Title Page
Cabletron Systems
MMAC-Plus™ Remote Management
for the 9H42x-xx Series
Fast Ethernet SmartSwitch™ Modules
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iii
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Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction
Using the 9H42x-xx User’s Guide .............................................................................. 1-3
Related Manuals............................................................................................................ 1-4
Software Conventions .................................................................................................. 1-4
Common 9H42x-xx Window Fields.................................................................... 1-4
Using Buttons ......................................................................................................... 1-6
Getting Help .................................................................................................................. 1-6
Using On-line Help................................................................................................ 1-6
Getting Help from Cabletron Systems’ Global Call Center............................. 1-7
9H42x-xx Firmware ...................................................................................................... 1-7
Chapter 2
The 9H42x-xx Module View
Viewing Module Information...................................................................................... 2-2
Front Panel Information........................................................................................ 2-3
Menu Structure....................................................................................................... 2-4
Port Status Displays............................................................................................... 2-8
Selecting a Port Status View.......................................................................... 2-9
Port Status Color Codes............................................................................... 2-11
The Chassis Manager Window .......................................................................... 2-11
Viewing the Device Type .................................................................................... 2-12
Viewing I/F Summary Information.................................................................. 2-13
Interface Performance Statistics/Bar Graphs........................................... 2-14
Viewing Interface Detail .............................................................................. 2-16
Making Sense of Detail Statistics......................................................... 2-18
Using the Find Source Address Feature ........................................................... 2-18
Managing the Module................................................................................................ 2-19
Configuring Ports ................................................................................................ 2-19
Configuring Standard Ethernet Ports........................................................ 2-20
Configuring Fast Ethernet Ports................................................................. 2-21
Setting the Desired Operational Mode............................................... 2-24
Setting the Device Date and Time ..................................................................... 2-25
Enabling and Disabling Ports ............................................................................ 2-26
Chapter 3
Alarm Configuration
About RMON Alarms and Events.............................................................................. 3-1
Basic Alarm Configuration .......................................................................................... 3-2
Accessing the Basic Alarm Configuration Window.......................................... 3-3
Viewing Alarm Status .................................................................................... 3-4
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Contents
Creating and Editing a Basic Alarm....................................................................3-6
Disabling a Basic Alarm ........................................................................................3-9
Viewing the Basic Alarm Log...............................................................................3-9
Advanced Alarm Configuration ............................................................................... 3-11
Accessing the RMON Advanced Alarm/Event List....................................... 3-11
Creating and Editing an Advanced Alarm.......................................................3-14
Creating and Editing an Event...........................................................................3-20
Adding Actions to an Event ........................................................................3-23
Deleting an Alarm, Event, or Action .................................................................3-26
Viewing an Advanced Alarm Event Log..........................................................3-26
How Rising and Falling Thresholds Work ..............................................................3-27
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Statistics
Accessing the Statistics Windows...............................................................................4-1
RMON Statistics ............................................................................................................4-2
Viewing Total, Delta, and Accumulated Statistics.............................................4-5
Printing Statistics ...................................................................................................4-6
Interface Statistics..........................................................................................................4-6
Bridging
Bridging Basics ..............................................................................................................5-1
More on Transparent Bridging.............................................................................5-2
An Overview of Bridge Management........................................................................5-2
The Bridge Status Window ..........................................................................................5-3
Accessing Other Management Options from the
Bridge Status Window ...................................................................................5-5
Enabling and Disabling Bridging ...............................................................................5-6
Enabling and Disabling Individual Interfaces...................................................5-6
Enabling and Disabling All Installed Interfaces................................................5-6
Bridge Statistics .............................................................................................................5-7
Performance Graphs..............................................................................................5-7
Configuring the Bridge Performance Graphs.............................................5-9
Using Source Addressing...........................................................................................5-10
Altering the Ageing Time ............................................................................5-10
Bridge Spanning Tree.................................................................................................. 5-11
Viewing Spanning Tree Parameters ..................................................................5-12
Bridge-level Parameters...............................................................................5-13
Port-specific Parameters ..............................................................................5-15
Changing Bridge Spanning Tree Parameters...................................................5-16
Changing Bridge Priority ............................................................................5-16
Changing the Spanning Tree Algorithm Protocol Type ..........................5-17
Changing Hello Time ...................................................................................5-17
Changing Max Age Time.............................................................................5-17
Changing Forwarding Delay Time.............................................................5-18
Changing Port Priority.................................................................................5-18
Changing Path Cost......................................................................................5-18
vi
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Contents
Filtering Database ....................................................................................................... 5-19
Configuring the Filtering Database................................................................... 5-22
Altering the Ageing Time ............................................................................ 5-23
Changing the Type of Entry........................................................................ 5-23
Changing the Receive Port.......................................................................... 5-23
Changing the Port Filtering Action............................................................ 5-24
Adding or Deleting Individual Entries ..................................................... 5-24
Clearing All Permanent, Static, or Dynamic Entries ............................... 5-25
Configuring Duplex Modes....................................................................................... 5-25
Index
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Contents
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Chapter 1
Introduction
How to use this guide; related guides; software conventions; getting help; 9H42x-xx firmware versions
Welcome to the Cabletron Systems MMAC-Plus Remote Management for the
9H42x-xx Series Fast Ethernet SmartSwitch™ Modules User’s Guide. We have
designed this guide to serve as a simple reference for using SPECTRUM Element
Manager for the 9H42x-xx family of Fast Ethernet SmartSwitch Modules for the
MMAC-Plus. These modules provide Fast Ethernet connectivity to the Internal
Network Bus (INB) backplane via high-speed packet switching, as well as RMON
management, Broadcast Storm Protection, and upcoming SecureFast Virtual
Networking features.
The information presented in this guide covers the following 9H42x-xx devices:
•
The 9H421-12 module provides 12 fixed multi-mode fiber 100 Mbps interfaces,
each with SC connectors.
•
The 9H422-12 module provides 11 fixed 10/100 RJ-45 connections for
category 5 twisted pair, and one media-flexible interface designed to accept a
Fast Ethernet Port Interface Module (FEPIM). Two Fast Ethernet port modules
are available: the FE-100FX, which provides a single multi-mode fiber port
with an SC connector; and the FE-100TX, with a single Category 5 UTP RJ45
connector.
•
•
The 9H423-26 module provides 24 fixed 10/100 interfaces via two RJ71
connectors, and two fixed multi-mode fiber interfaces, each with SC
connectors. Support for this device is beta-quality only.
The 9H423-28 module provides 28 ports of mixed 10/100 connectivity: 24
standard Ethernet (10Mbps) interfaces via two RJ71 connectors; two 10/100
interfaces via two fixed RJ45 connectors; one fixed multi-mode fiber Fast
Ethernet interface (with an SC connector); and one slot for an FEPIM module.
•
And finally, the 9H429-12 module provides 12 fixed single-mode fiber Fast
Ethernet interfaces, also with SC connectors.
1-1
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Introduction
Each front-panel port (regardless of media type or bandwidth capability) can be
configured to operate in Full Duplex Switched Ethernet (FDSE) mode. FDSE
allows for each 10BaseT port to provide dedicated 20-Mbps bandwidth for
connections to file servers or high-end workstations, while 100BaseTX or
100BaseFX ports can be used to deploy fault-tolerant 200-Mbps backbone links.
All 100BaseTX ports also support auto-negotiation.
The 9H42x-xx modules support two types of packet switching:
•
•
Traditional switching, which is 802.1d bridging based on physical layer address
information; it enhances the overall reliability of the network and, with DEC
Spanning Tree support, protects against loop conditions.
SecureFast™ switching, which is high-performance switching based on source
and destination MAC (physical) layer addresses. Packets received from a
source address on a module’s protocol-dependent front panel network are
converted into fixed-length, protocol-independent packets for transmission
across a backplane, and then are re-converted at the destination device into the
appropriate physical frame format for reception by the destination address.
Future firmware and management software enhancements will allow an
administratively defined connection-policy between end stations connected to
SecureFast Packet Switching devices.
Firmware support for the SecureFast Virtual Networking (SFVN) feature of the
9H42x-xx family (which allows switching configuration on a per-user level) is in the
early stages of release as this document is published; SFVN remote management will be
included in a future release of SPECTRUM Element Manager.
NOTE
Each module also provides a single backplane interface to the INB bus, for
common transmission of data with all other modules of any media connected to
the INB in the chassis. The INB is the Cabletron-proprietary network bus for
protocol-independent, high-speed packet or cell switching between connectivity
modules that support front-panel Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring, or ATM networks.
The connectivity modules incorporate Cabletron’s SecureFast Switch (SFS)
technology to provide high-performance packet switching based on source and
destination MAC addresses, rather than on internet protocol (IP) addresses. By
basing packet switching on physical layer information, the INB allows your
network infrastructure to be protocol independent. The INB backplane consists of
two channels (INB-1 and INB-2), each featuring a 64-byte wide data path capable
of a sustained data transfer rate of 2 Gigabits/second (4 Gigabits/second for the
combined channels); all 9H42x-xx modules connect to INB-2. The INB backplane
requires no management, as its data transmission is subject to hardware defaults.
1-2
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Introduction
Using the 9H42x-xx User’s Guide
Remote management for the 9H42x-xx family of modules is available from two
main resources: the MMAC-Plus Chassis View application, which displays and
provides management for an MMAC-Plus chassis (and its installed modules); and
the individual Module Views, which provide management for single modules.
This guide contains information about software functions accessed directly from
an individual Module View; for information about monitoring and controlling a
configured MMAC-Plus chassis, see the Using MMAC-Plus Remote Management
User’s Guide included with your software. Additional management information
about tools and features common to many devices can also be found in the
Installing and Using SPECTRUM Element Manager guide, the SPECTRUM
Element Manager Tools Guide, and the Remote Administration Tools User’s
Guide.
Note that, since the management functionality available for each module in the
9H42x-xx family is virtually identical, the modules will be referred to collectively
here as the 9H42x-xx.
This manual contains the following information:
Chapter 1, Introduction, provides a list of related documentation, describes
certain software conventions, and shows you how to contact Cabletron Systems’
Global Call Center.
Chapter 2, The 9H42x-xx Module View, describes the visual display of the
9H42x-xx modules and explains how to use the mouse within the Module View;
the operation of several module-level management functions — such as changing
the module display, enabling and disabling ports, and setting device date and
time — is also described here.
Chapter 3, Alarm Configuration, provides instructions for using both the Basic
and Advanced alarm applications to configure both alarms and the events that
notify you that an alarm condition has occurred. The ability to automatically
initiate a SET or a series of SETs in response to an alarm — functionality provided
by Cabletron’s proprietary Actions MIB — is also described.
Chapter 4, Statistics, describes the two statistics views available at the interface
level: MIB-II Interface statistics, and RMON statistics.
Chapter 5, Bridging, provides a comprehensive look at all management options
associated with the traditional switching — or bridging — functionality currently
available on all front panel interface ports, including Bridge Performance Graphs,
Spanning Tree, and the Filtering Database.
We assume that you have a general working knowledge of Ethernet and Fast
Ethernet IEEE 802.3 type data communications networks and their physical layer
components, and that you are familiar with general bridging and switching
concepts.
Using the 9H42x-xx User’s Guide
1-3
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Introduction
Related Manuals
The MMAC-Plus Remote Management for the 9H42x-xx Series Fast Ethernet
SmartSwitch Modules User’s Guide is only part of a complete document set
designed to provide comprehensive information about the features available to
you through SPECTRUM Element Manager. Other guides which include
important information related to managing the 9H42x-xx modules include:
Cabletron Systems’ Using MMAC-Plus Remote Management Guide
Cabletron Systems’ Installing and Using SPECTRUM Element Manager Guide
Cabletron Systems’ SPECTRUM Element Manager Tools Guide
Cabletron Systems’ SPECTRUM Element Manager Remote Administration Tools
User’s Guide
Cabletron Systems’ SPECTRUM Element Manager Remote Monitoring (RMON)
User’s Guide
Cabletron Systems’ Network Troubleshooting Guide
Microsoft Corporation’s Microsoft Windows User’s Guide
For more information about the capabilities of the 9H42x-xx modules, consult the
appropriate hardware documentation.
Software Conventions
SPECTRUM Element Manager’s device user interface contains a number of
elements which are common to most windows and which operate the same
regardless of which window they appear in. A brief description of some of the
most common elements appears below; note that the information provided here is
not repeated in the descriptions of specific windows and/or functions.
Common 9H42x-xx Window Fields
Similar descriptive information is displayed in boxes at the top of most
device-specific windows in SPECTRUM Element Manager, as illustrated in
1-4
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Introduction
Device
Name
Location
MAC
Address
IP Address
Figure 1-1. Sample Window Showing Informational Text Boxes
Device Name
Displays the user-defined name of the device. The device name can be changed
via the System Group window; see the Generic SNMP Management Module
Guide for details.
IP Address
Displays the device’s IP (Internet Protocol) Address; this will be the IP address
used to define the device icon. The IP address is assigned via Local Management,
and cannot be changed via SPECTRUM Element Manager. Note that although
each interface on a 9H42x-xx module has its own MAC, or physical, address, only
a single IP address is assigned.
Location
Displays the user-defined location of the device. The location is entered through
the System Group window; see the Generic SNMP Guide for details.
MAC Address
Displays the manufacturer-set MAC address of the interface through which
SPECTRUM Element Manager is communicating with the 9H42x-xx module
(typically the SMB10 backplane management interface). MAC addresses are
factory-set and cannot be altered.
Software Conventions
1-5
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Introduction
Using Buttons
The
button that appears at the bottom of most windows allows you to
exit a window and terminate any unsaved changes you have made. You may also
have to use this button to close a window after you have made any necessary
changes and set them by clicking on an
,
, or
button.
An , or button appears in windows that have
,
configurable values; it allows you to confirm and SET changes you have made to
those values. In some windows, you may have to use this button to confirm each
individual set; in other windows, you can set several values at once and confirm
the sets with one click on the button.
The
button brings up a Help text box with information specific to the
current window. For more information concerning Help buttons, see Getting
The command buttons (for example
) call up a menu listing the windows,
screens, or commands available for that topic.
Any menu topic followed by ... (three dots) — for example, Statistics... — calls up
a window or screen associated with that topic.
Getting Help
This section describes different methods of getting help for questions or concerns
you may have while using SPECTRUM Element Manager.
Using On-line Help
You can use the 9H42x-xx module window
buttons to obtain information
specific to the device. When you click on a Help button, a window will appear
which contains context-sensitive on-screen documentation that will assist you in
the use of the windows and their associated command and menu options. Note
that if a Help button is grayed out, on-line help has not yet been implemented for
the associated window.
From the Help menu accessed from the Module View window menu bar, you can
access on-line Help specific to the Module View, as well as bring up the Chassis
Manager window for reference. Refer to Chapter 2 for information on the Module
View and Chassis Manager windows.
All of the SPECTRUM Element Manager help windows use the standard Microsoft
Windows help facility; if you are unfamiliar with this feature of Windows, you can select
Help —>How to Use Help from the primary window menu bar, or consult your
Microsoft Windows User’s Guide.
NOTE
1-6
Getting Help
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Introduction
Getting Help from Cabletron Systems’ Global Call Center
If you need support related to SPECTRUM Element Manager, or if you have any
questions, comments, or suggestions related to this manual or any of our
products, please feel free to contact Cabletron Systems’ Global Call Center via one
of the following methods:
By phone:
Monday through Friday between 8 AM and 8 PM
Eastern Standard Time at (603) 332-9400
By mail:
Cabletron Systems, Inc.
PO Box 5005
Rochester, NH 03866-5005
By Internet mail:
By FTP
Login
ftp.ctron.com (134.141.197.25)
anonymous
Password
your email address
By BBS:
(603) 335-3358
8N1: 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, No parity
Modem Setting
For additional information about Cabletron Systems products, visit our World
Wide Web site: http://www.cabletron.com/. For Technical Support, select Service
and Support.
9H42x-xx Firmware
SPECTRUM Element Manager support for the 9H42x-xx series of MMAC-Plus
SmartSwitches has been tested against the following firmware versions:
•
•
•
•
9H421-12: version 1.07.06
9H422-12: version 1.04.11
9H423-28: version 1.05.04
9H429-12: version 1.04.10
The 9H423-26 has not yet been customer-released; management support for this
device is beta quality.
As a general rule, firmware versions for new products are liable to change rapidly; contact
Cabletron Systems’ Global Call Center, your local sales representative, or our Web site for
upgrade information for the latest customer release of firmware.
NOTE
9H42x-xx Firmware
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Introduction
1-8
9H42x-xx Firmware
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Chapter 2
The 9H42x-xx Module View
Accessing the Module View; information displayed in the Module View window; the Chassis Manager
window; module management functions; port configuration
The Module View window is the main screen that immediately informs you of the
status of the front panel interfaces and the INB backplane connection on your
9H42x-xx module via a color-coded, graphical display. The Module View window
serves as a single point of access to all management functions available for an
individual 9H42x-xx module.
You can launch the 9H42x-xx module view directly from an individual device
icon, or from within an MMAC-Plus Chassis view:
from an individual device icon:
1. In any map, list, or tree view, double-click on the 9H42x-xx module you wish to
manage;
or
1. In any map, list, or tree view, click the left mouse button once to select the
module you wish to manage.
2. Select Manage—>Node from the primary window menu bar, or select the
Manage Node
toolbar button.
or
1. In any map, list, or tree view, click the right mouse button once to select the
module you wish to manage.
2. On the resulting menu, click to select Manage.
To successfully launch the Module View in the above ways, you must have selected either
Chassis Manager or User Selectable as the default MMAC-Plus Startup Option. You
set these options via the Node page in the Tools—>Options window; see your
Installing and Using guide for more details.
TIP
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
from the MMAC-Plus Chassis View:
1. Click the left mouse button on the index number for the slot which contains
the 9H42x-xx module you wish to manage.
2. On the resulting menu, click to select Device View.
Viewing Module Information
9H42x-xx Module, including a color-coded port display which immediately
informs you of the current configuration and status of the module and its ports.
Note that the Module View display is essentially the same for all 9H42x-xx
modules; the only difference is the number of front panel interfaces.
Figure 2-1. 9H42x-xx Module View Window
For the 9H423-26 and 9H423-28 modules, the interface display will include arrows at the
top and bottom; these allow you to shift the port display so that you can view the status of
and access management for all available ports.
TIP
2-2
Viewing Module Information
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
By clicking in designated areas of the module’s graphical display (as detailed later
in this chapter), or by using the menu bar at the top of the Module View window,
you can access all of the menus that lead to more detailed device- and port- level
windows.
When you move the mouse cursor over a management “hot spot” the cursor icon will
change into a “hand”
management option.
to indicate that clicking in the current location will bring up a
TIP
Front Panel Information
The areas above and to the right of the main module display area provide the
following device information:
IP
The Module View window title displays the device’s IP (Internet Protocol)
Address; this will be the IP address you have used to create the 9H42x-xx module
in the Chassis Setup window, or the IP address used to define the device icon. The
IP address is assigned via Local Management, and cannot be changed via
SPECTRUM Element Manager. Note that although each interface on the 9H42x-xx
module has its own MAC, or physical, address, only a single IP address is
assigned.
