGEAR.
2. In the Router Upgrade menu, click the Browse button and browse to the location of the binary
(.BIN) upgrade file
3. Click Upload.
Note: When uploading software to the MR814 v3 router, it is important not to interrupt the
Web browser by closing the window, clicking a link, or loading a new page. If the browser is
interrupted, it may corrupt the software. When the upload is complete, your router will
automatically restart. The upgrade process will typically take about one minute.
In some cases, you may need to reconfigure the router after upgrading.
Changing the Administrator Password
Note: Before changing the router password, use the router backup utility to save your
configuration settings. If after changing the password, you forget the new password you
assigned, you will have to reset the router back to the factory defaults to be able to log in
using the default password of password. This means you will have to restore all the
router configuration settings. If you ever have to reset the router back to the factory
defaults, you can restore your settings from the backup.
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The default password for the router’s Web Configuration Manager is password. Netgear
recommends that you change this password to a more secure password.
From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under the Maintenance heading, select Set
Password to bring up the menu shown below.
Figure 6-7: Set Password menu
To change the password, first enter the old password, and then enter the new password twice. Click
Apply.
Maintenance
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Chapter 7
Advanced Configuration of the Router
This chapter describes how to configure the advanced features of your MR814 v3 Cable/DSL
Wireless Router. These features can be found under the Advanced heading in the Main Menu of
the browser interface.
Configuring for Port Forwarding to Local Servers
Although the router causes your entire local network to appear as a single machine to the Internet,
you can make a local server (for example, a web server or game server) visible and available to the
Internet. This is done using the Port Forwarding menu. From the Main Menu of the browser
interface, under Advanced, click on Port Forwarding to view the port forwarding menu, shown
below.
Figure 7-1: Port Forwarding Menu
.
Note: If you are unfamiliar with networking and routing, refer to Appendix B,
“Network, Routing, Firewall, and Basics,” to become more familiar with the terms and
procedures used in this manual.
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Use the Port Forwarding menu to configure the router to forward incoming protocols to computers
on your local network. In addition to servers for specific applications, you can also specify a
Default DMZ Server to which all other incoming protocols are forwarded. The DMZ Server is
configured in the Security Menu.
Before starting, you'll need to determine which type of service, application or game you'll provide
address never changes. To configure port forwarding to a local server:
IP address feature of your MR814 v3 router. See “Using Address Reservation“ on page
7-8 for instructions on how to use reserved IP addresses.
1. From the Service & Game box, select the service or game that you will host on your network.
If the service does not appear in the list, refer to the following section, “Adding a Custom
Service”.
2. Enter the IP address of the local server in the corresponding Server IP Address box.
3. Click the Add button.
Adding a Custom Service
To define a service, game or application that does not appear in the Services & Games list, you
must determine what port numbers are used by the service. For this information, you may need to
contact the manufacturer of the program that you wish to use. When you have the port number
information, follow these steps:
1. Click the Add Custom Service button.
2. Enter the first port number in an unused Start Port box.
3. To forward only one port, enter it again in the End Port box. To specify a range of ports, enter
the last port to be forwarded in the End Port box.
4. Enter the IP address of the local server in the corresponding Server IP Address box.
5. Type a name for the service.
6. Click Apply at the bottom of the menu.
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Editing or Deleting a Port Forwarding Entry
To edit or delete a Port Forwarding entry, follow these steps.
1. In the table, select the button next to the service name.
2. Click Edit or Delete.
Local Web and FTP Server Example
If a local PC with a private IP address of 192.168.0.33 acts as a Web and FTP server, configure the
Ports menu to forward HTTP (port 80) and FTP (port 21) to local address 192.168.0.33
In order for a remote user to access this server from the Internet, the remote user must know the IP
address that has been assigned by your ISP. If this address is 172.16.1.23, for example, an Internet
user can access your Web server by directing the browser to http://172.16.1.23. The assigned IP
address can be found in the Maintenance Status Menu, where it is shown as the WAN IP Address.
Some considerations for this application are:
•
•
•
If your account’s IP address is assigned dynamically by your ISP, the IP address may change
periodically as the DHCP lease expires.
If the IP address of the local PC is assigned by DHCP, it may change when the PC is rebooted.
To avoid this, you can manually configure the PC to use a fixed address.
Local PCs must access the local server using the PCs’ local LAN address (192.168.0.33 in this
example). Attempts by local PCs to access the server using the external IP address
(172.16.1.23 in this example) will fail.
Multiple Computers for Half Life, KALI or Quake III Example
To set up an additional computer to play Half Life, KALI or Quake III:
1. Click the button of an unused port in the table.
2. Select the game again from the Services/Games list.
3. Change the beginning port number in the Start Port box.
For these games, use the supplied number in the default listing and add +1 for each additional
computer. For example, if you've already configured one computer to play Hexen II (using
port 26900), the second computer's port number would be 26901, and the third computer
would be 26902.
