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CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1
1.1 Features.......................................................................................................................1
1.2 Specifications..............................................................................................................1
1.3 Package Contents......................................................................................................2
1.4 Wireless Network Options / Quick Tutorial.............................................................2
The Peer-to-Peer Network (also known as Ad-Hoc Mode) ........................................... 2
The Access Point Network ............................................................................................. 3
2 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE ............................................... 4
2.1 Verify Device Installation....................................................................................... 3
3 NETWORK CONNECTION ..................................................... 4
In Windows 98SE/ME .........................................................................................................4
In Windows 2000/XP...........................................................................................................6
4 CONFIGURATION UTILITY .................................................... 9
4.1 Accessing the Configuration Utility..........................................................................9
4.2 Site Survey................................................................................................................10
4.3 Profile ......................................................................................................................... 11
4.3.1 Configure the Profile (Add/Edit a Profile)............................................................ 11
4.3.2 Authentication vs. Security.................................................................................. 13
4.3.3 Enable WPA in Windows XP ................................................................................ 15
4.4 Link Status .................................................................................................................20
4.5 Reading the Link Status Page and Obtaining the Strongest Connection........21
4.6 Statistics.....................................................................................................................22
4.7 Advanced...................................................................................................................22
4.8 About ..........................................................................................................................24
5 UNINSTALLATION .............................................................. 25
6 TROUBLESHOOTING.......................................................... 26
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1 Introduction
Thank you for purchasing the Hawking Technologies Hi-Gain Mini USB Wireless-G Adapter. The
HWU54DM complies with the IEEE 802.11g standard, whichsupports up to 54Mbps high-speed
wireless networking. It is also backwards compatible with IEEE 802.11b devices. The HWU54DM is a
high quality, high performance wireless product thathas been designed with Hawking’s Hi-Gain
Technology for improved distance and throughput. Using a unique swivel-and-rotate design paired
with a 5dB/5dB Patch antenna, the adapter ensures you’ll get the greatest signal coverage wherever
you are. The antenna itself is uniquely designed to get up to 300% increase in signal reception
compared to standard wireless adapters. Just point the unit in the direction of the wireless signal
source and you’re sure to get thehighest signal strength. The LED Signal Strength Indicator provides
you the information you need to make sure you’re getting the most from your wireless connection.
For piece-of-mind wireless security, the HWU54DM supports 64/128-bit WEP data encryption that
protects your wireless network from eavesdropping. It also supportsthe WPAand WPA2 (Wi-Fi
Protected Access) security standards that combines IEEE 802.1x and TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity
Protocol) technologies. Client users are required to authorize before accessing to APs or AP Routers,
and the data transmitted in the network is encrypted/decrypted by a dynamically changed secret key.
1.1 Features
·
·
·
·
·
Works with both IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g products.
Rotate and Swivel design for maximum reception adjustability
Designed with Hawking Hi-Gain Technology
Signal Strength Indicator shows current wireless signal reception information
Directional 5dBi/5dBi Dual Hi-Gain Antenna design for increased Wireless Distance and
elimination of wireless interference from laptop components
·
·
·
High-speed transfer data rate - up to 54Mbps.
High throughput allows for the transfer of data heavy multi-media files.
Supports 64/128-bit WEP, WPA (TKIP with IEEE 802.1x) and AES functions for the highest
level of security.
·
·
·
Automatic fallback increases data security and reliability.
Supports the most popular operating systems: Windows 98SE/Me/2000/XP.