Connection Status
This color-coded area indicates the current state of communication between
SPECTRUM Element Manager and the 9H42x-xx module:
•
•
Green indicates the 9H42x-xx is responding to device polls (valid connection).
Magenta indicates that the 9H42x-xx is in a temporary stand-by mode while it
responds to a physical change in the hub (such as when a board is inserted);
note that board and port menus are inactive during this stand-by state.
•
•
Blue indicates an unknown contact status — polling has not yet been
established with the 9H42x-xx module.
Red indicates the 9H42x-xx module is not responding to device polls (device
is off line, or device polling has failed across the network for some other
reason).
Up Time
The amount of time, in a day(s) hh:mm:ss format, that the 9H42x-xx Module has
been running since the last start-up.
Port Status
Indicates the Port Status display selection currently in effect. The default port
status view is bridge status; if you have not changed the port status selection since
launching the Module View window, this field will display Default. For more
Viewing Module Information
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
MAC
The physical layer address assigned to the interface through which SPECTRUM
Element Manager is communicating with the 9H42x-xx Module. Unless your
management station is communicating through the front panel of the module,
this will reflect the MAC address of the SMB 10 backplane management interface.
MAC addresses are hard-coded in the device, and are not configurable.
Boot Prom
The revision of BOOT PROM installed in the 9H42x-xx module.
Firmware
The revision of device firmware stored in the 9H42x-xx module’s FLASH PROMs.
Time
The current time, in a 24-hour hh:mm:ss format, set in the 9H42x-xx module’s
internal clock.
Date
The current date, in an mm/dd/yy format, set in the 9H42x-xx module’s internal
clock.
You can set the date and time by using the Edit Device Date and Edit Device Time
details.
NOTE
Menu Structure
By clicking on various areas of the Module View display, you can access menus
with bridging configuration and performance options, as well as utility
applications and general device management functions. The following illustration
displays the menu structure and indicates how to use the mouse to access the
various menus:
2-4
Viewing Module Information
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
Figure 2-2. 9H42x-xx Module View Menu Structure
The Device Menu
From the Device Menu at the Module View window menu bar, you can access the
following selections:
•
•
•
Device Type..., which displays a window containing a description of the
device being modeled.
Edit Device Time... and Edit Device Date..., which allow you to set the
9H42x-xx module’s internal clock.
System Group..., which allows you to manage the 9H42x-xx module via
SNMP MIB II. Refer to the Generic SNMP User’s Guide for further
information.
•
I/F Summary, which lets you view statistics (displayed both graphically and
numerically) for the traffic processed by each network interface on your
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
•
Power Supply, Chassis Power Detail, and Environment View provide access
to windows which provide information about the MMAC-Plus chassis the
selected module is installed in. Adetailed description of these windows can be
found in the Using MMAC-Plus Remote Management User’s Guide included
with your software.
•
•
Bridge Status..., which opens a window that provides an overview of bridging
information for each port, and allows you to access all other bridge-related
options. Refer to Chapter 5, Bridging, for more information.
Find Source Address..., which opens a window that allows you to search the
9H42x-xx’s 802.1d Filtering Database to determine which switching interface
a specified source MAC address is communicating through. If the MAC
address is detected as communicating through the switch, the port display will
flash to indicate the switch interface of interest.
•
Exit, which closes the 9H42x-xx Module View window.
The Port Status Menu
The Port Status menu allows you to select the status information that will be
displayed in the port text boxes in the Module View window:
•
Status allows you to select one of four status type displays: Bridge, Bridge
Mapping, Admin, or Operator.
•
Load will display the portion of network load processed per polling interval
by each interface, expressed as a percentage of the theoretical maximum load
(10 or 100 Mbits/sec).
•
Errors allows you to display the number of errors detected per polling interval
by each interface, expressed as a percentage of the total number of valid
packets processed by the interface.
•
•
•
I/F Port Mapping will display the interface (if) index associated with each port
on your 9H42x-xx module.
I/F Speed will display the port’s bandwidth: 10 or 100 Mbits/sec. Note that the
module’s backplane INB interface has a bandwidth of 2500 Mbits/sec.
I/F Type will display the interface type of each port on the 9H42x-xx module:
Eth (ethernet) for all front-panel interfaces, and Other for the backplane INB
interface.
The Utilities Menu
The Utilities menu provides access to two important utilities provided by
SPECTRUM Element Manager for use with the 9H42x-xx modules: the MIB Tools
utility, which provides direct access to the 9H42x-xx module’s MIB information;
and the RMON utility, a remote monitoring utility which is implemented by
many of Cabletron Systems’ intelligent devices. These selections are also available
from the Tools menu in the primary window menu bar.
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
Refer to your SPECTRUM Element Manager Tools Guide for information on the
MIB Tools utility, and to the SPECTRUM Element Manager Remote Monitoring
(RMON) User’s Guide for more information on the RMON tool.
The Help Menu
The Help Menu has three selections:
•
•
•
MIBS Supported, which brings up the Chassis Manager window, described
Chassis Manager Help, which brings up a help window with information
specifically related to using the Chassis Manager and Module View windows.
About Chassis Manager..., which brings up a version window for the Chassis
Manager application in use.
The Bridge Menu
The Bridge menu is available by clicking on the Bridge label above the port
display; it offers access to the following bridge-specific options, which are
discussed in detail in Chapter 5, Bridging:
•
Module Type..., which displays a window containing a description of the
device being modeled; this is the same information displayed in the Device
Type window available from the Device menu. See Viewing the Device Type,
•
•
Performance Graph..., which visually displays the combined performance of
all bridging interfaces on the selected module; see Chapter 5, Bridging.
Spanning Tree..., which allows you to set bridge parameters related to the
Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) – the method that bridges use to decide the
controlling (root) bridge when two or more bridges are in parallel. See Chapter
5, Bridging, for more information.
•
Filtering Database..., which displays a window to configure the bridge’s
acquired and permanent filtering databases used to filter or forward traffic
across the 9H42x-xx module.
•
•
Duplex Modes..., which allows you to set the Duplex Mode for each interface
on the module.
Disable/Enable Bridge, which enables or disables bridging across every
interface on the module.
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
The Port Menu
The menu for the INB and Ethernet interfaces offers the following selections:
•
Performance Graph..., which brings up a bridging statistics window specific
to the selected interface.
•
Source Addressing...., which brings up a window allowing you to see which
source addresses are communicating through the selected switch port when it
is using 802.1d bridging. See Using Source Addressing in Chapter 5 for more
information.
•
•
I/F Statistics..., which provides direct access to MIB-II interface statistics for
the selected interface. Note that this window may also appear in response to
the Statistics selection described below, if the RMON MIB component has
been disabled for the selected module. See Chapter 4, Statistics, for more
information.
Configuration..., which allows you to set the duplex mode for standard
Ethernet and 100Base-FX fiber interfaces, or configure auto-negotiation
for more information; note that this option is not available for the INB
backplane interface.
•
Alarm Configuration..., which brings up windows that allow you to configure
RMON-based alarms and events for each interface; see Chapter 3, Alarm
Configuration, for details.
•
Statistics..., which launches the highest level of statistics currently available
for the selected interfaces. For all front panel interfaces (both standard
Ethernet and Fast Ethernet), RMON statistics will be displayed if the RMON
Default MIB component is active; if it has been disabled, MIB-II interface
statistics will display. See Chapter 4, Statistics, for more information.
•
Enable and Disable, which let you enable or disable bridging across the
Port Status Displays
When you open the Module View window, each port will display its current
bridging state (defined below); to change this status display, select one of the
options on the Port Status menu, as described in the following sections.
For all 9H42x-xx modules, the port text box indexed “1” indicates the fixed interface to
the INB-2 backplane bus; interfaces indexed “2” through “xx” indicate the front panel
switching interfaces.
TIP
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
Selecting a Port Status View
To change the status view of your ports:
1. Click on Port Status on the menu bar at the top of the Module View window; a
menu will appear.
2. Drag down (and to the right, if necessary) to select the status information you
want to display. The port text boxes will display the appropriate status
information.
Port status view options are:
Status
You can view four port status categories, as follows:
•
•
•
•
Bridge — FWD, DIS, LRN, LIS, BLK, or BRK
Bridge Mapping
Admin — ON or OFF
Operator — ON or OFF
If you have selected the Bridge status mode, a port is considered:
•
FWD (Forwarding) if the port is on-line and ready to forward packets across
the 9H42x-xx from one network segment to another. Note that this is also the
default display for ports which are administratively enabled but not
connected.
•
•
•
•
•
DIS (Disabled) if bridging at the port has been disabled by management; no
traffic can be received or forwarded on this port, including configuration
information for the bridged topology.
LIS (Listening) if the port is not adding information to the filtering database. It
is monitoring Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU) traffic while preparing to
move to the forwarding state.
LRN (Learning) if the Forwarding database is being created, or the Spanning
Tree Algorithm is being executed because of a network topology change. The
port is monitoring network traffic, and learning network addresses.
BLK (Blocking) if the port is on-line, but filtering traffic from going across the
9H42x-xx from one network segment to another. Bridge topology information
will be forwarded by the port.
BRK (Broken) if the physical interface has malfunctioned.
If you have selected Bridge Mapping, the port status boxes will display the bridge
interface index numbers assigned to each interface (which may or may not match
the ifIndex values displayed via the I/F Mapping option described below).
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
If you have selected the Admin status mode, a port is considered:
•
•
ON if the port is enabled by management.
OFF if it has been disabled through management action.
Note that the Admin state reflects the state requested by management; depending
on the circumstances, this may or may not match the current Operator status,
described below.
If you have selected the Operator status mode, a port is considered:
•
•
ON if the port is currently forwarding packets.
OFF if the port is not currently forwarding packets.
Note that the Operator status provides the actual status of the port; depending on
the circumstances, this may or may not reflect the Admin state currently requested
by management. For example, ports which are administratively ON but not yet
connected would display an Operator status of OFF, since no packets are being
forwarded.
Load
If you choose Load, the interface text boxes will display the percentage of
network load processed by each port during the last polling interval. This
percentage reflects the network load generated per polling interval by devices
connected to the port compared to the theoretical maximum load (10 or 100
Mbits/sec) of the connected network.
Errors
If you choose the Errors mode, the interface boxes will display the percentage of
the total number of valid packets processed by each port during the last polling
interval that were error packets. This percentage reflects the number of errors
generated during the last polling interval by devices connected to that port
compared to the total number of valid packets processed by the port.
In SPECTRUM Element Manager, the polling interval is set using the
Tools—>Options window available from the primary window menu bar, or via the
individual device icon’s Properties window. Refer to the Installing and Using
SPECTRUM Element Manager guide for full information on setting device polling
intervals.
NOTE
I/F Mapping
If you choose the I/F Mapping mode, the interface boxes will display the interface
number (IfIndex) associated with each port on the 9H42x-xx module. Note that
this value may or may not correspond to the bridge port index displayed via the
Bridge Mapping option (described above).
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
I/F Speed
If you choose the I/F Speed mode, the interface boxes will display the bandwidth
of each individual interface on the 9H42x-xx module: 10M (megabits) for
standard Ethernet; 100M for Fast Ethernet; and 2500M for the INB backplane
interface.
I/F Type
If you choose the I/F Type mode, the interface boxes will display the network
type supported by each interface on the 9H42x-xx module: Eth (ethernet-csmacd)
or Other (for the INB backplane interface). Note that there is no type distinction
between standard Ethernet and Fast Ethernet.
Port Status Color Codes
Three of the Port Status display options — Bridge, Admin, and Operator —
incorporate their own color coding schemes: for the Bridge option, green = FWD,
blue = DIS, magenta = LIS or LRN, orange = BLK, and red = BRK; for Admin and
Operator, green = ON, red = OFF, and blue = N/A (not available).
For all other Port Status selections — Bridge Mapping, Load, Errors, I/F
Mapping, I/F Speed, and I/F Type — color codes will continue to reflect the most
recently-selected mode which incorporates its own color coding scheme.
The Chassis Manager Window
Like most networking devices, Cabletron’s devices draw their functionality from
a collection of proprietary MIBs and IETF RFCs. In addition, Cabletron’s newer
intelligent devices — like the 9H42x-xx module — organize their MIB data into a
series of “components.” A MIB component is a logical grouping of MIB data, and
each group controls a defined set of objects. For example, 9H42x-xx bridging
information is organized into its own component; more generic device and port
information resides in the chassis component. Note, too, that there is no
one-to-one correspondence between MIBs and MIB components; a single MIB
component might contain objects from several different proprietary MIBs and
RFCs.
the MIBs and the MIB components — and, therefore, the functionality —
supported by the currently monitored device.
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
The MIBs which provide the
9H42x-xx module’s functionality
— both proprietary MIBs and
IETF RFCs — are listed here
MIB Components are listed here;
remember, there’s no one-to-one
correspondence between MIBs
and MIB Components
Figure 2-3. Chassis Manager Window
To view the Chassis Manager window:
1. Click on Help on the menu bar at the top of the Module View window.
2. Click again to select MIBs Supported, and release.
Viewing the Device Type
In addition to the graphical displays described above, the Device Type option on
the Device menu and the Module Type option on the Bridge menu bring up
windows that list the physical characteristics of the 9H42x-xx module and its
ports:
Figure 2-4. Sample Device Type Windows
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
Viewing I/F Summary Information
The I/F Summary menu option available from the Device menu lets you view
statistics (displayed both graphically and numerically) for the traffic processed by
each network interface on your device. The window also provides access to a
detailed statistics window that breaks down Transmit and Receive traffic for each
interface; in addition, an Applications button in the I/F Summary window lets
you access SNMP MIB-II windows for device management.
To access the I/F Summary window:
1. From the Module View, click on the Device option from the menu bar.
2. Click again to select I/F Summary, and release. The I/F Summary window,
Figure 2-5, will appear.
Figure 2-5. I/F Summary Window
The I/F Summary window provides a variety of descriptive information about
each interface on your device, as well as a bar graph and statistics which display
each interface’s performance.
The following descriptive information is provided for each interface:
UpTime
The UpTime field lists the amount of time, in a days, hh:mm:ss format, that the
device has been running since the last start-up
Index
The index value assigned to each interface on the device.
Type
The type of the interface, distinguished by the physical/link protocol(s) running
immediately below the network layer. Possible values are sdlc (for the backplane
SMB 1 management interface), Other (for the 9H42x-xx module’s two internal
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
Host interfaces and the backplane INB interface), and ethernet-csmacd (for both
standard and Fast Ethernet front panel interfaces, and the backplane SMB 10
management interface).
Description
A text description of the interface: SMB 1 and SMB 10 (for the MMAC-Plus
backplane management interfaces); Host (for the module’s two internal host
interfaces); INB (for the INB backplane interface), and Ethernet (for both
standard and Fast Ethernet front panel interfaces).
P. Sta
Displays the current physical status — or operational state — of the interface:
Online or Offline.
L. Sta
Displays the current logical status — or administrative state — of the interface:
Up or Down.
Interface Performance Statistics/Bar Graphs
The statistical values and accompanying bar graphs to the right of the interface
description fields provide a quick summary of interface performance. You can
select the statistical value you want to display and the units in which you want
those values displayed by using the two menu buttons directly above the graphs,
as follows:
1. Click on the right menu button to select the unit in which you wish to display
the selected statistic:
,
, or
.
2. Once you have selected the base units, click on the left menu button to
specify the statistic you’d like to display. (The options from this menu will vary
depending on the base units you have selected.)
After you select a new display mode, the statistics and graphs will refresh to
reflect the current choice, as described below.
Bar graphs are only available when Load is the selected base unit.
NOTE
Raw Counts
The total count of network traffic received or transmitted on the indicated
interface since device counters were last reset. Raw counts are provided for the
following parameters:
In Octets
Octets received on the interface, including framing
characters.
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
In Packets
In Errors
Packets (both unicast and non-unicast) received by the
device interface and delivered to a higher-layer protocol.
Packets received by the device interface that contained
errors that prevented them from being delivered to a
higher-layer protocol.
In Discards
Packets received by the device interface that were
discarded even though no errors prevented them from
being delivered to a higher layer protocol (e.g., to free up
buffer space in the device).
In Unknown
Packets received by the device interface that were
discarded because of an unknown or unsupported
protocol.
Out Octets
Octets transmitted by the interface, including framing
characters.
Out Packets
Packets transmitted, at the request of a higher level
protocol, by the device interface to a subnetwork address
(both unicast and non-unicast).
Out Errors
Outbound packets that could not be transmitted by the
device interface because they contained errors.
Out Discards
Outbound packets that were discarded by the device
interface even though no errors were detected that
would prevent them from being transmitted. A possible
reason for discard would be to free up buffer space in the
device.
Load
The number of bytes processed by the indicated interface during the last poll
interval in comparison to the theoretical maximum load for that interface type
(10 Mbps for standard Ethernet; 100 Mbps for Fast Ethernet). Load is further
defined by the following parameters:
In Octets
The number of bytes received by this interface, expressed
as a percentage of the theoretical maximum load.
Out Octets
The number of bytes transmitted by this interface,
expressed as a percentage of the theoretical maximum
load.
Rate
The count for the selected statistic during the last poll interval. The available
parameters are the same as those provided for Raw Counts. Refer to the Raw
Counts section, above, for a complete description of each parameter.
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
Viewing Interface Detail
statistical information — including counts for both transmit and receive packets,
and error and buffering information — for each individual port interface.
Color-coded pie charts also let you graphically view statistics for both received
and transmitted Unicast, Multicast, Discarded, and Error packets.
To open the Interface Statistics window:
1. In the I/F Summary window, click to select the interface for which you’d like to
view more detailed statistics.
2. Click on
appear.
Figure 2-6. Detail Interface Statistics
You can also access this information via the I/F Statistics option available on the
individual port menus; see Chapter 4, Statistics, for more information.
TIP
Three informational fields appear in the upper portion of the window:
Description
Displays the interface description for the currently selected interface: Ethernet,
Host, SMB 1, SMB 10, or INB.
Address
Displays the MAC (physical) address of the selected interface.
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
Type
Displays the interface type of the selected port: ethernet-csmacd, sdlc, or other.
The lower portion of the window provides the following transmit and receive
statistics; note that the first four statistics are also graphically displayed in the pie
charts.
Unicast
Displays the number of packets transmitted to or received from this interface that
had a single, unique destination address. These statistics are displayed in the pie
chart, color-coded green.
Non-Unicast
Displays the number of packets transmitted to or received from this interface that
had a destination address that is recognized by more than one device on the
network segment. The multicast field includes a count of broadcast packets —
those that are recognized by all devices on a segment. These statistics are
displayed in the pie chart, color-coded dark blue.
Discarded
Displays the number of packets which were discarded even though they
contained no errors that would prevent transmission. Good packets are typically
discarded to free up buffer space when the network becomes very busy; if this is
occurring routinely, it usually means that network traffic is overwhelming the
device. To solve this problem, you may need to re-configure your bridging
parameters, or perhaps re-configure your network to add additional bridges or
switches. Consult the Cabletron Systems Network Troubleshooting Guide for
more information.
