ESA OOGIE
B
M
Owner's Manual
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FRONT PANEL CONTROLS & FEATURES
REAR PANEL CONTROLS, SWITCHES & JACKS
RECTIFIER SELECT: Diodes &Tube RectifierTracking
BIAS ADJUSTMENT: A feature article by Randall Smiths
SPEAKER IMPEDANCE & POSSIBLE HOOK-UP SCHEMES - Amps to Speaker Cab
TRIODES, PENTODES & IRISHMEN: A feature article on the workings of tubes
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
PRECAUTIONS & WARNINGS
Your MESA/Boogie Amplifier is a professional instrument. Please treat it with respect and operate it properly.
USE COMMON SENSE AND ALWAYS OBSERVE THESE PRECAUTIONS:
WARNING: EU: permission from the Supply Authority is needed before connection.
WARNING: Vacuum tube amplifiers generate heat. To insure proper ventilation always make
certain there is at least four inches (100mm) of space behind the rear of the amplifier cabinet.
Keep away from curtains or any flammable objects.
WARNING: Do not block any ventilation openings on the rear or top of the amplifier. Do not
impede ventilation by placing objects on top of the amplifier which extend past the rear edge of
its cabinet.
WARNING: Do not expose the amplifier to rain, moisture, dripping or splashing water. Do not
place objects filled with liquids on or nearby the amplifier.
WARNING: Always make certain proper load is connected before operating the amplifier.
Failure to do so could pose a shock hazard and may result in damage to the amplifier.
Do not expose amplifier to direct sunlight or extremely high temperatures.
Always insure that amplifier is properly grounded. Always unplug AC power cord before changing
fuse or any tubes. When replacing fuse, use only same type and rating.
Avoid direct contact with heated tubes. Keep amplifier away from children.
Be sure to connect to an AC power supply that meets the power supply specifications listed on
the rear of the unit. Remove the power plug from the AC mains socket if the unit is to be stored
for an extended period of time. If there is any danger of lightning occurring nearby, remove the
power plug from the wall socket in advance.
To avoid damaging your speakers and other playback equipment, turn off the power of all related
equipment before
making the connections.
Do not use excessive force in handling control buttons, switches and controls. Do not use
solvents such as benzene or paint thinner to clean the unit. Wipe off the exterior with soft cloth.
YOUR AMPLIFIER IS LOUD! EXPOSURE TO HIGH SOUND VOLUMES MAY CAUSE PERMANENT HEARING DAMAGE !
No user serviceable parts inside. Refer service to qualified personnel. Always unplug AC power before removing chassis.
EXPORT MODELS: Always insure that unit is wired for proper voltage. Make certain grounding conforms with local standards.
READ AND FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS OF PROPER USAGE.
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
Instruction Manual
Overview:
Congratulations on your choice of the LONE STAR as your amplifier and Welcome to the MESA/Boogie Family!
This hand-built instrument was crafted with the finest quality components and designed to provide you with years of musical inspira-
tion and toneful satisfaction.
From a glance you can see the is laid out simply and logically.Its clean, two channel layout provides a platform for ultimate
expression with a minimal learning curve.Though you have probably experienced the magic of its character already, this guide will
help you to understand the interaction of the controls and features…allowing you to find your sound more quickly and deviate from
there easily in new musical environments.
The two channels provide the entire range of gain, from sparkling clean to totally saturated, and anywhere in between.Channel 1(top)
is based on a traditional gain structure to produce angelic and warm clean sounds in its low to medium gain ranges. Like most great
amps, this channel can be driven to clip and produces incredible solo possibilities for blues or roots chording styles.
Channel 2 has a split personality and can either be set to achieve a slightly gainier clone of Channel 1 or, with the flick of a switch
become a high gain preamp.Switching in the DRIVE control adds 2 more triode stages and an additional gain control to meter in the
exact blend of smooth singing saturation.The bipolar nature of Channel 2 allows the LONE STAR to roam effortlessly through both
vintage and modern territory with full channel switching accuracy and an emphasis on soul and simplicity.You can set up the amp for
two low gain channels, one for sparkling clean and the other driven into an old school clip or, one for low gain clean and the other for
high gain singing sustain.
The LONE STAR takes channel switching further and allows you to choose the amount of power and type of rectification you want
to combine with each preamp channel. The choices are 50 or 100 watt power ratings and Tube or Silicon Diode rectification. For
ultimate
clip-ability and a vintage-squish feel, choose 50 watts and Tube rectification. For clean headroom and tight tracking
accuracy, select 100 watts and the Diodes are automatically brought on line to keep things bold and authoritative.These power- se-
lectable-per- preamp channels are incredibly intuitive and allow for extreme stylistic accuracy when dedicating the two channels to
your footswitching needs.
FRONT VIEW : LONE STAR
CH 1
100 W
FT
SW
TWEED
POWER OFF
STANDBY
ON
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
CH 2
50 W
INPUT
FT.SW
CLEAN
TREBLE
MID
DRIVE
GAIN
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
100 W
THICK
MAL
ON
NOR
50 W
THICKER
REAR VIEW : LONE STAR
WARNING:
ALL - TUBE
AMPLIFIER
Unplug power
before replacing
fuse or removing
LONE STAR
ESA OOGIE
B
M
bolts mounting
chassis
CH 2 REVERB CH 1
FUSE
SILICON
DIODES
FAN
ON
SEND
RETURN
REVERB
BRIGHT
NORMAL
First set sound with
LOOP bypassed. Then
set SEND & OUTPUT
to 50% for unity gain.
With LOOP IN, adjust
SEND to match FX.
Use OUTPUT for
LOOP
IN
SOLO
BIAS SELECT
CHANNEL
SPEAKERS
FUSE
EL-34
EL-34
EXT
SW
MIN
SLAVE
TUBE
RECTIFIER
TRACKING
FAN
OFF
POWER FUSE
120 V~ 4 A
60 Hz SLO
REV WARM
HARD BYPASS
WHEN
RED ON
6L6
RETURN level and
live volume control.
8 OHM4 OHM
4 OHM
SEND LEVEL
TUBE LOCATIONS
CAUTION: SWITCH MUST
MATCH TUBES IN USE
HAND BUILT IN PETALUMA CA.
1 x 5U4 4 x 6L6
4 A
BLO
PAGE 1
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
Overview:(Continued)
The OUTPUT control is joined by our SOLO feature that provides an additional master output that you can trigger remotely for a
footswitchable boost when you want to feature a part.These two Front Panel controls are brought on line with the activation of the
Effects Loop.When the Loop is not active, the individual Channel Master controls serve as final output controls.When the Loop is set
to HARD BYPASS, all associated circuitry is removed (for you purists) from the signal path. Since the Output and SOLO controls are
wired as Loop Returns, at the end of the preamp and Loop signal path, they are defeated when the Loop is bypassed. The Power
switch is fitted with LOW and (high/normal) ON settings to provide a built in variac so that incoming AC voltage can be reduced to
produce a spongier feel and increased clip-ability.This ability to run everything in somewhat of a brown-out state produces amazing
possibilities for the clean sounds that are driven to clip.
AsmentionedabovetheEffectsLoophandlesoutboardprocessingwithfinesse.TheabilitytoHARDBYPASStheloopentirelyassures
the purist in you will be satisfied in the studio where every nuance of tone is crucial and you don’t need the SOLO feature.
The pure, all tube Reverb is fitted with a Bright/Warm switch that enables you to tailor the reverb sound to the style you are playing.
Bright delivers a vintage-inspired sound complete with the identifiable haze of harmonics associated with older amp circuits, while
WARM produces a more pure, studio quality character. Individual blend controls for each channel allow you to get the mix just right
for each of the sounds you have designated to the two channels.
External switch ports are provided to assure that you can interface the with larger rack or multiple amp setups.The Chan-
nels and SOLO feature will respond to any tip-to-ground latching type logic at their corresponding jacks.You can control these features
via external and/or midi commands with any switcher that supports grounding type logic within their programmable menus.
A Switchable BIAS SELECT feature allows you to swap tube types in the power section for different response characteristics.Use the
stock 6L6 type tubes for the greatest versatility, or swap them out for a quartet of EL34 for a brighter, looser feel and added harmonic
spread. Always use the proper setting of the BIAS SWITCH for the tube type in use!
And finally, a SLAVE Output and Level control round out the Rear Panel enabling you to use the LONE STAR as the “dry” master
amp for a stereo setup, drive an external rack of outboard processing or, simply add additional power for larger venues. Unlike the
EFFECTS SEND jack, this output captures the entire sound of the preamp and power section and is generated by padding down the
signal at the speaker output.
NOTE: Once you have taken a signal from the SLAVE Output - do not go back in to the EFFECTS LOOP RETURN jack. Doing so
will create a feedback loop and squealing will occur.
LONE STAR, so let’s move on to the individual controls and how they interact so you can find your
sound. First though, here are a few helpful hints to get you started.
HELPFUL HINTS:
1.) After unpacking your new amplifier, save the packing material and box should you move or ever want to ship you amplifier.
2.) Remove the plastic webbing from the power tubes before connecting the A.C. power cable!
3.) Make sure the A.C. power cable is connected to a grounded (3 hole) socket.
4.) Make all speaker connections with unshielded speaker cable.
5.) Make all external processing connections to the EFFECTS LOOP with shielded cable.
PAGE 2
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
HELPFUL HINTS: (Continued)
6.) When the Footswitch is not available or desired, use the Front Panel mini toggle to select the two channels.
7.) The Front Panel OUTPUT and SOLO controls are not active until the Effects Loop is switched to the LOOP ACTIVE position.Use
the Channel MASTER controls for output volume level when the LOOP is set to HARD BYPASS.
8.) As with all amplifiers, the controls really work and are extremely powerful.You will find most of the best
sounds will be produced by setting the controls in their middle ranges, and very rarely higher than 3:00.The balance between them is
the important part and they are most interactive when no one dominates the mix. Adhering to this scheme will avoid excessive tube
noise and possible microphonic preamp tube problems.
9.) Use the LOW power setting on the A.C. POWER switch in combination with the TUBE RECTIFIER TRACKING selection on the
Rear Panel to achieve the best soft clip characteristics when searching for vintage inspired sounds.
10.) When connecting your processing to the Effects Loop follow these steps;1. Set up your two Channels for the desired sounds 2.
Balance the volume of the Channels with the Channel Masters 3. Connect your processor Input to the Effects Loop SEND 4.Connect
processor Output to the Return Activate Effects Loop (LOOP ACTIVE) Set processor Input Level control for unity gain (0db)
Adjust the overall Effects Loop SEND LEVEL control to fine tune the processors Input signal. Adjust overall playing volume with
the LONE STAR’s Front Panel OUTPUT control.
11.) If you are using the amplifier with both Channels set to the 50 watt output setting, try connecting an 8 ohm load to the 4 ohm
jack.This scheme provides a brighter, snappier response and is preferable for certain styles.