USB2.0 Compliant & Bus powered
1.2 Specifications
·
·
·
·
Standard: IEEE 802.11b/g
Interface: USB 2.0
Frequency Band: 2.4000 ~ 2.4835GHz (Industrial Scientific Medical Band)
Modulation: OFDM with BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (11g)
BPSK, QPSK, CCK (11b)
·
Data Rate: 54/48/36/24/18/12/11/9/6/5.5/2/1Mbps auto fallback
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·
·
·
·
Security: 64/128-bit WEP Data Encryption, WPA, WPA2, AES and IEEE 802.1x
Antenna: Hi-Gain 5dBi/5dBi Antenna (Rotate and Swivel)
Drivers: Windows 98SE/Me/2000/XP
LEDs: Power, Link, Signal Strength indicators (5) :
Red
Bad
Orange
Yellow
Blue
Blue
Orange
Blue
Poor
Good
Very good
Excellent
Link / Activity
Power
·
·
·
·
·
·
Transmit Power: 16dB m~18dBm (Before Antenna)
Gain: Dual 5dBi
Dimension: 4.36(H) x 1.36(W) x 0.5(D) inches
Temperature: 32~131°F (0 ~55°C)
Humidity: Max. 95% (NonCondensing)
Certification: FCC, CE
1.3 Package Contents
Before you begin theinstallation, please check the items of your package. The package should include
the following items:
·
·
·
·
One Hi-Gain Mini USB Wireless-G Network Adapter
One USB Base Stand for desktop PCs
One CD (Driver/Utility/User’s Manual.)
One Quick Installation Guide
If any of the above items is missing, contact your supplier as soon as possible.
1.4 Wireless Network Options / Quick Tutorial
The Peer-to-Peer Network (also known as Ad -Hoc Mode)
This network installation lets you set a small wireless workgroup easily and quickly. Equipped with
wireless PC Cards , wireless PCI, or Wireless USB adapters, you can share files and printers directly
between each PC and laptop.
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You can also use one computer as an Internet Server to connect to a wired global network and share
files and information with other computers via a wireless LAN.
The Access Point Network
The network installation allows you to share files, printers, and Internet access much more conveniently.
With Wireless LAN Cards, you can connect to the internet or with your network through a wireless
access point.
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2 Installation Procedure
Before you proceed with the installation, please notice following descriptions.
Note1: Please do not install the HWU54DM into your computer before installing the software
program from the CD.
Note2: The following installation was operated under Windows XP. (Procedures are similar for
Windows 98SE/Me/2000.)
Note3: If you have installed the Wirelessadapter driver & utility before, please uninstall the old
version first.
A. Insert the Installation CD into your CD-ROM Drive. The Utility splash screen will appear. Click
Driver & Utility Setup to begin setup initialization.
B. Setup will initialize automatically.
C. Setup will ask prompt you to accept the Licensing agreement. Select Yes to continue.
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D. Choose “ Hawking Configur ation Tool” and click Next.
E. Select “Optimize for WiFi Mode” and click Next.
F. The system will begin to install the software utility for the HWU54DM. Follow the instruction of the
program to plug in the Mini USB Adapter into theUSB port of your desktop or laptop computer.
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G. The system will automatically detect the Mini USB Adapter and copy the necessary driver files over.
H. Windows Hardware may prompt you with a hardware installation warning message. This message
is standard issue. Ple ase disregard the message by selecting “Conitnue Anyway” to continue the
HWU54DM setup.
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I. When the following screen appears, click Finish to complete the software and driver installation.
2.1
Verify Device Installation
To verify that the device has been properly installed in your computer and is enabled, go to Start à
Settings à Control Panel à System (à Hardware) à Device Manager. Expand the Network
adapters item. If the Hawking HWU54DM Mini USB Adapter is listed, it means that your device is
proerly installed and enabled.
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3 NETWORK CONNECTION
Once the driver has been installed, you will need to make adjustments to your network settings.
In Windows 98SE/ME
1. Go to Start à Settingsà Control Panel à Network.
2. Make sure that you have all the following components installed.
§ Hawking HWU54DM Hi-Gain Wireless Adapter
§ IPX/SPX-compatible Protocol
§ NetBEUI
§ TCP/IP
If any components are missing, click on the Add button to install them. All of the protocols and clients
required (listed above) are provided by Microsoft.