These statistics are displayed in the pie chart, color-coded magenta.
Error
Displays the number of packets received or transmitted that contained errors.
These statistics are displayed in the pie chart, color-coded red.
Unknown Protocol (Received only)
Displays the number of packets received which were discarded because they were
created under an unknown or unsupported protocol.
Packets Received (Received only)
Displays the number of packets received by the selected interface.
Transmit Queue Size (Transmit only)
Displays the number of packets currently queued for transmission from this
interface. The amount of device memory devoted to buffer space, and the traffic
level on the target network, determine how large the output packet queue can
grow before the 9H42x-xx module will begin to discard packets.
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
Packets Transmitted (Transmit only)
Displays the number of packets transmitted by this interface.
Making Sense of Detail Statistics
The statistics available in this window can give you an idea of how an interface is
performing; by using the statistics in a few simple calculations, it’s also possible to
get a sense of an interface’s activity level:
To calculate the percentage of input errors:
Received Errors /Packets Received
To calculate the percentage of output errors:
Transmitted Errors /Packets Transmitted
To calculate the total number of inbound and outbound discards:
Received Discards + Transmitted Discards
To calculate the percentage of inbound packets that were discarded:
Received Discards /Packets Received
To calculate the percentage of outbound packets that were discarded:
Transmit Discards /Packets Transmitted
Using the Find Source Address Feature
You can use the Find Source Address option to discover the bridging interface
through which a specific MAC address is communicating with the 9H42x-xx
SmartSwitch. When you select Find Source Address from the Device menu, the
device’s Filtering Database is searched for an entry which designates the bridge
interface serving as the source port for packets from the selected MAC address. If
the search is successful, the associated port will flash on the Chassis View display;
if the search is unsuccessful, a window will appear indicating that fact.
To search for a source address:
1. Click on Device in the Module View window to display the Device menu.
2. Drag down to Find Source Address..., and release. The Find Source
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
Figure 2-7. Find Source Address Window
3. In the text field, enter a valid MAC address in hexadecimal format, then click
. If you enter an invalid address — that is, one not in hexadecimal
xx-xx-xx-xx-xx-xx- format — an error window will appear indicating that the
selected address is invalid.
If the selected MAC address is found in the 9H42x-xx module’s Filtering
Database, the bridge interface through which the address is communicating will
flash in the Module View display.
If the address is not found, a window will appear indicating that the address
could not be found.
Managing the Module
In addition to the performance and configuration information described in the
preceding sections, the Module View also provides you with the tools you need to
configure your module and keep it operating properly. Module management
functions include configuring ports, setting the module date and time, and
enabling and disabling ports.
Configuring Ports
The Configuration options available for standard Ethernet and Fast Ethernet ports
allow you to configure operating parameters specific to each port type: for
standard Ethernet ports, you can set the Duplex Mode; for Fast Ethernet ports,
you can set a variety of duplex mode and negotiation parameters. Both standard
Ethernet and Fast Ethernet Port Configuration windows are available from the
Module View Port menus and from the Bridge Status window Port menus. There
is no Configuration option available for the backplane INB interface.
Managing the Module
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
Configuring Standard Ethernet Ports
The Port Configuration window available for standard Ethernet ports allows you
to set an interface to either Standard or Full Duplex Mode. Full Duplex mode
effectively doubles the available wire speed by allowing the interface to both
receive and transmit simultaneously. This window will also display the mode
currently in effect on the selected interface.
To access the Port Configuration Window:
1. From the Module View, click to select the port you wish to configure; the port
menu will display;
or
From the Bridge Status window, click to select the port you wish to configure;
the bridge port menu will display.
2. Drag down to Configuration, and release. The Port Configuration window,
Figure 2-8, will appear.
Figure 2-8. Port Configuration
Note that, if you select the Configuration option available for a Fast Ethernet interface, an
entirely different window will appear; see Configuring Fast Ethernet Ports, below, for
information on configuring these ports.
TIP
Use the options in this window to select the desired mode:
Standard Mode
In Standard Mode, an interface can only either transmit or receive at any given
time, and must wait for one activity to be completed before switching to the next
activity (receive or transmit). In this mode, standard wire speeds (10 Mbps for
Ethernet) are available.
Full Duplex
In Full Duplex Mode, an interface can both receive and transmit packets at the
same time, effectively doubling the available wire speed to 20 Mbps.
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
Be sure to click on
to set your changes; note that the interface’s current
mode can be determined by the field selected in the window.
Configuring Fast Ethernet Ports
For any Fast Ethernet interface, the Port Configuration window allows you to
both view and set that port’s available modes. All 100Base-TX Fast Ethernet ports
can be configured to operate in either standard Ethernet (10 Mbps) or Fast
Ethernet (100 Mbps) mode, and in each mode can be configured to operate in Full
Duplex, effectively doubling the available wire speed (from 10 to 20 Mbps in
standard Ethernet mode, or from 100 to 200 Mbps in Fast Ethernet mode);
100Base-FX (fiber) ports can be configured to operate in their standard 100 Mbps
mode, or in full duplex mode. This window also displays the mode currently in
effect on the selected interface, and provides some information (where it is
available) about the interface’s link partner.
To access the Port Configuration Window:
1. From the Module View, click to select the port you wish to configure; the port
menu will display;
or
From the Bridge Status window, click to select the port you wish to configure;
the bridge port menu will display.
2. Drag down to Configuration, and release. The Fast Ethernet Port
Figure 2-9. Fast Ethernet Configuration
Managing the Module
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
The Advertised Abilities functionality is not supported by the FE-100FX Fast Ethernet
NOTE
port module; if you launch the Configuration window for one of these modules, the
Advertised Abilities and Remote Capabilities sections of the window will be grayed
out. If you launch the window for a port module slot which has no FE module installed,
the Port Type will display as Unknown, the Link State will display No Link, and the rest
of the fields will be blank and/or grayed out.
Note that, if you select the Configuration option available for a standard Ethernet
interface, an entirely different window will appear; see Configuring Standard Ethernet
TIP
From this window you can manually set the operational mode of the port, or —
for 100Base-TX interfaces — set the port to auto negotiation so that the
appropriate operational mode can be determined automatically. The mode you
set will determine the speed of the port and whether it uses Full Duplex or
Standard Mode bridging.
The following information about the selected Fast Ethernet port is displayed:
Port Type
Displays the port’s type: 100Base-TX (for copper Fast Ethernet ports), 100Base-FX
(for fiber Fast Ethernet ports), or Unknown (for a port slot with no module
installed).
Link State
Displays the current connection status of the selected port: Link or No Link.
Current Operational Mode
Indicates which of the available operational modes is currently in effect: 10Base-T,
10Base-T Full Duplex, 100Base-TX, 100Base-TX Full Duplex, 100Base-FX, or
100Base-FX Full Duplex. If the port is still initializing, not linked, or if there is no
port module installed in the slot, this field will remain blank.
Desired Operational Mode
Displays the operational mode that you have selected for this port, and allows
you to change that selection. The following operational modes are available for
each port:
100Base-TX
Auto Negotiation, 10Base-T, 10BASE-T Full Duplex,
100Base-TX, and 100Base-TX Full Duplex.
100Base-FX
100Base-FX and 100Base-FX Full Duplex
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
If you choose to select a specific mode of operation (rather than auto-negotiation), you
should be sure that the link partner supports the same mode. Otherwise, no link will be
achieved.
!
CAUTION
If you select a Full Duplex mode and the link partner supports the same wire speed but not
Full Duplex, a link will be achieved, but it will be unstable and will behave erratically.
If you select Auto-Negotiation, the local node will try to match the mode of the link
partner, even if the link partner is not set to auto-negotiate, and even if the local node
must use a mode which is it is not currently advertising.
Note that if Auto Negotiation is the selected mode, the Current Operational
Mode field will indicate which mode was selected by the link partners.
Advertised Abilities
For 100Base-TX ports which have been configured to operate in Auto Negotiation
mode, this field allows you to select which of the operational modes available to
the port can be selected by the negotiating link partners. During Auto
Negotiation, each of the link partners will advertise all selected modes in
descending bandwidth order: 100Base-TX Full Duplex, 100Base-TX, 10Base-T Full
Duplex, and 10Base-T. Of the selected abilities, the highest mode mutually
available will automatically be used. If there is no mode mutually advertised, no
link will be achieved.
If you have selected a specific operational mode for your 100Base-TX port, the
Advertised Abilities do not apply; the selected Advertised Abilities also do not
restrict the local node’s ability to set up a link with a partner who is not currently
Auto-Negotiating.
Auto-Negotiation is not currently supported for 100Base-FX ports; for these ports, the
Advertised Abilities section will be grayed out.
NOTE
Remote Capabilities
When the local node is set to Auto-Negotiation, this field will display the
advertised abilities of the remote link — even if the remote link is not currently set
to auto-negotiate. Possible values for this field are:
•
•
•
•
100Base-TX Full Duplex
100Base-TX
10Base-T Full Duplex
10Base-T
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
•
•
Link Partner does not support auto negotiation — auto negotiation is either
not supported by or is not currently selected on the remote port.
Unknown — the link partner’s capabilities could not be determined.
When the local node is not set to Auto-Negotiation, this field will be grayed out,
even if the link partner is set to Auto-Negotiation and is advertising abilities.
If both link partners are set to Auto-Negotiation, but there is no mutually-advertised
operational mode, no link will be achieved, and both nodes may display the message “Link
Partner does not support Auto-Negotiation.” To resolve this situation, be sure both link
partners advertise all their abilities, or be sure they advertise at least one
mutually-available mode.
NOTE
Setting the Desired Operational Mode
For any 100Base-TX port, you can specifically choose any one of the four available
operational modes, or you can select Auto-Negotiation mode, which allows the
port to negotiate with its link partner to find the highest mutually available
bandwidth. If you select Auto Negotiation mode, you must also choose which of
the port’s bandwidth capabilities you wish to advertise to the link partner.
If you select Auto-Negotiation at both ends of a link, be sure at least one
mutually-advertised operational mode is available.
TIP
For a 100Base-FX port, the selection process is somewhat simpler; Auto
Negotiation for these ports is not supported at this time, so you need only choose
between 100Base-FX standard mode and 100Base-FX Full Duplex. However, you
must still be sure that both link partners are set to the same operational mode, or
the link will be unstable.
To set your desired operational mode:
1. Click in the Desired Operational Mode field to display the menu of available
options; drag down to select the operational mode you wish to set.
For 100Base-TX ports, the available options are:
10Base-T — 10 Mbps connection, Standard Mode
10Base-T Full Duplex — 10 Mbps connection, Duplex Mode
100Base-TX — 100 Mbps connection, Standard Mode
100Base-TX Full Duplex — 100 Mbps connection, Duplex Mode
Auto Negotiation — the operational mode will be dynamically set based on
the modes selected in the Advertised Abilities field (where both link partners
are auto-negotiating) and the speeds and modes supported by the attached
device
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
For 100Base-FX ports, options are:
100Base-FX — 100 Mbps connection, Standard Mode
100Base-FX Full Duplex — 100 Mbps connection, Duplex Mode
2. If you have selected Auto Negotiation (for 100Base-TX ports only), use the
Advertised Abilities field to select the operational capabilities you wish to
advertise to the port’s link partner. If both link partners will be
auto-negotiating, be sure there is at least one mutually-advertised operational
mode, or no link will be achieved.
The selected Advertised Abilities only come into play when both link partners are
auto-negotiating; if only one link partner is set to auto-negotiate, that node will establish a
link at whatever mode its partner is set to, even if that mode is not currently being
advertised.
TIP
3. Click on
to save your changes. Some window fields will refresh
immediately and display the new settings; to manually refresh the window,
simply close, then re-open it, or just re-select the Configuration option from
the appropriate Port menu. Note that it may take a few minutes for mode
changes to be completely initialized, particularly if the link partners must
negotiate or re-negotiate the mode; you may need to refresh the window a few
times before current operational data is displayed.
Setting the Device Date and Time
You can select the Edit Device Time and Edit Device Date options from the
Device menu to change the date and time stored in the device’s internal clock.
To edit the device time:
1. Click on Device on the Module View window menu bar to access the Device
menu, drag down to Edit Device Time..., and release. The following change
Figure 2-10. Edit Time Window
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
2. Enter the new time in a 24-hour hh:mm:ss format, either by highlighting the
field you wish to change and using the up and down arrow buttons, or by
simply entering the new value in the appropriate field.
3. Click on
to save the changes, or on
to exit without changes.
To edit the device date:
1. Click on Device on the Module View window menu bar to access the Device
menu, drag down to Edit Device Date..., and release. The following change
Figure 2-11. Edit Date Window
2. Enter the new date in a mm/dd/yy format, either by highlighting the field you
wish to change and using the up and down arrow buttons, or by simply
entering the new value in the appropriate field.
3. Click on
to save the changes, or on
to exit without changes.
Enabling and Disabling Ports
When you disable bridging at a port interface, you disconnect that port’s network
from the bridge entirely. The port does not forward any packets, nor does it
participate in Spanning Tree operations. Nodes connected to the network can still
communicate with each other, but they can’t communicate with the bridge or
with other networks connected to the bridge. When you enable bridging for the
interface, the port moves from the Disabled state through the Listening and
Learning states to the Forwarding state; bridge port state color codes will change
accordingly.
Before disabling bridging for any port, be sure that doing so will not sever your network
connection.
!
CAUTION
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
To enable or disable bridging for an individual interface:
1. Click on the appropriate port display box to display the port menu.
2. Drag down to select Enable to enable bridging at the interface, or Disable to
disable bridging. Bridging will now be enabled or disabled across the selected
port, as desired.
To enable or disable bridging for all interfaces on the selected module:
1. Click on the Bridge label to display the Bridge menu.
2. Drag down to select Enable Bridge to enable bridging at all interfaces, or
Disable Bridge to disable bridging across all interfaces. Bridging will now be
enabled or disabled across the installed interfaces, as desired.
For more information about bridging functions and how to determine the current state of
each bridge port, see Chapter 5, Bridging.
NOTE
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The 9H42x-xx Module View
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Chapter 3
Alarm Configuration
Accessing the Basic and Advanced Alarms windows; creating a basic alarm; creating an advanced
alarm; creating events; assigning actions to events; viewing the event log
Through the RMON Alarm and Event functionality supported by your 9H42x-xx,
you can configure alarms and events (and, where appropriate, actions) for each
available bridging interface.
The Alarm, Event, and Actions windows described in this chapter are identical to those
provided via the RMON utility. For more information about other features of RMON, see
TIP
the RMON User’s Guide included with your software.
About RMON Alarms and Events
Although Alarms and Events are defined as separate RMON groups, neither one
can function properly without the other: you can define an alarm threshold, but if
it doesn’t point to an event, there will be no indication that the threshold has been
crossed; similarly, you can define an event, but unless it is attached to an alarm
threshold, it won’t be triggered. Each is an essential part of the same notification
process: the alarm defines a set of conditions you want to know about, and the
event determines the means of letting you know those conditions have occurred.
Events are also an integral part of the filter and packet capture functionality: you
can start and stop packet capturing in response to events, or a successful packet
capture can generate its own event.
SPECTRUM Element Manager provides two means for configuring RMON
alarms: using the Basic Alarms window, you can define both rising and falling
alarm thresholds for up to three pre-selected MIB-II variables per interface; based
on the options you select, the application automatically creates the necessary
events (to log alarm occurrences, generate a trap, or both) and — for Cabletron
devices which support the new Actions MIB — adds the requested actions to
those events (to enable or disable bridging at the selected interface).
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Alarm Configuration
Using the Advanced Alarms feature, you can define custom alarms for almost any
MIB-II or RMON object, as long as it is present in the device firmware and its
value is defined as an integer (including counters, timeticks, and gauges). All
aspects of these alarms are user-selectable: thresholds can be established on either
the absolute or delta value for a variable; events can be configured to create a log,
generate a trap, or both; and for Cabletron devices that support the new Actions
MIB, events can also be configured to perform any defined SNMP SET or series of
SETs on device objects. The Advanced Alarms feature also allows you to configure
any events you wish to use in conjunction with the Packet Capture functionality.
(For more information on using the Packet Capture feature, see the RMON User’s
Guide included with your software.)
The Basic Alarms feature allows you to assign alarms to any interface type; using
the Advanced Alarms feature, you need only be sure to select variables
appropriate to the interface — Ethernet for Ethernet, Token Ring for Token Ring,
etc. — when defining your alarms.
Basic Alarm Configuration
Using the Basic Alarm Configuration application, you can define both rising and
falling alarm thresholds for three selected MIB-II objects: ifInOctets, ifInNUcast,
and ifInErrors. Because these pre-selected objects are not RMON-specific, you can
configure alarms for all interfaces installed in your MMAC-Plus chassis —
including those, like FDDI, for which no specific RMON statistics currently exist.
In addition to configuring separate rising and falling thresholds, you can also
configure your device’s response to an alarm condition: when a threshold is
crossed, the RMON device can create a log of alarm events, send a trap notifying
your management workstation that an alarm condition has occurred, or both; you
can even configure an alarm to enable or disable bridging on the offending port in
response to a rising or falling alarm condition.
If you are familiar with the RMON MIB and/or with the original Alarm and Event
functionality provided by SPECTRUM Element Manager (now known as the Advanced
Alarm functionality), you will note that the Basic Alarm Configuration window combines
the three parts of creating a working alarm — configuring the alarm itself, configuring an
event that will announce the occurrence of an alarm (including assigning any actions),
and linking the two — into a single step, and handles the details transparently. For more
information about the individual steps involved in creating an alarm, see Advanced
TIP
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Alarm Configuration
Accessing the Basic Alarm Configuration Window
To access the RMON Basic Alarm Configuration window:
1. From the Module View, click on the appropriate port interface to display the
Port menu.
2. Drag down to Alarm Configuration, and release. The RMON Basic Alarm
Figure 3-1. RMON Basic Alarm Configuration Window
You can also access the Alarms function — and the rest of the RMON functionality — by
selecting the RMON option from the Module View Utilities menu.
TIP
When the window is first launched, no interfaces will be selected, and the
,
, and
buttons will be grayed out:
and
will activate when an interface is selected;
will activate when an
interface which has experienced an alarm event is selected. The presence of an
event log is indicated by the double greater-than sign (>>) displayed to the left of
the threshold value that was crossed.
Basic Alarm Configuration
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Alarm Configuration
Viewing Alarm Status
The Basic Alarm Configuration window contains all the fields you need to
configure one or more of the three basic alarms available for each interface
installed in your RMON device:
Kilobits — Total Errors — Broadcasts/Multicasts
Use these fields at the top of the window to change the alarm type whose status is
displayed in the list box. For example, if the Kilobits option is selected, the
information in the list box pertains to the status of the Kilobits alarm type for each
installed interface. Before you configure an alarm or alarms, be sure the
appropriate option is selected here.