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4. Type the same port number in the End Port box that you typed in the Start Port box.
5. Type the IP address of the additional computer in the Server IP Address box.
6. Click Apply.
Some online games and videoconferencing applications are incompatible with NAT. The MR814
v3 router is programmed to recognize some of these applications and to work properly with them,
but there are other applications that may not function well. In some cases, one local PC can run the
application properly if that PC’s IP address is entered as the default in the PORTS Menu. If one
local PC acts as a game or videoconferencing host, enter its IP address as the default.
Configuring the WAN Setup Options
The WAN Setup options let you configure a DMZ server, change the MTU size and enable the
router to respond to a Ping on the WAN port. These options are discussed below.
Setting Up a Default DMZ Server
The default DMZ server feature is helpful when using some online games and videoconferencing
applications that are incompatible with NAT. The router is programmed to recognize some of these
applications and to work properly with them, but there are other applications that may not function
well. In some cases, one local PC can run the application properly if that PC’s IP address is entered
as the default DMZ server.
Note: DMZ servers pose a security risk. A computer designated as the default DMZ
server loses much of the protection of the firewall, and is exposed to exploits from the
Internet. If compromised, the DMZ server can be used to attack your network.
Incoming traffic from the Internet is normally discarded by the router unless the traffic is a
response to one of your local computers or a service that you have configured in the Ports menu.
Instead of discarding this traffic, you can have it forwarded to one computer on your network. This
computer is called the Default DMZ Server.
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The WAN Setup menu, shown below lets you configure a Default DMZ Server.
Figure 7-2: WAN Setup menu.
To assign a computer or server to be a Default DMZ server, follow these steps:
1. Click WAN Setup link on the Advanced section of the main menu.
2. Type the IP address for that server. To remove the default DMZ server, replace the IP address
numbers with all zeros.
3. Click Apply.
Respond to Ping on Internet WAN Port
If you want the router to respond to a 'ping' from the Internet, click the ‘Respond to Ping on
Internet WAN Port’ check box. This should only be used as a diagnostic tool, since it allows your
router to be discovered. Don't check this box unless you have a specific reason to do so.
Setting the MTU Size
The default MTU size is usually fine. The normal MTU (Maximum Transmit Unit) value for most
Ethernet networks is 1500 Bytes. For some ISPs, particularly some using PPPoE, you may need to
reduce the MTU. This should not be done unless you are sure it is necessary by your ISP.
Any packets sent through the router that are larger than the configured MTU size will be
repackaged into smaller packets to meet the MTU requirement. To change the MTU size:
1. Under MTU Size, enter a new size between 64 and 1500.
2. Click Apply to save the new configuration.
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Using the LAN IP Setup Options
The second feature category under the Advanced heading is LAN IP Setup. This menu allows
configuration of LAN IP services such as DHCP and RIP. From the Main Menu of the browser
interface, under Advanced, click on LAN IP Setup to view the LAN IP Setup menu, shown below.
Figure 7-3: LAN IP Setup Menu
Configuring LAN TCP/IP Setup Parameters
The router is shipped preconfigured to use private IP addresses on the LAN side, and to act.as a
DHCP server. The router’s default LAN IP configuration is:
•
•
LAN IP addresses—192.168.0.1
Subnet mask—255.255.255.0
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These addresses are part of the IETF-designated private address range for use in private networks,
and should be suitable in most applications. If your network has a requirement to use a different IP
addressing scheme, you can make those changes in this menu.
The LAN IP parameters are:
•
IP Address
This is the LAN IP address of the router.
•
IP Subnet Mask
This is the LAN Subnet Mask of the router. Combined with the IP address, the IP Subnet Mask
allows a device to know which other addresses are local to it, and which must be reached
through a gateway or router.
•
RIP Direction
RIP (Router Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other
routers. The RIP Direction selection controls how the router sends and receives RIP packets.
Both is the default.
— When set to Both or Out Only, the router will broadcast its routing table periodically.
— When set to Both or In Only, it will incorporate the RIP information that it receives.
— When set to None, it will not send any RIP packets and will ignore any RIP packets
received.
•
RIP Version
This controls the format and the broadcasting method of the RIP packets that the router sends.
(It recognizes both formats when receiving.) By default, this is set for RIP-1.
— RIP-1 is universally supported. RIP-1 is probably adequate for most networks, unless you
have an unusual network setup.
— RIP-2 carries more information. RIP-2B uses subnet broadcasting.