3. Next, highlight the specific network component you need, click Add.
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4. Highlight Microsoft, and then double click on the item you want to add. Click OK.
After returning to the Network screen, you can make your computer is visible on the network by
enabling the File and Print Sharing.
5. Click the Identification tab. Enter a name that is unique on the network. Type the name of your
workgroup, which should be the same name used by all of the other PCs on the network.
6. Click the Access Control tab. Make sure that “Share-level access control” is selected. If
connecting to a Netware server, share level can be set to “User-level access control.”
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7. When finished, restart your computer to activate the new device.
8. Once the computer has been rebooted, a Logon window will appear and will require you to enter a
username and password. Enter a username and password and click OK. Do not click the Cancel
button, or you won’t be able to log onto the network.
9. Double-click the Network Neighborhood icon on the windows desktop, and you should see the
names of the other PCs on the network.
In Windows 2000/XP
1. [In Windows 2000]
Go to Startà Settings à Control Panel à Network and Dial-up Connections à Local Area
Connection à Properties.
[In Windows XP]
Go to Start à Control Panel à Network Connections à Wireless Network Connection à
Properties.
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2. Make sure that you have all the following components installed.
§ Client for Microsoft Networks
§ NWLink NetBIOS
§ NWLink IPX/SPX/NetBIOS Compatible Transport Protocol
§ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
If any components are missing, click on the Install… button to select the Client/Service/Protocol
required.
3. After selecting the component you need, click Add… to install.
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4. Select the network protocol you wish to add and click OK. This will return you to theLocal Area
Connections Properties window.
5. To allow your computer to be visible on the network, make sure you have checked off the File and
Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks .
When finished, you must restart your computer to complete the installation
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4 Configuration Utility
The Hawking Wireless Configuration Utility is a powerful application that helps you configure the
HWU54DM and monitor the link status and statistics of your wireless connection.
The Configuration Utility appears as an icon on the system tray of your Windows operating system
while the adapteris running. You can open it by double-clicking on the icon.
You may also “Right-click” the icon, which will bring upthe following options:
l
Launch Config Utilities
Select “Launch Config Utilities” to open the Configuration Utility tool.
Use Config as Configuration Utility or Use Zero Configuration Utility as Configuration
Utility
l
Select which of the two configuration modes you would like to use. The Zero Configuration
Utility automatically configures your adapter to work with any wireless network. If you would like
to manually tweak your network connection settings, please select Config as Configuration Utility.
Exit
l
Select “Exit” to close the Configuration Utility tool
NOTE: If the icon is not present on the taskbar, you can launch the wireless utility from the Start Menu.
If the icon doesn’t appear automatically, go toStart à Programsà Hawking HWU54DM Wireless
Configuration Utility à Hawking Wireless Configuration Utility, it will appear in the task bar.
4.1
Accessing the Configuration Utility
All settings are categorized into 6 Tabs:
Profile
Link Status
Site Survey
Statistics
Advanced
About
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Note: Only one configuration utility can be active at a time. When the ZCU is set to be the active utility, opening the
TI utility - by double-clicking on the utility icon in the system tray or by right-clicking the icon and selecting Open-
launches the ZCU inserted of the TI utility.
4.2
Site Survey
When you open theConfigurationUtility, the system will scan all wireless channels to find all access
points/stations within theaccessible range of your card and automatically connect to the wireless
device with thehighest signal strength . When using the “Site Survey” option, all nearby networks will be
listed. You can change your connection to another network or you may add one of the networks to your
own profile list.
Parameter
Description
Available Networks
This list shows all available wireless networks within range of your
card. It also displays the information of thenetworks including the
SSID, BSSID, Signal Strength, Channel, Encryption,
Authentication and Network Type. If you want to connect to any
networks on the list, double-click the item on thelist, and the card
will automatically connect to the selected network.
