HP OSMS: Tomcat Sizing Guide for HP
ProLiant c-Class Blade Servers
HP Part Number: 5992-4859
Published: May 2008
Edition: 1.0
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
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List of Figures
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List of Tables
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Introduction
HP Open Source Middleware Stacks (OSMS) offer building block applications, such as the Web
Server; technical blueprints, and documents such as this Tomcat Sizing Guide which describes
the maximum workload that HP ProLiant c-Class Blade Servers are capable of supporting; and
consulting services to speed the successful implementation of an open source strategy.
Executive Summary
The HP Open Source Integrated Portfolio (HP OSIP) comprises a range of products and services
designed to verify that customers can successfully realize the cost and feature benefits of adopting
open source software in their IT environments. HP Open Source foundation components include
the base components of an open source-based ecosystem. HP servers and storage are validated
to run the Linux operating system together with the supported commercial Linux distribution.
The results published in this document were achieved using the Apache benchmarking tool and
Apche JMeter for each of the HP ProLiant c-Class Blade Servers. Various test configurations and
test environments were used and documented to provide readers an opportunity to understand
the testing methodology.
Intended Audience
The intended audience for this document is anyone who is interested in determining the Tomcat
user connection workload that can be supported on a given HP ProLiant c-Class Blade Server
and details for deploying a hardware environment based on the Tomcat environment requirements
of certain applications.
Scope and Purpose
This document presents the results of a series of benchmark tests performed using the Apache
Benchmarking tool and Apache JMeter. The tests were conducted running a Tomcat application
server to evaluate system performance when running a web application under a heavy load. The
following HP ProLiant servers were used in this test: BL460c, BL480c, and BL465c. The benchmark
data provided in this sizing guide can assist customers in determining which HP Proliant c-Class
Blade Server meets their Tomcat server requirements along with how-to information for
configuring the HP Proliant c-Class Blade Server and storage in a specific production environment.
HP provides quality assurance from extensive integration testing with open source software and
HP hardware so that you can confidently deploy the complete stack. Once you have completed
a successful evaluation, you have the flexibility to “do it yourself” or get assistance from HP to
incorporate open source stacks into your existing IT infrastructure.
HP Services
HP Open Source Consulting Services can help you build and integrate open source and commercial
software across multiple operating system (OS) environments. Additionally, HP Open Source
Support Services provide industry leading technical support for all the products HP sells,
including hardware, operating systems, and open source middleware.
To learn more about HP Open Source Consulting and Support Services, contact your local HP
sales representative or visit the HP Business and IT Services website at:
For the location of the nearest sales office, call:
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In the United States: +1 800 637 7740
In Canada: +1 905 206 4725
In Japan: +81 3 3331 6111
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Introduction
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In Asia Pacific: +8522 599 7777
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Typographic Conventions
This document uses the following typographic conventions.
Command
ComputerOut
Ctrl-x
A command name or qualified command phrase.
Text displayed by the computer.
A key sequence. A sequence such as Ctrl-x indicates that
you must hold down the key labeled Ctrl while you press
another key or button.
ENVIRONVAR
The name of an environment variable, for example, PATH.
[ERRORNAME]
The name of an error, usually returned in the errno
variable.
Key
The name of a keyboard key. Return and Enter both refer
to the same key.
Term
UserInput
The defined use of an important word or phrase.
Commands and other text that you type.
VARIABLE
The name of a placeholder in a command, function, or
other syntax display that you replace with an actual value.
\ (continuation character) A backslash (\) at the end of a line of code (such as a
command) indicates that the following line of code is
contiguous, and you must not insert a line break. This
convention facilitates the typesetting of long lines of code
examples on a printed page. If you cut and paste sample
code from this publication, ensure that you remove
backslash characters at line endings.
...
The preceding element can be repeated an arbitrary number
of times.
|
Separates items in a list of choices.
Publishing History
The document publishing date and part number indicate the current edition of the document.