Note: If you change the LAN IP address of the router while connected through the
browser, you will be disconnected. You must then open a new connection to the new IP
address and log in again.
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Using the Router as a DHCP server
By default, the router will function as a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server,
the router's LAN. The assigned default gateway address is the LAN address of the router. IP
addresses will be assigned to the attached PCs from a pool of addresses specified in this menu.
Each pool address is tested before it is assigned to avoid duplicate addresses on the LAN.
For most applications, the default DHCP and TCP/IP settings of the router are satisfactory. See “IP
Configuration by DHCP” on page B-10 for an explanation of DHCP and information about how to
assign IP addresses for your network.
If another device on your network will be the DHCP server, or if you will manually configure the
network settings of all of your computers, clear the ‘Use router as DHCP server’ check box.
Otherwise, leave it checked.
Specify the pool of IP addresses to be assigned by setting the Starting IP Address and Ending IP
Address. These addresses should be part of the same IP address subnet as the router’s LAN IP
address. Using the default addressing scheme, you should define a range between 192.168.0.2 and
192.168.0.253, although you may wish to save part of the range for devices with fixed addresses.
The router will deliver the following parameters to any LAN device that requests DHCP:
•
•
•
•
An IP Address from the range you have defined
Subnet Mask
Gateway IP Address (the router’s LAN IP address)
Primary DNS Server (if you entered a Primary DNS address in the Basic Settings menu;
otherwise, the router’s LAN IP address)
•
Secondary DNS Server (if you entered a Secondary DNS address in the Basic Settings menu
Using Address Reservation
When you specify a reserved IP address for a PC on the LAN, that PC will always receive the
same IP address each time it access the router’s DHCP server. Reserved IP addresses should be
assigned to servers that require permanent IP settings.
To reserve an IP address:
1. Click the Add button.
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2. In the IP Address box, type the IP address to assign to the PC or server.
(choose an IP address from the router’s LAN subnet, such as 192.168.0.X)
3. Type the MAC Address of the PC or server.
(Tip: If the PC is already present on your network, you can copy its MAC address from the
Attached Devices menu and paste it here.)
4. Click Apply to enter the reserved address into the table.
Note: The reserved address will not be assigned until the next time the PC contacts the router's
DHCP server. Reboot the PC or access its IP configuration and force a DHCP release and renew.
To edit or delete a reserved address entry:
1. Click the button next to the reserved address you want to edit or delete.
2. Click Edit or Delete.
Using a Dynamic DNS Service
If your network has a permanently assigned IP address, you can register a domain name and have
that name linked with your IP address by public Domain Name Servers (DNS). However, if your
Internet account uses a dynamically assigned IP address, you will not know in advance what your
IP address will be, and the address can change frequently. In this case, you can use a commercial
dynamic DNS service, who will allow you to register your domain to their IP address, and will
forward traffic directed at your domain to your frequently-changing IP address.
Note: If your ISP assigns a private WAN IP address (such as 192.168.x.x or 10.x.x.x),
the dynamic DNS service will not work because private addresses will not be routed on
the Internet.
The router contains a client that can connect to many popular dynamic DNS services. You can
select one of these services and obtain an account with them. Then, whenever your ISP-assigned
IP address changes, your router will automatically contact your dynamic DNS service provider,
log in to your account, and register your new IP address.
From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under Advanced, click on Dynamic DNS. To
configure Dynamic DNS:
1. Register for an account with one of the dynamic DNS service providers whose names appear
in the ‘Select Service Provider’ box. For example, for dyndns.org, go to www.dyndns.org.
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2. Select the Use a dynamic DNS service check box.
3. Select the name of your dynamic DNS Service Provider.
4. Type the Host Name (or domain name) that your dynamic DNS service provider gave you.
5. Type the User Name for your dynamic DNS account.
6. Type the Password (or key) for your dynamic DNS account.
7. If your dynamic DNS provider allows the use of wildcards in resolving your URL, you may
select the Use wildcards check box to activate this feature.
For example, the wildcard feature will cause *.yourhost.dyndns.org to be aliased to the same
IP address as yourhost.dyndns.org
8. Click Apply to save your configuration.
Configuring Static Routes
Static Routes provide additional routing information to your router. Under normal circumstances,
the router has adequate routing information after it has been configured for Internet access, and
you do not need to configure additional static routes. You must configure static routes only for
unusual cases such as multiple routers or multiple IP subnets located on your network.
From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under Advanced, click on Static Routes to view the
Static Route menu, shown below.
Figure 7-4.
Static Route Summary Table
To add or edit a Static Route:
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1. Click the Add button to open the Add/Edit Menu, shown below.
Figure 7-5.