Rescan Button
Click “Rescan” button to collect the information of all the wireless
networks nearby.
Connect Button
Click “Connect” to connect to the selectednetwork.
Add the selected network to Profiles list.
Add to Profile Button
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4.3
Profile
The “Profiles List” is for you to manage thenetworks you connect to frequently. You are able to
Add/Delete/Edit/Activate a profile.
Parameter
Description
Profiles List
The profiles list display all the profiles and the relative information
including Profile Name, SSID, Channel, etc.
Add/Delete/Edit Button
Activate Button
Click these buttons to add/delete/edit the selected profiles.
Click “Activate” to connect to the selected profile.
4.3.1 Configure the Profile (Add/Edit a Profile)
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System Configuration
Parameter
Description
Profile Name
Define a recognizable profile name for you to identify the different
networks.
SSID
The SSID (up to 32 printable ASCII characters) is the unique
name identified in a WLAN. The ID prevents the unintentional
merging of two co -located WLANs.
You may specify a SSID for theadapter and then only the device
with the same SSID can interconnect to the adapter. If you want to
add one of the networks nearby to the profile list, pull down the
menu, all the networks nearby will be listed and you can add one
of them to the profile list.
Power Saving Mode
The power saving function is only available when the network type
is in Infrastructure.
CAM( Constantly Awake Mode) – The adapterwill always beset
in active mode.
Power Saving Mode – Place the adapter into power saving mode
when it is idle.
Parameter
Description
Network Type
Infrastructure – This operation mode requires the presence of an
802.11 Access Point. All communication is done via the Access
Point or Router.
Ad-Hoc – Select this mode if you want to connect to another
wireless station in the Wireless LAN network without going
through an Access Point or Router. Peer to Peer.
Transmit Power
If you wish to lower the transmit power of the card to save the
power of your system, you can select the lower percentages from
the list.
11B Preamble Type
The preamble defines the length of the CRC block for
communication among wireless stations. This option is only active
in the Ad Hoc network.
There are two modes including Auto and Long Preamble. If
“Auto“ mode is selected, the card will auto switch the preamble
mode depending on the wireless stations which the card is
connecting to.
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RTS Threshold
Minimum packet size required for an RTS (Request To Send). For
packets smaller than this threshold, an RTS is not sent and the
packet is transmitted directly to the wireless network. Select a
setting within a range of 0 to 2312 bytes. Minor change is
recommended.
Fragment Threshold
The value defines the maximum size of packets; any packet size
larger than the value will be fragmented. If you have decreased
this value and experience high packet e rror rates, you can
increase it again, but it will likely decrease overall network
performance. Select a setting within a range of 256 to 2312 bytes.
Minor change is recommended.
Channel
This setting is only available for Ad Hoc mode. Select the number
of the radio channel used for the networking. The channel setting
should be the same with the network you are connecting to.
4.3.2 Authentication vs. Security
Under the profiles tab, you are able to specify the type of security/authentication mode used to connect
with a wireless network. To access, create a new profile or click “edit” on one of the profiles and select
the “Authentication and Security” tab.
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Parameter
Description
Authentication Type
This setting has to be consistent with the wireless networks that
the adapter intends to connect to. All security keys within a
network must match to allow successful communications.
Open– No authentication is needed among the wireless network.
Shared– Only wireless stations using a shared key(WEP Key
identified) are allowed to connecting each other.
LEAP – Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol. Allows
dynamic WEP keys and mutual authentication between a wireless
client and a RADIUS server. LEAP allows for clients to
reauthenticate frequently; upon each successful authentication,
the clients acquire a new WEP key
WPA-PSK –It is aspecial mode designed for home and small
business users who do not have access to network authentication
servers. In this mode, known as Pre-Shared Key, the user
manually enters the starting password in their access point or
gateway, as well as in each wireless stations in the network. WPA
takes over automatically from that point, keeping unauthorized
users that don't have the matching password from joining the
network, while encrypting the data traveling between authorized
devices. The encryption methods are including TKIP and AES.
