Adaptec Computer Hardware 44300 User Manual

SAS and SATA  
HostRAID Controller  
Installation and User’s Guide  
3
Adaptec Customer Support  
If you have questions about installing or using your Adaptec product, check this document first—you will find answers to most of  
your questions. If you need further assistance, use the support options listed below. To expedite your service, have your computer in  
front of you.  
Technical Support Identification (TSID) Number  
Before contacting Technical Support, you need your unique 12-digit TSID number. The TSID number identifies your product  
and support status.  
The TSID number is included on a white, bar-coded label, like this example:  
Affix a copy of the TSID label to the CD jacket so that you don’t lose it.  
North America  
Visit our Web site at www.adaptec.com.  
Search the Adaptec Support Knowledgebase (ASK) at ask.adaptec.com for articles, troubleshooting tips, and frequently asked  
questions for your product.  
For information about Adaptec’s support options, call +1 408-957-2550, 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. To speak with a  
Technical Support Specialist, call +1 408-934-7274 or +1 321-207-2000.  
For support via e-mail, submit your question at ask.adaptec.com.  
You can order Adaptec products, including accessories and cables, by calling +1 408-957-7274. Or, you can order cables online at  
Europe  
Visit our Web site at www.adaptec.com.  
German: Call +49 89 43 66 55 22, Monday to Friday, 9:00 to 17:00, CET. For support via e-mail, submit your question at  
French: Call +49 89 43 66 55 33, Monday to Friday, 9:00 to 17:00, CET. For support via e-mail, submit your question at  
English: Call +49 89 43 66 55 44, Monday to Friday, 9:00 to 17:00, GMT. For support via e-mail, submit your question at  
You can order Adaptec cables online at www.adaptec.com.  
Japan  
Visit our Web site at www.adaptec.co.jp.  
Call 0044 2213 2601.  
   
4
Limited 3-Year Hardware Warranty  
1. Adaptec, Inc. (“Adaptec”) warrants to the purchaser of this product that it will be free from defects in material and workmanship for  
a period of three (3) years from the date of purchase. If the product should become defective within the warranty period, Adaptec, at  
its option, will repair or replace the product, or refund the purchaser’s purchase price for the product, provided it is delivered at the  
purchaser’s expense to an authorized Adaptec service facility or to Adaptec.  
2. Repair or replacement parts or products will be furnished on an exchange basis and will either be new or reconditioned. All  
replaced parts or products shall become the property of Adaptec. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been damaged  
by accident, misuse, abuse or as a result of unauthorized service or parts.  
3. Warranty service is available to the purchaser by delivering the product during the warranty period to an authorized Adaptec  
service facility or to Adaptec and providing proof of purchase price and date. The purchaser shall bear all shipping, packing and  
insurance costs and all other costs, excluding labor and parts, necessary to effectuate repair, replacement or refund under this  
warranty  
.
4. For more information on how to obtain warranty service, write or telephone Adaptec at 691 South Milpitas Boulevard,  
Milpitas, CA 95035, (800) 959-7274.  
5. THIS LIMITED WARRANTY DOES NOT EXTEND TO ANY PRODUCT WHICH HAS BEEN DAMAGED AS A RESULT OF  
ACCIDENT, MISUSE, ABUSE, OR AS A RESULT OF UNAUTHORIZED SERVICE OR PARTS.  
6. THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER EXPRESS WARRANTIES WHICH NOW OR HEREAFTER MIGHT  
OTHERWISE ARISE RESPECT TO THIS PRODUCT. IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY,  
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT SHALL (A) HAVE NO GREATER DURATION THAN 3  
YEARS FROM THE DATE OF PURCHASE, (B) TERMINATE AUTOMATICALLY AT THE EXPIRATION OF SUCH PERIOD  
AND (C) TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW BE EXCLUDED. IN THE EVENT THIS PRODUCT BECOMES DEFECTIVE  
DURING THE WARRANTY PERIOD, THE PURCHASER’S EXCLUSIVE REMEDY SHALL BE REPAIR, REPLACEMENT OR  
REFUND AS PROVIDED ABOVE. INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION  
LOSS OF DATA, ARISING FROM BREACH OF ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY ARE NOT THE RESPONSIBILITY OF  
ADAPTEC AND, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED BOTH FOR PROPERTY DAMAGE, AND  
TO THE EXTENT NOT UNCONSCIONABLE, FOR PERSONAL INJURY DAMAGE  
.
7. SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES  
FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS, AND SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATIONS ON HOW LONG AN IMPLIED  
WARRANTY LASTS, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.  
8. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.  
5
Regulatory Compliance Statements  
Federal Communications Commission Radio Frequency Interference Statement  
WARNING: Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the  
user’s authority to operate the equipment.  
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC  
rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This  
equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction  
manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur  
in a particular installation. However, if this equipment does cause interference to radio or television equipment reception, which  
can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of  
the following measures:  
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.  
Increase the separation between equipment and receiver.  
Connect the equipment to an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.  
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/television technician for help.  
Use a shielded and properly grounded I/O cable and power cable to ensure compliance of this unit to the specified limits of the  
rules.  
This device complies with part 15 of the FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not  
cause harmful interference and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause  
undesired operation.  
ASR-58300/ASR-48300/ASR-44300  
AAR-1430SA/AAR-1420SA/  
AAR-1220SA/AAR-1225SA  
Adaptec, Inc.  
Tested to Comply  
With FCC Standards  
FOR HOME OR OFFICE USE  
European Union Compliance Statement  
This Information Technology Equipment has been tested and found to comply with EMC Directive 89/336/EEC, as  
amended by 92/31/EEC and 93/68/EEC, in accordance with:  
EN55022 (1998+A1:2000+A2:2003) Emissions  
EN55024 (1998+A1:2001+A2:2003) Immunity:  
– EN61000-4-2 (1995) Electrostatic discharge: 4 kV contact, 8 kV air  
– EN61000-4-3 (1996) Radiated immunity  
– EN61000-4-4 (1995) Electrical fast transients/burst: 1 kV AC, 0.5 kV I/O  
– EN61000-4-5 (1995) Surges 1 kV differential mode, 2 kV common mode  
– EN61000-4-6 (1996) Conducted immunity: 3 V  
– EN61000-4-11 (1994) Supply dips and variation: 30% and 100%  
In addition, all equipment requiring U.L. listing has been found to comply with EMC Directive 73/23/EEC as amended by  
93/68/EEC in accordance with EN60950 with amendments A1, A2, A3, A4, A11.  
Australian/New Zealand Compliance Statement  
This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to the Australian/New  
Zealand standard AS/NZS 3548 set out by the Spectrum Management Agency.  
Canadian Compliance Statement  
This Class B digital apparatus meets all requirements of the Canadian Interference-Causing Equipment Regulations.  
Cet appareil numérique de la classe B respecte toutes les exigences du Règlement sur le matériel brouilleur du Canada.  
Japanese Compliance (Voluntary Control Council Initiative)  
This equipment complies to class B Information Technology equipment based on VCCI (Voluntary Control Council for  
Interface). This equipment is designed for home use but it may causes radio frequency interference problem if used too  
near to a television or radio. Please handle it correctly per this documentation.  
Contents  
Contents  
7
Contents  
8
Failed Disk Drive Not Protected by a Hot Spare .................................... 54  
Contents  
9
Using SerialSelect............................................................................................... 73  
SerialSelect Options .................................................................................. 74  
Using SATASelect .............................................................................................. 75  
SATASelect Options.................................................................................. 76  
Chapter 1: About This Guide l 12  
What You Need to Know Before You Begin  
You should be familiar with computer hardware, data storage, Redundant Array of  
Independent Disks (RAID) technology, and the characteristics of input/output (I/O)  
technology used by your HostRAID controller. Because SAS is a newer I/O technology, an  
introduction is provided in the Appendix A.  
Note: Because this guide covers multiple Adaptec HostRAID controllers, some of the features and  
functions described may not be available for your controller.  
Terminology Used in this Guide  
Because you can use your HostRAID controller to manage data storage in a variety of  
configurations from DAS to NAS to SAN, the generic term “storage space is used to refer to  
controllers and disk drives being managed with Adaptec Storage ManagerTM or the other  
utilities described in this Guide.  
Many of the terms and concepts referred to in this Guide have multiple names. To maintain  
consistency, they are represented as:  
Controller (also known as host bus adapter, board)  
Disk drive (also known as hard disk, hard drive, or hard disk drive)  
Array (also known as logical drive)  
Note: In DAS environments, Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide refers to arrays as logical  
drives. Your RAID controller creates arrays, which your operating system and Adaptec Storage  
Manager recognizes as logical drives. In NAS environments, Adaptec Storage Manager displays  
both arrays and logical drives. For more information, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager User's  
Guide for Direct Attached Storage on the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD.  
Conventions Used in This Guide  
In this documentation, the term SAS-only means that the requirement, feature, or procedure is  
applicable only to SAS HostRAID controllers.  
The term SATA-only means that the requirement, feature, or procedure is applicable only to  
SATA HostRAID controllers.  
How to Find More Information  
You can find more information about your HostRAID controller, and the software and utilities  
included with it in these documents:  
Readme.txt—Describes details about updated product information and known issues;  
located on the HostRAID Installation CD.  
Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide—Describes how to install and use the Adaptec  
Storage Manager software located on the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD. See  
Adaptec Storage Manager online Help—Describes how to use the Adaptec Storage Manager  
software.  
Command Line Utility for Direct Attached Storage User’s Guide—Describes how to use the  
Adaptec HostRAID Controller Configuration (HRCONF) command line utility to  
                 