Static Route Entry and Edit Menu
2. Type a route name for this static route in the Route Name box under the table.
(This is for identification purpose only.)
3. Select Private if you want to limit access to the LAN only. The static route will not be reported
in RIP.
4. Select Active to make this route effective.
5. Type the Destination IP Address of the final destination.
6. Type the IP Subnet Mask for this destination.
If the destination is a single host, type 255.255.255.255.
7. Type the Gateway IP Address, which must be a router on the same LAN segment as the router.
8. Type a number between 1 and 15 as the Metric value.
This represents the number of routers between your network and the destination. Usually, a
setting of 2 or 3 works, but if this is a direct connection, set it to 1.
9. Click Apply to have the static route entered into the table.
As an example of when a static route is needed, consider the following case:
•
•
Your primary Internet access is through a cable modem to an ISP.
You have an ISDN router on your home network for connecting to the company where
you are employed. This router’s address on your LAN is 192.168.0.100.
•
Your company’s network is 134.177.0.0.
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When you first configured your router, two implicit static routes were created. A default route was
created with your ISP as the gateway, and a second static route was created to your local network
for all 192.168.0.x addresses. With this configuration, if you attempt to access a device on the
134.177.0.0 network, your router will forward your request to the ISP. The ISP forwards your
request to the company where you are employed, and the request will likely be denied by the
company’s firewall.
In this case you must define a static route, telling your router that 134.177.0.0 should be accessed
through the ISDN router at 192.168.0.100. The static route would look like Figure 7-5.
In this example:
•
The Destination IP Address and IP Subnet Mask fields specify that this static route applies to
all 134.177.x.x addresses.
•
The Gateway IP Address fields specifies that all traffic for these addresses should be
forwarded to the ISDN router at 192.168.0.100.
•
•
A Metric value of 1 will work since the ISDN router is on the LAN.
Private is selected only as a precautionary security measure in case RIP is activated.
Enabling Remote Management Access
Using the Remote Management page, you can allow a user or users on the Internet to configure,
upgrade and check the status of your MR814 v3 router.
Note: Be sure to change the router's default configuration password to a very secure
password. The ideal password should contain no dictionary words from any language,
and should be a mixture of letters (both upper and lower case), numbers, and symbols.
Your password can be up to 30 characters.
To configure your router for Remote Management:
1. Select the Turn Remote Management On check box.
2. Specify what external addresses will be allowed to access the router’s remote management.
Note: For enhanced security, restrict access to as few external IP addresses as practical.
a. To allow access from any IP address on the Internet, select Everyone.
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b. To allow access from a range of IP addresses on the Internet, select IP address range.
Enter a beginning and ending IP address to define the allowed range.
c. To allow access from a single IP address on the Internet, select Only this PC.
Enter the IP address that will be allowed access.
3. Specify the Port Number that will be used for accessing the management interface.
Web browser access normally uses the standard HTTP service port 80. For greater security,
change the remote management web interface to a custom port by entering that number in the
box provided. Choose a number between 1024 and 65535, but do not use the number of any
common service port. The default is 8080, which is a common alternate for HTTP.
4. Click Apply to have your changes take effect.
Note: When accessing your router from the Internet, you will type your router's WAN IP address
into your browser's Address (in IE) or Location (in Netscape) box, followed by a colon (:) and the
custom port number. For example, if your external address is 134.177.0.123 and you use port
number 8080, you must enter http://134.177.0.123:8080 in your browser.
Using Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) helps devices, such as Internet appliances and computers,
access the network and connect to other devices as needed. UPnP devices can
automatically discover the services from other registered UPnP devices on the network.
Figure 7-6.
UPnP Menu
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From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under Advanced, click on UPnP. Set up UPnP
according to the guidelines below.
Turn UPnP On: UPnP can be enabled or disabled for automatic device configuration. The default
setting for UPnP is disabled. If disabled, the router will not allow any device to automatically
control the resources, such as port forwarding (mapping), of the router.
Note: If you use applications such as multi-player gaming, peer-to-peer connections, real time
communications such as instant messaging, or remote assistance (a feature in Windows XP), you
should enable UPnP.
Advertisement Period: The Advertisement Period is how often the router will broadcast its UPnP
information. This value can range from 1 to 1440 minutes. The default period is 30 minutes.
Shorter durations will ensure that control points have current device status at the expense of
additional network traffic. Longer durations may compromise the freshness of the device status but
can significantly reduce network traffic.
Advertisement Time To Live: The time to live for the advertisement is measured in hops (steps)
for each UPnP packet sent. The time to live hop count is the number of steps a broadcast packet is
allowed to propagate for each UPnP advertisement before it disappears. The number of hops can
range from 1 to 255. The default value for the advertisement time to live is 4 hops, which should
be fine for most home networks. If you notice that some devices are not being updated or reached
correctly, then it may be necessary to increase this value a little.