Note that this option is only available for Windows XP.
WPA2 – This mode complies with the 802.11i standard. Option
available on Windows XP computers only.
Parameter
Description
Encryption Mode
None – Disable the WEP Data Encryption.
WEP – Enable the WEP Data Encryption. When the item is
selected, you have to continue setting the WEP Encryption keys.
TKIP – TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) changes the
temporal key every 10,000 packets (a packet is a kind of message
transmitted over a network.) This insures much greater security
than the standard WEP security.
AES – AES has been developed to ensure the highest degree of
security and authenticity for digital information and it is the most
advanced solution defined by IEEE 802.11i for the security in the
wireless network.
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Note: All devices in the network should use the same encryption
method to ensure the communication.
WPAPre-Shared Key
The WPA-PSK key can be from eight to64 characters and can be
letters or numbers. This same key must be used on all of the
wireless stations in the network.
WEP Key
The WEP keys are used to encrypt data transmitted in the
wireless network. There are two types of key length: 64 -bit and
128-bit. Select the default encryption key from Key 1 to Key 4 by
selected the radio button.
(Key1 ~ Key4)
Fill the text box by following the rules below.
64-bit – Input 10-digit Hex values (in the “A-F”, “a-f” and“0-9”
range) or 5-digit ASCII characters (including “a-z” and“0-9”) as
the encryption keys . For example: “0123456aef“ or “test1”.
128-bit – Input 26-digit Hex values (in the “A-F”, “a-f” and “0-9”
range) or 13-digit ASCII characters (including“a-z” and “0-9”) as
the encryption keys . For example:
“01234567890123456789abcdef“ or “administrator”.
4.3.3 Enable WPA in Windows XP
You canopt to use the XP’s built-in wireless Zero Configuration Utility(ZCU) to control your wireless
adapter settings and to enable security with full WPA and WEP authentication. This option disables
Hawking’s wireless utility settings.
NOTE: These instructions assume you are running Windows XP with SP2. SP1 users may see slight
changes in appearance of menu options.
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a specification of standards-based, interoperable security
enhancement that strongly increases the level of data protection (encryption) and access control
(authentication) for existing and future wireless LAN systems. The technical components of WPA
include Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) for dynamic key exchange, and 802.1x for
authentication.
There are two types of WPA security: WPA-PSK (no server) and WPA (with server). WPA requires a
Radius Server to complete authentication among wireless stations and Access Points. Typically, this
mode is used in an enterprise environment.WPA-PSK uses a so-called pre -shared key as the security
key. A pre-shared key is a password that e very wireless station must use to access the network.
Typically, this mode will be used in a home environment.
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To enable the WPA function in Windows XP, the following software systems are required:
1. Right-click the Windows wireless networks icon located on your taskbar as shown below.
Select “View Available Wireless Networks” to open up the Wireless Networks window. If you
get the following message below, please follow the next step. If not, skip to Step 3.
2. Right-click the Hawking Wireless Configuration Utility icon on the taskbar. To turn on ZCU,
make sure “Use Config as Configuration Utility” is selected on the menu. It should look like
this:
3. Go back to the Window Wireless Network window. Choose “Change Advanced Settings ” from
the left menu pane.
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4. In the Wireless Networks tab, select your preferred wireless network you are connected to and click
on “Properties”.
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5. Under the Association tab, select the type of Network Authentication your wireless network uses
and determine the type of data encryption, if available. Ask your administrator for network
information, if you need help. A list of network authentication terms is described on the next page.
6. If you need to configure network authentication, go to the Authentication tab.
7. Click OK once finished to complete the advanced setup. Then press OK again to close the
window properties.
.
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Parameter
Description
Network Authentication
Open–No authentication is needed among the wireless network.