Chapter 1: About This Guide l 13  
perform basic array and configuration management functions; located on the Adaptec  
Storage Manager Installation CD.  
Chapter 2: About Your HostRAID Controller l 15  
HostRAID Controller Features  
Port multiplier support— You can connect one SATA drive enclosure with a port  
multiplier to 1225SA HostRAID controller.  
Note: To find out the version of the port multiplier, refer to the drive enclosure documentation.  
Adaptec supports SiI3726 with one 3 Gbps SATA II host interface and five SATA device  
ports. We support only 3Gbps NCQ enabled drives.  
Note: NetWare does not support drive enclosures with port multipliers but supports eSATA drives.  
Greater than 2 TB support—You can create and manage HostRAID arrays which are bigger  
than 2TB size. Hence,users can use the current and future high capacity hard disk drives  
above 750GB.  
Flash ROM for updates to controller firmware.  
Event logging and broadcasting, including messaging for alphanumeric pagers.  
Support for Adaptec Metadata Format (AMF) allowing the migration of simple volumes  
and arrays to Adaptec RAID controllers.  
Multiple options for creating and managing RAID arrays—A full software application  
(Adaptec Storage Manager), a BIOS-based utility, and a command line utility. See  
Support for disk drive hot swapping.  
Support for disk drive enclosures with SAF-TE enclosure management hardware.  
Array Level Features  
Support for RAID 0, 1, 10, and simple volumes with these HostRAID limitations:  
RAID 0: support for max. six drives with SAS and max. four drives with SATA  
RAID 10: support for max. four drives  
RAID 1 is build with two drives always  
The maximum number of arrays per controller is two.  
The maximum number of global hot spares per controller is one.  
Hot swap rebuild of fault tolerant arrays through the operating system.  
Support for automatic failover, so arrays are automatically rebuilt when a failed disk drive  
is replaced (applies to redundant arrays in SES2- or SAF-TE-enabled disk drive enclosures  
only).  
Global hot spare protecting every fault tolerant array that the drive has enough available  
capacity to protect.  
Support for migration:  
Simple Volume to RAID 0  
Simple Volume to RAID 1  
(SATA-only) Native command queuing (NCQ), which lets disk drives arrange commands  
into the most efficient order for optimum performance.  
   
Chapter 2: About Your HostRAID Controller l 16  
(SAS-only) Support for disk drive enclosures with SES2 enclosure management hardware.  
Chapter 2: About Your HostRAID Controller l 17  
About the Adaptec 58300 Controller  
The Adaptec 58300 is a low-profile PCI-X to 8-Phy SAS 1.0 HostRAID controller with these  
features:  
Drive LEDs  
External miniSAS Connectors  
J3 (Aggregate Activity  
LED Header)  
3.3V PCI-X Connector  
Mounting bracket  
Formx factor  
Low-profile  
PCI-X  
Bus compatibility  
PCI bus width (max)  
PCI bus speed (max)  
PHYs  
64-bit  
133 MHz  
8
Connectors, internal  
Connectors, external  
None  
2 x4 external SFF 8088 (miniSAS)  
miniSAS 1.0 connector  
RAID levels  
0, 1, 10  
Yes  
Simple volume  
Disk drives  
SAS (3.0Gb/s), SATA I (1.5Gb/s),  
SATA II 3.0Gb/s)  
Maximum number of disk drives  
8 direct-attached drives or up to 128  
using expander technology  
Hot spares  
Yes  
Yes  
No  
Enclosure support  
Native Command Queuing (NCQ)  
Automatic failover  
Audible alarm  
Yes  
No  
Note: There is NO I2C function on this controller, as all ports are external.  
 
Chapter 2: About Your HostRAID Controller l 18  
About the Adaptec 48300 Controller  
The Adaptec 48300 is a low-profile PCI-X to 8-Phy SAS 1.0 HostRAID controller with these  
features:  
J3 (Aggregate Activity LED Header)  
External SAS Connector  
Internal SAS Connector  
3.3V PCI-X Connector  
Mounting bracket  
Form factor  
Low-profile  
PCI-X  
Bus compatibility  
PCI bus width (max)  
PCI bus speed (max)  
PHYs  
64-bit  
133 MHz  
8
Connectors, internal  
1 x4 internal SFF-8484  
SAS 1.1 connector  
Connectors, external  
1 x4 external SFF-8470  
SAS 1.0 connector  
RAID levels  
0, 1, 10  
Yes  
Simple volume  
Disk drives  
SAS (3.0Gbps), SATA I (1.5Gbps),  
SATA II (3.0Gbps)  
Maximum number of disk drives  
8 direct-attached drives or up to 128  
using expander technology  
Hot spares  
Yes  
Yes  
No  
Enclosure support  
Native Command Queuing (NCQ)  
Automatic failover  
Audible alarm  
Yes  
No  
Note: There is no separate I2C connector. See the HostRAID Controller LED and I2C Connector  
Reference on page 87 for details.  
 
Chapter 2: About Your HostRAID Controller l 19  
About the Adaptec 44300 Controller  
The Adaptec 44300 is a low-profile PCI-X to 4-Phy SAS 1.0 HostRAID controller with these  
features:  
Internal SAS Connector  
J3 (Aggregate Activity LED Header)  
3.3V PCI-X Connector  
Mounting bracket  
Form factor  
Low-profile  
PCI-X  
Bus compatibility  
PCI bus width (max)  
PCI bus speed (max)  
PHYs  
64-bit  
133 MHz  
4
Connectors, internal  
1 x4 internal SFF-8484  
SAS 1.1 connector  
RAID levels  
0, 1, 10  
Yes  
Simple Volume  
Disk drives  
SAS (3.0Gbps), SATA I (1.5Gbps),  
SATA II (3.0Gbps)  
Maximum number of disk drives  
4 direct-attached drives or up to 128  
using expanded technology  
Hot spares  
Yes  
Yes  
No  
Enclosure support  
Native Command Queuing (NCQ)  
Automatic failover  
Audible alarm  
Yes  
No  
Note: There is no separate I2C connector. See the HostRAID Controller LED and I2C Connector  
Reference on page 87 for details.  
 
Chapter 2: About Your HostRAID Controller l 20  
About the Adaptec 1430SA Controller  
The Adaptec 1430SA is a low-profile 4-port PCIe SATA II HostRAID controller with these  
features:  
J2 Connector (I2C)  
Power LED  
Aggregate LED  
J3 (Aggregate Activity  
LED Header)  
Port Activity LED  
J1 LED Connector  
3 (top port)  
2 (bottom port)  
SATA Ports  
1 (top port)  
0 (bottom port)  
J4 Activity LED  
PCIe X4 connector  
Mounting bracket  
Form factor  
Low-profile  
PCIe x4  
4
Bus compatibility  
Ports  
Connectors, internal  
RAID levels  
4 stacked  
0, 1, 10  
Yes  
Simple volume  
Disk drives  
SATA I (1.5Gbps), SATA II (3.0Gbps)  
Maximum number of disk drives  
Hot spares  
4
Yes  
Enclosure support  
Yes, SATA II Enclosure Management using  
I2C connection  
Native Command Queuing (NCQ)  
Automatic failover  
Yes  
Yes  
No  
Audible alarm  
Note: There is no separate I2C connector. See the HostRAID Controller LED and I2C Connector  
Reference on page 87 for details.  
 
Chapter 2: About Your HostRAID Controller l 21  
About the Adaptec 1420SA Controller  
The Adaptec 1420SA is a low-profile PCI-X to 4 port SATA II HostRAID controller with these  
features:  
J1 connector (I2C)  
J7 (Aggregate Activity LED Header)  
J2 LED connector  
Activity LED  
3
SATA Ports  
2
1
0
3.3V/5V PCI-X connector  
Mounting bracket  
Form factor  
Low-profile  
Bus compatibility  
Ports  
PCI-X  
4
Connector, internal  
RAID levels  
4
0, 1, 10  
Yes  
Simple volume  
Disk drives  
SATA I (1.5Gbps), SATA II (3.0Gbps)  
Maximum number of disk drives  
Hot spares  
4
Yes  
Enclosure support  
Yes, SATA II Enclosure Management using  
I2C connection  
Native Command Queuing (NCQ)  
Audible alarm  
Yes  
No  
Note: There is no separate I2C connector. See the HostRAID Controller LED and I2C Connector  
Reference on page 87 for details.  
 
Chapter 2: About Your HostRAID Controller l 22  
About the Adaptec 1220SA Controller  
The Adaptec 1220SA is a low-profile PCIe to 2 port SATA II HostRAID controller with these  
features:  
J1 Activity LED Connector  
1
SATA ports  
0
Mounting bracket  
PCIe X1 connector  
Form factor  
Low-profile  
Bus compatibility  
Ports  
PCIe-X1  
2
Connector, internal  
RAID levels  
2
0, 1  
Yes  
Simple Volume  
Disk drives  
SATA I (1.5Gbps), SATA II (3.0Gbps)  
Maximum number of disk drives  
Hot spares  
2
Yes  
No  
Yes  
No  
Enclosure support  
Native Command Queuing (NCQ)  
Audible alarm  
Note: There is no separate I2C connector. See the HostRAID Controller LED and I2C Connector  
Reference on page 87 for details.  
 
Chapter 2: About Your HostRAID Controller l 23  
About the Adaptec 1225SA Controller  
The Adaptec 1225SA is a low-profile PCIe to 2 external port SATA II HostRAID controller with  
these features:  
External SATA connectors  
J1 LED Connector  
PCIe X1 connector  
Mounting bracket  
Form factor  
Bus compatibility  
Ports  
Low-profile  
PCIe-X1  
2 external SATA ports  
You can also connect one SATA drive  
enclosure with a port multiplier. For details  
about supported port multipliers, refer to  
Connector, internal  
Connector, external  
RAID levels  
0
2 external SATA connectors  
0, 1 and 10  
Yes  
Simple Volume  
Disk drives  
SATA II (3.0Gbps) NCQ-enabled drives or  
eSATA drives.  
Maximum number of disk drives  
Hot spares  
2
Yes  
Enclosure support  
Yes—for port multiplier enclosures.  
Native Command Queuing (NCQ)  
Audible alarm  
Yes  
No  
Note: Adaptec 1225SA controller does not support bootable devices.  
Note: There is no separate I2C connector. See the HostRAID Controller LED and I2C Connector  
Reference on page 87 for details.  
 
Kit Contents and System  
Requirements  
3
In this chapter...  
This chapter lists the contents of your HostRAID controller kit and the system requirements  
that must be met for you to successfully install and use your HostRAID controller.  
 