12.) When swapping from the stock quartet of 6L6 output tubes to EL34, always check the BIAS SWITCH. Make sure it is set to
match the tube type in use. Failure to do this may cause damage to your amplifier!
13.) It is possible to install a quartet of 6V6 power tubes to achieve a lower overall power rating and a looser, breathier power feel.
Make sure you set the A.C.POWER switch to low when using these tubes and keep the BIAS SWITCH set for 6L6 operation.It is also
advisable to load the amplifier with an 8 Ohm speaker load on the 4 Ohm jack.This scheme provides the best response while at the
same time reducing stress on the tubes.Try the settings below to audition a couple of possible ways to setup the two channels.
Instant Gratification Demo Settings
SAMPLE #1. Sparkling Clean / Singing Lead
CH 1
100 W
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
FT
SW
TWEED
POWER OFF
STANDBY
ON
CH 2
50 W
INPUT
FT.SW
DRIVE
TREBLE
MID
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
CLEAN GAIN
100 W
THICK
MAL
NOR
ON
50 W
THICKER
SAMPLE #2. Roots Clean / Old School Clip
CH 1
100 W
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
FT
SW
TWEED
ON
ON
CH 2
50 W
INPUT
FT.SW
POWER OFF
STANDBY
CLEAN
TREBLE
MID
DRIVE
GAIN
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
100 W
THICK
MAL
NOR
50 W
THICKER
Now let’s move on to understanding the individual controls and their interactive roles in shaping the sounds y
PAGE 3
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
FRONT PANEL: Controls & Features
INPUT:
This is the instrument INPUT jack. This jack feeds the preamp and since the LONE STAR is a high gain amplifier and
therefore very sensitive, always use a high quality shielded cable between the instrument and the amplifier.This will prevent unwanted
noise and microphonic cable sounds.
INPUT
FT.SW
FOOTSWITCH:
This 1/4 inch ” stereo jack is for connection of the Channel Select Footswitch.When the FOOTSWITCH is con-
nected here with the provided stereo cable, the Channels and SOLO feature may be controlled remotely.
INPUT
FT.SW
DRIVE:
This is the pre-drive control for the high gain preamp in Channel 2. It may be switched out of the circuit, along with its
associated tube stages, to create a slightly higher gain clone of Channel 1 in (this bottom) Channel 2. When the DRIVE control is
activated (switch left, towards ), this control operates in conjunction with the GAIN control to meter the amount of preamp drive
CH 1
Generally speaking, you will find better response and dynamics combined with smoother saturation
FT
SW
by setting the GAIN control higher than DRIVE. In fact you might try leaving the GAIN set to 2:00
or 3:00 and just playing with the to learn the regions of saturation.You will probably find the
more blues oriented sounds between 9:00 and 11:00, while the really saturated high gain sounds
appear between 1:00 and 3:00.
CH 2
INPUT
FT.SW
DRIVE
CLEAN
THICK
MAL
NOR
THICKER
Setting the GAIN control slightly higher than the DRIVE will produce a warmer quality to the sound
and in most cases this is preferable. By all means experiment with setting the GAIN lower than the , as the brighter, thinner
character may be desirable for your application.
Learning the relationship between these two controls is probably the most important element to finding your signature lead sound.
They are extremely powerful, as they control how your guitar feeds the preamp and also determine the signal strength that is pumped
through the tone control string.This in turn affects how the tone controls will respond. At extremely high settings you will be hearing
mostly gain saturation as the tone controls become recessive due to over-saturation.
This is fine if complete saturation is the desired effect, but remember, many of the best sounds are found with more moderate settings
where the gain controls interact with the tone control string to produce a balance of frequencies.
PAGE 4
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
FRONT PANEL: Controls & Features (Continued)
CHANNEL SELECT:
This 3 position mini toggle allows manual selection of the Channels when the Footswitch is not connected.
Set it to the center FT-SW position to use the Channel Select Footswitch.
CH 1
FT
SW
CH 2
INPUT
DRIVE / CLEAN:
This switch is responsible for activating the circuitry in Channel 2. Set to , the overdrive circuitry is
active and additional tube stages are added in front of the normal “rhythm” circuitry to produce a multi-stage high gain lead channel.
Set to , all overdrive circuitry is removed and Channel 2 is a slightly higher gain clone of
Channel 1. Because of this additional gain in what is otherwise a “rhythm” circuit, Channel 2 is
an amazing solo channel for Roots style rhythm work or howling blues solo sounds. Cranking the
GAIN control in Channel 2 CLEAN is a wonderful alternative to the more saturated sound of the
DRIVE circuit.
CH 1
FT
SW
CH 2
INPUT
FT.SW
DRIVE
CLEAN
THICK
NOR
MAL
You will find ample gain to get notes to sound fat and singing, and still retain all of the urgent
dynamics of a clean sound that is driven to clip.
THICKER
THICK / NORMAL /THICKER:
This 3 position mini toggle allows you to select between three different voicings. It selects what
frequency the Treble control will enhance. By lowering the frequency of the treble capacitor, additional gain in these frequencies is
added.This allows you to shape the sound for either sparkling clean sounds, or fatten up the Treble region and thicken the sound for
more voice like single note solo sounds. Spend some time experimenting with this switch as it can be crucial to attain the lead sound
you are searching for as well as allowing you to cop the vibe of several classic amp styles.
is the best choice for clean chording and traditional blues style single note solo sounds.
In this position the highest frequencies are passed through with the best balance between the
CH 1
FT
SW
three tone controls gain wise. In other words the gain of the Treble region is in line with that of
the Bass and Mid. Here the most sparkle and shimmer will appear and a beautiful blend will be
easy to achieve for all your clean work. The NORMAL selection will also let the true character
of your individual guitar shine through more than the gain enhanced character of the other two
choices.When searching for identifiable signature sounds,
for traditional“black face”style clean or clipped sounds due to this lack of alteration of the classic
treble frequencies.
CH 2
INPUT
FT.SW
DRIVE
CLEAN
THICK
NORMAL
THICKER
lowers the frequency of the Treble region while keeping the gain closer to that of the setting.This selection fattens
the upper region and smears the line between Mid and Treble to achieve a more robust, throatier sound.
when searching for classic british style response for either chording or overdriven sounds.You might think of it as a “plexi” switch.
THICKER lowers the Treble frequency even further and adds considerable gain in that region. It can enhance high gain solo work by
saturating the sound and covering up fret buzz, weak pickups or other nuances that will appear as holes in a high gain lead sound.
It allows you to retain focus at extreme gain settings while at the same time reducing the dreaded buzziness that can appear with
certain guitars or speaker choices.This setting has appeared in various clothing on virtually all amplifiers through the years
and is classic Boogie. THICKER is the choice for the trademark singing sustain that has long been associated with our amplifiers.
PAGE 5
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
FRONT PANEL: Controls & Features (Continued)
GAIN:
This control adjusts the predominant gain stage in each channel’s circuit with the function and taper being optimized for each
individual channel. Remember that your LONE STAR is really two amplifiers built onto one chassis, so though each channel looks
identical, the GAIN control for each channel comes in a different place and adjusts a different point in that channel’s circuit.
CH 1
In most guitar amplifiers, and especially in all-tube circuits, the
FT
SW
powerful control in the preamp. It shapes the overall style and character of the sound and
is responsible for whether the sound is clean, overdriven or anywhere in between. In your
LONE STAR the GAIN control is even more powerful. It not only determines the amount
of drive, but also acts as an integral part of the tone control string as well.
CH 2
INPUT
FT.SW
DRIVE
CLEAN
GAIN
THICK
NOR
MAL
THICKER
To simplify the GAIN controls’role in shaping the overall tone of the sound we will look at
it in two ways - 1) alone and 2) in conjunction with the tone controls.
1) By itself the GAIN control has basically three tonal regions -
Low ( 7:00 - 11:00 ) provides the cleanest, least saturated sounds and in this region the sound will be brighter and contain more
upper harmonics lending a three dimensional character to the sound.
Middle ( 11:15 - 2:00 ) enhances the saturation and replaces some of the upper harmonics with a richer, warmer quality and a
fuller bottom end response. Not yet fully saturated, this region is the easiest place to get a great sound in both channels.This region
contains many of the LONE STAR’s best sounds...especially for soloing due to the crucial blend of an expressive attack combined
with ample sustain.
High ( 2:15 - 5:00 ) saturates the signal and enhances low and low mid frequencies.While this region provides the maximum satu-
ration and therefor sustain, it also compresses and softens the attack characteristics. For this reason we suggest using this higher
region of the GAIN control sparingly and only when maximum sustain is needed.
extreme gain potential, the highest regions of the control may possibly push the pre-amp
tubes past what they can handle, producing microphonic squealing.While we screen and test the tubes your amplifier was shipped
with and the tubes in your amp passed our rigourous test, we can’t predict how the tubes will respond over time exposed to extreme
gain settings.Your tubes are warranted for a period of 6 months under normal use, but you can save yourself the present and future
inconvenience of having to deal with annoying microphonic tube problems by simply using a little common sense...Use the Gain
sparingly at the higher end of its range!
If you must for a specific part or at very low volumes, back down the TREBLE and PRESENCE controls.The LONE STAR was de-
signed to provide amazing gain and tone at less than extreme settings removing the need for you to crank everything all the way up.
If you are not able to achieve the sound you want at sensible settings on any or all of the controls, your problem may lie elsewhere in
the signal chain, i.e. pick-ups, cabinetry, processing etc. Keep in mind you can always call on one of our product specialist Monday
through Thursday and seek some advice should you find yourself struggling to get the sound you want.
2.) GAIN - In conjunction with theTone Controls - Basically, a simple rule applies...as the Gain is increased theTone control string
has less and less effect on the signal until at 5:00 the signal is so saturated that you are getting mostly Gain and very littleTone.Again,
this is the reason we suggest using the control in its middle region. Here the Tone control string is very active and provides
maximum shaping power - allowing you to dial virtually any sound you desire.
PAGE 6
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
FRONT PANEL: Controls & Features (Continued)
TREBLE:
As in most tube guitar amplifiers, the control ( in both channels of your LONE STAR ) is the most powerful
of the rotary controls and is next in line only to the GAIN control as a shaping tool. Because it is first in the signal path of the tone
controls - and from here the Middle and Bass receive their signal - it is by far the dominant tone control. For this reason the setting of
control is very important for equal representation of the three frequency regions to appear at their respective controls.
Like most of the controls on your LONE STAR, there is an optimum region of
the control where ample top end is mixed in and yet enough signal
CH 1
is still passed on to the MIDDLE and BASS controls.
FT
SW
CH 2
INPUT
FT.SW
DRIVE
CLEAN
GAIN
TREBLE
Asyoumightsurmise, hereisthesweetsTherearedefinitelygreatsounds
above and below this middle region ( 11:00 - 1:30 ), but the balance between
the control and the other two tone controls is compromised.