Shared– Only wireless stations using a shared key(WEP Key
identified) are allowed to connecting each other.
WPA – This mode is for enterprise with an authentication server
(Radius Server), WPA-enabled access point, and a WPA-enabled
client. Once WPA is enabled, all clients and access points on the
network must b e WPA-enabled in order to access the network.
WPA-PSK – It is aspecial mode designed for home and small
business users who do not have access to network authentication
servers. In this mode, known as Pre-Shared Key, the user
manually enters the starting password in their access point or
gateway, as well as in each PC on the wireless network. WPA
takes over automatically from that point, keeping unauthorized
users that don't have the matching password from joining the
network, while encrypting the data traveling between authorized
devices.
Parameter
Description
Data Encryption
WEP – In WPA or WPA-PSK mode, WEP is also able to be the
encryption method for the transmission data.
TKIP – TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) changes the
temporal key every10,000 packets (a packet is a kind of message
transmitted over a network.) This insures much greater security
than the standard WEP security.
AES – AES has been developed to ensure the highest degree of
security and authenticity for digital information and it is the most
advanced solution defined by IEEE 802.11i for the security in the
wireless network.
Note: All devices in the network should use the same encryption
method to ensure the communication.
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4.4
Link Status
From the “Link Status” option, you can view all the information of the network you are connecting to.
You can use this tool in while at the same time repositioning the Hi-Gain antenna to find the optimal
location for antenna placement.
Parameter
Status
Description
Displays the SSID and MAC ID of the network the adapter is
connected to.
Current Channel
Display the number of theradio channel and the frequency used
for the networking.
Parameter
Link Speed
Description
Display the transmission and receive rate of the network. The
maximum transmission rate is 54Mbps.
Throughput (Kbits/sec)
Link Quality
Display the speed of data transmitted and received.
This bar indicates the quality of the link. The higher the
percentage, the better the quality.
dBm
If you want to know the signal strength in the unit of dBm, select
this check box.
Signal Strength
This bar shows the signal strength level. The higher percentage
shown in the bar, the more radio signal been received by the card.
This indicator helps to find the proper position of the wireless
device for quality network operation.
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Noise Level
Measures the level of signal interference within a wireless
network. The lower the noise level value, the better the
connection.
4.5
Reading the Link Status Page and Obtaining the Strongest Connection
The Link Status page gives you information regarding your current wireless channel, transmit rate (speed) and
link/signal quality. You will use this utility to figure out which antenna position results in the best performance
and connection.
1) First you must determine where the location of your Wireless Access Point is within your network.
2) Position the directional antenna towards the location of the Access Point.
3) While viewing your Link Status utility, rotate the antenna clockwise and counter-clockwise slowly to
figure out which position gives you the highest Link Quality and Signal Strength. Once you have
determined which position gives you the best signal, leave the antenna in that orientation.
4) When you are not using the Hi-Gain Mini USB Wireless-GAdapter, carefully pull out the unit from the
computer’s USB port and put it in a safe place.
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4.6
Statistics
This option enables you to view the available statistic information with its Tx counts (Tx success, Tx
error, RTS Success and RTS Failed), and its Rx counts (Rx success, Rx error). You may reset the
counters by clicking ”Reset Counter”.
4.7
Advanced
This option enables you to configure more advanced settings, for example: wireless mode, protection
mode and etc.
Parameter
Description
Wireless Mode
802.11 B/G mix – If you have a mix of 802.11b and 802.11g
wireless stations in your network, it isrecommended to setting the
card to this mode.This mode is also the default setting.
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802.11 B or G only – This card can be compatible with both
802.11g and 802.11b wireless stations. If there are only 802.11b
wireless stations in the network, you can set the card to this mode.
The same goes with 802.11g only wireless stations.
Tx BURST
Tx Burst enables the card todeliver the better throughput in the
same period and environment.