Chapter 3: Kit Contents and System Requirements l 25  
Kit Contents  
Adaptec SAS or SATA HostRAID controllers  
These utilities are embedded in the controller’s BIOS :  
Array Configuration Utility (ACU)—Used to create, configure, and manage arrays  
SerialSelect or SATASelect—Used to modify your controller and disk drive settings  
Disk Utilities—Used to format and verify disk drives  
HostRAID installation CD (bootable), including controller drivers, and this Guide  
Adaptec Storage Manager installation CD (not bootable), including Adaptec Storage  
Manager and the Adaptec HRCONF (HostRAID Configuration) command line utility  
Readme files  
Cables (type and quantity vary depending on your HostRAID controller—not included in  
all controller kits. See Chapter 5 for details.)  
Low-profile bracket  
SAS and SATA HostRAID Controllers Quickstart Guide  
System Requirements  
PC-compatible computer with Intel Pentium, or equivalent processor  
A motherboard with these features:  
Complies with the PCI Local Bus Specification, Revision 2.2 and higher  
Supports multifunction devices where one of the devices is a PCI bridge  
Large memory-mapped address ranges  
Note: Refer to the Readme file on the HostRAID Installation CD for additional motherboard  
compatibility information.  
One of these operating systems:  
Microsoft® Windows® Server 2003, XP and Windows Vista  
Red Hat Linux  
SUSE Linux  
Novell® NetWare®  
Note: For up-to-date operating system version support, visit www.adaptec.com.  
At least 256 MB of RAMs  
Available compatible PCI/PCI-X/PCIe slot (depending on your controller model—see  
40 MB of free drive space  
16-bit SVGA color monitor with a resolution of at least 800 x 600  
CD drive  
Appropriate interface cables  
   
Chapter 4: Installing the HostRAID Controller and Disk Drives l 27  
Before You Begin  
Read the Safety Information on page 92.  
Familiarize yourself with your HostRAID controller’s physical features and the RAID levels  
that it supports (see page 14).  
Ensure that you have the right number of disk drives to achieve the desired RAID level (see  
page 64).  
Ensure that you have the proper cables for your controller and disk drives (see page 28 for  
SAS page 30 cables and for SATA cables).  
If you have a low-profile computer cabinet, replace the original full-height bracket with the  
low-profile bracket supplied in the controller kit.  
Caution: Handle the controller by its bracket or edges only.  
!
Installing the HostRAID Controller  
This section describes how to install your HostRAID controller into your computer cabinet.  
1
Turn off your computer and disconnect the power cord. Open the cabinet, following the  
manufacturer’s instructions.  
2
Select an available PCI, PCIe or PCI-X expansion slot and  
remove the slot cover, as shown at right.  
For the best performance, use the available slot that’s  
compatible with your HostRAID controller (see Chapter 2).  
PCI/PCIe bus compatibility is marked to the controller  
Caution: Touch a grounded metal object before handling  
the HostRAID controller.  
!
3
As shown at right, insert the HostRAID controller into the  
expansion slot and press down gently but firmly until it  
clicks into place. When installed properly, the HostRAID controller should appear level  
with the expansion slot.  
4
5
Secure the bracket in the expansion slot, using the retention  
device (for instance, a screw or lever) supplied with your  
computer.  
Connect your computer’s disk activity LED cable to the  
LED connector on the HostRAID controller, if applicable to  
your controller. The LED connectors are marked on the  
Ensure that the positive lead of the LED cable (usually a red  
wire or a wire marked with a red stripe) is connected to pin  
1.  
     
Chapter 4: Installing the HostRAID Controller and Disk Drives l 28  
6
7
Optional—Connect your HostRAID controller’s I2C connector (not available on all  
models) to an I2C connector on an internal backplane or enclosure, using an I2C cable.  
Connect your disk drives, following the instructions on page 30 for SAS controllers or page  
32 for SATA controllers.  
Selecting Disk Drives  
When selecting disk drives for your RAID array, ensure that all the disk drives have the same  
performance level. You can use different-sized disk drives in the array, but the array will be  
limited to the capacity of the smallest and slowest disk drive. For more information, refer to the  
Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide or Adaptec Storage Manager online Help.  
Adaptec SAS HostRAID controller supports both SAS and Serial ATA (SATA) I and II disk  
drives. For cable information, see next section.  
Selecting SAS Cables  
You need one SAS cable for each disk drive you are connecting to your SAS HostRAID  
controller. Depending on your requirements, you can use any of these cables:  
Internal SAS (SFF-8484) to SAS (SFF-  
8484) cable  
External miniSAS (SFF-8088) to SAS  
(SFF-8470) cable  
External SFF-8470 to SFF-8470 cable  
     
Chapter 4: Installing the HostRAID Controller and Disk Drives l 29  
External SFF-8088 to SFF-8088 cable  
Internal SFF-8484 to 4x SFF-8482 fanout  
cable  
Note: This cable is included in the  
Adaptec HostRAID 44300 and 48300  
controller kit. It can be used to connect  
SAS or SATA disk drives  
Internal SFF-8484 to 4x SATA fanout cable  
Internal SFF-8484 to SFF-8484 cable  
Internal SFF-8087 to SFF-8484 cable  
Adaptec recommends using only Adaptec SAS cables. For more information or to purchase  
cables, visit the Adaptec Web site at ww w.adaptec.com.  
Chapter 4: Installing the HostRAID Controller and Disk Drives l 30  
Selecting SATA Cables  
You need one straight connector to straight connector SATA cable for each disk drive you are  
connecting to your SATA HostRAID controller. SATA cables are included in the kit.  
External SATA (eSATA) cable  
Internal 4x SATA to SFF-8484 fanout cable  
Internal SATA to SATA cables  
Note: These cables are included in the  
SATA HostRAID controller kit. There are  
two cables included in the 1220SA kit  
and four cables in the 1420SA or  
1430SA kit.  
All SATA straight connector to straight connector cables have the same connectors, as shown in  
the following figure, and the connectors are keyed so that you can’t insert them incorrectly.  
Adaptec recommends using only Adaptec SATA cables. For more information or to purchase  
cables, visit www.adaptec.com.  
Connecting Disk Drives to SAS HostRAID Controllers  
You can connect SAS disk drives, SATA disk drives, or a combination of both to your SAS  
HostRAID controller. There are no jumpers or switches to set before installation.  
If you plan to build a bootable array using internal disk drives, ensure you install at least the  
minimum number disk drives required to support the RAID level you want. See page 65 for  
more information.  
Note: Although you can connect both SAS and SATA disk drives to your SAS HostRAID controller,  
Adaptec recommends not to combine SAS and SATA disk drives within the same array or logical  
drive. See page 59 for more information.  
     
Chapter 4: Installing the HostRAID Controller and Disk Drives l 31  
You have these connection options:  
Connecting Directly to the HostRAID Controller  
In a direct-attach connection, SAS or SATA disk drives are connected directly to a SAS  
HostRAID controller with SAS cables. The number of direct-attached disk drives is limited to  
four per internal SAS connector. For more information, see Direct-Attach Connections on page  
61.  
1
Install your internal SAS or SATA disk drives, following the instructions in your system’s  
documentation.  
2
Use internal SAS cables to connect the disk drives to the SAS HostRAID controller.  
SATA disk drives attached to  
controller with fan-out cable  
External  
SAS cable  
External SAS connector  
3
When you have installed all disk drives and connected the to SAS HostRAID controller,  
close your computer cabinet, and reconnect the power cord.  
Connecting to a Backplane  
In a backplane connection, disk drives and SAS HostRAID controllers are connected to, and  
communicate with each other through a backplane.  
The number of disk drives is limited to the number of slots available on the backplane. Some  
backplanes have embedded SAS expanders and can support up to 128 end devices. For more  
information about expander connections, see page 32.  
1
Connect one or more internal SAS or SATA disk drives to the backplane. Refer to your  
system’s documentation for more information.  
2
Use an internal SAS cable to connect the SAS HostRAID controller to the backplane.  
           
Chapter 4: Installing the HostRAID Controller and Disk Drives l 32  
Controller connected  
to backplane with  
fan-out cable  
Disk drives on  
backplane  
3
When all internal disk drives have been installed and connected, close your computer  
cabinet, reconnect the power cord.  
Installing the SAS HostRAID Controller to a SAS Expander  
You can use a SAS expander to connect multiple disk drives to your SAS HostRAID controller  
(or to multiple SAS HostRAID controllers). Commands can be sent down one link and data  
returned on another in a separate connection to increase fault tolerance. Using a SAS expander  
and dual-port SAS drives and SATA drives with 2-port adapters, you can design redundant  
systems for maximum fault-tolerance.  
To install the HostRAID controller to a SAS expander:  
1
Using the appropriate cable, connect the SAS HostRAID controller to the expander’s PHY  
connector.  
2
Connect a cable from the expander’s PHY connector to a disk drive.  
Connecting Disk Drives to SATA HostRAID Controllers  
1
2
3
Install your SATA disk drives, following the instructions in your system’s documentation.  
There are no jumpers or switches to set on the SATA controller or disk drives.  
Connect each disk drive to a SATA port on the controller using a recommended SATA  
cable. For cable information, see page 30.  
When all disk drives have been installed and connected, close your computer cabinet, and  
reconnect the power cord.  
Checking Your Controller and Devices  
Now that you have installed your controller and connected your disk drives, you can use the  
ARC utility to check your controller and devices, as described below:  
1
2
Turn on your computer.  
When the Adaptec banner appears, press Ctrl+A to enter the Adaptec RAID Configuration  
(ARC) utility.  
3
If your drives have already been used in another system (even if not part of an array), select  
Disk Utilities and format the drive. Otherwise, skip to Step 4.  
       
Chapter 4: Installing the HostRAID Controller and Disk Drives l 33  
4
Select SATASelect (on SATA controller) and SerialSelect (on SAS controller) to verify the  
hardware configuration of the controller and the drives.  
Verify that all drives are shown. If anything appears to be missing, power down the  
computer and check the connections.  
Setting the Boot Controller  
Note: If your system contains only one bootable controller, or if you are using the 1225SA  
controller that does not support bootable devices, proceed with Creating an Array on page 39.  
Most of the Adaptec HostRAID controllers support bootable disk drives and arrays. The  
default setting of the HostRAID controller and system Setup allows you to install and boot  
from either a disk drive connected to the motherboard, or from a drive or array connected to  
the HostRAID controller. To enable the system to boot from either a disk drive or an array  
connected to the HostRAID controller:  
Note: Selecting the boot controller is done using the system BIOS Setup Utility. Launching the  
system BIOS Setup Utility varies depending on your computer model. Refer to your computer  
documentation for instructions on how to access the system BIOS.  
1
2
3
Enter the system BIOS Setup.  
Navigate to the disk drive boot sequence.  
Move the boot controller to the top of the list.  
   