The available alarm variables are:
•
Kilobits (ifInOctets) — tracks the number of octets of data received by the
selected interface. Note that this value has been converted for you from octets
(or bytes) to kilobits (or units of 125 bytes); be sure to enter your thresholds
accordingly. For example, to set a rising threshold of 1250 octets, enter a
threshold value of 10; to set a falling threshold of 625 octets, enter a threshold
value of 5.
•
•
Total Errors (ifInErrors) — tracks the number of error packets received by the
selected interface.
Broadcast/Multicast (ifInNUcast) — tracks the number of non-unicast — that
is, broadcast or multicast — packets received by the selected interface.
Note that the three pre-selected alarm variables are all MIB II variables; this allows you to
configure alarms for any installed interface — even those for which no specific RMON
statistics yet exist.
TIP
Port Number
Provides a sequential indexing of the interfaces installed in your RMON device.
IF Number
Displays the interface number assigned to each available interface. Note that
because of the mismatch between physical interfaces on the device and the
sequential port numbers assigned to the INB and the Ethernet/Fast Ethernet
interfaces, the INB interface is indexed 5 and the Ethernet/Fast Ethernet
interfaces are indexed 6 through 17.
IF Type
Displays each interface’s type: Ethernet or Other (for the INB interface). Note that
there is no type distinction between standard Ethernet and Fast Ethernet.
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Alarm Configuration
Status
Displays the current status of the selected alarm type for each interface: Enabled
or Disabled. Remember, this status refers only to the alarm type which is selected
at the top of the window; each of the other two alarm types can have different
states.
Log/Trap
Indicates whether or not each alarm has been configured to create a silent log of
event occurrences and the alarms that triggered them, and whether or not each
alarm has been configured to issue a trap in response to a rising or falling alarm
condition. Possible values are log, trap, log&trap, or none.
Polling Interval
Displays the amount of time, in seconds, over which the selected alarm variable
will be sampled. At the end of the interval, the sample value will be compared to
both the rising and falling thresholds (described below). You can set any interval
from 1 to 65,535 seconds.
Rising Threshold
Displays the high threshold value set for the selected alarm variable. Values used
to compare to the thresholds are relative, or delta values (the difference between
the value counted at the end of the current interval and the value counted at the
end of the previous interval); be sure to set your thresholds accordingly.
Rising Action
Indicates whether or not a rising alarm occurrence will initiate any actions in
response to the alarm condition: Enable if bridging will be enabled at the selected
interface in response to a rising alarm, Disable if bridging will be disabled at the
selected interface in response to a rising alarm, and None if no actions have been
configured for the selected alarm. Note that the Action fields will be unavailable
for devices configured to operate in SecureFast switching mode.
Falling Threshold
Displays the low threshold value set for the selected alarm variable. Values used
to compare to the thresholds are relative, or delta values (the difference between
the value counted at the end of the current interval and the value counted at the
end of the previous interval); be sure to set your thresholds accordingly.
Falling Action
Indicates whether or not a falling alarm occurrence will initiate any actions in
response to the alarm condition: Enable if bridging will be enabled at the selected
interface in response to a falling alarm, Disable if bridging will be disabled in
response to a falling alarm, and None if no actions have been configured for the
selected alarm. Note that the Action fields will be unavailable for devices
configured to operate in SecureFast switching mode.
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Alarm Configuration
Before you decided whether or not to assign an action to a rising or falling alarm, it is
important to understand something about the hysteresis function built in to the RMON
more information.
TIP
The remainder of the window fields provide the means for configuring alarms for
each available interface. Note that the information provided in this screen is static
once it is displayed; for updated information, click on
modifying an alarm automatically updates the list.
. Adding or
Creating and Editing a Basic Alarm
The editable fields at the bottom of the Basic Alarm Configuration window allow
you to configure alarm parameters for each available interface. These fields will
display the parameters used for the most recently configured alarm (no matter
which interfaces are selected in the list box); this allows you to set the same
parameters on multiple interfaces with a single set. Hold down the Shift key
while clicking to select a contiguous group of interfaces; use the Ctrl key to select
any interfaces. To display the alarm parameters for a specific interface,
double-click on that interface.
Note that there is no specific “Enable” function; simply configuring thresholds
and/or actions for an alarm and applying those changes enables the alarm. For
To configure an alarm:
1. At the top of the window, click to select the variable to be used for your alarm:
Kilobits, Total Errors, or Broadcast/Multicast.The display in the list box will
reflect the current status at each interface of the alarm type you have
selected.
2. In the list box, click to highlight the interface (or use shift-click or ctrl-click to
select multiple interfaces) for which you would like to configure an alarm for
the selected variable. Note that the editable fields will display the parameters
assigned to the most recently set alarm; however, any changes you make in
these fields will be set to all selected interfaces.
3. In the Interval field, enter the amount of time, in seconds, over which the
selected variable will be sampled. At the end of the interval, the sample value
will be compared to both the rising and falling thresholds.You can assign any
interval from 1 to 65,535.
4. In the Alarm field, click to select one or both of the following options:
a. Select Log if you wish to create a silent log of alarm occurrences.
b. Select Trap if you want your device to issue a trap in response to each
alarm occurrence.
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Alarm Configuration
In order for the trap selection to work properly, your 9H42x-xx must be configured to send
traps to your network management station. This can be accomplished via the Remote
Administration Tools application or via Local Management and the Trap Table. See the
Remote Administration Tools User’s Guide and/or your device hardware manual for
more information.
NOTES
If you are monitoring a variable you consider to be critical, we do not recommend that you
select Trap as the only event response; if a trap is lost due to a collision or other
transmission problem, it will not be re-sent.
5. Any value you enter in the Community field will be included in any trap
messages issued by your 9H42x-xx in response to the alarm(s) you are
configuring; this value is also used to direct traps related to this alarm to the
appropriate management workstation(s):
a. If you enter a value in this field, traps related to the associated alarms
will only be sent to the network management stations in the device’s trap
table which have been assigned the same community name (and for
which traps have been enabled). Any IP addresses in the device’s trap
table which have not been assigned the same community string, or which
have been assigned no community string, will not receive traps related to
the alarm(s) you are configuring.
b. If you leave this field blank, traps related to the associated alarms will
be sent to any network management stations which have been added to
the device’s trap table, and for which traps have been enabled —
regardless of whether or not those IP addresses have been assigned a
community name in the Trap Table.
For more information about configuring the 9H42x-xx’s Trap Table, consult the Remote
Administration Tools User’s Guide and/or your Local Management documentation.
(Remember, no traps will be sent by your 9H42x-xx at all unless its Trap Table has been
properly configured!)
TIP
6. Click in the Rising Threshold field; enter the high threshold value for this
alarm. Remember, compared values are always relative, or delta values (the
difference between the value counted at the end of the current interval and
the value counted at the end of the previous interval); be sure to set your
thresholds accordingly.
Remember, too, when configuring a Kilobits alarm, SPECTRUM Element
Manager converts octets into kilobits (units of 125 bytes, or octets) for you;
for example, to set a rising threshold of 1250 octets, enter a threshold value
of 10.
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Alarm Configuration
7. In the Rising Action field, click to select the action you want your device to
take in response to a rising alarm: Enable Port, Disable Port, or None. Note
that this action enables and disables only bridging at the specified port, and
not the interface itself.
For more information on how actions are triggered, see How Rising and
8. Click in the Falling Threshold field; enter the low threshold value for this
alarm. Remember, compared values are always relative, or delta values (the
difference between the value counted at the end of the current interval and
the value counted at the end of the previous interval); be sure to set your
thresholds accordingly.
Remember, too, when configuring a Kilobits alarm, SPECTRUM Element
Manager converts octets into kilobits (units of 125 bytes, or octets) for you; for
example, to set a falling threshold of 625 octets, enter a threshold value of 5.
9. In the Falling Action field, click to select the action you want your device to
take in response to a falling alarm: Enable Port, Disable Port, or None. Note
that this action enables and disables only bridging at the specified port, and
not the interface itself.
For more information on how actions are triggered, see How Rising and
Remember, the Actions fields will be grayed out for devices configured to operate in
SecureFast switching mode, as there is no active bridging component on those interfaces.
TIP
10. Click
to set your changes. If you have made any errors in configuring
alarm parameters (using an invalid rising or falling threshold, for example, or
neglecting to supply a polling interval), either an error window with the
appropriate message will appear, or a beep will sound and the cursor will blink
in the field which contains the error. Correct the noted problem(s), and click
again.
Once you click
, the configured alarm parameters will be set for every
selected interface, and the alarms will automatically be enabled; the list box
display will also refresh to reflect these changes.
To configure additional alarms, or alarms of a different type, select the
appropriate alarm variable at the top of the window, highlight the appropriate
interface(s), and repeat the procedures outlined above.
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Alarm Configuration
Disabling a Basic Alarm
Using the
button at the bottom of the window actually performs two
functions: it both disables the alarm and deletes the alarm entry (and its
associated event and action entries) from device memory to help conserve device
resources. In the list box display, the parameters for any “disabled” alarm are
automatically reset to their default values.
To disable an alarm:
1. In the top of the window, click to select the variable for which you wish to
disable an alarm: Kilobits, Total Errors, or Broadcast/Multicast.
2. In the list box display, click to highlight the interface(s) for which you wish to
disable the selected alarm type. (Remember, you can use shift-click to select
a sequential group of interfaces, or ctrl-click to select any group of
interfaces.)
3. Click on
. The selected alarm type on the selected interface(s) will be
disabled, and the list box display will refresh to reflect those changes.
Viewing the Basic Alarm Log
If you have selected the “log” response for an alarm, and that alarm’s rising
and/or falling threshold has been crossed, the Basic Alarms application will
create a log of alarm occurrences. If a threshold has been crossed, it will be
preceded in the interface list box display by a double greater-than sign (>>).
Clicking to select an interface which is so marked will activate the
button; selecting the
button will launch the appropriate Basic Alarm
interfaces have experienced alarm conditions — will inactivate the
button; you can only view a single alarm log at a time.)
Basic Alarm Configuration
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Alarm Configuration
Figure 3-2. Basic Alarm Log
The top portion of the Basic Alarm Log window contains the device information
boxes, as well as the Port Number assigned to the interface that experienced the
alarm condition and the type of alarm that was triggered; the remainder of the
window contains the following information about each alarm occurrence:
Index
This index number uniquely identifies each occurrence of
a rising or falling event. Note that, since the alarm whose
falling alarms, there are two sets of event indices: one
which identifies each instance of the rising alarm, and
one which identifies each instance of the falling alarm.
For more information about the relationship between rising and falling alarms and the
hysteresis function that controls the generation of alarm events, see How Rising and
TIP
Time
Indicates the date and time of each event occurrence.
Description
Provides a detailed description of the condition which
triggered the alarm, including whether it was a Rising or
Falling alarm, the Value which triggered the alarm, and
the configured Threshold that was crossed.
Each log will hold only a finite number of entries, which is determined by the
resources available on the device; when the log is full, the oldest entries will be
replaced by new ones.
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Alarm Configuration
Advanced Alarm Configuration
The Basic Alarm Configuration window provides a quick and easy way to set up
some basic alarms for all of the interfaces installed in your 9H42x-xx. However, if
you prefer more control over the parameters of the alarms you set (as well as their
associated events and actions) and/or a wider array of choices for each variable,
the Advanced Alarm feature provides a powerful and flexible means for
configuring alarms, events, and actions to suit your particular networking needs.
Accessing the RMON Advanced Alarm/Event List
To access the RMON Advanced Alarm/Event List window:
1. In the Module View, click on the appropriate port interface to display the Port
menu; drag down to Alarm Configuration, and release.
2. In the Basic Alarm Configuration window, click on
; the RMON
Figure 3-3. The RMON Advanced Alarm/Event List Window
Advanced Alarm Configuration
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Alarm Configuration
Neither the Alarms or Events list is interface-specific; both will be displayed the same for
every interface.
NOTES
Note, too, that alarms and events which have been configured via the Basic Alarms
window are not displayed in and cannot be accessed or edited from the Advanced
Alarm/Event List window.
The top portion of the window displays the usual device information boxes; the
remainder of the window contains the Alarms Watch and Events Watch lists, and
the command buttons that allow you to create, edit, and delete entries in those
lists, or refresh the display.
The fields in the Alarms Watch display include:
Index
The index is a number that uniquely identifies each
alarm. Index numbers are user-defined; you can use any
indexing scheme that works for you. These numbers are
permanently assigned to their associated alarms;
however, index numbers made available by the deletion
of existing alarms can be assigned to new alarms, as
needed. Note that indices 2000 to 3999 are reserved and
unavailable.
Interval
Sample
Indicates the amount of time, in seconds, over which the
selected variable will be sampled. At the end of the
interval, the sample value is compared to both the rising
and falling thresholds configured for the alarm.
Indicates whether the sample value to be compared to
the thresholds is an absolute, or total value — that is, the
total value counted for the selected variable — or a
relative, or delta value — the difference between the
value counted at the end of the current interval and the
value counted at the end of the previous interval.
LoThrshld
Event #
Indicates the set value for the low, or falling threshold.
Indicates the event index number that the falling
threshold points to: this is the event that will be triggered
if the falling threshold is met or crossed. If the value for
this field is zero, no event will be triggered.
HiThrshld
Event #
Indicates the set value for the high, or rising threshold.
Indicates the event index number that the rising
threshold points to: the event that will be triggered if the
rising threshold is met or crossed. If the value for this
field is zero, no event will be triggered.
Status
Indicates the status of the alarm: valid, invalid, or
underCreation. An alarm that is invalid is not functional;
it may be referring to a MIB component that is inactive
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Alarm Configuration
(such as the Hosts component), not present, or
unreachable, or it may have been deleted by software but
not yet removed from memory at the device. An alarm
that is underCreation is in the process of being
configured (possibly by another management station),
and should not be modified until its status is valid; if it
never reaches valid status, it will eventually be removed.
Alarm Variable
Indicates the variable that is being watched. You can use
the scroll bar, if necessary, to view the complete name.
Note that the information provided in this screen is static once it is displayed; for
updated information, click on
automatically updates the list.
. Adding or modifying an alarm
The fields in the Events Watch display include:
Index
This is a number that uniquely identifies an entry in the
event table; an index number is assigned when an event
is created. These numbers are extremely important, as
they are the means by which an event is associated with
an alarm or a packet capture filter. As with alarms, these
index numbers are user-defined and can be assigned
according to any indexing scheme that works for you.
Index numbers are permanently assigned to their
associated events; however, numbers made available by
the deletion of existing events can be assigned to new
events, as needed. Note that indices 2000 to 4999 are
reserved and unavailable.
LastTime
Type
Indicates the last time this event was triggered. Note that
this information is static once it is displayed, and the
LastTime field will not be updated unless you close, then
open, the Alarms/Events window, or click on
.
Indicates the type of response that will be generated if
the event is triggered: log, trap, or log & trap. A type of
“none” indicates that occurrences of the event will not be
logged and no trap will be sent; however, note that this
field does not indicate whether or not there are any
actions associated with the selected event.
Description
The
This is a user-defined text description used to identify
the event and/or the alarm or packet capture that
triggers it.
button at the bottom of the screen provides access to the log which
lists the occurrences of an event.
Note that the information provided in this screen is static once it is displayed; for
updated information, click on
automatically updates the list.
. Adding or modifying an event
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Alarm Configuration
Creating and Editing an Advanced Alarm
alarms and edit existing ones. When you click on in the
Alarms Watch list, the Create/Edit Alarms window will display the parameters of
the alarm which is currently highlighted in the list. (If no alarms have yet been
configured, a set of default parameters will be displayed.) All of these parameters
are editable: to change an existing alarm, edit any parameter except the Index
value; to create an entirely new alarm, simply assign a new Index number. The
ability to assign index numbers allows you to quickly and easily create a number
of similar alarms without having to close, then re-open the window or re-assign
every parameter.
Note, too, that the main Alarm/Event window remains active while the
Create/Edit Alarm window is open; to edit a different alarm (or use its settings as
the basis of a new alarm), simply double-click on the alarm you want to use in the
main Alarms Watch list, and the Create/Edit Alarm window will update
accordingly.
To configure an alarm:
1. If you wish to modify an existing alarm or create a new alarm based on the
parameters of an existing one, be sure the alarm of interest is highlighted in
the Alarms Watch list, then click on
at the top of the
Alarms Watch portion of the RMON Advanced Alarm/Event List. The
Figure 3-4. The RMON Create/Edit Alarms Window
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Alarm Configuration
If you wish to create an entirely new alarm, it doesn’t matter which existing
alarm (if any) is highlighted when you open the Create/Edit Alarms window;
although the window will, by default, display the parameters of whichever
alarm is currently selected, all parameters are editable and can be configured
as desired.
Whether you are modifying an existing alarm or creating a new one is determined solely
by the assignment of the Index number: if you assign a previously unused index number,
a new alarm instance will be created; if you use an existing index number, its associated
alarm will be modified.
NOTE
2. In the Owner text box, enter some appropriate text designation for this alarm,
if desired; you may want to use the network manager’s name or phone
number, or the IP or MAC address of the management workstation, to identify
the creator of the alarm. Since any workstation can access and change the
alarms you are setting in your 9H42x-xx, some owner identification can
prevent alarms from being altered or deleted accidentally. The default value
provided is SPEL — <IP address> <(hostname)> <date> <time>, where
<IP address> and <(hostname)> refer to the workstation that created the
alarm and <date> and <time> reflect the date and time of the alarm’s creation.
3. If you are creating a new alarm, use the Index field to assign a unique,
currently unused index number to identify the alarm. Clicking on the
button will automatically assign the lowest available number; you can also
click directly in the text box and assign any value you want between 1 and
1,999 and 4,000 and 9,999 (indices 2000 to 3999 are reserved and
unavailable).
Clicking on
to select the next available index number will replace the current
NOTE
Owner string with the default value described above; if the default value is already in
place, the date and time will be updated.
If you wish to modify an existing alarm, enter the appropriate index value,
or double-click on the alarm of interest in the Alarms Watch list (in the main
Alarm/Event window).
Remember, the only thing that determines whether you are modifying an existing alarm or
creating a new one is the assignment of the index number; be sure to assign this value
appropriately.
TIP
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Alarm Configuration
4. To select the Variable to be used for your alarm, use the MIBTree panel
provided on the right side of the window. (For more information about how to
use the MIBTree panel, see the MIB Tools chapter in the Tools Guide.) The
display will default to the top of the tree (labeled Internet); there are three
ways to locate and/or assign the correct variable:
a. If you know the exact name of the OID whose value you wish to track,
simply enter the name in the Alarm Variable field; to verify that you have
entered the name correctly, click on
to move the MIBTree display
to that OID. (If the MIBTree display does not adjust to show the OID
you’ve entered, you’ve entered the name incorrectly.)
b. Use the Radar View panel located just left of the MIB Tree panel to adjust
the MIB Tree display to the part of the tree that contains the variable you
are interested in, then click to open the appropriate folders. (Again, see
the Tools Guide for more details on using the Radar View.)
c. Use the scroll bars and click to open the appropriate folders in the
MIBTree panel to locate the object you wish you use; click to select it in
the panel, and its name will automatically be entered in the Alarm
Variable field.