UPnP Portmap Table: The UPnP Portmap Table displays the IP address of each UPnP device that
is currently accessing the router and which ports (Internal and External) that device has opened.
The UPnP Portmap Table also displays what type of port is opened and if that port is still active for
each IP address.
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Chapter 8
Troubleshooting
This chapter gives information about troubleshooting your MR814 v3 Cable/DSL Wireless
Router. After each problem description, instructions are provided to help you diagnose and solve
the problem.
Basic Functioning
After you turn on power to the router, the following sequence of events should occur:
1. When power is first applied, verify that the Power light
2. After approximately 10 seconds, verify that:
a. The power light is solid green.
is on.
b. The LAN port lights are lit for any local ports that are connected.
c. The Internet port light is lit.
If a port’s light is lit, a link has been established to the connected device. If a LAN port is
connected to a 100 Mbps device, verify that the port’s light is green. If the port is 10 Mbps, the
light will be amber.
If any of these conditions does not occur, refer to the appropriate following section.
Power Light Not On
If the Power and other lights are off when your router is turned on:
•
Make sure that the power cord is properly connected to your router and that the power supply
adapter is properly connected to a functioning power outlet.
•
Check that you are using the 12 V DC 1A power adapter supplied by NETGEAR for this
product.
If the error persists, you have a hardware problem and should contact technical support.
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Lights Never Turn Off
When the router is turned on, the lights turns on for about 10 seconds and then turn off. If all the
lights stay on, there is a fault within the router.
If all lights are still on one minute after power up:
•
•
Cycle the power to see if the router recovers.
Clear the router’s configuration to factory defaults. This will set the router’s IP address to
192.168.0.1. This procedure is explained in “Restoring the Default Configuration and
Password” on page 8-7.
If the error persists, you might have a hardware problem and should contact technical support.
LAN or WAN Port Lights Not On
If either the LAN lights or Internet light do not light when the Ethernet connection is made, check
the following:
•
Make sure that the Ethernet cable connections are secure at the router and at the hub or
workstation.
•
•
Make sure that power is turned on to the connected hub or workstation.
Be sure you are using the correct cable:
— When connecting the router’s Internet port to a cable or DSL modem, use the cable that
was supplied with the cable or DSL modem. This cable could be a standard
straight-through Ethernet cable or an Ethernet crossover cable.
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Troubleshooting the Web Configuration Interface
If you are unable to access the router’s web Configuration interface from a computer on your local
network, check the following:
•
previous section.
•
Make sure your computer’s IP address is on the same subnet as the router. If you are using the
recommended addressing scheme, your computer’s address should be in the range of
192.168.0.2 to 192.168.0.254. Refer to “Verifying TCP/IP Properties” on page C-8 or
“Verifying TCP/IP Properties for Macintosh Computers” on page C-19 to find your
computer’s IP address. Follow the instructions in Appendix C to configure your computer.
Note: If your computer’s IP address is shown as 169.254.x.x: Recent versions of Windows
and MacOS will generate and assign an IP address if the computer cannot reach a DHCP
server. These auto-generated addresses are in the range of 169.254.x.x. If your IP address is in
this range, check the connection from the computer to the router and reboot your computer.
•
•
If your router’s IP address has been changed and you don’t know the current IP address, clear
the router’s configuration to factory defaults. This will set the router’s IP address to
192.168.0.1. This procedure is explained in “Restoring the Default Configuration and
Password” on page 8-7.
Make sure your browser has Java, JavaScript, or ActiveX enabled. If you are using Internet
Explorer, click Refresh to be sure the Java applet is loaded.
•
•
Try quitting the browser and launching it again.
Make sure you are using the correct login information. The factory default login name is
admin and the password is password. Make sure that CAPS LOCK is off when entering this
information.
If the router does not save changes you have made in the web Configuration Interface, check the
following:
•
When entering configuration settings, be sure to click the APPLY button before moving to
another menu or tab, or your changes are lost.
•
Click the Refresh or Reload button in the web browser. The changes may have occurred, but
the web browser may be caching the old configuration.
Troubleshooting
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Troubleshooting the ISP Connection
If your router is unable to access the Internet, you should first determine whether the router is able
to obtain a WAN IP address from the ISP. Unless you have been assigned a static IP address, your
router must request an IP address from the ISP. You can determine whether the request was
successful using the web Configuration Manager.
To check the WAN IP address:
1. Launch your browser and select an external site such as www.netgear.com
2. Access the Main Menu of the router’s configuration at http://www.routerlogin.net.
3. Under the Maintenance heading, select Router Status
4. Check that an IP address is shown for the WAN Port
If 0.0.0.0 is shown, your router has not obtained an IP address from your ISP.