The publishing date changes when a new edition is printed. Minor changes might be made
without changing the publishing date. The document part number changes only when extensive
changes are made. Document updates might be issued between editions to correct errors or
document product changes. For the latest version of this document online, see the HP Technical
Documentation website at:
Manufacturing Part
Number
Supported OS
Edition
Number
Publication Date
5992-4859
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 AS Update 1
(RHEL5ASu1)
1
May 2008
HP Encourages Your Comments
HP encourages your comments concerning this document. We are committed to providing
documentation that meets your needs. Send any errors found, suggestions for improvement, or
compliments to:
Include the document title, manufacturing part number, and any comment, error found, or
suggestion for improvement you have concerning this document.
Introduction
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Hardware Test Environment
This benchmark was performed within an HP BladeSystem c-Class blade enclosure with enhanced
hardware test environment.
Table 1 Test Hardware Environment
Hardware
BL460c
BL465c
BL480c
CPU
(2) Quad-Core Intel® Xeon® (2) Dual-Core AMD
(2) Quad-Core Intel® Xeon®
processor X5365 (3.0
Opteron™ processor 2218 (2.6 processor X5365 (3.0
GHz/4MB L2 cache per core) GHz/1MB L2 cache per core) GHz/4MB L2 cache per core)
Memory
16GB (8x2GB PC2-5300 DDR2) 14GB (6x2GB+ 2x1GB
PC2-5300 DDR2)
24GB (12x2GB PC2-5300
DDR2)
Disk Storage
2 x 73GB SAS Smart Array
2 x 73GB SAS Smart Array
4 x 73GB SAS Smart Array
E200i controller with Battery E200i controller with Battery P400i controller with Battery
Backed Write Cache (BBWC) Backed Write Cache (BBWC) Backed Write Cache (BBWC)
File System
Partitioning
(ext3 – no LVM):
Disk0: /, /boot, swap
(ext3 – no LVM):
Disk0: /, /boot, swap
(ext3 – no LVM):
Disk0: /, /boot, swap
Operating System RHEL5 AS u1 SMP kernel
(2.6.18-53.el5) with errata
updates
RHEL5 AS u1 SMP kernel
(2.6.18-53.el5) with errata
updates
RHEL5 AS u1 SMP kernel
(2.6.18-53.el5) with errata
updates
During the test, the server and configuration that were used as the client where ab and JMeter
were run is as follows:
Machine Model: HP ProLiant BL460c
CPU: (1)Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® processor X5160
(3.0GHz/4MB L2 cache per core)
Memory: 2GB
OS: RHEL5 AS u1
Tomcat Installation
The Tomcat software is available on the Apache Software Foundation website. The file to
download for Linux servers is apache-tomcat-6.0.14.tar.gzfile. The following provides
the steps for installing and configuring Tomcat.
NOTE: Prior to installing Apache Tomcat, please verify that JDK is installed and configured
on the system.
1. Unzip the *.gzfile to the dictionary where you want to install tomcat.
In the example that follows, the directory used is /usr/local/apache-tomcat.
2. To start Tomcat, enter the command:
# /usr/local/apache-tomcat/bin/startup.sh
The following messages display:
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/apache-tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/apache-tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/apache-tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/local/jdk
3. Verify the Tomcat installation by launching a browser and navigating to the following URL:
http://<YOUR_TOMCAT_SERVER_IP>:8080/
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Figure 1 Tomcat Successful Installation Verification
NOTE: If the iptables firewall is enabled in the system, the Tomcat server can not be
accessed from other machines.
4. If necessary, stop Tomcat by entering the following command:
# /usr/local/apache-tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh
The following messages display:
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/apache-tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/apache-tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/apache-tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/local/jdk
Tomcat Configuration
Setting JVM Options for Tomcat
Edit the /usr/local/apache-tomcat/bin/catalina.shfile and add the JVM options to
catalina.shconfiguration file.
Table 2 JVM Configuration
JVM Option
-Xmx
Value
4g
Description
The maximum Java heap size.
The initial Java heap size.
-Xms
4g
-Xmn
1g
The size of young generation.
To use parallel garbage collection for scavenges.
The initial size of permanent generation.