THICK
NOR
MAL
THICKER
The TREBLE control can be used to dump extra gain into the mix. This is
especially effective in CHANNEL 1 and Channel 2 with the DRIVE bypassed.When doing so, use the PRESENCE control to roll off
some of the more than ample top end for a more compressed feel and fatter voice.As you might surmise, the BASS control’s effective-
ness will be reduced, so you may have to run a much higher setting than you are used to seeing to achieve a balance.
MID:
The control is responsible for the blend of midrange frequencies in the mix and though its effect is not as dramatic as
that of the TREBLE control, it plays an integral part in achieving any sound in your It is capable of changing the feel
dramatically as it blends in a group of frequencies that tend to soften or stiffen the way a sound feels to play.
Most players tend to lean in the direction of lower MID control settings ( 7:00 - 11:00 ) where a scoop in this region produces girth ( by
letting the Bass become a little more dominant ) and a lack of punch lends a more compressed, even feel to the strings and therefore
less apparent resistance to the pick.As the control is increased, ( 11:30 - 1:30
) the sound is rounded-out and filled-in with a focused mid attack appearing rather
CH 1
quickly. As you would guess, the feel starts to change - becoming more resistant.
FT
SW
Above this region the MID control could be used to compensate for either weaker
pick-ups or for times when a specific deficiency is produced by either an extremely
high setting of other tone controls, or a physical anomaly in the room.While these
control settings ( 2:00 - 5:00 ) can introduce added gain and create enhanced
focus, the trade-off will be a stiffer, more forward, less compressed feel.
CH 2
CLEAN
GAIN
TREBLE
MID
THICK
NOR
MAL
THICKER
BASS:
The BASS control in your new LONE STAR works similarly in both channels in that it determines the amount of low fre-
quencies present in a sound. However, the style of lows it mixes in changes from channel to channel. Like the MID control, it falls in
line signal-wise after the TREBLE control and the same scheme applies.When the TREBLE control is set high, the effectiveness of
the BASS and MID controls is reduced. If the TREBLE control is set low these two controls
For the most balanced sound and a balance of power between the three rotary tone controls,
try to use theTREBLE control in its middle ranges.This scenario produces nearly equal repre-
sentation of all the frequencies on the tone controls and provides a great neutral starting point
for further tweaking.
TREBLE
MID
BASS
PAGE 7
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
FRONT PANEL: Controls & Features (Continued)
BASS: (Continued)
Note: The BASS control in both channels of your LONE STAR is very powerful and though we have taken
steps to ensure a balanced tone is easy to achieve, it is wise to blend with subtle nuance in mind.This is especially true in Channel
2 when using either the regular Channel 1 style gain circuitry cranked, or the DRIVE circuitry for higher gain lead sounds. A good
rule to follow is this;as you increase the GAIN reduce the BASS.Following this scheme will retain balance and keep the attack of the
notes dynamic, tight and touch sensitive.
PRESENCE:
The PRESENCE control is a high frequency attentuator that is placed at the end of each channels pre-amp stage
and affects frequencies higher than those of theTREBLE control.It acts independently of the other rotary tone controls and is crucial
in voicing the Channel.It is a powerful global tone control.Lower control settings darken and, in fact compress the signal
which works well to fatten single note solo sounds, giving them girth and focus.
SomeofthebestleadsoundsinyourLONESTARwillfindthePRESENCEcontrol
in it’s lower regions, where a balanced, vocal response is achieved.
TREBLE
MID
BASS
PRESENCE
MASTER:
This control is the master feed from the end of the pre-amp to the driver stage and the Effects Loop.As you can see each
Channel is fitted with its own MASTER control, enabling both channels relative volumes to be matched regardless of their extremely
different sound styles and gain signatures.The control makes possible a wide range of sounds through its ability to use
very low Gain sounds at high volumes and conversely, high Gain sounds at low volumes and everywhere between.
Again, we suggest using the MASTER control in its sensible ranges ( 9:00 - 2:00 ).
Here, the channels will be easier to match with each other and the Effects Loop will see
100 W
more reasonable signal levels.
50 W
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
NOTE: Because the MASTER control creates the send to the Effects Loop, extreme
settings will cause a large signal to be sent to the Loop for that Channel. Not only may
this cause possible overloading of the processors Input stage, but will make balancing
100 W
50 W
NOTE: When the Effects Loop is set to HARD BYPASS, the individual Channel MASTER controls act as the final output controls.
This is a result of removing all associated Loop circuitry - and since the OUTPUT and SOLO controls are part of the Effects Return
stage - they are bypassed as well.
100W / 50W: Channel Power Select:
These channel specific mini toggle switches allow you to preset the output power of each
channel. In the 100 watt setting (up) all four 6L6 are on line, delivering maximum power and punch. The 50 watt setting runs
only the outside (far left & far right) tubes to achieve the bubbly elastic bounce only a
pair of 6L6 can achieve.This powerful feature can be crucial to the sound style you wish
to dedicate to each of your two channels.
100 W
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
50 W
MASTER
For example you might want to use Channel 1 set to 100 watts and use all four 6L6’s to
achieve the ultimate clean headroom and power.Meanwhile, Channel 2 could be cranked
and dedicated to a power clip solo sound by setting the power select switch to 50 watts
and bypassing the DRIVE circuitry for an awesome old school power section pushed
100 W
50 W
PAGE 8
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
FRONT PANEL: Controls & Features (Continued)
100W / 50W: Channel Power Select (Continued)
tone.ThisschemewouldbefurtherenhancedbyselectingtheTUBERECTIFIER:
TRACKING setting on the Rear Panel RECTIFIER SELECT switch.
Or, you might want the opposite and set Channel 1 to 50 watts of sparkling, yet forgiving clean performance and go for the bold auth-
ority of 100 watt power for Channel 2 set to a soaring high gain voice using the DRIVE circuitry.
Whatever scheme you choose to use, the ability to select the power rating of each channel adds incredible expression power to the
LONE STAR
NOTE: The RECTIFIER SWITCH (Rear Panel) has a built in RECTIFIERTRACKING feature that ensures proper matching for each
power setting.In 50W, either aTUBE RECTIFIER or a silicon DIODE may be chosen as the rectification element with theTube offering
the most give and elasticity. In the 100W setting, DIODE rectifiers are automatically brought on line and this is a proper match which
provides the reliable and powerful headroom of a 4x6L6 output section.
NOTE: At some point in your experimentation with the Channel Power Select switches, try setting one or both of the Channels to
50W and moving the Speaker Load to the 4 Ohm jack.This produces a brighter, snappier response that is great for certain applica-
tions, especially clean sounds.There is no right way, but the difference in response is definitely worth investigating for both clean and
overdriven sounds.
OUTPUT & SOLO CONTROLS:
OUTPUT: This control determines the overall output volume level of the amplifier. After the
GAIN controls have been set for the desired sound style and the two channels levels have been balanced with the channel MASTER
controls, the control allows you to change the playing level by adjusting a single
control is also wired as the Effects Loop Return Level control.
100 W
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
ShouldyoueveruseyourLONESTARamplifier asapowerampalonebyinsertingasignal
50 W
into the RETURN jack, the OUTPUT control will serve as the master level control.
MASTER
100 W
amplifier as a power amp - use the EFFECTS RE-
TURN as an input.The SOLO control can be used to attain a footswitchable boost if the
Footswitch is connected. It is wired in parallel to the OUTPUT control and therefore also
50 W
controls the volume of the power section.
The Effects Loop RETURN jack can serve as a power amp input so that you may use the amplifier as a power
amp for either stereo reproduction or to incorporate additional pre-amps. Here are a few things to remember that will help you when
interfacing to the LONE STAR for use as a power amp only;
1.) Connect“Dummy”plug or loose cable to SEND jack.(This prevents any possible loading that could result in diminished RETURN
sensitivity.)
2.) The OUTPUT Level will be the only active control on the Front Panel (the PRESENCE control of Channel 1 will be active only
when that channel is engaged - see #3 )
) The SOLO control may be used to footswitch to a pre-determined amount of boost when the footswitch is connected.
NOTE: Therefore, we recommend selecting Channel 1 when you wish to use the LONE STAR as a power amp.
PAGE 9
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
FRONT PANEL: Controls & Features (Continued)
OUTPUT & SOLO CONTROLS: (Continued)
SOLO: ThiscontrolcanonlybeactivatedifthecorrectFootswitchisconnected
to the Footswitch DIN jack. SOLO is an additional final output level control wired in parallel with the OUTPUT control. It is capable
of a setting above that of the OUTPUT control and can not be set below. The amount
of apparent boost also depends on that of the OUTPUT control - in that if the amplifier
100 W
is at either the extreme low or extreme high levels of the OUTPUT, its effectiveness is
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
minimized. It has been optimized for live performance volume levels.
50 W
MASTER
100 W
If the power section is either not a part of the sound (super quiet), or producing all its
rated wattage (super loud), there is very little signal for the SOLO control to work with.By
using the Footswitch and selectingSOLO, a pre-settable boost in overall levels is possible
on the fly...giving you some control over your levels when it’s time to step out. Engineers
50 W
may give you a bit of a frown the first time you use it...but isn’t it time you heard yourself. It might even prevent them from punishing
you with the dreaded monitor or sidefill version of your tone.
POWER: TWEED / OFF / ON
This sideways 3 position toggle switch determines the status of the incoming AC power.Your
incorporates a built-in VARIAC feature that enables you to reduce the line voltage to approximately 93 volts (with a
steady 117 at the wall).Thispower setting produces a spongier, scoopier response and allows you to power clip the amplifier
at lower overall volumes. It is especially useful in achieving old school clip sounds in Channel 1 and Channel
2 with the DRIVE bypassed.
TWEED
ON
POWER OFF
power feature is used in combination with the 50 watt
setting and TUBE RECTIFIER:TRACKING is selected. Another bonus is that if you were to use the
power setting often, tube life would increase substantially.
STANDBY
ON
For maximum power, normal response and the greatest headroom use the setting of the AC power switch.
STANDBY:
Perfect for set breaks... this toggle switch also serves an even more important purpose. In the Standby position the
tubes are at idle so that during power up they may warm up before being put to use. Before Power is switched on make sure the
STANDBY switch is in the Standby position.
Wait at least 30 seconds and then flip the STANDBY switch to the ON position. This prevents tube problems
and increases their toneful life substantially.
TWEED
POWER OFF
STANDBY
ON
ON
Now that we have reviewed the features and controls of the Front Panel and you have a handle on how they interact to achieve the
you want, let’s move to the Rear Panel and cover the features found there.
PAGE 10
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
REAR PANEL:
WARNING:
ALL - TUBE
AMPLIFIER
Unplug power
LONE STAR
ESA OOGIE
before replacing
fuse or removing
bolts mounting
M
B
CH 2 REVERB CH 1
FUSE
FUSE
SILICON
DIODES
FAN
ON
chassis
SEND
RETURN
REVERB
BRIGHT
NORMAL
First set sound with
LOOP bypassed. Then
set SEND & OUTPUT
to 50% for unity gain.