B/G Protection
If you have a mix of 802.11b and 802.11g wireless stations in the
network, it is recommended that you enable the protection
mechanism. This mechanism can decrease the rate of data
collisions between 802.11b and 802.11g wireless stations. When
the protection mode is enabled, the throughput of the card will be
a little lower due to more complex data packets that must be
transmitted.
Auto – Based on the status of the network and automatically
disable/enable protection mode.
On – Alwaysenable the protection mode.
Off – Always disable the protection mode.
These settings should only be used for advanced system
administrators only.
Fast Roaming
Tx Rate
There are several options including
Auto/1/2/5.5/11/6/9/12/18/24/36/48/54Mbps for you to select.
When the “Auto” is selected, the device will choose the most
suitable transmission rate automatically. The higher data rate you
designated in the network, the shorter distance is allowed
between the card and the wireless stations.
When the wireless mode is “802.11 B only”, the maximum data
rate is 11Mbps (11b) so that there are only “Auto/1/2/5.5/11Mbps”
options you can select.
Turn Off RF Button
CCX 2.0
If you want to turn off the radio of the card temporarily, click this
button. To turn on the radio, click this button again.
Support Cisco Compatible Extensions function:
1. LEAP turn on CCKM
2. Enable Radio Measurement: can channel measurement every
0~2000 milliseconds.
3. Enable QOS: enable Quality of Service.
NOTE: These settings should only be used for advanced system
administrators only..
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When settings have been made, select “Apply” to place the changes into effect.
4.8
About
By choosing this option, you canclick view softw are and driver version information, IP address and
gateway address. The MAC Address of thenetwork adapteris displayed in the screen as well.
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5 UNINSTALLATION
In case you need to uninstall the Utility and driver, please refer to below steps. (As you uninstall the
utility, the driver will be uninstalled as well.)
1. Go to Start à Programs àWireless BETA à Uninstall - Utility.
2. Click Remove all to complete the un-installation procedure.
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6 Troubleshooting
This chapter provides solutions to problems usually encountered during the installation and operation
of the adapter.
1. What is the IEEE 802.11g standard?
802.11g is the new IEEE standard for high-speed wireless LAN communications that provides for
up to 54 Mbps data rate in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11g is quickly becoming the next mainstream
wireless LAN technology for the home, office and public networks.
802.11g defines the use of the same OFDM modulation technique specified in IEEE 802.11a for
the 5 GHz frequency band and applies it in the same 2.4 GHz frequency band as IEEE 802.11b.
The 802.11g standard requires backward compatibility with 802.11b.
The standard specifically calls for:
A. A new physical layer for the 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) in the 2.4 GHz frequency
band, known as the extended rate PHY (ERP). The ERP adds OFDM as a mandatory new
coding scheme for 6, 12 and 24 Mbps (mandatory speeds), and 18, 36, 48 and 54 Mbps
(optional speeds). The ERP includes the modulation schemes found in 802.11b including
CCK for 11 and 5.5 Mbps and Barker code modulation for 2 and 1 Mbps.
B. A protection mechanism called RTS/CTS that governs how 802.11g devices and 802.11b
devices interoperate.
2. What is the IEEE 802.11b standard?
The IEEE 802.11b Wireless LAN standard subcommittee, which formulates the standard for the
industry. The objective is to enable wireless LAN hardware from different manufactures to
communicate.
3. What does IEEE 802.11 feature support?
The product supports the following IEEE 802.11 functions:
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CSMA/CA plus Acknowledge Protocol
Multi-Channel Roaming
Automatic Rate Selection
RTS/CTS Feature
Fragmentation
Power Management
4. What is Ad-hoc?
An Ad-hoc integrated wireless LAN is a group of computers, each has a Wireless LAN adapter,
Connected as an independent wireless LAN. Ad hoc wireless LAN is applicable at a
departmental scale for a branch or SOHO operation.
5. What is Infrastructure?
An integrated wireless and wireless and wired LAN is called an Infrastructure configuration.