-XX:+UseParallelGC
-XX:PermSize
–
50m
Tomcat Configuration
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Setting Tomcat Connector Attributes
Edit the /usr/local/apache-tomcat/conf/server.xmlfile and add the attributes listed
after the connector attributes are added.
<Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
maxThreads="3000" acceptCount="200" ...
Table 3 Tomcat Configuration
Attribute
Value
Description
maxThreads
3000
The maximum number of request processing threads to be created by this
connector, which therefore determines the maximum number of simultaneous
requests that can be handled. If not specified, the default value for this attribute
is 40. If an executor is associated with this connector, this attribute is ignored
and the connector executes tasks using the executor rather than an internal
thread pool.
acceptCount
2000
500
The maximum queue length for incoming connection requests when all
possible request processing threads are in use. Any requests received when
the queue is full are refused. The default value is 10.
minSpareThreads
The number of request processing threads that are created when this connector
is first started. The connector also verifies that it has the specified number of
idle processing threads available. This attribute should be set to a value smaller
than that set for maxThreads. The default value is 4.
maxSpareThreads
enableLookups
2000
false
The maximum number of unused request processing threads that are allowed
to exist until the thread pool starts stopping the unnecessary threads. The
default value is 50.
Set to “true” if you want calls to request.getRemoteHost() to perform DNS
lookups in order to return the actual host name of the remote client. Set to
“false” to skip the DNS lookup and return the IP address in String form instead
(thereby improving performance). By default, DNS lookups are enabled.
Static Web Page Benchmark
This section provides information on running static web page benchmark on BL460c, BL480c
and BL465c servers. The Apache Benchmarking tool was used on web pages of different sizes
to generate two types of data: 1) the number of requests (recorded per second) and 2) the response
time (recorded in milliseconds). A basic analysis of these results is also included with this data
to assist you in understanding the benchmark results.
Benchmark Software
The Apache HTTP Benchmarking Tool is a command line (ab) benchmarking tool that is bundled
with the standard Apache package to benchmark Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Web
servers. It is a free and open source software that is distributed under the Apache license. It can
simulate large numbers of connections to perform a series of requests against given pages in
applications on the HTTP web server. The tool then provides performance statistics, in particular
data about the number of requests per second which the server is capable of serving and the
average response time for all requests.
Table 4 Main ab Options
Main ab
Option
Value
Description
-c
Varies from 100 to 2500.
Number of multiple requests to perform at one time, such as
concurrent connections.
-n
100 times the number of
concurrent connections.
Number of requests to perform for the benchmarking session
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For more information about ab, see the following web site:
Benchmark Results
In the static web page testing, several web pages were used with different sizes that varied from
5KB to 200KB. For each web page, ab was run with a varying number of concurrent connections
and total requests to determine the maximum requests per second and the maximum response
time for 80% of the fastest requests. For this test, the concurrent connections varied in number
from 100 to 2500 and the total number of requests was set to 100 times the number of concurrent
connections.
The benchmark results for the testing are presented in the following sections and show the
maximum number of requests per second and maximum response time for 80% of the fastest
requests that each system can handle, depending on the number of concurrent connections and
the size of pages.
The following tables show that, with regard to requests per second, having more connections
can negatively impact the value for small size pages like the 5KB page but have little influence
for bigger size pages. In regard to response time, when the number of concurrent connections is
larger, so is the response time. For relatively small pages such as a 5KB size page, both the HP
ProLiant BL460c and BL480c servers, configured with 2 Quad-Core processors, can handle more
than 10,000 requests per second even with 2500 concurrent connections. However, the HP ProLiant
BL465c server, configured with 2 Dual-Core Opteron processors, can process fewer requests. For
pages over 30KB, the number of requests that all three servers can handle per second is stable
and does not vary as user connections are increased.
HP Proliant BL460c Server
The HP ProLiant BL460c server has features that are equal to standard 1U rack-mount servers.