With LOOP IN, adjust
SEND to match FX.
Use OUTPUT for
LOOP
IN
SOLO
BIAS SELECT
CHANNEL
SPEAKERS
8 OHM4 OHM
EL-34
EL-34
EXT
SW
MIN
SLAVE
TUBE
RECTIFIER
TRACKING
FAN
OFF
POWER FUSE
120 V~ 4 A
60 Hz SLO
REV WARM
HARD BYPASS
WHEN
RED ON
6L6
RETURN level and
live volume control.
4 OHM
SEND LEVEL
TUBE LOCATIONS
1 x 5U4 4 x 6L6
CAUTION: SWITCH MUST
MATCH TUBES IN USE
HAND BUILT IN PETALUMA CA.
4 A
BLO
FUSE:
This is the A.C.’s (Alternating Current) main fuse and provides protection from outside A .C. fluctuations as well as power
tube failure damage. Should the FUSE blow, replace it with the same rating in a Slo-Blo type package. The domestic U.S. version
requires a 4 amp Slo-Blo . A power tube short or failure is often the cause of a blown ..Follow the cold start procedure
mentioned in the ON/STANDBY switch section and watch the power tubes as you flip the STANDBY to the ON position. If a power
tube is going bad or is arcing you will see it! Flip the STANDBY switch to Standby immediately and replace the faulty power tube and
WARNING:
the FUSE if necessary.
Unplug power
before replacing
fuse or removing
bolts mounting
DIODES
chassis
FUSE
If you see nothing abnormal as you switch the STANDBY on, it is possible that a power tube shorted tempo-
rarily and blew the . If this is the case it may work again normally.To be safe, you might want to replace
just the adjacent tube or all power tubes in the “shotgun” troubleshooting tradition and save the replaced set
as spares. Spare fuses are a must for the fabled cord bag along with your spare tubes. Always carry both for
they could be worth their weight in gold someday.
FUSE
POWER FUSE
120 V~ 4 A
60 Hz SLO
TUBE
RECTIFIER
TRACKING
4 A
BLO
RECTIFIER SELECT: Diodes /Tube RectifierTracking
This two position toggle selects the type of rectifier, Silicon Diodes or
Tube, to convert the voltage from AC to DC for the power supply. The LONE STAR incorporates a further improved version of our
patented Switchable Rectifier feature first seen on the Dual and Triple Rectifier SOLO heads.It incorporates a RectifierTracking™
feature that insures proper voltage is present at all times and improves reliability.This switch operates in tandem with the individual
Channel Power Select (50/100) switch located on the right side of the Front Panel.
WARNING:
Unplug power
before replacing
fuse or removing
bolts mounting
chassis
FUSE
DIODES
The RectifierTracking feature monitors the Channels, determines their power status and automatically selects
the proper rectifier type - which ultimately assures the best sound. This provides optimization of the power
settings, delivering a magical tube-rectified power-sag vibe for the channel set to 50 watts - and a tighter,
bolder 100 watts of diode-rectified authority for the channel set to full power.
FUSE
POWER FUSE
120 V~ 4 A
60 Hz SLO
TUBE
RECTIFIER
TRACKING
4 A
BLO
Selecting DIODES chooses the solid state diode rectifiers which deliver maximum power and headroom, while tracking tighter and
imparting a quicker transient response and bolder attack. When set to DIODES, both Channels will respond with this character
regardless of their individual power settings on the Front Panel. Selecting TUBE RECTIFIERTRACKING engages the 5U4 rectifier
tube automatically (either or both channels) whenever the 50 watt selection is made on the Front Panel Channel Power Select switch.
When switching to the opposite channel, if the Channel Power Select is set to 100 watts, the Diodes are automatically engaged to
insure proper matching to the added load on the supply.
This innovative feature allows you to tune each channel for the ultimate power expression and feel.With this flexibility you can switch
between a high power, spanking clean rhythm sound in Channel 1- and a saggy brown, old school power clip for bluesy single note
solo work with the DRIVE bypassed in Channel 2. Or conversely, set Channel 1 for a sweet low power clean sound and crank up the
horsepower with the DRIVE active to articulate a high gain solo voice in Channel 2. Regardless of the way you choose to dedicate
your Channels, you will find this power section flexibility a remarkable step forward toward your ultimate tone.
Don’t forget the Front Panel AC switch incorporates the reduced voltage TWEED setting.This adds yet another dimension to
the power expression scenario and can produce amazing results when combined with the
sure to experiment with these two features in combination with each other.
PAGE 11
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
REAR PANEL:
(Continued)
FX LOOP: Series
The LONE STAR handles outboard processing by providing an on-board patch point between the preamp
and power section.This loop is wired such that the dry signal is in series with the effected (wet) signal.The circuit also incorporates
a SEND LEVEL control allowing you to fine tune the output of the preamp circuit to match the input sensitivity of your processor
(or first processor in a rack system).The circuitry
can be completely removed from the signal path with the
BYPASS/LOOP IN mini toggle. This removes all associated loop
circuitry and two tubes from the chain and ensures the purest signal
LONE STAR
M
NORMAL
SEND RETURN
LOOP
IN
First set sound with
LOOP bypassed. Then
set SEND & OUTPUT
to 50% for unity gain.
With LOOP IN, adjust
SEND to match FX.
Use OUTPUT for
path and maximum sonic performance when outboard processing is
not being used.The jacks incorporate switching
elements so that you may use the
the Front Panel OUTPUT and SOLO controls with nothing connected
to the Loop.
MIN
SEND LEVEL
HARD BYPASS
RETURN level and
live volume control.
TUBE LOCATIONS
1 x 5U4 4 x 6L6
The Front Panel OUTPUT and SOLO controls are both part of the Loop and therefore active only when the Effects Loop
is engaged.They are both part of the Return stage and will remain inactive as long as the loop bypass mini toggle is set to
BYPASS.
To connect your outboard processor(s) to the Effects Loop;
1.) jack on the Rear Panel to your processor’s INPUT using a high quality shielded cable of the
shortest possible length.
2.) Connect the RETURN jack of the LONE STAR to your processor’s OUTPUT also using a high quality shielded cable of the short-
est possible length.
3.) Adjust the SEND LEVEL control on the Rear Panel of the LONE STAR to achieve an adequate match on the INPUT level indicator
of your processor. Adjust the processor Output level stage (hopefully your processor has an OUTPUT LEVEL control) to match the
volume present before connecting the device(s) to the LONE STAR.You can check this by simply removing both the cables from the
simultaneously.
4.) Use the Front Panel OUTPUT control to raise and lower the overall volume as it is essentially an Effects Return Stage volume
control.
It is normal to experience some amount of change to the sound when using the Normally this is minimal
and most often appears as a subtle roll off in top end characteristics. This is a series loop and therefore the results you get using
it greatly depend upon the quality of the devices you insert into the loop. We strongly suggest taking your amplifier and trying any
processor before buying it to make sure it is compatible with the LONE STAR. Normally, the more professional series lines of most
companies building outboard gear work well. However we have seen even so called pro stuff produce less than satisfactory results
in terms of tonal thievery.
NOTE: Engaging the EFFECTS LOOP circuitry adds a substantial amount of circuitry and two tubes and this additional circuit re-
verses the phase of the entire amp.This is no cause for alarm and if we hadn’t told you of this, you probably would never have known.
Sonically there is no difference other than the incredibly subtle difference in the sound the circuit itself adds.
The only time you will ever need to consider this reversal of overall phase is if you ever run the
amp (not another LONE STAR as it would be in phase with its Loop activated). In this case you would probably want to separate the
two amplifiers by at least a few feet if not on the other side of the stage.
PAGE 12
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
REAR PANEL:
(Continued)
REVERB:
LONE STAR incorporates a stunning analog Reverb circuit that is fitted with individual Channel Mix controls and a
unique Reverb Voicing feature that offers a choice between two classic reverb sounds.
ALL - TUBE
AMPLIFIER
LONE STAR
ESA OOGIE
B
REVERB BRIGHT produces a vintage guitar amp style brighter sound filled with canyons of
harmonicsandtheclassicspringresonance, whilefeaturesasmoother, warmer
character often associated with large plate studio reverbs.You will quickly see why we think
the LONE STAR Reverb is possibly our best reverb to date. Enjoy!
M
CH 2 REVERB CH 1
REVERB
BRIGHT
LOOP
IN
REV WARM
HARD BYPASS
CHANNEL & SOLO: External Switch Ports:
These two 1/4”jacks provide an interface for remote control of the Channel Select
function as well as activation of the SOLO control.These jacks may be connected to an external control unit that stores a grounding
logic switch function under a midi program number, thereby removing the need to use the included
ALL - TUBE
Footswitch in larger stage rigs.
AMPLIFIER
REVERB
BRIGHT
CHANNEL
SOLO
TheEXTERNALSWITCHjacksrespondtoanytip-to-groundlatchingtypelogicfortheirtriggering.This
type of switching logic can be found on most midi master control switching units on the market.
EXT
SW
REV WARM
BIAS SELECT:
This mini toggle allows for proper biasing when swapping to EL34 type power tubes for a brighter harmonic laden
response. It selects a different set of bias resistors and insures that these extremely different power tubes will sound better and work
much more reliably.The adjacent LED indicator alerts you that the bias has been set to accommodate the EL34’s.
NOTE: It is extremely important that the BIAS SWITCH setting match the type of
tubes in use.Failure to comply will result in damage to your amplifier.Always check
whenever swapping tubes!
BIAS SELECT
SPEAKERS
4 OHM
EL-34
EL-34
If you are doing mostly cleaner rhythm style playing and go for a warmer fatter
lead solo voice as well as need a variety of sounds, you will likely prefer the stock
compliment of 6L6’s.They clip in a warmer way and during our R & D process we
found them to produce the best blend of frequencies with the least compromise
stylistically.
SLAVE
WHEN
RED ON
6L6
8 OHM
4 OHM
CAUTION: SWITCH MUST
MATCH TUBES IN USE
HAND BUILT IN PETALUMA CA.
There are however, some wonderful clipped power sounds available for both chording and single note work with the right set of EL34’s
fitted. Aficionados of this sound have long recognized that nothing produces the layers of soft, lined-up harmonics like these British
style bottles and when dialed right, the takes on a whole new personality.So when you have finished exploring this side
of the Atlantic for vintage magic, definitely take a jump across the pond and check out some of the amazing sounds that are made
possible with the inclusion of the BIAS SELECT feature and these opposite sounding tube types.
We recommend the 6L6 for reliability: In our many tests and continued use of the currently available EL34 type power tubes on the
market today, we regret to say that they do not appear to be as rugged in construction or as reliable as their 6L6 counterparts.This
fact, along with their sonic narrowing of possible styles, is why the ships with 6L6 power tubes.