If you don’t know the exact spelling of the OID you wish to use for your alarm variable,
and you can’t find it by searching through the tree, use the MIBTree utility’s Find feature
to locate the OID and determine its exact spelling (and tree location). For more
information on the MIBTree panel and its Find capabilities, see Chapter 3, MIB Tools, in
the SPECTRUM Element Manager Tools Guide. Note that this Find feature is no
longer case-sensitive.
TIP
Almost any RMON or MIB-II object can be used as an alarm variable as long
as it is resident in the device firmware and its value is defined as an integer
(including counters, timeticks, and gauges). If you select an invalid object (i.e.,
one whose value is not an integer), the message “!!Can’t set alarm on this
type!!” will display in the Alarm Variable field.
If you select an object which is not resident in the device firmware, you will receive a “Set
Failed; ensure variable is readable” message when you try to set your alarm by clicking on
. If you are unsure just which objects are resident on your device, and you find
yourself receiving a lot of “Set Failed” messages, you can use the MIB Tools utility
(accessed from the primary window menu bar or from the Module View) to determine
which objects are and are not part of your device’s firmware — simply query the object
you are interested in; if the query response comes back empty, the object is not present
(make sure you are using the appropriate community name when making a query, or you
will get no response).
NOTE
5. Once you have selected the object you wish to use for your alarm variable,
you must assign the appropriate instance value in the Alarm Instance field.
Most RMON objects are instanced by the index number assigned to the table
in which they reside; for example, if you wish to set an alarm on an object
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Alarm Configuration
located in an RMON Statistics table, you can determine the appropriate
instance by noting the index number assigned to the table that is collecting
data on the interface you’re interested in. In the case of the default tables,
index numbers often mirror interface numbers; however, if there are multiple
default tables per interface, or if additional tables have been created, this may
not be true. (Table index numbers are assigned automatically as table entries
are created; no two tables — even those on different interfaces — will share
the same table index number.)
If you have selected an object from a table which is indexed by some other
means — for example, by ring number — you must be sure to assign the
instance accordingly. If you’re not sure how a tabular object is instanced, you
can use the MIBTree panel (described in the Tools Guide) to query the
object; all available instances for the object will be displayed. (Host and matrix
table objects — which are indexed by MAC address — require special
handling; see the Note which follows this step.)
If you have selected an object which is not part of a table, you must assign an
instance value of 0.
You can use the MIBTree panel to determine which objects are tabular and which are not:
objects which are part of a table will descend from a blue folder (which will have a “T” on
it, and a name which will almost always include the word “table”); objects which are not
will descend directly from a yellow folder. (Note: There may be one or more yellow
folders in between the blue folder which contains the table and the leaf object you wish to
use; however, those objects are still part of the table.)
TIP
Be sure you define your instance values carefully; if you neglect to set the
instance correctly, you will receive the “Set failed; ensure variable is readable”
error message when you click
to set your alarm.
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Alarm Configuration
If you wish to set an alarm on an object whose instance is non-integral — for example, a
Host Table object indexed by MAC address — or on an object with multiple indices, like a
Matrix Table entry (which is indexed by a pair of MAC addresses), you must follow
certain special procedures for defining the instance. For these OIDs, the instance
definition must take the following format:
NOTE
table index.length(in bytes).instance(in decimal format)
For the first byte of the instance, you must use the index number of the table which
contains the OID you want to track. For example, to set an alarm on an object in the Host
Table, define the first byte of the instance as the index number assigned to the specific Host
Table you want to check. These index numbers are assigned automatically as the table
entries are created; no two tables — even if they are on different interfaces — will share
the same table index number.
Second, you must specify the length, in bytes, of the index you will be using. Again, in the
case of an object in the Host Table, that value would be 6, since Host Table entries are
indexed by MAC address — a six-byte value.
Finally, you must specify the index itself, in decimal format. In the case of a MAC
address, that means you must convert the standard hexadecimal format to decimal format.
To do this, simply multiply the first digit of the two-digit hex number by 16, then add the
value of the second digit. (For hex values represented by alphabetical characters,
remember that a=10, b=11, c=12, d=13, e=14, and f=15.) A hex value of b7, for instance,
is represented in decimal format as 16 x 11 + 7, or 183.
So, for example, the instance for an object in the Hosts group might read as follows:
2.6.0.0.29.170.35.201
where 2=the host table index; 6=the length in bytes of the index to follow; and
0.0.29.170.35.201=the decimal format for MAC address 00-00-1d-aa-23-c9.
For objects with multiple indices — such as objects in a matrix table — you must add
additional length and index information to the instance definition, as illustrated below:
3.6.0.0.29.170.35.201.6.0.0.29.10.20.183
where 3=the matrix table index; 6=the length in bytes of the index to follow;
0.0.29.170.35.201=the decimal format for MAC address 00-00-1d-aa-23-c9; 6=the length
in bytes of the next index; and 0.0.29.10.20.183=the decimal format for MAC address
00-00-1d-0a-14-b7.
Additional instance issues may exist for FDDI objects; if you’re unsure how to assign an
instance, use the MIB Tools utility to query the object of interest, and note the appropriate
instancing on the returned values.
6. In the Alarm Interval field, enter the amount of time over which the selected
variable will be sampled. At the end of the interval, the sample value will be
compared to both the rising and falling thresholds.There is no practical limit to
the size of the interval (as the maximum value is 24,855 days 3 hours 14
minutes and 7 seconds — over 68 years!); the default value is 1 minute.
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Alarm Configuration
7. Since the first sample taken can be misleading, you can use the selections in
the Startup Alarm box to disable either the rising or the falling threshold for
that sample only. If you would like to exclude the falling alarm, select the
Rising option; the first sample taken will only generate a rising alarm, even if
the sample value is at or below the falling threshold. To exclude the rising
alarm, select the Falling option; the first sample will then only generate a
falling alarm, even if the sample value is at or above the rising threshold. If you
wish to receive both alarms as appropriate, select the Both option.
8. Use the selections in the SampleType box to indicate whether you want your
threshold values compared to the total count for the variable (Absolute), or to
the difference between the count at the end of the current interval and the
count at the end of the previous interval (Delta). Make sure you have set your
thresholds accordingly.
9. Click in the RisingThreshold field; enter the high threshold value for this
alarm.
10. There are two ways to assign an event to your rising threshold: click in the
RisingEventIndex text box and enter the number of the event you would like
to see triggered if the rising threshold is crossed; or use the Events Watch list
in the main Alarm/Event window to highlight the desired event, then click on
. Be sure you assign the number of a valid event or there will
be no response if the selected variable meets or crosses this threshold;
assigning an index of zero effectively disables the threshold, as there will be
no indication that it has been crossed.
For more information on how events are triggered, see How Rising and
11. Click in the FallingThreshold field; enter the low threshold value for this
alarm.
12. There are two ways to assign an event to your falling threshold: click in the
FallingEventIndex text box and enter the number of the event you would like
to see triggered if the falling threshold is crossed; or use the Events Watch list
in the main Alarm/Event window to highlight the desired event, then click on
. Again, be sure you assign the number of a valid event or
there will be no response if the selected variable meets or crosses this
threshold; assigning an index of zero effectively disables the threshold, as
there will be no indication that it has been crossed.
For more information on how events are triggered, see How Rising and
There is no limit to the number of alarms that may be assigned to the same event.
NOTE
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Alarm Configuration
13. Click
to set your changes. If you have made any errors in configuring
alarm parameters (using an invalid value in any field, leaving a field blank, or
selecting an alarm variable which is not resident on the device), an error
window with the appropriate message will appear. Correct the noted
problem(s), and click
again.
Note that the window remains open so that you may configure additional new
alarms or modify existing ones; remember, you can double-click on any alarm in
the Alarms Watch list in the main Alarm/Event window to display its parameters
in the Create/Edit Alarm window. When you have finished configuring your
alarms, click on
to close the window.
Creating and Editing an Event
Alarms window — allows you to both create new events and edit existing ones.
When you click on the
button in the Events Watch list, the
Create/Edit Events window will display the parameters of the event which is
currently highlighted in the list. (If no events have yet been configured, a set of
default parameters will be displayed.) All of these parameters are editable: to
change an existing event, edit any parameter except the Index value; to create an
entirely new event, simply assign a new Index number. The ability to assign index
numbers allows you to quickly and easily create a number of similar events
without having to close, then re-open the window or re-assign every parameter.
Note, too, that the main Alarm/Event window remains active while the
Create/Edit Event window is open; to edit a different event (or use its settings as
the basis of a new event), simply double-click on the event you want to use in the
main Events Watch list, and the Create/Edit Event window will update
accordingly.
If the Create/Edit Actions window is also open, it too will update to display the actions
associated with the event currently selected in the main Alarm/Event window. See
TIP
To configure an event:
1. If you wish to modify an existing event or create a new event based on the
parameters of an existing one, be sure the event of interest is highlighted in
the Events Watch list, then click on
at the top of the Events
Watch portion of the RMON Advanced Alarm/Event List. The Create/Edit
If you wish to create an entirely new event, it doesn’t matter which existing
event (if any) is highlighted when you open the Create/Edit Events window;
although the window will, by default, display the parameters of whichever
event is currently selected, all parameters are editable and can be configured
as desired.
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Alarm Configuration
Figure 3-5. The RMON Create/Edit Events Window
Whether you are modifying an existing event or creating a new one is determined solely
by the assignment of the Index number: if you assign a previously unused index number,
a new event instance will be created; if you use an existing index number, its associated
event will be modified.
TIP
2. If you are creating a new event, use the Index field to assign a unique,
currently unused index number to identify the event. Clicking on the
button will automatically assign the lowest available number; you can also
click directly in the text box and assign any value you want between 1 and
1,999 and 5,000 and 9,999 (indices 2000 to 4999 are reserved and
unavailable).
Clicking on
to select the next available index number will replace the current
NOTE
Owner string with the default value; if the default value is already in place, the date and
time will be updated.
If you wish to modify an existing event, enter the appropriate index value,
or double-click on the event of interest in the Events Watch list (in the main
Alarm/Event window).
Remember, the only thing that determines whether you are modifying an existing event or
creating a new one is the assignment of the index number; be sure to assign this value
appropriately.
TIP
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Alarm Configuration
3. Click in the Description text box to enter any text description you want to
identify the event. This description will appear in the Events Watch window
and help you distinguish among the events you have configured.
4. Any value you enter in the Community field will be included in any trap
messages issued by your 9H42x-xx when this event is triggered; this value is
also used to direct traps related to this event to the appropriate management
workstation(s):
a. If you enter a value in this field, traps related to this event will only be
sent to the network management stations in the device’s trap table which
have been assigned the same community name (and for which traps have
been enabled). Any IP addresses in the device’s trap table which have not
been assigned the same community string, or which have been assigned
no community string, will not receive traps related to the alarm(s) you are
configuring.
b. If you leave this field blank, traps related to this event will be sent to any
network management stations which have been added to the device’s
trap table, and for which traps have been enabled — regardless of
whether or not those IP addresses have been assigned a community
name in the Trap Table.
For more information about configuring your 9H42x-xx’s Trap Table, see the Remote
Administration Tools User’s Guide and/or your Local Management documentation.
(Remember, no traps will be sent by your 9H42x-xx at all unless its Trap Table has been
properly configured!)
TIP
5. You can use the Owner text box for administrative or informational purposes;
although the text entered here will not appear on any other screens, you may
want to use the network manager’s name or phone number, or the IP or MAC
address of the management workstation, to identify the owner of the event.
Since any workstation can access and change the events you are setting in
your 9H42x-xx, some owner identification can prevent events from being
altered or deleted accidentally. The default value provided is SPEL — <IP
address> <(hostname)> <date> <time>, where <IP address> and
<(hostname)> refer to the workstation that created the event and <date> and
<time> reflect the date and time of the event’s creation.
6. Use the options in the Event Type field to define how this event will respond
when an associated threshold is crossed:
a. Select the Log option to create a silent log of event occurrences and the
alarms that triggered them. Each event’s log can be viewed by clicking on
at the bottom of the Alarm/Event window. (See Viewing an
b. Select Trap to instruct the device to send a pair of SNMP traps (one
WARNING, one Normal) to the management station each time the event
is triggered.
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In order for the trap selection to work properly, your 9H42x-xx must be configured to send
traps to the management station. This is accomplished via local management; consult
your device hardware manual for more information.
NOTES
If you are monitoring a variable you consider to be critical, we do not recommend that you
select Trap as the only event response; if a trap is lost due to a collision or other
transmission problem, it will not be re-sent.
c. Select both Log and Trap to both log the event occurrence and generate
the traps.
If you select neither option, the event’s occurrences will neither be logged nor
generate traps; unless the event includes an action or a series of actions, this
effectively disables the event (since there will be no indication that it has been
triggered).
The Event Type field in the Advanced Alarm/Event List window will display a value of
“none” if neither the Log nor the Trap response has been selected; note, however, that this
field does not indicate whether or not an event has been configured to perform an SNMP
SET or series of SETs via the Actions MIB.
NOTE
7. For Cabletron devices which support the proprietary Actions MIB, an
button will appear in the Create/Edit Events window; using this feature, you
can configure an SNMP SET or series of SETs that will be performed
automatically when the event is triggered. See Adding Actions to an Event,
below, for more information.
8. Click
to set your changes. Note that the window remains open so that
you may configure additional new events or modify existing ones; remember,
you can double-click on any event in the Events Watch list in the main
Alarm/Event window to display its parameters in the Create/Edit Event
window (and in the Create/Edit Actions window, if it’s open). When you have
finished configuring your events, click on
to close the window.
Adding Actions to an Event
For Cabletron devices which support the proprietary Actions MIB, selecting the
button in the Create/Edit Events window opens the Create/Edit
of SETs that will be performed automatically when the associated event is
triggered.
To add an action or series of actions to an event:
1. In the Create/Edit Events window, click on
. The Create/Edit Actions
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Alarm Configuration
Figure 3-6. The RMON Create/Edit Actions Window
If no
button appears in the Create/Edit Events window, the selected RMON
device does not support the Actions MIB. The Actions functionality will only be available
for Cabletron devices, as it is supplied by a Cabletron proprietary MIB; for more
information about devices which support this MIB, contact Cabletron Systems’ Global
Call Center.
NOTE
2. The index number and description of the event with which the action or
actions will be associated is displayed in the Event: field at the top of the
window. Information in this field is not editable; to assign actions to a different
event, double-click on the correct event in the Events Watch list; both the
Create/Edit Events and Create/Edit Actions windows will update accordingly.
3. The Description field is not currently editable; future releases of SPECTRUM
Element Manager will allow you to assign a descriptive label to each set of
actions.
4. To select the Variable whose value you wish to SET, use the MIBTree panel
provided on the right side of the window. (For more information about how to
use the MIBTree panel, see the MIB Tools chapter in the SPECTRUM
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Alarm Configuration
Element ManagerTools Guide.) The display will default to the top of the tree
(labeled Internet); there are three ways to locate and/or assign the correct
variable:
a. If you know the exact name of the OID whose value you wish to track,
simply enter the name in theVariable field; to verify that you have entered
the name correctly, click on
to move the MIBTree display to that
OID. (If MIBTree display does not adjust to show the OID you’ve entered,
you’ve entered the name incorrectly.)
b. Use the Radar View panel located just left of the MIB Tree panel to adjust
the MIB Tree display to the part of the tree that contains the variable you
are interested in, then click to open the appropriate folders. (Again, see
the Tools Guide for more details on using the Radar View.)
c. Use the scroll bars and click to open the appropriate folders in the
MIBTree panel to locate the object you wish you use; click to select it in
the panel, and its name will automatically be entered in the Variable field.
If you select an invalid OID — that is, one which does not permit write access — the
message !!Can’t set action on this type!! will be displayed in the Variable field.
TIP
If you don’t know the exact spelling of the OID you wish to use for your alarm variable,
and you can’t find it by searching through the tree, use the MIBTree utility’s Find feature
to locate the OID and determine its exact spelling (and tree location). For more
information on the MIBTree panel and its Find capabilities, see Chapter 3, MIB Tools, in
the SPECTRUM Element Manager Tools Guide. Note that this Find feature is no
longer case-sensitive.
5. Once you have selected the object you wish to set, you must assign the
appropriate instance value in the Instance field. If you’re not sure how the
object you wish to set is instanced, you can use the MIBTree utility (described
in the Tools Guide) to query it; all available instances for the object will be
displayed.
6. In the Value field, enter the value you wish to set for the selected object.
Again, if you’re not sure what the valid values are for the variable you wish to
set, locate the object in the MIBTree utility and use the Details button to
obtain more information.
7. Once you’ve configured your action, click on
; the action will be added
to the Action Table list in the lower left corner of the window. Note that the
window remains open so that you may configure additional new actions or
modify existing ones; selecting any action in the Action Table will display that
action’s parameters in the window and make them available for editing. When
you have finished configuring your actions, click on
window.
to close the
Note that the Action Table will update automatically each time an action is added
or deleted; use the button to update the table at any time.
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Deleting an Alarm, Event, or Action
To delete an alarm, event, or action:
1. In the appropriate window, highlight the alarm, event, or action you wish to
remove.
2. Click on
to remove. A window will appear asking you to confirm your
to delete, or on to cancel.
selection; click on
When you delete an event, be sure you edit all alarms that were pointing to that
event, and assign a new valid event to those thresholds; note, too, that deleting an
event automatically deletes its associated actions, as actions cannot exist in the
absence of an association with an event.
Again, as a general rule, we recommend that you do not delete an alarm or event
of which you are not the owner.
Viewing an Advanced Alarm Event Log
To view the log of occurrences for any event:
1. Highlight the event for which you wish to view the log, then click on
at the bottom of the Advanced Alarm/Event List window; the Event Log
Figure 3-7. The Event Log Window
3-26
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Alarm Configuration
The top portion of the window contains the device information boxes, as well as
the event index number and the event description; the log itself includes the
following fields:
Index
This index number is not the event’s index, but a separate
index that uniquely identifies this occurrence of the
event.
Time
Indicates the date and time of each event occurrence.
Description
Provides a detailed description of the alarm that
triggered the event: whether it was a rising or falling
alarm, the alarm index number, the alarm variable name
and object identifier (OID), the alarmSampleType
(1=absolute value; 2=delta value), the value that
triggered the alarm, the configured threshold that was
crossed, and the event description. Use the scroll bar at
the bottom of the log to view all the information
provided.
Each log will hold only a finite number of entries, which is determined by the
resources available on the device; when the log is full, the oldest entries will be
replaced by new ones.
How Rising and Falling Thresholds Work
Rising and falling thresholds are intended to be used in pairs, and can be used to
provide notification of spikes or drops in a monitored value — either of which can
indicate a network problem. To make the best use of this powerful feature,
however, pairs of thresholds should not be set too far apart, or the alarm
notification process may be defeated: a built-in hysteresis function designed to
limit the generation of events specifies that, once a configured threshold is met or
crossed in one direction, no additional events will be generated until the opposite
threshold is met or crossed. Therefore, if your threshold pair spans a wide range
of values, and network performance is unstable around either threshold, you will
only receive one event in response to what may be several dramatic changes in
value. To monitor both ends of a wide range of values, set up two pairs of
thresholds: one set at the top end of the range, and one at the bottom. Figure 3-8
illustrates such a configuration.