The two-processor, dual-core or quad-core ProLiant BL460c combines power-efficient compute
power, and high density with expanded memory and I/O for maximum performance. The
ProLiant c7000 enclosure supports up to 16 BL460c server blades, two more servers than the IBM
BladeCenter, and each BL460c supports double the memory capacity of the HS21 server without
an expansion blade. The Proliant BL460c now comes with dual-core and quad-core Intel® Xeon®
processors, DDR2 fully buffered DIMMs, Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) or Serial ATA (SATA), hard
drives, and support of multi-function NICs and multiple I/O cards. The BL460c provides a
performance system ideal for the full range of scale-out applications. In this small form factor,
the BL460c includes more features to enable high-availability, such as hot plug hard drives,
mirrored memory, online spare memory, memory interleaving, embedded RAID capability, and
obtained using a ProLiant BL460c server configured with two Quad-Core Intel® Xeon® processors
running at 3.0GHz.
Table 5 Static Web Page Test Results for the HP ProLiant BL460c Server
User Connections
5K
30K
resp time req/sec resp time req/sec
80K
200K
req/sec
resp time req/sec resp time
100
200
18886.63
17643.76
17230.17
15180.41
14174.95
12617.91
6
3769.51
3770.53
3773.20
3766.08
3772.20
3731.98
26
1426.88
1427.35
1425.38
1424.56
1423.59
1421.59
76
572.57
572.96
572.50
571.31
570.14
569.16
189
9
51
115
328
500
10
12
69
123
64
467
1448
3008
4139
5217
1000
1500
2000
321
337
545
1033
1622
2139
Static Web Page Benchmark
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Figure 2 Static Web Page Test Results for the HP ProLiant BL460c Server - Requests per Second
Figure 3 Static Web Page Test Results for the HP ProLiant BL460c Server - Average Response Time
HP Proliant BL465c Server
The HP ProLiant BL465c server is a two-way server blade designed for maximum compute
density and power efficiencies. The small form factor accommodates two blades in each slot
allowing for 16 servers in a standard 6u enclosure. Each CPU is a 95 Watt version of the Dual-Core
AMD Opteron 2000 series processor, which gives the equivalent of four processing units per
server. Up to 32GB of PC2-5300 DIMMs running at 667MHz is supported. Internal storage consists
of two small form factor disk drives, either SAS or SATA attached to the integrated Smart Array
E200i RAID controller with 64MB cache supporting RAID 0, 1. An optional StorageWorks SB40c
storage blade provides connectivity to additional storage, supporting RAID 5, and ADG. The
Dual-Core Opteron processors running at 2.6 GHz.
Table 6 Static Web Page Test Results for the HP ProLiant BL465c Server
User Connections
5K
30K
resp time req/sec resp time req/sec
80K
200K
req/sec
9482.27
9280.24
8297.94
8185.66
resp time req/sec resp time
100
200
12
12
12
14
3762.61
3767.93
3773.08
3753.01
26
1425.04
1426.18
1414.36
1409.57
73
572.85
572.62
572.30
567.19
185
52
115
268
624
329
500
63
1348
2959
1000
120
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Table 6 Static Web Page Test Results for the HP ProLiant BL465c Server (continued)
User Connections
5K
30K
resp time req/sec resp time req/sec
80K
200K
req/sec
6958.18
5993.03
resp time req/sec resp time
1500
2000
21
22
3721.44
3680.87
122
362
1405.94
1370.03
1466
1554
564.29
564.67
4101
4849
Figure 4 Static Web Page Test Results for the HP ProLiant BL465c Server - Requests per Second
Figure 5 Static Web Page Test Results for the HP ProLiant BL465c Server - Average Response Time
HP Proliant BL480c Server
The HP ProLiant BL480c server is a 2-way server blade designed for maximum performance and
scalability. The ProLiant BL480c server can support two Quad-Core Inter Xeon processors, which
gives the equivalent of eight processing units per server. Up to 48GB (PC2-5300 DDR2, 667 MHz)
of memory is supported. Each full-height blade has a Smart Array P400i Controller that supports
four hot-swap SCSI disks in a RAID configuration. An optional dual-port Fiber Channel adapter
provides connectivity to HP and third-party storage area networks (SANs). The benchmark
processors running at 3.0 GHz.