If you find that your signature sound relies on using EL34 power tubes, then we strongly suggest keeping at least one spare set of
tubes and a bag of extra fuses with you at all times when performing in the event of a tube failure. A little preparation will save you a
lot of frustration should one of these less rugged tubes fail.
PAGE 13
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
REAR PANEL:
(Continued)
BIAS SELECT: (Continued)
Using the AC POWER switch set toTWEED will reduce the strain on EL34 tubes (and 6L6 as well). If you prefer the sound of
this setting, you will reduce the likelihood of tube problems and greatly extend their toneful life, as they are basically coasting.
NOTE: It is possible to run the smaller octal 6V6 power tubes for reduced power applications and a looser bubblier sound in the
TWEED AC POWER SETTING ONLY. Leave the BIAS SELECT switch set to 6L6 (switch down) and install four 6V6 power tubes. It
is advisable to use both Channels set to the 100 watt setting for reliability and proper impedance matching.
Do not run 6V6 in the normal POWER ON setting as they cannot handle the higher AC voltage and could fail and damage internal
components!When using these tubes, move the 8 ohm speaker to the 4 ohm SPEAKER OUTPUT jack.This will reduce strain on the
tubes and produce the best sonic response.
SPEAKERS:
The LONE STAR provides one 8 ohm and two 4 ohm speaker outputs and this enables you to use many different
combinations of speaker setups.The 1x12 combo uses an 8 ohm speaker while the 2 x 12 combo uses two 16 ohm speakers wired
in parallel and this harness connects to the 8 ohm speaker output.You should experiment with different loading conditions as there
may be a certain impedance mismatch that produces a sound you may prefer to the correct load condi-
tion.This will not hurt the amplifier, however mismatching in the higher direction will wear the power tubes
faster.You will find sample speaker wiring diagrams later in this manual and when you get time it would
SPEAKERS
be a good idea to browse this section to understand more about different ways you can use your
STAR with alternate speaker combinations.We build many different types of Extension Speaker Cabinets,
SLAVE
8 OHM
4 OHM
4 OHM
all with unique characteristics, as well as a line of matching Classic cabinets to enhance both the sound
HAND BUILT IN PETALUMA CA.
and the appearance of your LONE STAR.
SLAVE:
Output and its accompanying Level control provide an output for capturing the sound of both preamp and
power section. This feature may be used to drive additional slave power amplifiers for big venue applications or to drive a string of
outboard processors when using the EFFECTS LOOP is not desirable. It is not a direct recording output as it derives its signal from
the speaker jacks and is much too strong a signal to connect to the input of a console. Also there is no roll off of high frequencies or
shaping, as the speaker does this, so the sound would be less than desirable for recording applications.
Should you need a direct recording sound, check out one of our Rectifier Recording Preamp’s which are
designed specifically for this application and has the necessary circuitry to achieve this difficult task with
SPEAKERS
stunning results.
SLAVE
8 OHM
4 OHM
4 OHM
NOTE: The signal from the SLAVE Output is powerful. Always start with the LEVEL control set to its
lowest position (7:00) when connecting to anything and bring the level up slowly to avoid damaging gear
(and ears) downstream of the
HAND BUILT IN PETALUMA CA.
NOTE: Once a signal has been taken from the SLAVE Output, it can not be routed back into the amplifier (INPUT or EFFECTS
LOOP RETURN). Doing so will produce a feedback loop resulting in a high pitched squeal much like holding a microphone up to a
That covers the features, outputs and functions of your LONE STAR…now it’s up to your imagination as to how best to utilize all this
expressive power.Whichever way you take it, we wish you many years of elevated inspiration and hope you find lasting satisfaction
and enjoyment from this hand-crafted musical instrument.
If you have any questions or concerns unanswered in this guide, please feel free to call our Customer Service department and ask
for a Product Specialist who will be glad to help you get the answers you need. Cheers and Enjoy!
PAGE 14
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
REAR PANEL:
(Continued)
REVERB REMOTE JACK:
The Reverb feature contains a Remote Switch jack that allows you to control the Reverb effect from
a separate footswitch. The 1/4” jack is located on the underside of the chassis just below where the SLAVE jack is located on the
extreme right side of the Back Panel.
Connecting any tip-to-ground, latching-type footswitch will allow you to toggle on and off the Reverb effect.
Use a shielded cable for this application.You should be able to find this type of footswitch at most music
SPEAKERS
stores or, you can call our Customer Service department and order one for a nominal charge.
SLAVE
8 OHM
4 OHM
4 OHM
HAND BUILT IN PETALUMA CA.
REMOTE
FOOTSWITCH JACK
REST AREA
PAGE 15
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
FACTORY SAMPLE SETTINGS
TUBE RECTIFIER TRACKING
LONESTAR STATE
SAMPLE # 1
CH 1
100 W
50 W
TWEED
ON
FT
SW
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
CH 2
INPUT
DRIVE
FT.SW
POWER OFF
STANDBY
CLEAN
TREBLE
MID
GAIN
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
100 W
50 W
THICK
MAL
NOR
ON
ON
THICKER
DIODES
CLEAN CLONES
SAMPLE # 2
CH 1
SW
100 W
TWEED
ON
FT
LOOP ON
LOOP ON
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
CH 2
50 W
INPUT
POWER OFF
STANDBY
TREBLE
MID
GAIN
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
CLEAN
THICK
DRIVE
FT.SW
100 W
MAL
NOR
ON
50 W
THICKER
TUBE RECTIFIER TRACKING
TWANG & BANGIN'
SAMPLE # 3
CH 1
100 W
TWEED
ON
FT
SW
OUTPUT
SOLO
CH 2
50 W
INPUT
POWER OFF
STANDBY
TREBLE
MID
GAIN
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
CLEAN
DRIVE
FT.SW
100 W
THICK
MAL
NOR
ON
50 W
THICKER
TUBE RECTIFIER TRACKING
PURR & GRIND
SAMPLE # 4
CH 1
100 W
FT
SW
TWEED
ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
CH 2
50 W
INPUT
POWER OFF
STANDBY
TREBLE
MID
CLEAN GAIN
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
DRIVE
FT.SW
100 W
THICK
MAL
NOR
ON
50 W
THICKER
PAGE 16
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
FACTORY SAMPLE SETTINGS
TUBE RECTIFIER TRACKING
PASS THE SAUCE
SAMPLE # 5
CH 1
100 W
50 W
FT
SW
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
TWEED
ON
CH 2
INPUT
POWER OFF
TREBLE
MID
GAIN
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
CLEAN
DRIVE
STANDBY
ON
FT.SW
100 W
50 W
THICK
MAL
NOR
THICKER
DIODES
BARBEQUE
SAMPLE # 6
CH 1
100 W
FT
SW
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
TWEED
ON
CH 2
50 W
INPUT
DRIVE
FT.SW
POWER OFF
STANDBY
CLEAN
TREBLE
MID
GAIN
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
100 W
THICK
MAL
NOR
ON
50 W
THICKER
DIODES or TUBE TRACKING
AUSTIN - TACEOUS
SAMPLE # 7
CH 1
SW
100 W
FT
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
TWEED
ON
CH 2
50 W
INPUT
POWER OFF
TREBLE
MID
GAIN
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
CLEAN
THICK
DRIVE
FT.SW
STANDBY
ON
100 W
MAL
NOR
50 W
THICKER
TUBE RECTIFIER TRACKING
ARMADILLO
SAMPLE # 8
CH 1
100 W
FT
SW
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
TWEED
ON
CH 2
50 W
INPUT
POWER OFF
TREBLE
MID
GAIN
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
CLEAN
DRIVE
FT.SW
STANDBY
ON
100 W
THICK
MAL
NOR
50 W
THICKER
PAGE 17
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
PERSONAL SETTINGS SHEET
SETTING # 1
CH 1
CH 2
100 W
50 W
FT
SW
TWEED
ON
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
INPUT
DRIVE
FT.SW
POWER OFF
STANDBY
CLEAN
TREBLE
MID
GAIN
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
100 W
50 W
THICK
MAL
NOR
ON
THICKER
SETTING # 2
CH 1
CH 2
100 W
FT
SW
TWEED
ON
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
50 W
INPUT
FT.SW
POWER OFF
STANDBY
CLEAN
DRIVE
TREBLE
MID
GAIN
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
100 W
THICK
MAL
NOR
ON
50 W
THICKER
SETTING # 3
CH 1
CH 2
100 W
TWEED
ON
FT
SW
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
50 W
INPUT
POWER OFF
STANDBY
TREBLE
MID
CLEAN GAIN
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
DRIVE
FT.SW
100 W
THICK
MAL
NOR
ON
50 W
THICKER
SETTING # 4
CH 1
CH 2
100 W
TWEED
ON
FT
SW
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
50 W
INPUT
FT.SW
POWER OFF
STANDBY
TREBLE
MID
GAIN
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
CLEAN
DRIVE
100 W
THICK
MAL
NOR
ON
50 W
THICKER
SETTING # 5
CH 1
100 W
TWEED
ON
FT
SW
LOOP ON
OUTPUT
SOLO
CH 2
50 W
INPUT
FT.SW
POWER OFF
STANDBY
TREBLE
MID
CLEAN GAIN
BASS
PRESENCE MASTER
DRIVE
100 W
THICK
MAL
NOR
ON
50 W
THICKER
PAGE 18
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
TUBE NOISE & MICROPHONICS:
You may occasionally experience someform of tubenoiseor microphonics.Certainlynocause
for alarm, this quirky behavior comes with the territory and the Tone. Much like changing a light bulb, you don’t need a technician
to cure these types of minor user serviceable annoyances and in fact, you’ll be amazed at how easy it is to cure tube problems...by
simply swapping out a pre-amp or power tube!
First may we suggest that you set the amplifier up on something so that you can get to the tubes comfortably without having to bend
down. It also helps to have adequate lighting as you will need to see the tube sockets clearly to swap tubes. Use caution and com-
mon sense when touching the tubes after the amplifier has been on as they may be extremely hot! If they are hot and you
don’t want to wait for them to cool off, try grasping them with a rag and also note that the glass down around the bulbous silvery tip is
considerably less hot which makes it easier to handle. Gently rock the tube back and forth as you pull it away from its socket.
DIAGNOSING POWERTUBE FAILURE:
There are two main types of tube faults: shorts and noise. Both large and small tubes
may fall prey to either of these problems but diagnosis and remedy is usually simple.
If a fuse blows, the problem is most likely a shorted power tube and shorts can either be mild or severe. In a mildly shorted tube the
electron flow has overcome the control grid and excess current flows to the plate.You will usually hear the amp become distorted
and begin to hum slightly. If this occurs, quickly look at the power tubes as you switch the amp to STANDBY and try to identify one
as glowing red hot. It is likely that two of a pair will be glowing since the “shorted” tube will pull down the bias for its adjacent mates,
but one tube may be glowing hotter — and that one is the culprit.The other two are often fine — unless they’ve been glowing bright
red for several minutes.