Chapter 4: Installing the HostRAID Controller and Disk Drives l 34  
Next Steps  
If you are installing the driver and an operating system onto a bootable array, continue with  
If you are completing a standard installation onto an existing operating system, continue with  
   
Getting Started  
5
In this chapter...  
This chapter provides the basic information you need to set up your disk drives and arrays the  
way you want them. It also describes the options you have for installing your HostRAID  
controller and disk drives, and creating arrays for data storage.  
Before you begin, familiarize yourself with your HostRAID controller’s physical features and  
the RAID levels that it supports. See Chapter 2, About Your HostRAID Controller.  
   
Chapter 5: Getting Started l 36  
Choosing a RAID Level  
Your HostRAID controller supports these RAID levels.  
RAID 0 (Non-redundant Array)—Stripes data across multiple disk drives. Improved  
performance but no redundancy.  
RAID 1 Array—Created from two disk drives where one disk drive is a mirror of the other (the  
same data is stored on each disk drive). Redundancy but reduced capacity.  
RAID 10 Array—Built from two or more equal-sized RAID 1 arrays, stripes and mirrors data  
across multiple disk drives. Redundancy and improved performance.  
See page 64 for more information on RAID levels and use the table on page 65 to see how many  
disk drives you must connect to your HostRAID controller to support the RAID level you  
want.  
Choosing Installation Options  
When you install your HostRAID controller, you can choose to create a bootable array and  
then install both operating system and controller driver on that array. Alternatively, you can  
complete a standard installation, where you install the controller driver on an existing  
operating system.  
Note: Adaptec 1225SA controller does not support bootable devices, hence install this controller  
only on an existing operating system.  
Basic Installation Steps  
This section describes the installation process. Follow the steps for the installation option  
you’ve chosen.  
Installing with an Operating System  
You can install your HostRAID controller and the operating system using these steps:  
1
2
3
4
5
Install and connect your controller and disk drives (see page 26).  
Set the boot controller (see page 38).  
Make the array bootable (see page 41).  
Install your operating system and the driver (see page 42).  
Install Adaptec Storage Manager and begin to manage your data storage (see page 50).  
Installing with an Operating System On a Bootable Disk Drive/Array  
When you install your HostRAID controller, you can create a bootable disk drive or an array  
and then install both operating system and controller driver on that disk drive or array.  
Alternatively, you can perform the standard installation, and install the controller driver on an  
existing operating system  
         
Chapter 5: Getting Started l 37  
1
Install and connect your controller and internal disk drives (see page 26).  
If your controller has an external connector, you can also connect external disk drives, if  
required.  
2
3
Install the controller driver (see page 47).  
Install Adaptec Storage Manager and begin to manage your data storage (see page 50).  
Installing on an Existing Operating System  
1
Install and connect your controller and internal disk drives (see page 26).  
If your controller has an external connector, you can connect external disk drives as well  
(or instead).  
2
3
Install the controller driver (see page 47).  
Install Adaptec Storage Manager and begin to manage your data storage (see page 50).  
 
Chapter 6: Creating a Bootable Array l 39  
Creating an Array  
You can create a RAID 0, 1, or 10 array using one of these tools:  
Array Configuration Utility (ACU)—BIOS-based menus and keyboard navigation (see  
Adaptec Storage Manager—Graphical software application running from a bootable CD  
that you can navigate using your mouse (see About Adaptec Storage Manager on page 51).  
HRCONF—Command line utility, refer to the Command Line Interface User’s Guide for  
Direct Attached Storage.  
You can use either tool, but the ACU is quicker and easier.  
Note: Adaptec recommends that you not combine SAS and SATA disk drives within the same  
array. Adaptec Storage Manager generates a warning if you try to create a logical drive using a  
combination of SAS and SATA disk drives.  
Creating an Array with the ACU  
The ACU is menu-based and instructions for completing tasks display on-screen. Menus can  
be navigated using the arrows, Enter, Esc, and other keys on your keyboard.  
Before creating arrays, make sure the disks for the array are connected and installed. Disks with  
no usable space are shown in gray and cannot be used.  
To create an array:  
1
Turn on your computer and press Ctrl+A when prompted to access the Adaptec RAID  
Configuration (ARC) utility.  
2
3
4
From the ARC menu, select Array Configuration Utility (ACU).  
From the ACU Main menu, select Create Array.  
Select the disks for the new array. RAID 0 and 1 requires a minimum of two disk drives.  
RAID 10 requires a minimum of four disk drives. Then press Insert.  
To deselect any disk, highlight the disk, then press Delete.  
See the table on for the maximum number of drives that your HostRAID controller can  
support.  
5
6
Select Enter when all disks for the new array are selected. The Array Properties menu  
displays. For more Information see Assigning Array Properties on page 70.  
When you are finished, select Done.  
Creating an Array with Adaptec Storage Manager  
This section describes how to use the Adaptec Storage Manager configuration wizard to build a  
RAID 0, 1, or 10 array.  
Note: You will need the HostRAID Installation CD to complete this task.  
To create a RAID 0, 1, or 10 array:  
1
2
Insert the HostRAID Installation CD into your CD drive, then restart your computer.  
When prompted, select the language you want, then press Enter.  
       
Chapter 6: Creating a Bootable Array l 40  
3
4
5
Review the license information, then press Enter.  
The Main Menu opens.  
Click Launch Configuration Utility.  
Adaptec Storage Manager opens.  
Click Create.  
The Configuration wizard opens.  
6
7
Select Express configuration..., then click Next.  
Review the information that is displayed.  
Note: Adaptec Storage Manager uses the term logical drives when referring to arrays.  
In this example, Adaptec Storage Manager has used two equal-sized disk drives to  
automatically create one logical drive with RAID 1.  
To specify a size for the logical drives, or to make other changes to the configuration, click  
Modify logical devices.  
8
9
Click Apply, then click Yes when prompted to confirm applying your new configuration.  
Adaptec Storage Manager builds the logical drive(s).  
The configuration is saved on the Adaptec controller (as an “array” ) and on the physical  
disk drives.  
Partition and format your logical drive.  
The logical drive you created appears as a physical disk drive on your operating system.  
You must partition and format these logical drives before you can use them to store data.  
10 Close all windows, then click Reboot to restart your system.  
11 Remove the HostRAID Installation CD.  
For information on installing and using Adaptec Storage Manager as a full software  
application, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide provided on the Adaptec  
Storage Manager CD.  
12 Continue with Making Your Array Bootable (next section).  
Making Your Array Bootable  
Use the ACU to make the array bootable (see Managing Bootable Arrays and Devices on page 73).  
   
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System l 43  
Before You Begin  
Install and connect your HostRAID controller and internal disk drives, (see page 26).  
Create a bootable array (see page 38).  
Creating a driver disk (next section).  
Note: For up-to-date operating system version support, visit www.adaptec.com.  
Creating a Driver Disk  
Before you install your driver, you must create a driver disk. You need a floppy disk to complete  
this task. To create a driver disk:  
1
Set your system BIOS so that your computer boots from the CD drive. (For instructions,  
refer to your computer’s documentation).  
2
3
4
Boot your computer from the bootable HostRAID Installation CD.  
Click Create Driver Disk, from the Main Menu.  
Select one of the operating systems from the list:  
Windows  
Linux  
Netware  
5
6
7
Select the type of operating system you want to use.  
Select the version of the operating system.  
When prompted, insert a floppy disk, then click OK.  
The system creates the driver disk.  
8
9
Remove and label the driver disk.  
Continue with the instructions for your operating system:  
Installing with Windows  
You will need your Windows Installation CD to complete this task. To install the HostRAID  
controller driver while installing Windows:  
1
2
3
Insert your Windows CD, then restart the computer.  
Follow the on-screen instructions to begin the Windows installation.  
When prompted to install a third-party driver, press F6.  
Note: When F6 is active, a prompt appears at the bottom of the screen for only 5 seconds. If  
you miss your chance to press F6, restart your computer.  
     
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System l 44  
4
5
Insert the driver disk, then wait until you are prompted to install a driver.  
Press S to specify that the driver is on a floppy disk, then press Enter.  
The computer reads the disk.  
6
7
8
When the Adaptec SAS or SATA driver is found, press Enter.  
Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the installation.  
Installing with Red Hat Linux  
You will need your Red Hat Installation CD to complete this task. To install the HostRAID  
controller driver while installing Red Hat Linux:  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Insert the first Red Hat Installation CD.  
Restart your computer.  
When the Red Hat Welcome screen displays, type linux ddat the Boot: prompt.  
When prompted, insert the driver disk, then select OK.  
Follow the prompts to set up the environment you want.  
If you are installing other third-party devices, install them now. Otherwise, select Done.  
Complete the Red Hat Linux installation, following the instructions included with your  
operating system.  
8
Installing with SUSE Linux  
To install the HostRAID controller driver while installing SuSE Linux:  
1
2
3
Insert the first SUSE Installation CD.  
Restart your computer.  
When the SUSE (SLES 9 and 10) installation selection screen displays, press the F6 key,  
select installation option from the Menu, then press Enter.  
4
5
6
7
When prompted, insert the driver disk, then press any key to continue.  
Follow the prompts to set up the environment you want.  
If you are installing other third-party devices, install them now. Otherwise, select Back.  
Complete the SUSE Linux installation, following the instructions included with your  
operating system.  
8
   
Chapter 7: Installing the Driver and an Operating System l 45  
Installing with NetWare  
Note: NetWare does not support drive enclosures with port multipliers but supports eSATA drives.  
You will need your NetWare Installation CD to complete this task. To install the driver when  
installing NetWare:  
1
2
Restart your computer, then install NetWare. (For instructions, refer to your NetWare  
documentation.)  
To be able to load additional drivers later, select Manual install mode during the first part  
of the installation.  
Click Continue to load additional drivers:  
a
b
Select Modify when the storage adapters are displayed.  
Select Storage Adapters, then press the Insert key twice to add an unlisted driver from  
the floppy disk.  
3
4
When the Device Types screen displays, check the Storage adapters list, then select Modify  
to add another driver.  
Select Storage Adapters, then press Enter.  
All recognized controllers are displayed.  
If necessary, remove the default HostRAID driver (<driver-name>.ham).  
Press the Delete key to remove it.  
5
6
7
Press Insert to add another driver.  
The available drivers are displayed.  
8
9
Insert the driver floppy disk.  
Press the Insert key to scan the floppy disk drive.  
Once the driver is selected, the Parameter screen is displayed.  
10 From the lower window menu, select Continue, then press Enter.  
If the driver installation process fails, the server console is displayed so you can see the  
cause of the failure.  
To modify disk partitions, apply hot fixes, or perform volume maintenance, refer to your  
NetWare documentation.  
 