How Rising and Falling Thresholds Work
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Alarm Configuration
Event
Rising Threshold
Falling Threshold
Event
Event
Rising Threshold
Falling Threshold
Event
Figure 3-8. Sample Rising and Falling Threshold Pairs
The current version of the Basic Alarms window only allows you to configure a single pair
of thresholds for each alarm variable on each interface; be sure to keep this hysteresis
function in mind when configuring those threshold values.
TIP
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Chapter 4
Statistics
Accessing MIB-II interface or RMON statistics from the Module View; available statistics windows
Each port menu in the 9H42x-xx Module View provides two statistics selections:
Statistics and I/F Statistics. Selecting the Statistics option will launch the highest
level of statistics available for the selected interface: if the interface supports
RMON, the RMON statistics window will display; if the interface does not
support RMON, or if the RMON Default MIB component has been
administratively disabled, the MIB-II I/F statistics window will display. Selecting
the I/F Statistics option will always display MIB-II interface statistics, regardless
of the level of RMON support available or the current administrative status of the
RMON Default MIB component.
Note that the MIB-II I/F Statistics window is also available for all port interfaces —
regardless of their level of RMON support or the current administrative status of the
TIP
RMON Default MIB component — via the I/F Summary window accessed from the
Device menu, and via the I/F Statistics option on the bridge Port menu in the Bridge
Status view. For more information about the I/F Summary window, see Chapter 2; for
more information about the Bridge Status view, see Chapter 5.
Accessing the Statistics Windows
1. Click on the desired port button from the Module View window.The Port menu
will appear.
2. For RMON statistics (where available), click to select Statistics, and
or
For MIB-II interface statistics, click to select I/F Statistics, and release.The
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Statistics
If the selected interface displays MIB-II I/F Statistics and you were expecting to see
RMON statistics, the RMON Default MIB component may be disabled; see the RMON
User’s Guide for information on how to check (and if necessary, change) the admin
status of the RMON Default MIB component.
NOTE
RMON Statistics
breakdown of traffic on the monitored Ethernet network — including byte,
packet, and dropped packet counts; breakdowns of the packet’s address type;
breakdowns of error packets; and breakdowns of packet frame sizes. Statistics are
provided both numerically and graphically, and include peak values and the date
and time they occurred.
The Errors pie
chart will only be
displayed when the
% of Tot. Errors
option is selected
Figure 4-1. The Ethernet Statistics Window
The selected interface number and its description are displayed at the top of the
Statistics window. The column on the left side of the window displays each
statistic’s name, total count, and percentage; the column on the right displays the
peak value for each statistic, and the date and time that peak occurred. Note that
peak values are always Delta values; see Viewing Total, Delta, and Accumulated
4-2
RMON Statistics
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Statistics
Ethernet statistics are:
Bytes
Displays the total number of bytes contained in packets processed on the network
segment. This number includes bytes contained in error packets.
Packets
Displays the total number of packets processed on the network segment. Again,
this number includes error packets.
Drop Events
This field indicates the number of times packets were dropped because the device
could not keep up with the flow of traffic on the network. Note that this value
does not reflect the number of packets dropped, but only the number of times
packets were dropped.
% Load
Displays the network segment load during the sample interval, in hundredths of
a percent; this percentage reflects the network segment load compared to the
theoretical maximum load (10 Mbps for Ethernet; 100 Mbps for Fast Ethernet).
Packet Type
Multicast
Broadcast
Unicast
Indicates the number of good packets processed on the network
segment that were destined for more than one address. Note that
this total does not include broadcast packets.
Indicates the number of good packets processed on the network
segment that had the broadcast (FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF) destination
address.
Indicates the number of good packets processed on the network
segment that were destined for a single address.
The percentages displayed to the right of the numerical values for these fields
indicate what percentage of good packets transmitted on the network segment
were multicast, broadcast, and unicast; these percentages will add up to 100. The
pie chart in the center of the window provides a graphical view of the percentage
breakdown; colors in the pie chart correspond to colors in the percentage display
boxes. Values listed to the right of the pie chart indicate peak delta values
recorded since the statistics screen was launched, and the date and time they
occurred.
Problems
CRC/Alignment
Indicates the number of packets processed by the
network segment that had a non-integral number of
bytes (alignment error) or a bad frame check sequence
(Cyclic Redundancy Check, or CRC error).
RMON Statistics
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Statistics
Fragments
Jabbers
Indicates the number of packets processed by the
network segment that were undersized (less than 64
bytes in length; a runt packet) and had either a
non-integral number of bytes (alignment error) or a bad
frame check sequence (CRC error).
Indicates the number of packets processed by the
network segment that were oversized (greater than 1518
bytes; a giant packet) and had either a non-integral
number of bytes (alignment error) or a bad frame check
sequence (CRC error).
Collisions
Indicates the total number of receive (those the device
detects while receiving a transmission) and transmit
(those the device detects while transmitting) collisions
detected on the network segment.
Undersized
Oversized
Indicates the number of packets processed by the
network segment that contained fewer than 64 bytes
(runt packets) but were otherwise well-formed.
Indicates the number of packets processed by the
network segment that contained more than 1518 bytes
(giant packets) but were otherwise well-formed.
In their default state, the percentages displayed to the right of the numerical
values for these fields indicate what percentage of total packets transmitted on
the network segment were of the noted type. If you select the % of Tot. Errors
option by clicking the mouse button in the check box, the percentages will
indicate what percentage of problem, or error, packets transmitted on the
network segment were of the noted type; these percentages will add up to 100.
(The % of Tot. Errors option is active if there is an X in the check box.) The pie
chart in the center of the window provides a graphical view of the selected
percentage breakdown; colors in the pie chart correspond to colors in the
percentage display boxes. Values listed to the right of the pie chart indicate peak
delta values recorded since the statistics screen was launched, and the date and
time they occurred.
Frame Size (Bytes) Packets
The Frame Size (Bytes) Packets fields indicate the number of packets (including
error packets) processed by the network segment that were of the noted length,
excluding framing bits but including frame check sequence bits. Packet sizes
counted are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
64
65-127
128-255
256-511
512-1023
1024-1518
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Statistics
The percentages displayed to the right of the numerical values for these fields
indicate what percentage of all packets transmitted on the network segment were
of the noted size. Unless the network segment has experienced a significant
number of runts and/or giants (which are not counted in this group), these
percentages will add up to 100. The pie chart in the center of the window provides
a graphical view of the percentage breakdown; colors in the pie chart correspond
to colors in the percentage display boxes. Values listed to the right of the pie chart
indicate peak delta values recorded since the statistics screen was launched, and
the date and time they occurred.
Viewing Total, Delta, and Accumulated Statistics
By using the Total, Delta, and Accum radio buttons located at the bottom of the
Statistics window, you can choose whether to view the total statistics count (since
the last time the device was initialized), the statistics count during the last polling
interval, or a fresh accumulation of statistics begun when the Accum button was
selected.
The statistics windows use the polling interval you have set for the monitored device via
the Device Properties window. See your Installing and Using guide for more
information on setting the polling interval.
TIP
To choose Total, Delta, or Accum:
1. Click on theTotal radio button; after the completion of the current polling cycle
plus one complete polling cycle, the screen will display the total count of
statistics processed since the entry was created or since the device was last
initialized, whichever is most recent. These totals are updated after each
polling cycle.
2. Click on the Delta radio button; after the completion of the current polling
cycle plus two more polling cycles, the screen will display the count of
statistics processed during the last polling interval. These counts will be
refreshed after each polling cycle.
3. Click on the Accum radio button; after the completion of the current polling
cycle plus two more polling cycles, the screen will display a fresh cumulative
count of statistics. Note that making this selection does not clear device
counters; you can still re-select Total for the total count since the device was
last initialized.
Note that switching the statistics displays among Total, Delta, and Accum does
not effect the displayed peak values, as peak values are always Delta values.
If you reset your device, you must first close, then re-open the Statistics window to refresh
peak values.
NOTE
RMON Statistics
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Statistics
To temporarily freeze the statistics display, select the Freeze Stats option; in this
mode, statistics will continue to be collected, but the display will not update. To
resume normal updates, click again to de-select the freeze option.
Printing Statistics
The
button located at the bottom of the Statistics window allows you to
, a standard
print the current snapshot of statistical data. When you select
Figure 4-2. Standard Print Window
Adjust printer settings as required, then click
. (For more information on
the appropriate printer settings, consult your Microsoft Windows User’s Guide.)
Interface Statistics
statistical information — including counts for both transmit and receive packets,
and error and buffering information — for any port interface on the selected
9H42x-xx module.
Remember, this window can always be launched from the I/F Statistics option on the
Module View port menus; it may also be launched from the Statistics option if the
selected interface does not support RMON or if the RMON Default MIB component has
been administratively disabled. This window is also available for all port interfaces via the
I/F Summary window (described in Chapter 2) or the bridge port menus in the Bridge
Status view (see Chapter 5).
TIP
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Statistics
Figure 4-3. Interface Statistics Window
Because of the mismatch between the number of physical interfaces on the device and the
number of interfaces performing bridging, the physical indexing of interfaces (the MIB-II
ifIndex) does not match the indexing of ports with respect to the bridge. For all 9H42x-xx
modules, bridge port indexing begins at index 1 with the INB interface (which has an
ifIndex of 5); the remaining bridge ports are indexed sequentially from there.
NOTE
Three informational fields appear in the upper portion of the window:
Description
Displays the interface description for the currently selected port: Ethernet or INB.
Address
Displays the MAC (physical) address of the selected port.
Type
Displays the interface type of the selected port: ethernet-csmacd or other (for the
INB interface). Note that there is no type distinction between Ethernet and Fast
Ethernet.
Interface Statistics
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Statistics
The lower portion of the window provides the following transmit and receive
statistics; note that the first four statistics are also graphically displayed in the pie
charts.
Unicast
Displays the number of packets transmitted to or received from this interface that
had a single, unique destination address. These statistics are displayed in the pie
chart, color-coded green.
Non-Unicast
Displays the number of packets transmitted to or received from this interface that
had a destination address that is recognized by more than one device on the
network segment. The non-unicast field includes a count of broadcast packets —
those that are recognized by all devices on a segment. These statistics are
displayed in the pie chart, color-coded dark blue.
Discarded
Displays the number of packets which were discarded even though they
contained no errors that would prevent transmission. Good packets are typically
discarded to free up buffer space when the network becomes very busy; if this is
occurring routinely, it usually means that network traffic is overwhelming the
device. To solve this problem, you may need to re-configure your bridging
parameters, or perhaps re-configure your network to add additional bridges.
Consult the Cabletron Systems’ Network Troubleshooting Guide for more
information.
These statistics are displayed in the pie chart, color-coded magenta.
Error
Displays the number of packets received or transmitted that contained errors.
These statistics are displayed in the pie chart, color-coded red.
Unknown Protocol (Received only)
Displays the number of packets received which were discarded because they were
created under an unknown or unsupported protocol.
Packets Received (Received only)
Displays the number of packets received by the selected interface.
Transmit Queue Size (Transmit only)
Displays the number of packets currently queued for transmission from this
interface. The amount of device memory devoted to buffer space, and the traffic
level on the target network, determine how large the output packet queue can
grow before the 9H42x-xx module will begin to discard packets.
Packets Transmitted (Transmit only)
Displays the number of packets transmitted by this interface.
4-8
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Chapter 5
Bridging
Bridge management overview; the Bridge Status window; bridge Performance Graphs; changing
bridge Spanning Tree parameters; configuring the Filtering Database; setting duplex modes; using the
port Source Addressing window
Bridging Basics
When configured to operate as a traditional switch, your 9H42x-xx Fast Ethernet
SmartSwitch modules have the ability to act as 802.1d Transparent Bridges to
direct traffic between the network segments connected to their front panel and the
interface to the INB backplane.
Bridges are used in local area networks to connect two or more network segments
and to control the flow of packets between the segments. Ideally, bridges forward
packets to another network segment only when necessary.
Bridges are also used to increase the fault tolerance in a local area network by
creating redundant bridge paths between network segments. In the event of a
bridge or bridge segment failure, an alternate bridge path will be available to
network traffic, without significant interruption to its flow.
The method a bridge uses to forward packets, choose a bridge path, and ensure
that a sending station’s messages take only one bridge path depends on the
bridge’s type: Transparent (generally used in Ethernet or FDDI environments) or
Source Routing (generally used in Token Ring environments).
Transparent bridging relies on a “Filtering Database” to make forwarding
decisions. The source addresses of data coming into each bridge interface are read
and stored in a Filtering Database that associates each address with the interface it
was detected on. When a packet is received by the bridge, it can then compare the
destination address of the packet to the addresses in the Filtering Database, and
determine which bridge interface to send the packet to.
In Source Route bridging, the source node sends “explorer” packets to a
destination node that pass through a bridged network. Each bridge that sees the
explorer packet will append Routing Information (in the form of LAN segment
numbers) to it. When the destination node receives these explorer packets, it will
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Bridging
return a response to the source node that contains the route information field
indicating which bridge paths the explorer packets took. In future communication
between the two nodes, the original source node will append the best route to the
destination node in a Routing Information Field (RIF) of its data frames, so that a
bridge on the network will simply have to examine the RIF to verify whether it is
a part of the route process.
More on Transparent Bridging
Transparent bridges are most common in Ethernet networks. Individual
Transparent bridges monitor packet traffic on attached network segments to learn
their network segment location in terms of which bridge port receives packets
originating from a particular station (determined via the packet’s Source Address
field). This information gets stored in the bridge’s Filtering Database. When in the
Forwarding state, the bridge compares a packet’s destination address to the
information in the Filtering Database to determine if the packet should be
forwarded to another network segment or filtered (i.e., not forwarded). A bridge
filters a packet if it determines that the packet’s destination address exists on the
same side of the bridge as the source address.
Transparent bridges in a network communicate with one another by exchanging
Bridge Protocol Data Units, or BPDUs, and collectively implement a Spanning
Tree Algorithm (STA) to determine the network topology, to ensure that only a
single data route exists between any two end stations, and to ensure that the
topology information remains current.
An Overview of Bridge Management
With SPECTRUM Element Manager, you can view and manage bridging across
the 9H42x-xx module — and at each bridging interface — by using the following
windows:
•
•
•
The Bridge Status window provides you with basic information about the
current status of the 9H42x-xx module’s bridging interfaces, and allows you to
enable or disable bridging at each interface of the switch. The Bridge Status
window also lets you access further windows to configure bridging at the
9H42x-xx module.
The Performance Graph, Statistics, and I/F Statistics windows graphically
display the traffic passing between bridged networks, and let you compare
and contrast traffic processed by each interface. Performance graphs are
Chapter 4.
The Spanning Tree window shows bridge port information and protocol
parameters relating to the Spanning Tree Algorithm (the method of
determining the controlling bridge when a series of bridges are placed in
parallel).
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Bridging
•
•
•
With the Filtering Database window, you can see the contents of the Static and
Learned databases — the two address databases which construct the IEEE
802.1d Source Address Table. The switch uses the contents of these databases
to make its packet filtering and forwarding decisions when using 802.1d
bridging. You can configure entries in these databases to increase bridging
efficiency across your network.
The Port Source Addressing window displays the contents of the 9H42x-xx
switch’s 802.1d Bridge Filtering Database with respect to a selected interface.
This will display the source MAC addresses that have been detected by the
interface as it forwards data across the network. The window also lets you set
the ageing timer that controls how long an inactive MAC address will continue
to be stored in the Source Address Database before being aged out.
The bridge-level Duplex Modes and port-level Configuration options allow
you to set Duplex Mode operation for standard Ethernet interfaces; the
port-level Configuration option for Fast Ethernet interfaces also allows you to
configure parameters related to auto-negotiation. The Duplex Modes window
described in Chapter 2.
The following sections detail how to use each of the bridge management
windows.
The Bridge Status Window
The Bridge Status window provides you with basic information about the current
status of bridging across your device. Color-coding of each port display allows
you to quickly ascertain the status of each interface. The Bridge Status window
also lets you access further windows to control bridging at your 9H42x-xx
module.
To access the Bridge Status window from the Module View:
1. Click on Device to display the Device menu.
appear.
The Bridge Status Window
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Bridging
Figure 5-1. The Bridge Status Window
The Bridge Status window provides the following information for each individual
bridging interface; the
and
buttons allow you to scroll the display
to show all available bridge port interfaces.
Up Time
At the top of the Bridge Status window, you can see the time period (in a days,
hours, minutes, seconds format) that has elapsed since the 9H42x-xx module was
last reset or initialized.
Spanning Tree State
Indicates the state of bridging over each port interface. Note that this state (and its
corresponding color-code) will also be reflected on the Bridge port status display
in the Module View window. Possible bridge states and their corresponding
colors are:
•
Forwarding (green) — the port is on line, and is configured by Spanning Tree
Algorithm to forward frames to and from its attached network.
•
Disabled (blue) — bridging at the port has been disabled by management; no
traffic can be received or forwarded, including configuration information for
the bridged topology.
•
Listening (magenta) — this bridge port is not adding information to the
Filtering Database. The port is monitoring Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU)
traffic while preparing to move to the Forwarding state.
5-4
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Bridging
•
•
Learning (magenta) — the Forwarding database is being created or the
Spanning Tree Algorithm is being executed due to a network topology change;
the port is monitoring network traffic, learning network addresses.
Blocking (orange) — Spanning Tree Algorithm has configured this port to
block (filter) frames to prevent redundant data loops in the bridged network;
the port can’t receive or forward traffic. Bridge topology information will be
forwarded by the port.
•
Broken (red) — the physical interface has malfunctioned.
Interface Type
Indicates the interface type which applies to each bridge port interface. The
interface type (ifType) is a mandatory object type from the SNMP MIB-II Interface
(IF) Group.
Bridge Address
Indicates the physical (MAC) address of the bridge port.
Interface Speed
Indicates the theoretical maximum speed of the selected interface: 10 Mbits for
standard Ethernet; 100 Mbits for Fast Ethernet; 2500 Mbits for the INB.
Accessing Other Management Options from the
Bridge Status Window
At the top of the Bridge Status window, you can click on
that provides other bridge management options:
to access a menu
•
ABridge Performance Graph that displays statistics for traffic across the entire
A Performance Graph window is also available for each individual interface,
by clicking on a port index button to display the port level management
•
•
The Spanning Tree window, which allows you to set the Spanning Tree
Algorithm parameters for bridging on your 9H42x-xx module (see Bridge
The Filtering Database window, which lets you configure the bridge’s
acquired and permanent filtering databases to filter or forward traffic across
the bridge port interfaces present on the selected 9H42x-xx module (see
•
The Duplex Modes window, which allows you to configure duplex mode (on
details.
The Bridge Status Window
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Bridging
For Fast Ethernet interfaces, you configure the Duplex Mode (as well as speed and
parameters related to auto-negotiation) via the Port Configuration window available from
the individual bridge port menus.