Infrastructure is applicable to enterprise scale for wireless access to central database, or
wireless application for mobile workers.
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6. What is BSS ID?
A specific Ad hoc LAN is called a Basic Service Set (BSS). Computers in a BSS must be
configured with the same BSS ID.
7. What is WEP?
WEP is Wired Equivalent Privacy, a data privacy mechanism based on a 40 bit shared key
algorithm, as described in the IEEE 802 .11 standard.
8. What is TKIP?
TKIP is a quick-fix method to quickly overcome the inherent weaknesses in WEP security,
especially the reuse of encryption keys. TKIP is involved in the IEEE 802.11i WLAN security
standard, and the specification might be officially released by early 2003.
9. What is AES?
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), a chip-based security, has been developed to ensure the
highest degree of security and authenticity for digital information, wherever and however
communicated or stored, while making more efficient use of hardware and/or software than
previous encryption standards. It is also included in IEEE 802.11i standard. Compare with AES,
TKIP is a temporary protocol for replacing WEP security until manufacturers implement AES at
the hardware level.
10. Can Wireless products support printer sharing?
Wireless products perform the same function as LAN products. Therefore, Wireless products can
work with Netware, Windows 2000, or other LAN operating systems to support printer or file
sharing.
11. Would the information be intercepted while transmitting on air?
WLAN features two-fold protection in security. On the hardware side, as with Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum technology, it has the inherent security feature of scrambling. On the software
side, WLAN series offer the encryption function (WEP) to enhance security and Access Control.
Users can set it up depending upon their needs.
12. What is DSSS? What is FHSS? And what are their differences?
Frequency-hopping spread-spectrum (FHSS) uses a narrowband carrier that changes frequency
in a pattern that is known to both transmitter and receiver. Properly synchronized, the net effect
is to maintain a single logical channel. To an unintended receiver, FHSS appears to be
short-duration impulse noise. Direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) generates a redundant
bit pattern for each bit to be transmitted. This bit pattern is called a chip (or chipping code). The
longer the chip is , the greater the probability that the original data can be recovered. Even if one
or more bits in the chip are damaged during transmission, statistical techniques embedded in the
radio can recover the original data without-the need for retransmission. To an unintended
receiver, DSSS appears as low power wideband noise and is rejected (ignored) by most
narrowband receivers.
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13. What is Spread Spectrum?
Spread Spectrum technology is a wideband radio frequency technique developed by the military
for use in reliable, secure, mission-critical communication systems. It is designed to trade off
bandwidth efficiency for reliability, integrity, and security. In other words, more bandwidth is
consumed than in the case of narrowband transmission, but the trade off produces a signal that
is, in effect, louder and thus easier to detect, provided that the receiver knows the parameters of
the spread-spectrum signal being broadcast. If a receiver is not tuned to the right frequency, a
spread –spectrum signal looks like background noise. There are two main alternatives, Direct
Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS).
14. What is Hi-Gain and dBi?
Hi-Gain is Hawking Technologies high performance wireless distance extending product line. It
encompasses a group of products and technologies used to help solve distance issues
accompanied with WiFi products. A unit of measurement on antenna strength and power is dBi.
The higher the dBi or gain level of an antenna the more powerful it is.
15. What is the difference between directional and omni-directional antennas?
Directional and omni-directional antennas determine the wireless output pattern of antennas.
In standard installations it is normally the wireless access point that uses the omni-directional
antenna (360 degree wireless output) while the clients (desktop or laptops) that use the
directional antennas (concentrated narrow wireless signal) to create a stronger link directly to
the access point.
16. How do I get an Optimal Wireless Connection with the HWU54DM?
If pointing the antenna directly at the access point is not providing a sufficient signal connection
then you can try bouncing the signals off walls. Wireless signals can reflect off walls or through
windows to get to their desired location so try different positions to find the best antenna
orientation for your network.
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