If your router is unable to obtain an IP address from the ISP, you may need to force your cable or
DSL modem to recognize your new router by performing the following procedure:
1. Turn off power to the cable or DSL modem.
2. Turn off power to your router.
3. Wait five minutes and reapply power to the cable or DSL modem.
4. When the modem’s lights indicate that it has reacquired sync with the ISP, reapply power to
your router.
5. Then restart your computer.
If your router is still unable to obtain an IP address from the ISP, the problem may be one of the
following:
•
Your ISP may require a login program.
Ask your ISP whether they require PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) or some other type of login.
•
•
If your ISP requires a login, you may have incorrectly set the login name and password.
Your ISP may check for your computer's host name.
Assign the computer Host Name of your ISP account as the Account Name in the Basic
Settings menu.
•
Your ISP only allows one Ethernet MAC address to connect to Internet, and may check for
your computer’s MAC address. In this case:
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Inform your ISP that you have bought a new network device, and ask them to use the router’s
MAC address.
OR
Configure your router to spoof your computer’s MAC address. This can be done in the Basic
Settings menu. Refer to “How to Bypass the Configuration Assistant” on page 3-12.
If your router can obtain an IP address, but your computer is unable to load any web pages from
the Internet:
•
A DNS server is a host on the Internet that translates Internet names (such as www addresses)
to numeric IP addresses. Typically your ISP will provide the addresses of one or two DNS
servers for your use. If you entered a DNS address during the router’s configuration, reboot
Networking Components” on page C-9. Alternatively, you may configure your computer
manually with DNS addresses, as explained in your operating system documentation.
•
Your computer may not have the router configured as its TCP/IP gateway.
If your computer obtains its information from the router by DHCP, reboot the computer and
verify the gateway address as described in “Install or Verify Windows Networking
Components” on page C-9.
Troubleshooting a TCP/IP Network Using a Ping Utility
Most TCP/IP terminal devices and routers contain a ping utility that sends an echo request packet
to the designated device. The device then responds with an echo reply. Troubleshooting a TCP/IP
network is made very easy by using the ping utility in your computer or workstation.
Testing the LAN Path to Your Router
You can ping the router from your computer to verify that the LAN path to your router is set up
correctly.
To ping the router from a PC running Windows 95 or later:
1. From the Windows toolbar, click on the Start button and select Run.
2. In the field provided, type Ping followed by the IP address of the router, as in this example:
ping 192.168.0.1
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3. Click on OK.
You should see a message like this one:
Pinging <IP address> with 32 bytes of data
If the path is working, you see this message:
Reply from < IP address >: bytes=32 time=NN ms TTL=xxx
If the path is not working, you see this message:
If the path is not functioning correctly, you could have one of the following problems:
•
Wrong physical connections
— Make sure the LAN port LED is on. If the LED is off, follow the instructions in “LAN
or WAN Port Lights Not On” on page 8-2.
— Check that the corresponding Link LEDs are on for your network interface card and
for the hub ports (if any) that are connected to your workstation and router.
•
Wrong network configuration
— Verify that the Ethernet card driver software and TCP/IP software are both installed
and configured on your computer or workstation.
— Verify that the IP address for your router and your workstation are correct and that the
addresses are on the same subnet.
Testing the Path from Your Computer to a Remote Device
After verifying that the LAN path works correctly, test the path from your computer to a remote
device. From the Windows run menu, type:
PING -n 10 <IP address>
where <IP address> is the IP address of a remote device such as your ISP’s DNS server.
If the path is functioning correctly, replies as in the previous section are displayed. If you do not
receive replies:
— Check that your computer has the IP address of your router listed as the default gateway. If
the IP configuration of your computer is assigned by DHCP, this information will not be
visible in your computer’s Network Control Panel. Verify that the IP address of the router
is listed as the default gateway as described in “Install or Verify Windows Networking
Components” on page C-9.
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— Check to see that the network address of your computer (the portion of the IP address
specified by the netmask) is different from the network address of the remote device.
— Check that your cable or DSL modem is connected and functioning.
— If your ISP assigned a host name to your computer, enter that host name as the Account
Name in the Basic Settings menu.
— Your ISP could be rejecting the Ethernet MAC addresses of all but one of your computers.
Many broadband ISPs restrict access by only allowing traffic from the MAC address of
your broadband modem, but some ISPs additionally restrict access to the MAC address of
a single computer connected to that modem. If this is the case, you must configure your
router to “clone” or “spoof” the MAC address from the authorized computer. Refer to
“How to Bypass the Configuration Assistant” on page 3-12.