NOTE
Enabling and Disabling Bridging
When you disable a bridge port, you disconnect that port’s network from the
bridge entirely. The port does not forward any packets, nor does it participate in
Spanning Tree operations. Nodes connected to the network can still communicate
with each other, but they can’t communicate with the bridge and other networks
connected to the bridge. When you enable a port, the port moves from the
Disabled state through the Listening and Learning states to the Forwarding or
Blocking state (as determined by Spanning Tree).
Enabling and Disabling Individual Interfaces
There are two ways to disable an individual port interface:
from the Bridge Status window:
1. Click on the desired Port button ( ) to display the port menu.
2. Drag down to Enable to restart bridging on the selected interface, or Disable
to halt bridging across the selected interface.
from the Module View window:
1. Click on the appropriate port display to access the Port menu.
2. Drag down to Enable to restart bridging on the selected interface, or Disable
to halt bridging across the selected interface.
Enabling and Disabling All Installed Interfaces
Similarly, there are two ways to disable bridging across all interfaces on the
9H42x-xx module:
from the Bridge Status window:
1. Click on
to display the Bridge Status menu.
2. Drag down to Enable Bridge to enable bridging across all installed interfaces,
or to Disable Bridge to disable bridging across all installed interfaces.
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Bridging
from the Module View window:
1. Click on the Bridge label just above the port status displays; the Bridge menu
will appear.
2. Drag down to Enable Bridge to enable bridging across all interfaces, or to
Disable Bridge to disable bridging across all interfaces.
Bridge Statistics
There are three statistics windows available for the 9H42x-xx module: the
Statistics window (accessible from both the Module View and Bridge Status view
port menus) displays any available RMON-based statistics; the I/F Statistics
window (also accessible from the Module View and Bridge Status view port
menus) displays MIB-II interface statistics; and the Performance Graphs display
statistics related to the bridging function being performed either by an individual
interface, or by the device as a whole. The Statistics and I/F Statistics windows
are described in Chapter 4; information about Performance Graphs follows.
Performance Graphs
Bridge Performance Graphs provide a color-coded strip chart that shows you the
traffic being bridged through all networks or an individual network connected to
the selected 9H42x-xx module. You can configure the display to show frames
filtered, forwarded, and/or transmitted, as well as the number of errors. The
graph has an x axis that indicates the 60 second interval over which charting
occurs continuously; the y axis measures the number of packets or errors that are
processed by the module as a whole or by one of its bridging interfaces.
You can select the statistics you wish to monitor by using the menu buttons
provided; when you change Performance Graph parameters, the graph will
refresh and generate a strip chart based on the newly defined parameters.
To access the collective Bridge Performance Graph window:
1. From the Bridge Status window, click on
menu.
to display the Bridge Status
or
From the Module View window, click on the Bridge label just above the port
status display; the Bridge menu will appear.
2. Click to select Performance Graph..., and release. The Bridge Performance
Performance Graph windows are similar, except that they display a graph
applicable to the selected interface.)
Bridge Statistics
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Bridging
Figure 5-2. Bridge Performance Graph
To access the individual bridge port interface Performance Graph windows:
1. From the Bridge Status window, click on the appropriate port button ( ) to
display the port menu.
or
From the Module View window, click on the appropriate Port Index on the
module display; the Port menu will appear.
2. Click to select Performance Graph..., and release. The port-level Bridge
Performance Graph window will appear.
For each chosen statistic, Performance Graphs display both average and peak
activity, as well as the date and time the peak values were recorded; average
values are also displayed graphically.
The Average statistics are updated every two seconds, as averaged over the
previous four two-second intervals; the graphical display also updates at
two-second intervals. For the first 60 seconds of graphing, you will note the graph
lines extending as each interval’s data is added to the graph. Once the first 60
seconds has passed, the newest data is added at the right edge of the graph, and
the oldest data is scrolled off to the left.
Available performance statistics are:
Forwarded (Green)
Forwarded
The number of frames forwarded by the bridge, at the device or
port level.
Nothing
The Frames Forwarded function is currently not measuring any
statistics.
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Bridging
Filtered (Magenta)
Filtered
The total number of frames filtered by the bridge, at the device or
port level.
Nothing
The Filtered scale is not currently measuring the number of
packets filtered by the bridge.
Total Errors (Red)
Total Errors
The total number of errors experienced by all bridging interfaces
on the selected 9H42x-xx module, or by an individual bridge
interface.
Nothing
The Errors scale is currently not measuring error packets coming
through the device as a whole or a single port.
Xmitted (Blue)
Xmitted
The total number of frames transmitted by the selected bridge
interface, or by all bridge interfaces.
Nothing
The Xmitted scale is not currently measuring the number of
packets filtered by the bridge or the selected individual interface.
Configuring the Bridge Performance Graphs
To configure the Bridge Performance Graph:
1. Using the mouse, click on (with green statistics to the right).The
Forwarded menu will appear. Click on the desired mode.
2. Click on (with magenta statistics to the right).The Filtered menu
will appear. Click on the desired mode.
3. Click on (with red statistics to the right). The Errors menu will
appear. Click on the desired mode.
4. Click on (with blue statistics to the right). The Xmitted menu will
appear. Click on the desired mode.
Once you have selected a new mode, it will appear in its respective button, and
after the next poll the Performance Graph will refresh and begin to measure using
the new mode.
Bridge Statistics
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Bridging
Using Source Addressing
The Source Addressing feature allows you to display a list of the MAC addresses
communicating through each bridge port interface available on the selected
9H42x-xx module.
To access the Source Addressing windows:
1. From the Bridge Status window, click on the appropriate port button ( ) to
display the port menu.
or
From the Module View window, click on the appropriate Port Index on the
module display; the Port menu will appear.
2. Drag down to Source Addressing..., and release. The Port X Source
Figure 5-3. Bridge Port Source Address Window
The Port Source Addresses window displays the MAC addresses of all devices
that have transmitted packets that have been forwarded through the selected
bridging interface during the last cycle of the Filtering Database’s defined ageing
timer (learned addresses that have not transmitted a packet during one complete
cycle of the ageing timer are purged from the Source Address Table). For more
Altering the Ageing Time
To alter the Source Address Ageing Time:
1. Click on the I-bar cursor in the Device Ageing Time field; a window will appear
with a text field for entering a new ageing time.
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Bridging
2. Type in the new Ageing Time, in seconds, then click on
range is 10 to 1,000,000 seconds.
.The allowable
Note that the Source Addresses Ageing Time is the same as the Ageing Time displayed
(and configured) via the Filtering Database window; setting the Ageing Time in the
Source Addresses window also changes the time in the Filtering Database window, and
vice versa.
NOTE
Bridge Spanning Tree
The Bridge Spanning Tree window allows you to display and modify the
9H42x-xx module’s bridge port information and protocol parameters relating to
the Spanning Tree Algorithm.
In a network design with multiple transparent bridges placed in parallel (i.e.,
attached to the same local network segment), only a single bridge should forward
data through the LAN, leaving the remaining bridges on the segment in a standby
state so that another can assume the bridging responsibility should the current
active bridge go down. The Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) is the method that
bridges use to communicate with each other to ensure that only a single data
route exists between any two end stations.
In Transparent bridging, Spanning Tree must be used to prevent data loops (since
in an Ethernet environment, a packet propagated down multiple paths would
cause higher volumes of traffic and collisions that would cripple a network that
relies on carrier sense and collision detection). Spanning Tree selects a controlling
Root Bridge and Port for the entire bridged local area network, and a Designated
Bridge and Port for each individual network segment. The Root bridge is the one
that selects one of two or more available bridge paths between two end stations,
basing its decision on factors associated with each of the bridges in the path. A
Designated Port/Bridge for a network segment relays frames toward the Root
Bridge, or from the Root Bridge onto the network segment. When data passes
from one end station to another across a bridged local area network, it is
forwarded through the Designated Bridge/Port for each network segment
towards the Root Bridge, which in turn forwards frames towards Designated
Bridges/Ports on its opposite side.
During the Root Bridge selection process, all bridges on the network
communicate STA information via Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs). It is with
BPDUs that the bridges collectively determine the current network topology and
ensure that all bridges have current topology information.
Bridge Spanning Tree
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Bridging
To access the Bridge Spanning Tree window:
1. From the Bridge Status window, click on
menu.
to display the Bridge Status
or
From the Module View window, click on the Bridge label just above the port
status display; the Bridge menu will appear.
appear.
Figure 5-4. Bridge Spanning Tree Window
Viewing Spanning Tree Parameters
The Bridge Spanning Tree window displays current STA parameters and allows
you to alter parameters for the bridge as a whole and/or for each individual
bridging interface.
The currently selected bridging interface is highlighted in the lower right
quadrant of the window. To alter the parameters of another interface, click on the
appropriate Port X name listed in the quadrant.
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Bridging
Bridge-level Parameters
The Bridge Spanning Tree window provides the following bridge-level
information:
Bridge Priority
This field displays the “priority” component of the 9H42x-xx module’s unique
bridge identifier. The Spanning Tree Algorithm assigns each bridge a unique
identifier, which is derived from the bridge’s MAC address and the Priority. The
bridge with the lowest value of bridge identifier is selected as the Root. A lower
priority number indicates a higher priority; a higher priority enhances a bridge’s
chance of being selected as the Root.
You can edit this text box to change network topology, if needed. The default
value is 8000 (hex value 80-00).
Part of a bridge’s Identifier is based on its MAC address. In most network installations,
the difference in performance levels between bridges may be negligible. You may, however,
find your data bottle-necked in installations where both a low-performance bridge and a
high-performance bridge are attached to the same LAN segment and the two (or more)
bridges have the same Priority component set (e.g., at the default 8000 Hex). In such a
scenario you may want to alter the Priority component of the higher performance bridge to
ensure that it becomes root for the segment (or overall root). Remember, if Priority
components are equal the bridge on the segment with the lowest Hex value of MAC
address would have a better chance of being selected as the root bridge — as it would have
a lower Bridge Identifier. If your bridges come from multiple vendors, they will have
different MAC address values (e.g., Cabletron devices have a lower MAC address than
3Com devices); if they come from the same vendor, the bridge with the earlier manufacture
date will be likely to have the lower MAC address value.
TIP
Root Bridge
Displays the MAC address of the bridge that is currently functioning as the Root
Bridge.
Root Cost
Indicates the cost of the data path from this bridge to the Root Bridge. Each port
on each bridge adds a “cost” to a particular path that a frame must travel. For
example, if each port in a particular path has a Path Cost of 1, the Root Cost
would be a count of the number of bridges along the path. (You can edit the Path
Cost of bridge ports as described later.) The Root Bridge’s Root Cost is 0.
Root Port
This field displays the identifier (the physical index number) assigned to the
bridge port that has the lowest cost path to the Root Bridge on the network. If the
9H42x-xx module itself is currently the Root Bridge, this field will read 0.
Bridge Spanning Tree
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Bridging
Protocol
Displays the Spanning Tree Algorithm Protocol type the 9H42x-xx module is
currently using. The choices are:
•
•
•
802.1
DEC (DEC Lanbridge 100)
None
The following four fields display values used for various Spanning Tree timers in
the course of normal operations. Three of these values — Hello Time, Max Age,
and Forwarding Delay — are configurable; the values currently in use are those
which have been set at the Root Bridge. Both the values currently in use and those
which would be used if the monitored 9H42x-xx module were to become the root
bridge are displayed in the upper-right corner of the window. Note that Hold
Time is not configurable; this is a fixed value and cannot be changed.
Hello Time
This parameter indicates, in seconds, the length of time the Root Bridge (or bridge
attempting to become the Root) waits before resending Configuration BPDUs.
The range for this field is 1 to 10 seconds, with a default value of 2 seconds. The
Root Bridge sets the Hello Time.
Max Age
This parameter displays the bridge’s BPDU ageing timer. This controls the
maximum time a BPDU can be retained by the bridge before it is discarded.
During normal operation, each bridge in the network receives a new
Configuration BPDU before the timer expires. If the timer expires before a
Configuration BPDU is received, it indicates that the former Root is no longer
active. The remaining bridges begin Spanning Tree operation to select a new Root.
The current Root Bridge on the network sets the Max Age time. The range for this
field is 6 to 40 seconds, with a default value of 20 seconds.
Forwarding Delay
This parameter displays the time period which elapses between states while the
bridge is moving to the Forwarding state. For example, while moving from a
Blocking to a Forwarding state, the port first moves from Blocking to Listening to
BPDU activity on the network, remains there for the Forward Delay period, then
moves to the Learning State (and remains in it for the Forward Delay period), and
finally moves into a Forwarding state. This timer is set by the Root Bridge. During
a topology change, the Forward Delay is also used as the Filtering Database
Filtering Database maintains current topology information.
Hold Time
This parameter displays, in seconds, the minimum time that can elapse between
the transmission of Configuration BPDUs through a bridge port. The Hold Time
ensures that Configuration BPDUs are not transmitted too frequently through any
bridge port. Receiving a BPDU starts the Hold Timer. After the Hold Timer
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Bridging
expires, the port transmits its Configuration BPDU to send configuration
information to the Root. The Hold Time is a fixed value, as specified by the IEEE
802.1d specification.
Port-specific Parameters
The following fields are applicable to each bridge port interface present on the
selected 9H42x-xx module:
Priority
If two or more ports on the same bridge are connected to the same LAN segment,
they will receive the same Root ID/Root Cost/Bridge ID information in
Configuration BPDUs received at each port. In this case, the BPDU’s Port ID
information — the transmitting port’s identifier and its manageable Priority
component — is used to determine which is the Designated Port for that segment.
A lower assigned value gives the port a higher Priority when BPDUs are
compared. The allowable range is 0-FF hexadecimal (0-255 decimal); the default is
80 hexadecimal.
Path Cost
Displays the cost that this port will contribute to the calculation of the overall
Root path cost in a Configuration BPDU transmitted by this bridge port. You can
lower a port’s Path Cost to make the port more competitive in the selection of the
Designated Port – for example, you may want to assign a lower path cost to a port
on a higher performance bridge. The allowable range is 1 to 65535.
Designated Cost
Displays the cost of the path to the Root Bridge of the Designated Port on the
LAN to which this port is attached. This cost is added to the Path Cost to test the
value of the Root Path Cost parameter received in Configuration BPDUs.
Designated Root
Displays the unique bridge identifier of the bridge that is assumed to be the Root
Bridge.
Designated Bridge
Displays the network address portion of the Bridge ID (MAC address/priority
component) for the bridge that is believed to be the Designated Bridge for the
LAN associated with this port.
The Designated Bridge ID, along with the Designated Port and Port Identifier
parameters for the port, is used to determine whether this port should be the
Designated Port for the LAN to which it is attached. The Designated Bridge ID is
also used to test the value of the Bridge Identifier parameter in received BPDUs.
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Bridging
Designated Port
Displays the network address portion of the Port ID (which includes a
manageable Priority component) of the port believed to be the Designated Port
for the LAN associated with this port.
The Designated Port ID, along with the Designated Bridge and Port Identifier
parameters for the port, is used to determine whether this port should be the
Designated Port for the LAN to which it is attached. Management also uses it to
determine the Bridged LAN topology.
Topology
This indicates how many times the bridge’s Topology Change flag has been
changed since the 9H42x-xx module was last powered-up or initialized. The
Topology Change flag increments each time a bridge enters or leaves the network,
or when the Root Bridge ID changes.
Changing Bridge Spanning Tree Parameters
The Bridge Spanning Tree window allows you to update the following
parameters for the 9H42x-xx module. When you have finished making changes to
the following individual parameters, you must click on
at the bottom of
the Spanning Tree window to write the changes to the device.
Any values you set at the bridge will cause a Topology Change flag to be issued in the next
Configuration BPDUs it transmits. This will cause the bridged network to immediately
recalculate Spanning Tree and change topology accordingly.
NOTE
Changing Bridge Priority
To change the part of the bridge address that contains the identifier used in the
Spanning Tree Algorithm for priority comparisons:
1. Highlight the Bridge Priority field.
2. Enter the new identifier, in hexadecimal format; the allowed range is 0-FFFF
hexadecimal.
3. Click on
.
The selected Bridge Priority will be applied to the bridge (a lower number
indicates a higher priority in the root selection process).
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Bridging
Changing the Spanning Tree Algorithm Protocol Type
To change the type of protocol used in Spanning Tree:
1. Click the mouse on the appropriate option button: IEEE 802.1, DEC, or None.
2. Click on
.
The selected Spanning Tree Algorithm protocol type will be applied to the bridge.
If you selected None, the Spanning Tree Algorithm will be disabled (if it already
was enabled). If STA Protocol Type was changed from None to IEEE 802.1 or DEC,
you must restart the bridge for the newly selected STA protocol to be applied.
If your network does not have redundant bridged paths, turning off Spanning Tree can
improve network performance by cutting down on management (BPDU) traffic.
TIP
All bridges in a network must use the same Spanning Tree version. Mixing Spanning Tree
Algorithm protocols will cause an unstable network.
!
CAUTION
Changing Hello Time
If the bridge is the Root Bridge, or is attempting to become the Root, and you
want to change the length of time the bridge waits between sending configuration
BPDUs:
1. Highlight the Hello Time field, and type in a new value.
2. Click on
.
The IEEE 802.1d specification recommends that Hello Time = 2 seconds; the
allowable range is 1 to 10 seconds.
Changing Max Age Time
If the 9H42x-xx module is the Root Bridge or attempting to become the Root, and
you want to change the maximum time that bridge protocol information will be
kept before it is discarded:
1. Highlight the Max Age field, and type in a new value.
2. Click on
.
The IEEE 802.1d specification recommends that Max Age = 20 seconds; the
allowable range is 6 to 40 seconds.
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Bridging
Changing Forwarding Delay Time
If the 9H42x-xx module is the Root Bridge or attempting to become the Root, and
you want to change the time period the bridge will spend in the Listening state
(e.g. either listening to BPDU activity on the network while moving from the
Blocking to the Learning state or in the Learning state while the bridge is moving
from the Listening to the Forwarding state):
1. Highlight the Forwarding Delay field, and type in a new value.
2. Click on
.
The IEEE 802.1d specification recommends that Forward Delay = 15 seconds; the
allowable range is 4 to 30 seconds.
To ensure proper operation of the Spanning Tree Algorithm, the IEEE 802.1d specification
recommends that you always observe the following relationship between Forwarding
Delay and Max Age:
NOTE
2 x (Forwarding Delay - 1.0) > Max Age
Changing Port Priority
To change the part of the Port Priority used in priority comparisons:
1. If necessary, select the desired port by clicking the mouse to highlight the port
in the lower right quadrant of the window. The lower left quadrant of the
window will now allow you to edit parameters for the selected port.
2. Highlight the port Priority field, and enter the new priority identifier. Only valid
hexadecimal numbers (0 to FF) are allowed in this field. The default is 80
hexadecimal.
3. Click on
. The new port priority will be saved.