Chapter 8: Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System l 47  
Before You Begin  
Before you begin, install and connect your HostRAID controller and internal disk drives (see  
page 26).  
You must also create a driver disk (see next section) before you begin installing the controller  
driver.  
Note: For up-to-date operating system version support, visit the Adaptec Web Site at  
Creating a Driver Disk or an Array  
Before you install your driver, you will need to create a driver disk. You will need a floppy disk  
to complete this task. To create a driver disk:  
1
2
Set your system BIOS so that your computer boots from the CD drive. (For instructions,  
refer to your computer’s documentation.)  
Turn on your computer, then insert the HostRAID Installation CD included in your  
controller kit.  
3
4
5
Follow the on-screen instructions to get to the Adaptec Start Menu.  
Click Create Driver Disk, from the Main Menu.  
Select one of the operating systems from this list:  
Windows XP/2003 and Windows Vista  
Linux  
Netware  
6
7
8
Select the type of operating system you want to use.  
Select the version of the operating system.  
When prompted, insert the floppy disk, then click OK.  
The system creates the driver disk.  
9
Remove and label the driver disk.  
10 Continue the driver installation for your operating system:  
Installing on Windows XP or Windows 2003  
To install the driver on Windows:  
1
Start or restart Windows.  
The Found New Hardware Wizard opens and searches for the driver.  
Insert the driver disk, select Floppy drive, then click Next.  
2
         
Chapter 8: Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System l 48  
3
4
5
6
Click Next, then click Next again.  
Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the driver installation.  
Remove the driver disk and restart your computer.  
Installing on Windows Vista  
1
2
3
4
5
Insert the Windows setup CD.  
When prompted to install a third-party driver, click Load Driver.  
Select the driver and click Next.  
The disk array is displayed.  
Click Drive Options to modify the RAID 10 size, else click Next to proceed with the  
installation.  
Installing on Red Hat or SUSE Linux  
To install the module on Red Hat or SUSE Linux:  
1
Insert and mount the RAID Installation CD:  
Red Hat—mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom  
SuSE—mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom  
2
Install the module RPM:  
rpm -Uvh mount-point/xxx/yyy.rpm  
where mount-point is the specific mount point on the Linux system, xxxis the driver path,  
and yyy.rpmis the rpm file.  
3
4
Run fdisk, mkfs, and create mount points for any new disk drives.  
Installing on NetWare  
Note: Before you begin, ensure that the NetWare operating system has been upgraded to the  
minimum patch level specified by Novell. Refer to the Novell Web site for more information.  
Note: NetWare does not support drive enclosures with port multipliers but supports eSATA drives.  
To install the driver on NetWare:  
1
2
3
4
5
6
Start your computer.  
From the NetWare server console prompt, type load hdetect then press Enter.  
,
From the Device types menu, select Continue  
From the Device type option, select Modify then press Enter.  
Select Storage Adapters then press Enter.  
From the Additional Driver Options menu, select Modify  
,
then press Enter.  
,
,
,
then press Enter.  
         
Chapter 8: Installing the Driver on an Existing Operating System l 49  
7
8
9
From the Driver Name menu, press the Insert key.  
Insert the driver disk, press the Insert key, then press F3.  
From the A:\ prompt, press Enter.  
The driver installs.  
10 From the Additional Driver Option menu, select Return to driver summary then press  
,
Enter.  
11 From the Driver type menu, select Load on Additional Driver Options.  
12 After the driver loads, select Continue.  
Chapter 9: Managing Your Storage Space l 51  
About Adaptec Storage Manager  
Adaptec Storage Manager is a full-featured software application that helps you build a storage  
space for your data. With Adaptec Storage Manager, you can group disk drives into logical  
drives and build in redundancy to protect your data and improve system performance.  
Adaptec Storage Manager is included on the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD. For  
installation instructions, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide, also included on  
the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD.  
You can also use Adaptec Storage Manager to monitor and manage all the controllers and disk  
drives in your storage space from a single location.  
When Adaptec Storage Manager is installed on a computer, the Adaptec Storage Manager agent  
is also installed automatically. The agent is like a service that keeps your storage space running.  
It runs in the background, without user intervention, and monitors and manages system  
health, notifies events, schedules tasks, and manages other on-going processes. It sends notices  
when tasks are completed successfully, and sounds an alarm when errors or failures occur.  
The agent uses less memory than the full application. If your storage space includes systems  
that won’t be connected to monitors (and therefore won’t require the user interface), you can  
choose to run the agent only on those systems instead of the full application. For more  
information, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide or online Help.  
Installing Adaptec Storage Manager  
Adaptec Storage Manager is included on the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD. For  
installation instructions, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide for Direct Access  
Storage , also included on the Adaptec Storage Manager Installation CD.  
About the HRCONF Command Line Utility  
HRCONF (HostRAID Configuration Utility) is a command line utility that you can use to  
perform some basic array and configuration management functions.  
With HRCONF, you can:  
Create and delete logical drives  
Modify and copy configuration settings  
Recover from disk drive failures and troubleshoot  
Note: Adaptec recommends that only advanced users familiar with command line interfaces use  
HRCONF.  
         
Chapter 9: Managing Your Storage Space l 52  
About the ARC Utility  
The Adaptec RAID Configuration (ARC) utility is a BIOS-based utility that you can use to  
create and manage controllers, disk drives and other devices, and arrays. The ARC utility  
comprises these tools:  
Array Configuration Utility (ACU)—For creating and managing arrays, and initializing  
and rescanning disk drives.  
SerialSelect Utility—Used to change device and HostRAID controller settings.  
Disk Utilities—For formatting or verifying disk drives.  
The ARC utility is included in your controller’s BIOS. For more information, see Using the  
The ARC utility is primarily intended for pre-operating system installation configuration.  
About the Adaptec Flash Utility  
The Adaptec Flash Utility (AFU) is a text-based DOS utility that you can use to update, save, or  
verify your HostRAID controller’s firmware BIOS and Non-Volatile Random Access Memory  
(NVRAM). For more information, see page 80.  
Caution: Although the AFU contains safeguards to prevent you from accidentally damaging  
your RAID controller’s flash contents, it is still important to use the AFU carefully and correctly  
!
to avoid rendering your RAID controller inoperable.Adaptec recommends that only advanced  
users familiar with working in DOS use the AFU.  
Which Utility Should I Use?  
To create a bootable array, Adaptec recommends that you use the BIOS-based ARC utility.  
For all subsequent storage management tasks, Adaptec recommends that you install and use  
Adaptec Storage Manager (see page 51). As a full-featured software application with a graphical  
user interface (GUI), it is the easiest to use and offers the widest range of management  
functions.  
     
Chapter 10: Solving Problems l 54  
Troubleshooting Checklist  
If you encounter difficulties installing or using your HostRAID controller, check these items  
first:  
With your computer powered off, check the connections to each disk drive, the power  
supply, the LED connector, and so on.  
Try disconnecting and reconnecting disk drives from the HostRAID controller.  
Check that your HostRAID controller is installed in a compatible expansion slot. To  
double-check the bus compatibility of your controller, see About Your HostRAID Controller  
Ensure that your HostRAID controller is firmly seated and secured in the PCI, PCI-X, or  
PCIe expansion slot.  
If your HostRAID controller is not detected during system boot, try installing it in a  
different expansion slot. See Installing the HostRAID Controller on page 27 for instructions.  
Did the driver install correctly?  
If you are still unable to resolve a problem, you can find additional troubleshooting  
information and direction on the Adaptec Web site at www.adaptec.com and the Adaptec  
Support Knowledgebase at ask.ad aptec.com.  
Recovering from a Disk Drive Failure  
This section explains how to recover when a disk drive fails:  
If the array was protected by a hot spare, see next section.  
If the array was not protected by a hot spare, see Failed Disk Drive Not Protected by a Hot  
If there is a disk drive failure in more than one array simultaneously, see Failure in Multiple  
If it is a RAID 0 array, see Disk Drive Failure in a RAID 0 Array on page 55.  
If multiple disk drives fail within the same array, see Multiple Failures in the Same Array on  
Note: Adaptec Storage Manager uses the term logical drives when referring to arrays.  
Failed Disk Drive Protected by a Hot Spare  
When an array is protected by a hot spare, if a disk drive in that array fails the hot spare is  
automatically incorporated into the array and takes over for the failed drive.  
To recover from the failure, remove and replace the failed disk drive (following manufacturer’s  
instructions).  
Failed Disk Drive Not Protected by a Hot Spare  
If a disk drive fails in an array that is not protected by a hot spare, replace the failed drive. The  
controller detects the new disk drive and rebuilds the array.  
             