Because there is no physical short inside the tube (just electrons rioting out of control) merely switching to STANDBY for a few mo-
ments then back to ON will usually cure the problem...at least temporarily.Watch the tubes carefully now. Should the problem recur,
the intermittent tube will visibly start to over heat before the others and thus it can be identified. It should be replaced with one from
the same color batch, shown on its label. Call us and we will send one out to you.
The severe short is not nearly so benign. In the worst cases, a major arcing short occurs between the plate and the cathode with
visible lightning inside the glass and a major noise through the speaker. If this is seen to happen, IMMEDIATELY turn the amp to
STANDBY. By this time the fuse probably will have blown. Such a short is usually caused by a physical breakdown inside the tube
including contaminate coming loose or physical contact (or near contact) between the elements. Replace it and the fuse with the
proper slo-blo type and power up the amp using the power up procedure as we described earlier in this manual.
TUBE NOISE:
Oftencausedbycontaminationwithininatube, theculpritcanusuallybeidentified, andbylightlytappingontheglass,
you will probably hear the noise change. Hearing some noise through the speakers while tapping on the 12AX7’s is normal however.
And the one nearer the INPUT will always sound louder because its output is being further amplified by the second 12AX7.
The power tubes should be all but quiet when they are tapped. If crackling or hissing changes with the tapping, you have probably
found the problem.To confirm a noisy power tube, merely put the Road King on Standby, remove it from its socket and turn it back
on. It will cause no damage to run the Road King briefly with one power tube missing.You may notice a slight background hum,
however, as the push-pull becomes unbalanced.Whenever you are trying to diagnose a suspect tube, keep your other hand on the
POWER and STANDBY switches ready to shut them off instantly in the unlikely case you provoke a major short.
If you think you’ve located a problem tube but aren’t sure, we recommend substituting the suspect with a new one just to be sure of
your diagnoses.You will be doing yourself and us a big favor by just following the simple guidelines previously mentioned regarding
tube replacement.You’ll probably be successful with much less effort than is required to disconnect everything and haul the unit to a
technician who will basically perform the same simple tests.If the tubes are still within their six-month warranty period, we will happily
send you a replacement. Just note the color designation on the tube label so that we can send you the appropriate match.
PAGE 19
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
DIAGNOSING PRE-AMPTUBE PROBLEMS:
Because your amplifier is an all tube design, it is quite possible that you will at some
point experience minor pre-amp tube noise. Rest assured - this is no cause for alarm and you can take care of the problem yourself
in a matter of minutes by simply swapping tubes.
Let us begin by saying; It is a “very good” idea to keep at least a couple of spare pre-amp tubes on hand at all times to insure unin-
terrupted performance. These minor pre-amp tube problems can take many forms but can generally be described in two categories:
Noise and Microphonics.Noise can be in the form of crackling, sputtering, white noise/hiss and/or hum. Microphonic problems usually
appear in the form of a ringing or high pitched squealing that gets worse as the gain or volume is increased thus are more noticeable
in the higher gain “HI” modes. Microphonic problems are easily identified because the problem is still present even with the instru-
ments’ volume off or unplugged altogether - unlike pick-up feedback which ceases as the instrument is turned down. Microphonic
noise is caused by mechanical vibration and shock: think of banging a microphone around and you’ll understand where the word
came from.
The best way to approach a pre-amp tube problem is to see if it occurs only in one specific mode or channel.This should lead you to
the tube needing replacement.Then all that remains is to swap the suspect tube for a known good performer. If you cannot narrow
down the trouble to a specific mode or channel, the problem may be the small tube that drives the power tubes which is operational
in all modes and channels.Though rare, a problem with the driver tube would show up in all aspects of performance - so if you can’t
narrow the problem down to being mode or channel specific, you may want to try replacing the driver tube.Driver problems generally
show themselves in the form of crackling or hum in all modes of performance and/or weak overall output from the amplifier.Occasion-
ally an anemic driver tube will cause the amplifier to sound flat and lifeless, but this is somewhat uncommon, as worn power tubes
are a more likely suspect for this type of problem.
Sometimes making the diagnosis is more trouble than it’s worth and it’s faster and easier to merely replace the small pre-amp tubes
ONE AT ATIME with a replacement known to be good. But MAKE SURE you keep returning the tubes to their original socket until you
hit the one that cures the problem.You’ll notice that tubes located nearer to the INPUT jack always sound noisier...but this is because
they are at the start of the chain and their noise gets amplified over and over by the tubes that follow. The tube that goes into this
“input socket” (usually labeled V1) needs to be the least noisy of the bunch.The tube that goes at the end of the preamp chain - just
ahead of the power tubes - can be quite noisy without causing any problem at all.The tubes in your amp have already been located
in the most appropriate sockets and this is why you should NEVER pull them all out at once and ALWAYS swap them one at a time.
ALWAYS return a perfectly good tube to its original socket. Also it’s a good idea to put the amp on STANDBY when swapping tubes
to reduce the heat build up in the tubes themselves and to prevent explosive noises (which can still occur even if you are pulling the
tubes away from their sockets gently) from coming through the speaker.
Remember, take your time, be patient and chances are real good that you can fix your amp yourself by finding and replacing the bad
tube. It kills us to see someone who has shipped their amp back to us...and all it needed was a simple tube replacement! If you must
send back your amp, remove the chassis from the cabinet by unscrewing the four mounting bolts on the bottom top.The chassis then
slides back like a drawer and comes out from the back. Remove the big power tubes and mark them according to their location from
left to right 1, 2 etc.They need to be wrapped separately with plenty of wadded up newspaper around them and put in a smaller box
within the larger carton.Remove the Rectifier tubes and wrap them also.You can leave the preamp tubes in or remove them and wrap
them separately being sure to label their location. (See Tube Task Chart.)
To wrap the chassis, use plenty of tightly wadded up newspaper so there is at least six inches of “crush space” between the chassis
and the cardboard box. Bubble wrap also works well, but please DON’T use styrene peanuts - they will shift during transit and get
lodged inside your electronics as well as allowing your amp to end up at the bottom of the box unprotected and possibly damaged.
Pre-amp tubes don’t normally wear out as a rule.Therefore, it is not a good idea to change them just for the sake of changing them.
If there isn’t a problem - don’t fix it. If there is no result from your substitutions, it may be possible that you have more than one
problematic tube.Though rare, this does happen and though it makes the troubleshooting process a little more intimidating, it is still
possible to cure the problem yourself.
NOTE: It is normal to hear a slight metallic ringing sound when tapping on the preamp tubes.As long as the tube does not break into
oscillation or start crackling or any other form of bizarre noise, it is considered normal and functional.
PAGE 20
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
PAGE 21
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
BIAS ADJUSTMENT: (Part of a continuing series)
BEAM-
CONFINING
ELECTRODE ( )
An Article written by Randall Smith that
we thought you might find interesting.
( )
)
CATHODE
GRID
,
(
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
SCREEN
.
.
.
.
GRID
( )
.
.
PLATE
.
.
.
.
.
..
(
,
)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Here’s a question we often hear:
“Why doesn’t put bias adjustments
in their amplifiers?”
Structure of a 6L6 / 5881
Beam Power Pentode.
Well, there’s a short answer and a long answer to this question.
The short answer is that during my 12 years of repairing Fenders, one of the most frequent problems I saw was bias controls that
were either set wrong or that had wandered out of adjustment due to vibration. As any honest tech will tell you, there’s lot’s of easy
money to be made by sprinkling “holy water”on amplifiers ...uh, what I meant to say is “Your amp needed biasing.”See what I mean?
What customer is going to argue with that?
It only takes a moment and a volt meter: The Fender diagram shows how: “Adjust this trim pot for - 52 volts.” That’s it. Nothing
Now don’t be fooled into thinking that tubes “draw” more or less bias, they don’t.The way a bias supply is connected to a tube is akin
to a dead end road, it just trails off to nowhere without really completing a circuit. It’s a static voltage and regardless of what tube is
in the socket — or even if the tubes aren’t plugged in at all, it doesn’t change the bias voltage a bit.
So the end of the short answer is this: Since a bias supply needs to put out the right voltage and never vary, I wanted to build amplifiers
that were individually hard wired to the correct values and NEVER needed adjustment. And for 25 years, that’s how MESA/Boogies
Time to change tubes? Just plug our tubes into any one of our amps and you’re DONE. No tech needed. NO bills and no BS about
biasing. And most important: The bias is RIGHT because it can’t change!
Now, you want the long answer? Here’s more information on how our hard-wired bias avoids trouble. Please read on.
But first, let’s make an important distinction. Our business is designing and building high performance amplifiers. And for this we
need tubes whose variance is within a narrow range.Our warehouse is full of rejects ...oh, they work — they just don’t perform within
our tolerance range.We have a very sophisticated computer - based tube testing system (nicknamed “Robotube”) that matches and
measures tubes over seven important parameters. It can even predict which tubes are likely to have a shortened lifetime — even
though they work perfectly during the test.
Because our business is building quality amps, we can afford to reject a lot of wayward tubes.The guys you hear complaining because
Boogies don’t have bias adjusters are primarily in the business of selling tubes - not amps.They don’t want to throw away 30 percent
of their inventory, so they promote the idea that tubes outside our parameters can be used to “customize”amplifiers and they criticize
us because our amps can’t be adjusted to accommodate their out-of-MESA
Now you might be thinking, “But I thought you just said that tubes don’t“draw”bias, therefore they don’t effect the bias supply and thus
it doesn’t need to be adjustable.”When you set the bias (whether it’s by selecting the right resistors, as we do, or adjusting a trimmer
— which is quicker) what you are doing is establishing the correct amount of idle CURRENT that flows through the power tubes.
But you can’t adjust the current directly, you can only change it by adjusting the amount of bias VOLTAGE that goes onto the tubes’
PAGE 22
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
BIAS ADJUSTMENT: (Continued)
control grids.Voltage and current are NOT the same. Current is the AMOUNT of electricity, the
“quantity”— and is measured in amperes. Voltage is the degree of electric charge — like the “pressure”to use the old water analogy.
Let me illustrate how different voltage and current are:
When you scrape your feet across a carpeted floor in dry, wintery conditions, your body can become charged with 50,000 to 100,000
volts of static electricity. And when you reach for the door knob, a spark jumps and you feel it! The voltage is super high but the cur-
rent (measured in micro-amps) is tiny - otherwise you would die from electrocution.
Contrast this with your car battery, which puts out a mere 12 volts. You can lay your hands right across the terminals and not feel a thing.
Yet the amount of current available can run to several hundred amperes .. enough to turn over a cold engine and get it started.