Restoring the Default Configuration and Password
This section explains how to restore the factory default configuration settings, changing the
router’s administration password to password and the IP address to 192.168.0.1. You can erase the
current configuration and restore factory defaults in two ways:
•
•
Use the Erase function of the router (see “Erasing the Configuration” on page 6-7).
Use the Default Reset button on the rear panel of the router. Use this method for cases when
the administration password or IP address is not known.
To restore the factory default configuration settings without knowing the administration password
or IP address, you must use the Default Reset button on the rear panel of the router.
1. Press and hold the Default Reset button until the power light blinks on (about 10 seconds).
2. Release the Default Reset button and wait for the router to reboot.
If the router fails to restart or the power light continues to blink or turns solid amber, the unit
may be defective. If the error persists, you might have a hardware problem and should contact
technical support.
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Problems with Date and Time
The E-Mail menu in the Content Filtering section displays the current date and time of day. The
MR814 v3 router uses the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to obtain the current time from one of
several Network Time Servers on the Internet. Each entry in the log is stamped with the date and
time of day. Problems with the date and time function can include:
•
Date shown is January 1, 2000. Cause: The router has not yet successfully reached a Network
Time Server. Check that your Internet access settings are configured correctly. If you have just
completed configuring the router, wait at least five minutes and check the date and time again.
•
Time is off by one hour. Cause: The router does not automatically sense Daylight Savings
Time. In the E-Mail menu, check or uncheck the box marked “Adjust for Daylight Savings
Time”.
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Appendix A
Technical Specifications
This appendix provides technical specifications for the MR814 v3 Cable/DSL Wireless Router.
Network Protocol and Standards Compatibility
Data and Routing Protocols:
TCP/IP, RIP-1, RIP-2, DHCP
PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)
Power Adapter
North America:
120V, 60 Hz, input
United Kingdom, Australia:
Europe:
240V, 50 Hz, input
230V, 50 Hz, input
Japan:
100V, 50/60 Hz, input
12 V DC @ 1 A output, 20W maximum
All regions (output):
Physical Specifications
Dimensions:
28 x 175 x 118 mm (1.1 x 6.89 x 4.65 in.)
0.3 kg (0.66 lb)
Weight:
Environmental Specifications
Operating temperature:
Operating humidity:
Electromagnetic Emissions
Meets requirements of:
0° to 40° C (32º to 104º F)
90% maximum relative humidity, noncondensing
FCC Part 15 Class B
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VCCI Class B
EN 55 022 (CISPR 22), Class B
Interface Specifications
LAN:
10BASE-T or 100BASE-Tx, RJ-45
10BASE-T, RJ-45
WAN:
Wireless
Radio Data Rate
Frequency
1, 2, 5.5, 11Mbps Auto Rate Sensing
2.4-2.5Ghz
Data Encoding:
802.11b Operating Range
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
Outdoor environment Indoor environment
@ 11 Mbps
@ 5.5 Mbps
@ 2 Mbps
@ 1 Mbps
398 ft (120 m)
561 ft (170 m)
890 ft (270 m)
1485 ft (450 m)
198 ft (60 m)
264 ft (80 m)
430 ft (130 m)
660 ft (200 m)
Maximum Computers Per
Wireless Network:
Limited by the amount of wireless network traffic generated
by each node. Typically 30-70 nodes.
802.11b Operating Frequency
Ranges
2.412~2.462 GHz (US)
2.412~2.484 GHz (Japan)
2.412~2.472 GHz (Europe ETSI)
2.457~2.462 GHz (Spain)
2.457~2.472 GHz (France)
802.11b Encryption
40-bits (also called 64-bits), 128-bits WEP data encryption
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Appendix B
Network, Routing, Firewall, and Basics
This chapter provides an overview of IP networks, routing, and networking.
Related Publications
As you read this document, you may be directed to various RFC documents for further
information. An RFC is a Request For Comment (RFC) published by the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), an open organization that defines the architecture and operation of the Internet.
The RFC documents outline and define the standard protocols and procedures for the Internet. The
documents are listed on the World Wide Web at www.ietf.org and are mirrored and indexed at
many other sites worldwide.
Basic Router Concepts
Large amounts of bandwidth can be provided easily and relatively inexpensively in a local area
network (LAN). However, providing high bandwidth between a local network and the Internet can
be very expensive. Because of this expense, Internet access is usually provided by a slower-speed
wide-area network (WAN) link such as a cable or DSL modem. In order to make the best use of the
slower WAN link, a mechanism must be in place for selecting and transmitting only the data traffic
meant for the Internet. The function of selecting and forwarding this data is performed by a router.
What is a Router?