Chapter 10: Solving Problems l 55  
If the controller fails to rebuild the array, check that the cables, disk drives, and controllers are  
properly installed and connected. Then, if necessary, use Adaptec Storage Manager to rebuild  
the array. For instructions, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide or online Help.  
Failure in Multiple Arrays Simultaneously  
If the disk drive failure in more than one array at the same time (one failure per array), and the  
arrays are protected by hot spares, the controller rebuilds the arrays with these limitations:  
A hot spare must be of equal or greater size than the failed disk drive it’s replacing.  
Failed disk drives are replaced with hot spares in the order in which they failed. (The array  
that includes the disk drive that failed first is rebuilt first, assuming an appropriate hot  
spare is available-see bullet above).  
If there are more disk drive failures than hot spares, see Failed Disk Drive Not Protected by a Hot  
Spare in previous section.  
Disk Drive Failure in a RAID 0 Array  
Because RAID 0 volumes do not include redundancy, if a disk drive fails in a RAID 0 array, the  
data can’t be recovered.  
Correct the cause of the failure or replace the failed disk drives. Then, restore your data (if  
available).  
Multiple Failures in the Same Array  
If more than one disk drive fails at the same time in the same RAID 1 array, the data can’t be  
recovered.  
Correct the cause of the failure or replace the failed disk drives. Then, restore your data (if  
available).  
In some instances, RAID 10 arrays may survive multiple disk drive failures, depending on  
which disk drives fail. For more information, refer to the Adaptec Storage Manager User’s Guide  
or online Help.  
Resetting the Controller  
This section explains how to reset (or flash) your Adaptec HostRAID controller. You may want  
to do this if the controller becomes inoperable, or if a firmware upgrade is unsuccessful.  
To reset your Adaptec HostRAID controller:  
1
2
3
4
Download the firmware version currently installed on your controller from  
Extract the downloaded files to a folder on your local hard drive (for example,  
C:\Download\Drivers).  
Create a bootable MS–DOS floppy disk and copy the AFU.exe file to it. Copy the first  
firmware image to the same floppy disk.  
Create additional bootable MS–DOS floppy disks and copy each additional firmware  
image to its own floppy disk.  
               
Chapter 10: Solving Problems l 56  
5
6
7
Power off your computer, disconnect the power cord, then open the cabinet following the  
manufacturer’s instructions.  
Disconnect all cables from the controller, then attach a shorting jumper to the Mode 0  
flash connector.  
Reconnect the power cord, power on your computer, then boot to the floppy disk  
containing the AFU.exe file (see Step 3).  
8
9
At the prompt, type a:\afu update /c x, where is the controller number.  
x
Insert the other floppy disks when prompted.  
10 When the flash is complete, power off your computer, disconnect the power cord, then  
remove the jumper.  
11 Close the computer cabinet, reconnect the power cord, then power on your computer.  
The controller should boot correctly.  
Understanding RAID  
B
In this chapter...  
When you create arrays (or logical drives), you can assign a RAID level to protect your data.  
Each RAID level offers a unique combination of performance and redundancy. RAID levels  
also vary by the number of disk drives they support.  
This appendix describes the RAID levels supported by your HostRAID controller, and provides  
a basic overview of each to help you select the best level of protection for your data storage.  
     
Appendix B: Understanding RAID  
65  
RAID Technology Overview  
RAID is the technology of grouping several physical drives into an array that you can define as  
one or more logical drives. Each logical drive appears to the operating system as a single drive.  
This grouping technique greatly enhances logical-drive capacity and performance beyond the  
physical limitations of a single physical drive.  
When you group multiple physical drives into a logical drive, the HostRAID controller can  
transfer data in parallel from the multiple drives in the array. This parallel transfer yields data-  
transfer rates that are many times higher than with non-arrayed drives, allowing the system to  
better meet the throughput (amount of data processed in a given amount of time) or  
productivity needs of a multi-user network environment.  
The ability to respond to multiple data requests provides not only an increase in throughput,  
but also a decrease in response time. The combination of parallel transfers and simultaneous  
responses to multiple requests allows disk arrays to provide a high level of performance in  
network environments.  
Understanding Drive Segments  
A drive segment is a disk drive or portion of a disk drive that is used to create an array. A disk  
drive can include both RAID segments (segments that are part of an array) and available  
segments. Each segment can be part of only one logical device at a time. If a disk drive is not  
part of any logical device, the entire disk is an available segment.  
Stripe-Unit Size  
With RAID technology, data is striped across an array of physical drives. This data-distribution  
scheme complements the way the operating system requests data.  
The granularity at which data is stored on one drive of the array before subsequent data is  
stored on the next drive of the array is called the stripe-unit size.  
You can set the stripe-unit size to 16, 32, or 64 KB. You can maximize the performance of your  
HostRAID controller by setting the stripe-unit size to a value that is close to the size of the  
system I/O requests. For example, performance in transaction-based environments, which  
typically involve large blocks of data, might be optimal when the stripe-unit size is set to 32 or  
64 KB. However, performance in file and print environments, which typically involve multiple  
small blocks of data, might be optimal when the stripe-unit size is set to 16 KB.  
The collection of stripe units, from the first drive of the array to the last drive of the array, is  
called a stripe.  
RAID 0 (Non-RAID Arrays)  
An array with RAID 0 includes two or more disk drives (maximum twelve) and provides data  
striping, where data is distributed evenly across the disk drives in equal-sized sections.  
RAID 0 arrays do not maintain redundant data, so they offer no data protection. However,  
compared to an equal-sized group of independent disks, a RAID 0 array provides improved  
I/O performance.  
                       
Appendix B: Understanding RAID  
66  
Drive segment size is limited to the size of the smallest disk drive in the array. For instance, an  
array with two 250 GB disk drives and two 400 GB disk drives can create a RAID 0 drive  
segment of 250 GB, for a total of 1000 GB for the volume, as shown in the following figure.  
Drive Segment Size (Smallest Disk Drive)  
Disk Drive 1  
250 GB  
250 GB  
Disk Drive 2  
Disk Drive 1  
Disk Drive 2  
1
997  
5
...  
2
3
998  
999  
Disk Drive 3  
Disk Drive 4  
6
7
...  
...  
400 GB  
Disk Drive 3  
Disk Drive 4  
Unused Space: 150 GB  
Unused Space: 150 GB  
Not Used  
4
1000  
8
...  
400 GB  
Not Used  
Disk Drives in Logical Drive  
RAID 0 Logical Drive = 1000 GB  
RAID 1 Arrays  
A RAID 1 array is built from two disk drives, where one disk drive is a mirror of the other (the  
same data is stored on each disk drive). Compared to independent disk drives, RAID 1 arrays  
provide improved performance, with twice the read rate and an equal write rate of single disks.  
However, capacity is only 50 percent of independent disk drives.  
If the RAID 1 array is built from different-sized disk drives, the free space, drive segment size is  
the size of the smaller disk drive, as shown in the following figure.  
Drive Segment Size (Smaller Disk Drive)  
Disk Drive 1  
Disk Drive 2  
250 GB  
400 GB  
Disk Drive 1  
Disk Drive 2  
1 – 250  
1 – 250  
Unused Space: 150 GB  
Not Used  
Disk Drives in Logical Drive  
RAID 1 Logical Drive = 250 GB  
RAID 10 Arrays  
A RAID 10 array is built from two or more equal-sized RAID 1 arrays. Adaptec RAID  
controllers support a maximum number of 48 disk drives in a RAID 10 array.  
Data in a RAID 10 array is both striped and mirrored. Mirroring provides data protection, and  
striping improves performance.  
       
Appendix B: Understanding RAID  
67  
Drive segment size is limited to the size of the smallest disk drive in the array. For instance, an  
array with two 250 GB disk drives and two 400 GB disk drives can create two mirrored drive  
segments of 250 GB, for a total of 500 GB for the array, as shown in the following figure.  
Drive Segment Size (Smallest Disk Drive)  
Disk Drive 1  
250 GB  
250 GB  
Disk Drive 2  
Disk Drive 1  
1
499  
3
...  
Disk Drive 2  
Disk Drive 3  
2
1
500  
499  
Disk Drive 3  
Disk Drive 4  
4
3
...  
...  
400 GB  
400 GB  
Unused Space: 150 GB  
Unused Space: 150 GB  
Not Used  
2
500  
Disk Drive 4  
4
...  
Not Used  
Disk Drives in Logical Drive  
RAID 10 Logical Drive = 500 GB  
Selecting the Best RAID Level  
Use this table to select the RAID levels that are most appropriate for the logical drives on your  
storage space, based on the number of available disk drives and your requirements for  
performance and reliability.  
Minimum  
RAID  
Level  
Disk Drive Read  
Redundancy Usage  
Write  
Built-in  
Disk  
Performance Performance Hot Spare Drives  
RAID 0  
No  
100%  
www  
ww  
www  
ww  
No  
No  
No  
2
2
4
RAID 1  
Yes  
Yes  
50%  
50%  
RAID  
10  
ww  
ww  
Disk drive usage, read performance, and write performance depend on the number of drives in  
the logical drive. In general, the more drives, the better the performance.  
 
Introduction to SAS  
A
In this chapter...  
This section provides a basic overview of the main features of SAS, introduces some common  
SAS terms, and explains how SAS differs from parallel SCSI.  
Note: For technical articles and tutorials about SAS, refer to the SCSI Trade Association (STATM)  
Web site at www.scsita.org  
.
   
Appendix A: Introduction to SAS  
58  
Terminology Used in This Appendix  
For convenience, SAS HostRAID controllers are referred to generically in this appendix as SAS  
controllers, HBAs, disk drives, and external disk drive enclosures are referred to as end devices  
and expanders are referred to as expander devices.  
For convenience, this chapter refers to end devices and expander devices collectively as SAS  
devices.  
What is SAS?  
Legacy parallel SCSI is an interface that lets devices such as computers and disk drives  
communicate with each other. Parallel SCSI moves multiple bits of data in parallel, using the  
SCSI command set.  
SAS is an evolution of parallel SCSI to a point-to-point serial interface. SAS also uses the SCSI  
command set, but moves multiple bits of data one at a time. SAS links end devices through  
direct-attach connections, or through expander devices.  
SAS controllers can typically support up to 128 end devices and can communicate with both  
SAS and SATA devices. You can add 128 end devices or even more with the use of SAS  
expanders. For more information, see SAS Expander Connections on page 61.  
Although you can use both SAS and SATA disk drives in the same SAS domain, Adaptec  
recommends that you not combine SAS and SATA disk drives within the same array or logical  
drive. The difference in performance between the two types of disk drives may adversely affect  
the performance of the array.  
Data can move in both directions simultaneously across a SAS connection (called a link—see  
next section). Link speed is 600 MB/sec in full-duplex mode. A SAS controller with eight links  
has a maximum bandwidth of 4800 MB/sec in full-duplex mode.  
Although they share the SCSI command set, SAS is conceptually different from parallel SCSI  
physically, and has its own types of connectors, cables, connection options, and terminology, as  
described in the rest of this chapter.  
To compare SAS to parallel SCSI, see page 62.  
                 