Static Web Page Benchmark
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Table 7 Static Web Page Test Results for the HP ProLiant BL480c Server
User Connections
5K
30K
resp time req/sec resp time req/sec
80K
200K
req/sec
resp time req/sec resp time
100
200
19446.04
18313.09
16814.04
15649.88
14162.79
13810.74
13519.09
5
3770.73
3768.29
3768.88
3766.76
3768.50
3768.70
3718.98
26
1426.77
1426.88
1425.07
1425.52
1424.00
1416.06
1412.64
76
572.69
572.84
572.37
570.90
564.46
568.92
567.78
187
8
54
115
333
500
10
20
56
117
130
65
461
1417
3011
4108
4832
6146
1000
1500
2000
2500
320
339
551
581
1010
1616
2223
2734
Figure 6 Static Web Page Test Results for the HP ProLiant BL480c Server - Requests per Second
Figure 7 Static Web Page Test Results for the HP ProLiant BL480c Server - Average Response Time
Application Scenario Benchmark
To evaluate the performance of a Tomcat application server, apart from benchmark testing on
single pages, the scenario testing to simulate operations on an application in the real world is
another important approach to obtain the maximum number of concurrent users a Tomcat server
can support in the case of the system response time being met.
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JPetStore was used as the test application deployed on the Tomcat Application server. This
section provides a detailed description of the test scenario for JPetStore and, how to run Apache
JMeter against the test application. The benchmark data includes the number of requests the
Tomcat Application server can process per second and the average response time for all requests
on each ProLiant Blade server.
JMeter Installation and Configuration
Apache JMeter is an open source Java desktop application. It is designed to load test functional
behavior and can be used to measure performance on static and dynamic resources like Servlets,
Perl scripts, Java Objects, and so on. It can be used to simulate a heavy load on a Tomcat server
to test its capabilities, and can also make a graphical analysis of performance under concurrent
load. JMeter version 2.3.1 is used in the following tests. For more information, visit the JMeter
site located at:
The steps for installing and configuring JMeter are as follows:
1. Verify the computing environment meets the JMeter test requirements.
JMeter requires a fully compliant JVM 1.4 or later. JMeter Version 2.2 and later no longer
support Java 1.3. Make sure you have the correct version of JRE/JDK installed and set the
JAVA_HOMEenvironment variable.
2. Download the latest JMeter version from the website and unzip the file to the directory
where you want to install JMeter.
3. To run JMeter in GUI mode, run the jmeterfile in the JMETER_HOME/bin/directory.
NOTE: You can edit the JMETER_HOME/bin/jmeterfile to modify the JMeter parameters
or Java Virtual Machine (VM) options. For example, to create the memory consumed by
JMeter from the default 256MB to 3GB, you can set the following line in the JMeter file:
HEAP="-Xms3g -Xmx3g -Xmn1g"
For more detailed information, see the JMeter documentation located at:
JPetStore Installation and Configuration
JPetStore is a sample application based on the Struts and iBATIS framework. It is a completely
rewritten Pet Store application based on Sun’s original J2EE Pet Store. For more information on
iBATIS and JPetStore, see:
JPetStore can be deployed in Tomcat and other Java web servers. It supports MySQL, PostgreSQL
and other databases. In this document, MySQL is used as the database for JPetStore. Figure 8
displays the architecture of the test environment.
Application Scenario Benchmark
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Figure 8 Application Scenario Test Environment Architecture
Before performing the JPetStore installation on the Web server, verify that the following
installations and configurations have been completed.
•
•
Tomcat has been installed on the Tomcat server node and configured correctly.
MySQL has been installed and configured on the MySQL server node. Make sure that MySQL
is running correctly.
•
Download the MySQL JDBC Driver file, mysql-connector-java-5.0.4-bin.jar.
Copy the file to TOMCAT_HOME/libdirectory.
Perform the following steps to install and configure JPetStore.