A router is a device that forwards traffic between networks based on network layer information in
the data and on routing tables maintained by the router. In these routing tables, a router builds up a
logical picture of the overall network by gathering and exchanging information with other routers
in the network. Using this information, the router chooses the best path for forwarding network
traffic.
Routers vary in performance and scale, number of routing protocols supported, and types of
physical WAN connection they support. The MR814 v3 Cable/DSL Wireless Router is a small
office router that routes the IP protocol over a single-user broadband connection.
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Routing Information Protocol
One of the protocols used by a router to build and maintain a picture of the network is the Routing
Information Protocol (RIP). Using RIP, routers periodically update one another and check for
changes to add to the routing table.
The MR814 v3 router supports both the older RIP-1 and the newer RIP-2 protocols. Among other
improvements, RIP-2 supports subnet and multicast protocols. RIP is not required for most home
applications.
IP Addresses and the Internet
Because TCP/IP networks are interconnected across the world, every machine on the Internet must
have a unique address to make sure that transmitted data reaches the correct destination. Blocks of
addresses are assigned to organizations by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
Individual users and small organizations may obtain their addresses either from the IANA or from
an Internet service provider (ISP). You can contact IANA at www.iana.org.
The Internet Protocol (IP) uses a 32-bit address structure. The address is usually written in dot
notation (also called dotted-decimal notation), in which each group of eight bits is written in
decimal form, separated by decimal points.
For example, the following binary address:
11000011 00100010 00001100 00000111
is normally written as:
195.34.12.7
The latter version is easier to remember and easier to enter into your computer.
In addition, the 32 bits of the address are subdivided into two parts. The first part of the address
identifies the network, and the second part identifies the host node or station on the network. The
dividing point may vary depending on the address range and the application.
There are five standard classes of IP addresses. These address classes have different ways of
determining the network and host sections of the address, allowing for different numbers of hosts
on a network. Each address type begins with a unique bit pattern, which is used by the TCP/IP
software to identify the address class. After the address class has been determined, the software
can correctly identify the host section of the address. The follow figure shows the three main
address classes, including network and host sections of the address for each address type.
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Class A
Network
Class B
Node
Network
Node
Class C
Network
Node
Figure B-1: Three Main Address Classes
The five address classes are:
•
•
•
•
•
Class A
Class A addresses can have up to 16,777,214 hosts on a single network. They use an eight-bit
network number and a 24-bit node number. Class A addresses are in this range:
1.x.x.x to 126.x.x.x.
Class B
Class B addresses can have up to 65,354 hosts on a network. A Class B address uses a 16-bit
network number and a 16-bit node number. Class B addresses are in this range:
128.1.x.x to 191.254.x.x.
Class C
Class C addresses can have 254 hosts on a network. Class C addresses use 24 bits for the
network address and eight bits for the node. They are in this range:
192.0.1.x to 223.255.254.x.
Class D
Class D addresses are used for multicasts (messages sent to many hosts). Class D addresses are
in this range:
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.
Class E
Class E addresses are for experimental use.
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This addressing structure allows IP addresses to uniquely identify each physical network and each
node on each physical network.
For each unique value of the network portion of the address, the base address of the range (host
address of all zeros) is known as the network address and is not usually assigned to a host. Also,
the top address of the range (host address of all ones) is not assigned, but is used as the broadcast
address for simultaneously sending a packet to all hosts with the same network address.
Netmask
In each of the address classes previously described, the size of the two parts (network address and
host address) is implied by the class. This partitioning scheme can also be expressed by a netmask
associated with the IP address. A netmask is a 32-bit quantity that, when logically combined (using
an AND operator) with an IP address, yields the network address. For instance, the netmasks for
Class A, B, and C addresses are 255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0, and 255.255.255.0, respectively.
For example, the address 192.168.170.237 is a Class C IP address whose network portion is the
upper 24 bits. When combined (using an AND operator) with the Class C netmask, as shown here,
only the network portion of the address remains:
11000000 10101000 10101010 11101101 (192.168.170.237)
combined with:
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (255.255.255.0)
Equals:
11000000 10101000 10101010 00000000 (192.168.170.0)
As a shorter alternative to dotted-decimal notation, the netmask may also be expressed in terms of
the number of ones from the left. This number is appended to the IP address, following a backward
slash (/), as “/n.” In the example, the address could be written as 192.168.170.237/24, indicating
that the netmask is 24 ones followed by 8 zeros.
Subnet Addressing
By looking at the addressing structures, you can see that even with a Class C address, there are a
large number of hosts per network. Such a structure is an inefficient use of addresses if each end of
a routed link requires a different network number. It is unlikely that the smaller office LANs would
have that many devices. You can resolve this problem by using a technique known as subnet
addressing.
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