Appendix A: Introduction to SAS  
59  
How Do SAS Devices Communicate?  
SAS devices communicate with each other through links. A link is a physical connection  
between two phys.  
As shown in the following figure, SAS devices contain ports which contain phys (see next  
section), and each phy contains one transmitter and one receiver (one transceiver). A phy can  
belong to one port only.  
SAS Device  
SAS Device  
link  
Narrow  
Port  
Transmitter  
Receiver  
Narrow  
Receiver  
Transmitter  
Phy  
Phy  
Port  
SAS Device  
Phy  
Transmitter  
Receiver  
Phy  
Phy  
Wide  
Port  
Receiver  
Transmitter  
Transmitter  
Receiver  
Wide  
Port  
Receiver  
Transmitter  
Phy  
SAS Device  
Transmitter  
Receiver  
Receiver  
Transmitter  
Phy  
Phy  
Phy  
Phy  
Phy  
Phy  
Phy  
Phy  
Transmitter  
Receiver  
Receiver  
Transmitter  
Wide  
Port  
Wide  
Port  
Transmitter  
Receiver  
Receiver  
Transmitter  
Transmitter  
Receiver  
Receiver  
Transmitter  
What’s a Phy?  
Phys are part of the physical communication connection between SAS devices. Each phy  
contains a transceiver that sends data back and forth between SAS devices.  
When a connection is formed between two end devices, a link is established from a phy in one  
port to a phy in the other port. As shown in the figure above, a wide port can support multiple  
independent links simultaneously.  
Phys are internal, within SAS connectors (see page 60).  
SAS cables physically connect one or more phys on one SAS device to one or more phys on  
another SAS device.  
What’s a SAS Port?  
Note: Because the physical link between SAS devices is from phy to phy, rather than port to port, a  
port is more of a virtual concept, different from what is normally considered a port on other types of  
RAID controllers and storage devices.  
A port is one or more phys. A narrow port contains one phy. A wide port typically contains four  
phys.  
Each port has its own unique SAS address (see page 60), and all the phys in a port share that  
same SAS address.  
               
Appendix A: Introduction to SAS  
60  
SAS controller port options vary. A SAS controller with four phys could be configured with one  
wide port, with two wide ports that comprise two phys, or with four narrow ports each  
containing one phy. (A wide port with four phys is referred to as a 4-wide or 4x port.)  
What’s a SAS Address?  
Each SAS port is identified with a unique SAS address, which is shared by all phys on that port.  
For example, a SAS disk drive might have two narrow ports. Each port has one unique SAS  
address. The single phy in each port uses its port’s SAS address.  
In another example, a SAS device might have one 4-wide port. That port has one SAS address,  
which is shared by all four phys in the port.  
Unlike SCSI devices and SCSI IDs, SAS devices self-configure their SAS addresses. User  
intervention is not required to set SAS addresses, and SAS addresses cannot be modified.  
What’s a SAS Connector?  
A SAS or mini-SAS connector is the physical plug or receptacle that you see on a SAS device. It  
supports the power and signal line cable. It’s what you plug a SAS cable into, or the end of the  
SAS cable that’s being plugged in.  
A connector is what forms physical links between phys. Some SAS connectors can support  
multiple links. The number of links a SAS connector can support is referred to as its width.  
Narrow connectors support a single link; wide connectors support up to four links.  
A single SAS device may have one or more connectors. You can use a single SAS connector to  
inter-link more than two SAS devices. For example, in the figure on page 59, the 4-wide  
internal SAS connector forms links with four independent disk drives.  
Mini-SAS connectors support both internal and external SAS connections. The mini-SAS  
connectors are smaller than the standard SAS internal and external connectors. Mini-SAS  
connectors support single and multilinks with the ability to scale to future speed needs.  
What do SAS Cables Look Like?  
Internal SAS cables are narrower than internal parallel SCSI cables. The connectors vary in size  
depending on the number of links they support, from single link connectors to 4-wide (or  
larger) connectors. Internal fan-out cables let you connect four disk drives to a single 4-wide  
connector.  
For an example of some internal SAS or mini-SAS cables and an external SAS cable, see  
How are Disk Drives Identified in SAS?  
In the BIOS and in the management utilities, disk drives are identified with numbers in this  
format:  
XX:YY:ZZ  
where XX is the disk drive count number, YY is the enclosure number, and ZZ is the slot  
number (within the enclosure). If the disk drive is not installed in an enclosure, a double  
dashes (--) appear instead of YY and ZZ (for instance, 01:--:--).  
                     
Appendix A: Introduction to SAS  
61  
In parallel SCSI, XX is the disk drive’s channel number, YY is the target number, and ZZ is the  
logical unit number (LUN).  
What are the SAS Connection Options?  
You can connect end devices to each other through direct cable connections and through  
backplane connections. When you use one or more expander devices (see page 61), you can  
create large configurations.  
Direct-Attach Connections  
In a direct-attach connection, SAS or SATA disk drives are connected directly to a SAS  
controller with SAS cables. One disk drive is connected to one SAS connector with one SAS  
cable or multiple disk drives are connected to one SAS connector with one fan-out cable. The  
figure on page 31 shows an example of direct-attach connections.  
The number of direct-connected disk drives is limited to the number of phys supported by the  
SAS controller.  
Note: There may be multiple phys within a single connector. See page 60.  
Backplane Connections  
In a backplane connection, disk drives and SAS controllers are connected to and communicate  
with each other through a system backplane. The figure on page 31 shows an example of  
backplane connections.  
There are two types of backplane connections, passive and active. When connecting to either  
backplane, it’s important to properly connect your disk drive LEDs in order to identify disk  
drive conditions. See About Your HostRAID Controller on page 14 for your RAID controller  
Activity LED connections and locations.  
When connecting to a backplane, the Adaptec Storage Manager enables you to manage your  
system disk drives, see Next Steps on page 34.  
The number of end devices is limited to the number of slots available on the backplane. For  
example, the Adaptec S50 enclosure, which contains an expander, is a backplane connection  
that supports up to 12 SAS or SATA disk drives.  
Some backplanes support daisy-chain expansion to other backplanes. For example, you can  
daisy-chain up to nine Adaptec S50 enclosures to a single SAS controller in a host system.  
SAS Expander Connections  
A SAS expander device literally expands the number of end devices that you can connect  
together. Expander devices, typically embedded into a system backplane (see page 31), support  
large configurations of SAS end devices, including SAS controllers and SAS and SATA disk  
drives. With expander devices, you can build large and complex storage topologies.  
There are two types of SAS expanders: fanout expanders and edge expanders. Each performs a  
different role in a storage system. (For more information about how SAS expanders work, refer  
to the STA Web site at www.scsita.org.)  
You can connect up to 128 SAS ports to an edge expander. (A single edge expander can  
therefore support up to 128 SAS addresses.)  
                     
Appendix A: Introduction to SAS  
62  
You can connect up to 128 edge expanders to a fanout expander.  
You can use only one fanout expander in any single SAS domain (a topology of SAS—and  
possibly SATA—end devices and expander devices). A single SAS domain can therefore  
comprise up to 16,384 SAS ports (and therefore up to 16,384 SAS addresses).  
The following figure illustrates (in very basic terms) a SAS domain and shows how SAS  
controllers, SAS and SATA disk drives, and expander devices can fit together in a large data  
storage topology.  
SAS Domain  
SAS  
SATA  
Disk Drives  
SAS  
Disk Drives  
SATA  
SATA  
Disk Drives  
SATA  
Disk Drives  
SATA SAS  
SAS Card  
Fanout Expander  
SAS Card  
SAS Card  
SATA  
Disk Drives  
SAS  
SAS  
SATA  
SAS  
SATA  
Disk Drives  
Disk Drives  
How is SAS Different from Parallel SCSI?  
In summary, although SAS and parallel SCSI use the SCSI command set, how they move data  
from one place to another is very different. To support point-to-point serial data transport,  
SAS introduces new types of connectors, cables, connection options, and terminology.  
Generally speaking, SAS is faster and more flexible than parallel SCSI, and provides more  
options for building your storage space. SAS lets you mix SAS and SATA disk drives together,  
and lets you connect many, many more devices.  
The following table describes many of the main differences between the two interfaces.  
Parallel SCSI  
Serial Attached SCSI  
Parallel interface  
Serial interface  
Maximum speed 320 MB/sec  
shared by all devices on the bus  
Maximum speed 600 MB/sec per phy  
when in full-duplex mode  
Supports SCSI devices only  
Supports SATA and SAS disk drives  
simultaneously  
Up to 16 devices per SCSI channel More than 128 disk drives per SAS  
controller, using an expander (see page  
61)  
Supports single-port devices only  
Uses SCSI IDs to differentiate  
Supports single- and dual-port devices  
Uses unique SAS addresses to  
between devices connected to the differentiate between devices  
same adapter  
     
Appendix A: Introduction to SAS  
63  
Parallel SCSI  
Serial Attached SCSI  
User intervention required to set  
SCSI IDs  
SAS addresses self-configured by SAS  
devices  
Requires bus termination  
Standard SCSI connectors  
Requires no bus termination  
SAS connectors (see page 28)  
Appendix C: Using the ARC Utility  
69  
Introduction to the ARC Utility  
The ARC utility comprises these tools:  
The Array Configuration Utility (ACU)—Used to create, configure, and manage arrays,  
and initialize and rescan disk drives.  
SerialSelect Utility (for SAS HostRAID controllers) or SATASelect Utility (for SATA  
HostRAID controllers)—Used to change device and HostRAID controller settings.  
Disk Utilities—Used to format or verify disk drives (see page 76).  
Running the ARC Utility  
All the tools within the ARC utility are menu-based and instructions for completing tasks  
display on-screen. Menus can be navigated using the arrows, Enter, Esc, and other keys on your  
keyboard.  
To run the Utility:  
1
Start or restart your computer. When prompted, press Ctrl+A.  
The ARC utility menu displays presenting these options:  
Array Configuration Utility (ACU)  
SerialSelect or SATASelect Utility (depending on whether you are using a SAS or a  
SATA HostRAID controller)  
Disk utilities  
To select an option from this menu, or from any of the menus within the ARC utility setup,  
browse with the arrow keys, then press Enter. In some cases, selecting an options displays  
another menu. To return to the previous menu at any time, press Esc.  
Creating and Managing Arrays  
Before creating arrays, make sure the disks for the array are properly connected and installed in  
your system. Note that disks with no usable space are shown in gray and cannot be used.  
Creating a New Array  
To create an array:  
1
Select Create Array from the main ACU menu.  
Note: For more information about RAID levels and using disk drives to create arrays, see  
2
3
Select the disks for the new array, then press Insert. To deselect any disk, highlight the disk,  
then press Delete.  
Press Enter when all disks for the new array are selected. The Array Properties menu  
displays.  
               