So current and voltage are two totally separate electrical parameters — though when you multiply them together, you get POWER,
When you set the bias of an amplifier, you are adjusting the static VOLTAGE at the control grid of the tube in order to produce a
desired amount of idle CURRENT flowing to the tube’s plate. A small change in grid voltage, produces a large change in the amount
of current flowing — and that’s basically how a tube works. Say that again because it’s super important: A small change in voltage
at the grid causes a large change in current flowing to the plate. See, that’s the essence of amplification: A small change causing a
large change. And here it’s a small voltage change causing a large current change.
The bias conditions are what determines how much current flows through the big power tubes when you’re not playing. And what
drives your speakers is fluctuations in that current flow when you ARE playing. If the amount of current increases and decreases
440 times per second, then you’ll hear an A note. If the fluctuations in current flow are large and still at 440 per second, you’ll hear
an A that is LOUD!
But for purposes of biasing, it’s the amount of “plate current” flowing with no signal applied that’s important. Unfortunately current is
hard to measure because the circuit must be interrupted — as in “cut the wire” — and the meter spliced “in series” with the broken
circuit. But measuring VOLTAGE is easy. It is not necessary to interrupt the circuit because a voltage reading can be taken in PAR-
ALLEL with the circuit intact.
Thus, as a matter of convenience, most bias settings are given in volts at the grid ... even though current through the plate is the
important factor. In fact plate current is so inconvenient (and dangerous) to measure that Fender doesn’t even state what the correct
value should be. They only give the grid voltage that will produce that current. (That’s the minus 52.) But that only happens if the
tubes being used are “in spec.”
As long as the tubes ARE “in spec”, the right bias voltage will always give the correct plate “CURRENT” — but then there’s no need
for the bias voltage to be adjustable!
If the tubes are NOT in spec, then the only proper way to re-set the bias is to cut the circuit and measure the current while adjusting
the bias ... but no manufacturer I know even STATES the desired current value! Be that as it may, when the original bias voltage is
altered far enough, it will compensate for the tube’s abnormal performance and the correct amount of idle current flow may then be
restored. Clearly this is something most repair techs should not attempt.
Some newer amps have LED indicators connected to the circuit which will turn on when the right threshold of current flow has been
reached. This is an improvement, and almost worthy if you’re willing to except resistors and lights added into your amplifier’s audio
path — which we aren’t.
The other “advantage” of this system is that it allows some amp manufacturers to avoid matching their power tubes. The thinking
is that adjusting the bias to each tube separately eradicates the inherent differences between the tubes by insuring that the same
current flows through each one.
PAGE 23
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
BIAS ADJUSTMENT: (Continued)
Again, this has some merit .. but it’s still not as good as using tubes that are matched in the first
place because compensating for the mis-match causes the push-pull circuit itself to become unbalanced. Two wrongs don’t really
make a right.
Some of the other recommended biasing, “methods”— such as -”..tubes running red hot, increase the bias ..sounds harsh and runs
too cool, turn it down ...” are guesswork at best. Luckily, one of the great things about tube amps is that they can usually stand some
abuse without causing any real harm ... at least not immediately. But don’t these alterations imply that you are second-guessing the
amp designer and that there’s a better set of operating conditions that the designer missed but the tube sellers have discovered?
Now some players may like the sound of their amp altered by tubes with extreme characteristics and with the bias set to help compen-
sate. But often it is the mere novelty of change that they’re really responding to and when the amp goes back to the proper original
way, we’ve seen them be far happier still!
Because every part in every one of our designs has been meticulously evaluated, compared and stressed over — no matter how
seemingly insignificant it might be. And with every design we look for a “sweet spot” where all the parameters — including the bias
— come together to give the best sonic performance, consistently and reliably. Every part and voltage is important — yet no one
complains that these other parameters aren’t available for tinkering.
Consider our patented circuitry where there are two different bias voltages used for separate pairs of power tubes ...
and changing one voltage also changes the other. Great care goes into getting this just right and we think we’d be asking for trouble
to have it adjustable for the world to play with ... unless you like paying to have your amp messed up. Sorry, I meant to say, “Uh, ...
your amp needed biasing.”
If that doesn’t appeal to you, then merely plug a matched set of MESA tubes into one of our amps and you’re ready for tone. Guar-
anteed. You’d be amazed at the number of service calls we field every day that lead to a diagnosis of out-of-tolerance, non-spec tube
problems. To think these would be prevented by including a bias adjustment is something of an insult to you and us. If you put the
wrong size tires on your car, do you think changing the pressure will make them right?
Please, don’t think this is a blanket indictment of the other guys selling tubes — it isn’t. And their tubes aren’t all bad either. It just
doesn’t make sense to pay more of your hard earned cash for tubes that were probably made in the same Russian or Chinese fac-
tory and which have the possibility of being outside the performance window we select for your amp. And it pains us to hear the hype
and mystique built up around biasing when twenty-five years of evidence affirms our decision to make bias circuits that “never need
adjustment”. How much money and trouble that has saved MESA/Boogie players you couldn’t estimate.
Our rigorously tested and hand selected tubes are available at your nearest MESA/Boogie Pro Center or from us directly. Nobody
offers better price, quality or warranty than we do ... so why swerve?
Next time we’ll talk about our part in developing the great Sylvania STR 415 type 6L6 and how we’re on the verge of seeing something
fairly close reappear on the market. Remember, we still have some of these super rugged mondo-bottles available for older amps
Boogies only please! Until then, Relax, Breathe and Nourish your soul!
Cheers!
MESA/Boogie Ltd.
PAGE 24
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
SPEAKER IMPEDANCE MATCHING & HOOK-UP GUIDE:
IMPEDANCE:
Wiring up speakers to provide the most effective load and making sure that all of them are in phase will help in
creating the best sound possible.This is not too difficult, as long as you understand a few things about loading and how to connect
your speakers to provide an optimal resistive load.
MESA/Boogie amplifiers can handle 4 and 8 ohms effectively.Never run below 4 ohms in a tube amplifier unless you are absolutely
certain that the system can handle it properly;this can cause damage to the Output transformer.A few amplifiers can handle 2 ohms
effectively without damaging them ( for example the ).You can always have a higher resistance ( 16 ohms, for
example ) without damaging results, but too low of a resistance will likely cause problems.
MIS-MATCHING:
When running a higher resistance ( for example: 8 ohm output into 16 ohm cabinet ), a slightly different feel and
response will be eminent. A slight mismatch can provide a darker smoother tone with a little less output and attack.This response is
a result of the amplifier running a bit cooler. Sometimes when using more than one cabinet a mismatch will be the only option.
WHAT IS MY CABINETS IMPEDANCE:
If you have only a single speaker, you just match that single speakers impedance to the
amplifier, and you are done.In many cases, you will have a number of speakers, and then you must calculate the“load”that the ampli-
fier will need to support.There are generally three ways to wire multiple speakers together.They are as follows:
SERIES:
When you wire ( hook-up ) speakers in Series, the speakers resistance ( as measured in ohms ) is additive - i.e. put-
ting two 8 ohm speakers in Series results in a 16 ohm load.
NEGATIVE =
POSITIVE =
H
H
Speaker B = 8 Ohms
Speaker A = 8 Ohms
SERIES: Connect the Negative side of Speaker A
to the Positive side of Speaker B
PAGE 25
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
SPEAKER IMPEDANCE MATCHING & HOOK-UP GUIDE: (Continued)
PARALLEL:
When wiring in parallel, the resistance of the speakers decreases.Two 8 ohm speakers wired in ( hooked-up )
Parallel results in a 4 ohm load. It’s easy to calculate the effect of a resistive load when all the speakers are all the same resistance.
It is really not suggested to wire different resistive load values in Parallel ( 8 and 4, 16 and 8 etc. ) The formula for figuring the total
impedance in Parallel is the multiplication of the two loads divided by the sum of the two loads - i.e. putting two 8 ohm speakers in
Parallel results in a 4 ohm load. Connect the Positive side of Speaker A to the Positive side of Speaker B - Connect the Negative
side of Speaker A to the Negative side of Speaker B.
Speaker B
8 Ohms
Speaker A
8 Ohms
H
A
H
A
NEGATIVE
POSITIVE
Total Load = 4 Ohms
COMBINATION OF SERIES & PARALLEL:
This is really just two sets of Series wired speakers connected in Parallel.This is
how you maintain a consistent load with multiple speakers.The importance of this is more evident when you have more than one
cabinet to connect to your amplifier.This is when you need to figure out the loads and how to wire them up without applying too low
of a resistance on the amplifier.
All 4 Spkrs. are 8 Ohms
Simply connect the Positive side of Speaker A to the Posi-
SPEAKER A
SPEAKER B
tive side of Speaker C.
H
A
H
A
Connect the Negative side of Speaker A to the Positive
side of Speaker B. Next, connect the Negative side of
Speaker C to the Positive side of Speaker D.
And lastly, connect the Negative side of Speaker B to the
Negative side of Speaker D.
SPEAKER C
SPEAKER D
4 Eight ( 8 ) Ohm speakers wired in Series Parallel = a
Total Load of 8 Ohms.
H
A
H
A
NEGATIVE
POSITIVE
PAGE 26
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
WIRING SCHEMES...Amplifier to Speaker Cabinets
1
2
Partial back view of amplifier
Partial back view of amplifier
8 OHM
4 OHM
4 OHM
8 OHM
4 OHM
4 OHM
8 Ohm Cabinet
3
Partial back view of
some Mesa amp
8 OHM
4 OHM
4 OHM
4 Ohm Cabinet
8 Ohm Cabinet
4
5
Partial back view of amplifier
Partial back view of amplifier
4 OHM
8 OHM
16 OHM
4 OHM
8 OHM
16 OHM
8 Ohm Cabinet
SAFE MISMATCH
16 Ohm Cabinet
SAFE MISMATCH
16 Ohm Cabinet
PAGE 27
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
WIRING SCHEMES...Amplifier to Speaker Cabinets
7
6
Partial back view of amplifier
Partial back view of amplifier
4 OHM
4 OHM
8 OHM
8 OHM
4 OHM
4 OHM
16 Ohm Cabinet
8 Ohm Cabinet
8 Ohm Cabinet
8 Ohm Cabinet
SAFE MISMATCH
CORRECT MATCH
8
9
Partial back view of amplifier
Partial back view of amplifier
4 OHM
4 OHM
8 OHM
4 OHM
4 OHM
8 OHM
8 Ohm
SERIES BOX
8 Ohm
PARALLEL BOX
4 Ohm
16 Ohm
4 Ohm
16 Ohm
CORRECT
MATCH
CORRECT
MATCH
4 Ohm Cabinet
16 Ohm Cabinet
4 Ohm Cabinet
16 Ohm Cabinet
PAGE 28
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
WIRING SCHEMES...Amplifier to Speaker Cabinets
10
Partial back view of amplifier
4 OHM
4 OHM
8 OHM
16 Ohm
SERIES BOX
8 Ohm
8 Ohm
8 Ohm Cabinet
8 Ohm Cabinet
8 Ohm Cabinet
SAFE MISMATCH
11
12
Partial back view of amp
Partial back view of amplifier
CORRECT MATCH
8 OHM
4 OHM
4 OHM
4 OHM
4 OHM
8 OHM
8 Ohm
PARALLEL BOX
16 Ohm
16 Ohm
8 Ohm Cabinet
16 Ohm Cabinet
16 Ohm Cabinet
SAFE MISMATCH
16 Ohm Cabinet
16 Ohm Cabinet
PAGE 29
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
WIRING SCHEMES...Amplifier to Speaker Cabinets
13
Partial back view of amplifier
4 OHM
4 OHM
8 OHM
16 Ohm
SERIES BOX
8 Ohm
8 Ohm
8 Ohm Cabinet
8 Ohm Cabinet
16 Ohm Cabinet
SAFE MISMATCH
Partial back view of amplifier
14
8 OHM
4 OHM
4 OHM
8 Ohm
PARALLEL BOX
16 Ohm
16 Ohm
16 Ohm Cabinet
16 Ohm Cabinet
16 Ohm Cabinet
SAFE MISMATCH
PAGE 30
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
ONTRIODES, PENTODES & IRISHMEN:
With apologies to Friends and Relatives from the Emerald Isle - who will make their appearance soon enough - the humor which
follows is dedicated to the memories of Spec McAuliff and Fae (Rafael) McNally, two of the True Greats.