Changing Path Cost
To change the Path Cost:
1. If necessary, select the desired port by clicking the mouse to highlight the port
in the lower right quadrant of the window. The lower left quadrant of the
window will now allow you to edit parameters for the selected port.
2. Highlight the Path Cost field, and type in a new value from 1 to 65535 decimal
(default is 100 decimal).
3. Click on
.
The new path cost will be applied to the port.
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Bridging
Filtering Database
When the 9H42x-xx switch is using Transparent Bridging, the Filtering Database,
which makes up the IEEE 802.1d Source Address Table, is used to determine
which frames will be forwarded or filtered between the 9H42x-xx module’s
bridging interfaces.
Transparent bridges like the 9H42x-xx use the Filtering Database to determine a
packet’s route through the bridge. During initialization, a bridge copies the
contents of its Permanent Database to the Filtering Database. Next, the bridge
learns network addresses by entering the source address and port association of
each received packet into the Filtering Database. When in the Forwarding state,
the bridge examines each received packet and compares the destination address
to the contents of the Filtering Database. If the destination address is located on
the network from which the packet was received, the bridge filters (does not
forward) the packet. If the destination address is located on a different network,
the bridge forwards the packet to the appropriate network. If the destination
address is not found in the Filtering Database, the bridge forwards the packet to
all networks. To keep Filtering Database entries current, older entries are purged
after a period of time, which is called the Dynamic Ageing Time.
Entries to the Source Address Table are one of four types: Static, Permanent,
Dynamic, or Learned.
•
•
•
Static entries are addresses that you add to the Static Database (via the
Filtering Database window). These entries are not subject to the ageing timer,
and will remain in the Source Address Table until the 9H42x-xx module is shut
down.
Permanent entries are also addresses that you add to the Static Database (via
the Filtering Database window); once classified as permanent, these are stored
in the device’s battery-backed RAM and are preserved between power-up
cycles.
Dynamic entries are addresses that you add to the Static Database (via the
Filtering Database window). These entries are subject to theAgeing Timer, and
will be automatically deleted if they do not transmit data during one complete
timer cycle. You can set the ageing timer via the Ageing Time field in the
Filtering Database window.
•
Learned entries are addresses that are added to the Learned Database through
the bridge’s learning process. Like Dynamic entries, these entries are subject to
the Ageing Timer, and will be automatically deleted if they do not transmit
data during one complete timer cycle.
Learned address entries are divided into two types: Learned and Self.Address
entries classified as Learned have transmitted frames destined for a device
attached to a network segment installed in the 9H42x-xx module; address
entries classified as Self are those that have sent a frame with a source address
of one of the 9H42x-xx module’s available bridge port interfaces.
Filtering Database
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Bridging
entries of each type: Permanent, Static, Dynamic, or Learned.
Figure 5-5. The Filtering Database Window
When you first initialize the Filtering Database window, a message will appear to inform
you that data is being retrieved. The message will disappear when all information has been
returned from the Filtering Database, and you will be able to view and configure database
entries.
NOTE
A scrollable Address Entry panel allows you to:
•
•
•
View the address entries in the Filtering Database.
Alter an entry’s type (e.g., from Learned to Permanent, Dynamic, or Static).
View and configure the bridging action taking place on the packets entering
each of the bridging ports.
In addition, you can use buttons to add individual addresses to, or delete them
from, these databases, or clear all Permanent, Static, or Dynamic entries in the
database.
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Bridging
To access the Filtering Database window:
1. From the Bridge Status window, click on
menu.
to display the Bridge Status
or
From the Module View window, click on the Bridge label just above the port
status display; the Bridge menu will appear.
2. Click on Filtering Database.... The Filtering Database window will appear.
The following fields are listed in the top portion of the Filtering Database
window:
List
The List checkboxes indicate whether the associated entry type (Permanent,
Static, Dynamic, or Learned) will be displayed in the scrollable table of address
entries. A check next to the entry type indicates that it will be displayed.
Type
Indicates the type of entry in the database.
Number
Displays the current number of Permanent, Static, Dynamic, and Learned
Address entries.
Capacity
Indicates the total capacity of each entry type in the Static and Learned databases.
Ageing Time
Indicates the length of time, in minutes, that Dynamic and Learned Addresses in
the Source Address Table are allowed to remain inactive before they are dropped
from the database. The allowable time range for these entries is 10 to 1,000,000
seconds. Ageing time is not applicable to Static or Permanent entries. You can
configure this field, as described in the next section.
Note that the Filtering Database Ageing Time is the same as the Ageing Time displayed
(and configured) via the Port X Source Addresses window; setting the Ageing Time in the
Filtering Database window also changes the time in the Source Addresses window, and
vice versa.
NOTE
The following fields are applicable to the scrollable Address Entry panel of
Filtering Database entries.
Address
Lists the addresses for which the bridge’s Filtering Database has forwarding
and/or filtering information.
Filtering Database
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Bridging
Type
Indicates the type of an entry in the database. The possible types are Static,
Dynamic, Learned, Self, or Permanent. You can alter the entry type, as described
in the next section.
Source Port
Indicates the index number of the port on which the address entry was first
detected. A question mark (?) indicates that the address entry was not a learned
entry, but Port Filtering information applies to it (i.e., the entry is a created
Permanent, Dynamic, or Static entry and has corresponding filtering
information).
Receive Port
Indicates the number of the port on which a frame must be received in order for
the entry’s Port Filtering information to apply. An asterisk ( ) indicates that the
*
receive port is promiscuous, and filtering parameters will be applied to all packets
regardless of their source (assuming no conflicting entry applies). You can change
the receive port, as described in the following section.
Port Filtering
Indicates the action that will take place at each bridge port when it receives
frames from the selected address entry. A green arrow indicates that the frames
received from the address will be forwarded to the port’s associated segment
(
). A red circle indicates that frames will be filtered (blocked) from the port’s
associated segment ( ). You can change the Port Filtering action for
Permanent, Static, and Dynamic entry types, as described in the next section.
(Note that port filtering is scrollable among all the potential ports; however, only
two consecutive ports can be viewed simultaneously.)
Configuring the Filtering Database
You can configure the Filtering Database by:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Altering the Ageing Time for Dynamic and Learned entries.
Changing the type of entry with the Type buttons.
Changing the Receive port for the filter.
Changing the Port Filtering action at each bridge port.
Adding or deleting individual Filtering Database entries.
Clearing all Permanent, Static, or Dynamic entries from the Filtering Database.
Note that although configuration changes will appear in the window, no action
actually takes place in the bridge’s Filtering Database until you click on
in the bottom right of the window. This saves the new configuration. If you
change the window without clicking
, then attempt to exit the window by
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Bridging
clicking
, a text box will appear stating “Changes have been made. Cancel
them?”. Click on Yes to exit the window without changing the Filtering Database,
or No to return to the window.
When you reconfigure the Filtering Database and click
, the screen will clear
NOTE
temporarily and a message will appear to indicate that the information is being updated.
When the changes have been successfully set and the Filtering Database has updated, the
screen information will be refreshed.
Altering the Ageing Time
To alter the Ageing Time for Dynamic and Learned entries:
1. Highlight the Ageing Time field with the cursor.
2. Type in the new Ageing Time, in seconds; the allowable range is 10 to
1,000,000 seconds).
Note that the Filtering Database Ageing Time is the same as the Ageing Time displayed
(and configured) via the Port X Source Addresses window; setting the Ageing Time in the
Filtering Database window also changes the time in the Source Addresses window, and
vice versa.
NOTE
Changing the Type of Entry
You can change any entry type from its current type (Learned, Self, Permanent,
Static, or Dynamic) to either a Permanent, Static, or Dynamic entry. To do so:
1. Click on the shadowed Type button. A menu will appear with the three
possible types to which the entry can be changed.
2. Highlight the desired type.
If you wish to change the port filtering action for a Learned address entry, you must first
change its entry type to Permanent, Static, or Dynamic.
TIP
Changing the Receive Port
You can change the Receive port of an address entry in the scrollable panel, so
that a frame must be received at the specified port for the filtering action to apply.
To do so, click on the Receive port in the panel. With each click, the Receive port
will cycle to the next port (e.g., from (promiscuous), to 1, to 2, to 3, to 4, to 5, to 6
*
(etc., up to the total number of installed interfaces), and back to .
*
Filtering Database
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Bridging
Changing the Port Filtering Action
You can change the Port Filtering action at each bridge port from its current action
to the opposing action.
1. Maneuver the scroll bar until the desired port is in the Port Filtering panel.
2. Click on the port to alter its filtering action from forwarding frames from the
associated address (
), to filtering frames (
) (or vice versa).
If you wish to change the port filtering action for a Learned address entry, you must first
change its entry type to Permanent, Static, or Dynamic; note that when you do so, all
Port Filtering action defaults to Blocking.
NOTE
Adding or Deleting Individual Entries
You can add or delete entries individually from the Filtering Database.
To add an address:
will appear.
Figure 5-6. Filter Database – New Filter Window
2. In the Filter Address field, type in the MAC address (in hexadecimal format)
for which you wish to configure forwarding or filtering parameters. Be sure to
add “-” as a separator between each byte in the address.
3. In the Receive Port field, type in the port at which the address must be
detected for bridging to take place. If you enter a value of 0 in this field, the
Receive Port is considered promiscuous (i.e., any port), and will be
designated by an in the Address Entry panel.
*
4. Click on
.
5. Specify the Port Filtering action on the address entry as described in the
previous section.
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Bridging
To delete an address:
1. Click to highlight the address entry in the Address Entry panel that you wish to
delete from the filtering database.
2. Click on
.
Clearing All Permanent, Static, or Dynamic Entries
To erase all Permanent, Static, or Dynamic entries from the Filtering Database,
click on the associated
button in the upper portion of the window.
Configuring Duplex Modes
Any standard Ethernet interface on a 9H42x-xx module which is connected to
another end station — i.e., another bridge interface — will support Duplex Mode
operation. (Ethernet interfaces connected to repeaters will not support this mode.)
Enabling Full Duplex mode on an interface allows the interface to receive and
transmit packets at the same time, effectively doubling the available bandwidth
(and, therefore, the wire speed) on the selected interface. Interfaces which are not
set to Full Duplex mode must receive and transmit separately, waiting for one
activity to be completed before the other is begun.
For standard Ethernet interfaces, Full Duplex should only be enabled on an interface that
has a connection to a single destination address at the other end of the connection (i.e., it is
not a segment with an attached repeater cascading the connection to multiple destination
addresses).
WARNING
Full Duplex mode disables the collision detection circuitry at the interface, so that both
Transmit and Receive wires can be used simultaneously. With a single destination address
at the other end of the connection (for example, if the connection was to a full duplex
interface on another switching module, or if a single file server was connected to the full
duplex switch port), this essentially doubles the available bandwidth from 10 Mbit/sec to
20 Mbit/sec. Note that the interface at the other end of the connection must also have Full
Duplex enabled at the attached interface.
Full Duplex mode must be disabled if the interface is communicating with multiple
destinations simultaneously (i.e., if a repeater is cascaded from the interface), since
Ethernet relies on Collision Sense for proper operation.
You can configure the duplex mode for each appropriate interface via the Duplex
Modes window accessible from both the Module View and Bridge Status window
Bridge menus, and via the Port Configuration window accessible from both the
Module View and Bridge Status window Port menus. From the Bridge menus, a
single window allows you to both display and set the configuration of each
Configuring Duplex Modes
5-25
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Bridging
available standard Ethernet interface; windows accessed from the individual
bridge port menus allow you to configure duplex mode operation for the selected
interface only.
For Fast Ethernet interfaces, you can set the duplex mode (along with additional
parameters associated with auto-negotiation) via the Fast Ethernet Configuration
window accessible from both the Module View and Bridge Status port menus. For more
information on configuring duplex modes for both standard and Fast Ethernet interfaces
at the port level, see Chapter 2. You cannot set the duplex mode for a Fast Ethernet
interfaces from the Duplex Modes window described here.
NOTE
To access the Duplex Modes window:
1. From the Bridge Status window, click on
menu.
to display the Bridge Status
or
From the Module View window, click on the Bridge label just above the port
status display; the Bridge menu will appear.
2. Click to select Duplex Modes..., and release. The Duplex Modes Window,
Figure 5-7, will appear.
Figure 5-7. The Duplex Modes Window
The main portion of the Duplex Modes window consists of a list of interfaces
available in the selected 9H42x-xx module and their current Full Duplex state: ON
indicates that Full Duplex mode has been enabled for the selected interface; OFF
indicates that it has not; N/A indicates that Full Duplex is either not available (for
the INB interface) or cannot be set from this window (for Fast Ethernet interfaces).
5-26
Configuring Duplex Modes
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Bridging
To configure the Duplex Mode for any standard Ethernet interface:
1. In the Duplex Modes window, highlight the interface whose Duplex Mode you
wish to change. Note that only one interface can be selected at a time.
2. Double-click the selected interface to toggle the Full Duplex setting from ON
to OFF, or vice versa. The set will take place immediately.
Configuring Duplex Modes
5-27
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Bridging
5-28
Configuring Duplex Modes
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Index
Numerics
9H42x-xx devices described 1-1
C
Cancel button 1-6
Collisions 4-4
color-coded port display 2-2, 2-11
command buttons 1-6
community names 3-7
in traps 3-7
Connection Status 2-3
CRC/Alignment 4-3
creating and editing an advanced RMON
alarm 3-14
creating and editing an RMON event 3-20
A
absolute value 3-2, 3-12, 3-19
accessing the RMON Alarm/Event list 3-11
accessing the RMON Statistics window 4-1
Accum 4-5
Actions MIB 3-23
Admin 2-9
Admin/Link 2-9, 2-10
Advanced Alarms 3-2
Ageing Time (bridging) 5-19, 5-21
Alarm Instance 3-16
alarm log 3-5
D
data loops 5-5
alarm status 3-12
alarm threshold 3-1
Alarms
deleting an RMON alarm, event, or
action 3-26
delta values 3-2, 3-5, 3-7, 3-8, 3-12, 3-19, 4-2,
4-5
Advanced 3-2
Basic 3-1
Alarms Watch 3-12
auto-negotiation 2-19, 5-26
Designated Bridge 5-11, 5-15
Designated Cost 5-15
Designated Port 5-11, 5-16
Designated Root 5-15
device date 2-26
Device Menu 2-5
Device Name 1-5
B
Basic Alarms 3-1
Blocking 5-5, 5-6
Boot Prom, revision 2-4
Bridge 2-9
Bridge Mapping 2-9
Bridge Menu 2-7
Bridge Port Menu 2-8
bridge port state 5-4
Bridge Priority 5-13
Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) 5-2, 5-11
Bridge status mode 2-9
Bridge Status window 5-3
bridging interface status 5-4
Broadcast/Multicast 3-4
Broken 5-5
device time 2-25
Device Type 2-12
devices described 1-1
disable a bridge port 5-6
Discarded packets 2-17, 4-8
Drop Events 4-3
duplex mode 2-19, 5-26
Dynamic Ageing Time 5-19
Dynamic entries 5-19
E
enable a bridge port 5-6
event 3-1
buffer space 2-17, 4-8
Bytes 4-3
event index 3-13
Event Log 3-13
Index-1
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Index
Event Type 3-22
Events Watch 3-12, 3-13
J
Jabbers 4-4
F
K
falling action 3-5, 3-8
falling alarm threshold 3-1, 3-2, 3-5, 3-6, 3-8,
3-12, 3-18, 3-19
Kilobits 3-4
L
FallingEventIndex 3-19
Fast Ethernet Port Interface Module 1-1
Filtering Database 5-2, 5-19
fInNUcast 3-4
L. Sta 2-14
Learned entries 5-19
Learning 5-5, 5-6
Listening 5-4, 5-6
Load 2-15
Firmware
revisions supported 1-7
Firmware, revision 2-4
Forwarding 5-4, 5-6
Forwarding Delay 5-14
Fragments 4-4
% Load 4-3
Location 1-5
Log Events 3-22
Log/Trap 3-5
Frame Size (Bytes) Packets 4-4
Frames Filtered 5-9
Frames Forwarded 5-8
Freeze Stats 4-6
M
MAC address 1-5, 2-4
Max Age 5-14
menu structure 2-4
MIB components 2-11
MIB II variables 3-4
MIBTree 3-16, 3-24
MMAC-Plus Chassis View 2-2
Module Type 2-12
Multicast (Non-Unicast) 2-17, 4-8
G
Getting Help 1-6
H
Hello Time 5-14
Help button 1-6
Help Menu 2-7
N
Hold Time 5-14
how rising and falling (RMON) thresholds
work 3-27
Non-Unicast (Multicast) 2-17, 4-8
hysteresis 3-10, 3-27
O
OK button 1-6
Operational Modes 2-22
Operator 2-10
Oversized 4-4
Owner 3-15, 3-22
I
I/F Summary window 2-13
interface performance statistics 2-14
IF Number 3-4
IF Type 3-4
ifInErrors 3-4
ifInOctets 3-4
INB network bus 1-2
Interface Statistics window 2-16
interface type (bridging) 5-5
IP address 1-5, 2-3
P
P. Sta 2-14
packet capture
events 3-1
Packet Type 4-3
Packets 4-3
Received 2-17, 4-8
Transmitted 2-18, 4-8
Path Cost 5-15
Index-2
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Index
peak values 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5
Permanent entries 5-19
Polling Interval 3-5
port configuration 5-26
port display, color codes 2-2
Port Filtering 5-22
T
Technical Support 1-7
threshold pairs 3-28
to change the status view of your ports 2-9
Topology Change 5-16
Total 4-5
Total Errors 3-4
% of Tot. Errors 4-4
traditional switching 1-2, 5-1
Transmit Queue Size 2-17, 4-8
transparent bridging 5-1, 5-19
Trap 3-22
Port Number 3-4
Port Status 2-3
color codes 2-11
Port Status Display 2-8
Port Status Menu 2-6
Port Status Views 2-9
Priority 5-15
Troubleshooting 2-17, 4-8
Problems 4-3
Protocol, bridging 5-14
U
Undersized 4-4
Unicast 2-17, 4-8
Unknown Protocol 2-17, 4-8
Up Time 2-3, 2-13, 5-4
Utilities Menu 2-6
R
Rate 2-15
Raw Counts 2-14
Receive Port 5-22
Remote Capabilities 2-23
rising action 3-5, 3-8
rising alarm threshold 3-1, 3-2, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7,
3-12, 3-18, 3-19
V
viewing an RMON event log 3-26
RisingEventIndex 3-19
RMON alarm description 3-27
RMON Alarms and Events 3-1
Root Bridge 5-13
W
Web site 1-7
selection process 5-11
Root bridge 5-11
Root Cost 5-13
X
Xmitted 5-9
Root Port 5-13
S
Sample Type 3-19
SecureFast Virtual Networking 1-2
SecureFast™ switching 1-2
Selecting Port Status Views 2-9
Set button 1-6
setting an RMON alarm variable 3-16, 3-24
Source Address Table 5-19
Source Port 5-22
Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) 5-2
Startup Alarm 3-19
Static entries 5-19
Statistics (Ethernet) 4-2
Status (alarm) 3-5
Index-3
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Index
Index-4
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