1. Download the latest version of JPetStore from the iTBATIS website.
2. Unzip the file JPetStore-5.0.zipto the appropriate directory.
In the JPetStore-5.0/src/ddl/mysqldirectory, locate the following files:
• jpetstore-mysql-schema.sql
• jpetstore-mysql-create-user.sql
• jpetstore-mysql-dataload.sql
3. On the MySQL node, run the following commands:
mysql -uroot -p < jpetstore-mysql-schema.sql
mysql -uroot -p < jpetstore-mysql-dataload.sql
mysql -uroot -p < jpetstore-mysql-create-user.sql
4. Copy JPetStore-5.0/build/wars/jpetstore.warfile to the folder
TOMCAT_HOME/webapps.
Tomcat automatically deploys the JPetStore application if it is running.
5. Edit the file
webapps/jpetstore/WEB-INF/classes/properties/database.propertiesand
change the default values to the corresponding configurations in the environment:
Driver=org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver
Url=jdbc:mysql://<YOUR_MYSQL_SERVER>:3306/JPETSTORE
Username=jpetstore
Password=ibatis9977
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Application Scenario Configuration
A JMeter test plan must be created to simulate the requests sent to the server in the scenario.
There are two approaches which are generally used to create a test plan: JMeter’s Proxy and
Badboy. For JMeter, see the JMeter Reference Manual located at:
For JMeter's Proxy and recording tests, see the JMeter tutorial located at:
For Badboy, see the Badboy website located at:
To simulate a customer’s shopping behavior, a scenario is created according to the following
typical visiting steps:
1. Visit the index page, and then perform a login action.
2. Look through a kind of fish, and add it to the cart
3. Perform a search action, select a kind of goods from the search result and add it to the cart.
4. Switch to the cart page, and update the goods number to the correct number.
5. Check out and then logout.
Figure 9 displays a JMeter test plan that was created in accordance with the previously described
scenario.
Figure 9 Typical JMeter Test Plan
Running the Scenario
Select the Thread Group element in the JMeter tree and increase the Number of Threads (users)
from the default value to the value you want to test. Next, enter a value in the Loop Count field.
For instance, if the thread number is 1000, and the loop count is 100, then JMeter creates 1000
users at the same time and each user repeatedly runs the test plan 100 times. Before starting the
test, select Summary Report in the tree. While the test is running, you can watch the statistics
from the page until the end of the test. At the end of the test, a Summary Report is generated,
Application Scenario Benchmark
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Figure 10 JMeter Summary Report
Benchmark Results
Table 8 shows the requests per second and average response time of the scenario described in
the previous section. The response time is defined as the time it takes the Tomcat server to send
the object of an HTTP request back to the client. The requests per second is the average request
number Tomcat is capable of handling (per second) in the particular scenario.
Table 8 JMeter Application Test Results
User Connections
BL460c
BL465c
BL480c
requests/sec
response time requests/sec
(min/sec)
responsetime requests/sec
(min/sec)
response
time
(min/sec)
100
200
1677.7
1763.6
1733.4
1721.0
1631.0
1619.5
58
1166.8
1162.1
1147.3
1123.9
1083.6
1110.6
83
1593.5
1730.4
1717.4
1664.0
1613.5
1575.6
61
112
286
577
902
1192
170
433
884
1356
1757
114
289
594
909
1230
500
1000
1500
2000
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Figure 11 JMeter Application Scenario Test Results – Requests per Second
Figure 12 JMeter Application Scenario Test Results – Response Time
Summary
The performance of the Tomcat Application server is impacted by several factors such as network
throughput, system processing capability, concurrent user connections, and so on. The data
shown in this document were obtained under the precondition that network throughput was
stable. However, it is not generally the case that all users are simultaneously requesting service
from the application server. Among the different applications, the ratio of concurrent users to
total users of a certain application is different, but usually varies between 10% and 30%. Another
difference is the interval between requests of each user. The longer the interval is, the more users
the Tomcat server can serve. In the benchmark testing described in this document, the interval
between requests of each user was not considered. Therefore, for applications in the real world,
the number of concurrent user connections that the Tomcat Application server can process on
these three-blade servers may be much greater than shown in the document. When there are
millions of concurrent user connections, the Tomcat cluster and load-balancing technology can
be considered to scale out the Tomcat environment based on HP ProLiant c-Class Blade servers.
Summary
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