As their numerical references suggest, the terms Diode, Triode and Pentode indicate the number of elements within the vacuum
tube i.e. two, three or five. All tubes also require a filament or heater which is not included in the count. Its purpose is to excite elec-
trons from the cathode coating by raising the temperature such that they are able to boil out of the electron-rich coating material
and form a cloud of free electrons in the vacuum space surrounding the cathode.
Although the term filament and heater are often used interchangeably, there are specific differences: A filament is a directly heated
cathode where cathode coating is applied directly to the heating element. Examples are 5U4 twin diode rectifier and 300B triode
amplifier tubes. A heater, on the other hand, is a heating element which is separate from the cathode and is usually inserted within
the tubular cathode sleeve. Examples are 12AX7 twin triode amplifier and 6V6 or EL84 beam power pentode tubes. In all cases this
fundamental aspect of each tube’s construction is clearly visible, especially when the heating element is glowing red hot.
The cathode, then, would be considered the first numbered element because it is the source of the electrons.The word itself is
from the Greek literally meaning completely down, which implies a sense of central origin - like the center of the earth where
Tone begins. It might be said that an ecstatic audiophile experiences a positive catharsis, his soul being purified when his system
transports him to Audio Nirvana.The only trouble with taking this positive imagery too far is that the cathode is, unfortunately,
negative... at least electrically speaking. However this is easily remembered since virtually all musicians and audiophiles have also
experienced the more common negative catharsis when they emerge from the emotional rebirth kicking and screaming in rage and
Once heated, the intrinsically negative electrons are energetic little fellows of almost no mass.Thus they may be accelerated al-
most instantaneously and will travel through a vacuum a nearly the speed of light. Being of like, negative charge, they tend to repel
one another and thus within the electron cloud surrounding the cathode, there is much jostling and elbowing as each one tries to
maintain his distance from all the others... unless there is a strong and universal attraction from an outside influence.
Visualize, if you will, a group of sub-atomic Irishmen milling about and in a repellent, negative state of mind. All are scowling and
none wants to have anything to do with the other. Now introduce a strong attraction say, a public bar, and you can easily picture an
orderly, if rapid movement of the lot in a single direction.This is what happens when a positively charged element called the anode
or plate is introduced into the vacuum.
The plate is the large metal element most prominently visible through the glass of an electron tube. It is the outermost element of
a tube’s structure and it surrounds all the others.The cathode is at the center radiating electrons outwards. As higher and higher
positive voltage is applied to the plate, the attraction for the electrons surrounding the cathode is increased and with nothing stand-
ing in the way, full uninhibited flow to the plate occurs... sort of like removing the doors and offering free drinks to the crowd of surly
Irishmen milling around outside. As electrons flow to the plate, the space charge will continually be replenished by further ‘boiling’
of the hot, electron-rich cathode as you can easily imagine other Irishmen impatiently taking up the places of those who’ve gone
inside - until the entire village is deserted.
Now, where do they come from and how do they emerge? Well, a grand and elegant lady once showed me how to revive flat cham-
pagne: She dropped a raisin into the glass.There was a dramatic and immediate increase in effervescence with the introduction of
a cathoding surface.Thousands of tiny bubbles suddenly appeared - and continued to flow from the raisin. Of course the bubbles
were made up of gas dissolved in the beverage, but the analogy makes it easy to visualize the loosely bound electrons dissolved
in the rich cathode coating as they effervesce from its heated surface.
But back to the electron flow. If the electrons are strongly attracted to a positively charged plate, then it follows that they are
strongly repelled by a negatively charged plate and they are. Thus, if an alternating current - such as comes from a transformer - is
applied to the plate, electrons will flow only during the times when the plate is positively charged. During periods of negative plate
charge, electron flow is stopped and the space charge of electrons remains compressed in the area around the cathode.
PAGE 31
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
ONTRIODES, PENTODES & IRISHMEN: (Continued)
Thus a diode tube - one with a cathode and an anode - is mostly used to
rectify alternating current into direct current by passing it without restriction, but in one direction only.This also explains why closing
time is strictly enforced at Irish pubs: During normal operation, the traffic flow is similarly unimpeded and uni-directional toward the
bar and this process rectifies the work-day negativity. It goes without saying that no one leaves as long as the atmosphere around
the bar remains positively charged.
TRIODES:
This section is a continuing technical treatise on the workings of Irish Pubs but to make it easier for the layman to
understand, it is explained in terms of vacuum tube technology. Enter the original bar - free beer and no doors.Well, it turns out that
some control over the flow can be a necessary and useful advantage.This led to the invention of those swinging louvered saloon
doors which are open at the top and bottom.They are patterned after the control grid of the vacuum tube, which is a loosely wound
coil of thin wire located between the cathode and the plate.
In a Triode the plate is always positively charged with high voltage D.C. and even though the grid is blocking the path, those nega-
tive electrons can still FEEL the strong attraction - just as the Irishmen can see in through the louvers of the bar doors.They know
what pleasures lie beyond, but to get there requires overcoming the negative influences controlling the access.This negative influ-
ence is typically called a Bias. In electronic terms that means the grid is supplied with a voltage which is slightly MORE NEGATIVE
than the already negative electrons.The more negative the Bias, the more it tends to neutralize the attraction of the plate and repel
The Irish can be similarly charged with Bias, but unless you are Irish yourself, this type of Biasing may be more difficult to under-
stand.The effect is similar though:The more negative the Bias, the more it impedes forward progress. Generally speaking though,
the electronic Bias of the grid is easiest to overcome, and for two main reasons: First, the Bias is set - like the bar doors - to allow
some passage. Second, the grid is mostly NOT THERE, like the louvered doors which are mostly open spaces. Unlike the plate
which is solid, the grid is like a coiled bed spring. It can create a repelling field but mostly it’s empty space in between widely sepa-
rated windings of wire. It’s very easy to control the electrons as they pass through the grid’s force field: Changing the grid voltage
only slightly will have an enormous effect on how much current flows through... and that’s what AMPLIFICATION is: a small change
in voltage at the grid causing a large change in current flowing to the plate.
The purpose of the louvered bar doors is similar to that of the grid, namely, to give momentary pause while still revealing the
promise within. Hesitation mostly gives way to temptation, but there are those few stalwart Irishmen who think twice and decide
to come back later. Most just pause slightly then go on through.That is the purpose of the bar doors: to prevent everyone from
crowding in all at once - and as the door is made less of a barrier, wider spaces between the louvers, more of the bar’s attractive
influence is felt outside thus amplifying the customer flow and increasing the crowd at the bar.
PENTODES:
Occasionally though, bar doors - even the louvered type - were found to be too effective, and too many customers
turned away. Something further was needed to increase the attraction of the bar and overcome the resistance created by the door.
Once again the idea was inspired by the vacuum tube. It had been discovered in some tubes, often large power types, that the
distance to the plate was too great to attract enough electrons past the negative influence of the control grid. So another grid coil of
fine wire was inserted between the first grid and the plate.This was called the screen grid and carrying a highly positive charge, it
functioned as a “bait” for the plate.
In a properly designed power tube such as an EL84 or a 6V6, the windings of the screen grid are precisely aligned to fall in the
shadow of the control grid.This way the electrons responding to the pull of the screen grid are lined up in sheets as they pass be-
tween windings of the inner control grid... only to find that they have been fooled! Once past the control grid and drawn toward the
screen grid, they discover...there’s almost nothing there.The path they’re on has them aligned to zing straight through the spaces
BETWEEN screen grid windings. So rather than a close and personal encounter, they just fly on past - and once they’re out that
far, there’s no stopping them.The influence of the plate takes over and - being solid metal and of the highest positive attraction - it
is at this final destination that the electrons congregate.
PAGE 32
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
PENTODES: (Continued)
Thus the proper cocktail waitress - visible through the louvers - is scantily clad so as to be all the more
effective at reinforcing the attractive influence of her bar and by being located in between the door and the bar, she serves as bait
to lure customers past the door’s negative influence. Once through the door however, it is the rare Irishman who actually comes in
personal contact with the cocktail waitress as, for all intents and purposes, she - like the screen grid - turns out to be a vanishing
illusion.Yet, having come this far, the solid influence of the bar itself now takes over and attracts the customers to congregate, hav-
ing happily reached their destination.
If you’re still following this and haven’t lost track of the count, you’ll know we’re still one element short of the five needed to make a
Pentode.This last part is a pair of beam-confining shields which being negatively charged, serve to direct the flow right toward the
plate.This is much the way a short entrance hall to the bar prevents wandering accidentally into the Men’s room on the way.
Once at the bar though, the circuit is complete and the process of soul-nourishing works its ritual magic. Biases having been over-
come, illusory nightingales having vanished, the spirits truly soar and the once surly Irishmen now are filled with warmth, wit and
kindred friendship, enjoying the music and glowing nicely with their heaters on.
With appreciative thanks to the inhabitants of the Land of the Leprechaun, we have now concluded our little diversion into the
mechanics of proper bar lay-out.
A feature article by Randall Smith
Designer / President
PAGE 33
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
PAGE 34
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
ESA OOGIE
B
M
The Spirit of Art in Technology
Thank you for trusting MESA/Boogie to be your amplifier
company and we wish you many years of toneful enjoyment from
this handbuilt all tube instrument.
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
The Spirit of Art in Technology
(707) 778-6565
FAX NO. (707) 765-1503
1317 Ross Street Petaluma, CA 94954
USA
9/07/06
Download from Www.Somanuals.com. All Manuals Search And Download.
|