Appendix C: Using the ARC Utility  
70  
Assigning Array Properties  
Once the array is created and its properties are assigned, you cannot change the array  
properties using the ACU. Instead, use Adaptec Storage Manager. See About Adaptec Storage  
Manager on page 51, for details.  
To assign properties to the new array:  
1
In the Array Properties menu, select an array type, then press Enter.  
Only the available array types, RAID 0, 1, and 10 are displayed. RAID 0 and 1 requires two  
to four drives. RAID 10 requires a minimum of four disk drives.  
2
3
(Optional). Type a label of no more than 15 characters for the array, then press Enter.  
For RAID 0, select the desired stripe size. Available stripe sizes are 16, 32, and 64 KB  
(default).  
Note: It is recommended that you do not change the default.  
4
The options under Create RAID Via allows you to select between the different creation  
methods for RAID 0, 1, and 10. The following table gives examples of when each is  
appropriate.  
RAID  
Level  
Create  
RAID Via  
When Appropriate  
RAID 0  
RAID 0  
Quick Init  
Creating a RAID 0 on new drives.  
Migrate  
Build  
Creating a RAID 0 and you want to preserve data on an existing  
drive. You will be asked to select the source drive. The contents of  
the source drive are preserved and any data on the new drive is  
lost.  
RAID 1  
Creating a RAID 1 and you want to preserve data on an existing  
simple volume. You will be asked to select the source drive. The  
contents of the source drive are preserved and any data on the new  
drive is lost.  
RAID 1,  
10  
Clear  
Creating a RAID 1 or 10 on new drives, or when you want to ensure  
that the new array contains no existing data.  
RAID 1,  
10  
Quick Init  
Fastest way to create a RAID 1 or 10. Appropriate when using a new  
drive.  
Before adding a new drive to an array, back up any data contained on the new drive.  
Otherwise, all data will be lost.  
Only disk drives that were previously configured as simple volumes can be used for  
RAID 0 or 1 migration when the single/source drive has data on it. See Configuring  
Disk Drives on page 73 to create a simple volume.  
If you stop the build or clear process on a RAID 1 from ACU, you can restart it by  
pressing Ctrl+R.  
A RAID 1 and 10 created using the Quick Init option may return some data  
miscompares if you later run a consistency check. This is normal and is not a cause for  
concern.  
If you stop the migration process on a RAID 0, you can restart it by pressing Ctrl+R.  
To modify the Write Cache setting for an array, press Ctrl+W.  
 
Appendix C: Using the ARC Utility  
71  
The ACU allows you to use drives of different sizes in a RAID 1 or RAID 0. However,  
during a build operation, only the smaller drive can be selected as the source drive.  
When migrating from single volume to RAID 0, migrating from a larger drive to a  
smaller drive is allowed. However, the destination drive must be at least half the  
capacity of the source drive.  
It is not recommend that you migrate or build an array on Windows dynamic disks  
(volumes), as it will result in data loss.  
5
When you are finished, press Done.  
Managing Arrays  
Select the Manage Arrays option to perform these tasks:  
Rebuilding Arrays (next section)  
Rebuilding Arrays  
Note: Rebuilding applies to Fault Tolerant arrays (RAID 1) only.  
By replacing a failed drive of a RAID 1 array with a new drive, you can rebuild to get the array  
to Optimal status and assume fault tolerance. You can perform a rebuild in the following ways:  
Note: If no spare exists and a hard disk drive fails, you need to create a spare before you can  
rebuild an array. See Adding/Deleting Hot Spares on page 72 before continuing your rebuild.  
System Shutdown Rebuild  
You can power off the computer and replace the failed drive with a new one (of equal or  
greater capacity). When the system is booted, you can assign the new drive as a spare, and  
this will start the Rebuild task. All the data from the good drive is copied to the new one,  
and the original RAID 1 array is recreated.  
Manual Rebuild  
a
From the Main Menu, select Manage Arrays. From the List of Arrays, select the array  
you want to rebuild.  
b
Press Ctrl+R to rebuild.  
Viewing Array Properties  
To view the properties of an existing array:  
1
2
From the ACU menu, select Manage Arrays.  
From the List of Arrays dialog box, select the array you want to view, then press Enter.  
The Array Properties dialog box appears, showing detailed information on the array. The  
physical disks associated with the array are displayed here.  
3
Press Esc to return to the previous menu.  
     
Appendix C: Using the ARC Utility  
72  
Deleting Arrays  
Caution: Back up the data on an array before you delete it. Otherwise, all data on the array is  
lost. Deleted arrays cannot be restored.  
!
To delete an existing array:  
1
2
3
From the ACU menu, select Manage Arrays.  
Select the array you wish to delete, then press Delete.  
In the Array Properties dialog box, select Delete, then press Enter.  
For RAID 1 and 10 arrays:  
Warning: Deleting the array will render array unusable. Do you want to delete the array?  
(Yes/No):  
For RAID 0 arrays:  
Warning: Deleting the array will result in data loss! Do you want to delete the array? (Yes/  
No):  
4
5
If you press Yes, select the member:  
To delete the partition table, choose the member:  
member #0, member #1, both, none  
Press Esc to return to the previous menu.  
Enabling/Disabling Write Cache  
To Enable/Disable Write Cache for an array:  
1
2
From the Main menu, select Manage Arrays.  
From the List of Arrays, select the array you want to modify the Write Cache setting for,  
then press Ctrl+W. A confirmation dialog appears to modify setting. Press Y to change the  
current Write Cache setting.  
Note: Write Cache is disabled by default when creating all array types. The disk operation may  
be very slow with Write Cache off.  
Adding/Deleting Hot Spares  
Select the Add/Delete Hot Spares option to add, delete, or view hot spares.  
1
2
From the ACU menu, select Add/Delete Hot Spares.  
Use the up and down arrow keys to highlight the disk you want to designate as a hot spare,  
then select Insert>Enter.  
3
Press Yes when the following prompt is displayed:  
Do you want to create spare? (Yes/No)  
The Spare you have selected appears in the Selected Drive menu.  
     
Appendix C: Using the ARC Utility  
73  
Managing Bootable Arrays and Devices  
Select the Manager Boot Unit option to add or remove a bootable array or single drive.  
1
2
From the ACU menu, select Manage Boot Unit.  
Use the up and down arrow keys to highlight the array or single drive you want to  
designate as a bootable device, then select Insert>Enter.  
Note: Adaptec 1225SA controller does not support bootable devices.  
Configuring Disk Drives  
Caution:  
!
If the drive is used in an array, you may not be able to use the array again. Do not  
configure a drive that is part of a boot array. To determine which drives are associated  
with a particular array, see Viewing Array Properties on page 71.  
The partition table on the disk will be deleted when deleting a simple volume.  
To configure drives:  
Note: Configuring disk drives makes a simple volume. A simple volume can be managed like  
normal arrays by using the Manage Arrays option on your Main menu.  
1
2
From the menu, select Configure Drives.  
Use the up and down arrow keys to highlight the disk you wish to configure, then press  
Insert.  
3
4
5
Repeat the previous step, if you want to add another drive to be configured.  
Press Enter.  
Read the warning message and ensure that you have selected the correct disk drives to  
configure. Type to continue.  
Y
ATAPI Support  
The following devices are supported:  
The 1225SA and 1220SA supports detection of SATA ATAPI TAPE Drive and CDROM.  
The 1225SA and 1220SA supports booting from the ELTORITO bootable CD/DVD media.  
If a bootable CD/DVD media is detected, that bootable media gets precedence in the booting  
order.  
Using SerialSelect  
The SerialSelect utility allows you to change the BIOS and SAS HostRAID controller and device  
settings without opening the computer cabinet.  
For more information, see SerialSelect Options on page 74.  
           
Appendix C: Using the ARC Utility  
74  
To access SerialSelect:  
1
2
Restart the computer, then press Ctrl+A when prompted to access the ARC utility.  
If multiple HostRAID controllers are installed, select the HostRAID controller you want to  
configure, then press Enter.  
3
4
From the ARC menu, select SerialSelect Utility.  
To select a menu option, browse with the arrow keys to the option, then press Enter. In  
some cases, selecting an option displays another menu. You can return to the previous  
menu at any time by pressing Esc.  
5
6
7
To restore the original SerialSelect default values, press F6 from within the SAS Driver and  
Controller Configuration screens.  
To exit SerialSelect, press Esc until a message prompts you to exit (if you changed any  
settings, you are prompted to save the changes before you exit).  
At the prompt, select Yes to exit, then press any key to restart the computer. Any changes  
you made in SerialSelect take effect after the computer restarts.  
SerialSelect Options  
The following table lists the available and default settings for each SerialSelect option and the  
description of each option. The default settings are appropriate for most systems and appear in  
bold type in the table. Adaptec recommends that you do not change the settings.  
SerialSelect Options  
Controller Configuration  
Runtime BIOS  
Available Settings  
Description  
Enabled  
Disabled  
Disabled:Scan bus  
Controls the state of the BIOS at POST time. When  
Enabled, the HostRAID controller BIOS allows  
the controller to act as a bootable device.  
Disabling the BIOS allows another suitable  
HostRAID controller to act as the boot device.  
BBS Support  
Device  
Controller  
When BBS support is set to Device base, the  
system’s BIOS will list each connected bootable  
device to the HostRAID controller as an  
individual entry. When BBS support is set to  
Controller base, the system’s BIOS will only list  
the HostRAID controller in the system boot  
order. This is useful in a multi-HostRAID  
controller configuration.  
RAID Support  
Enabled  
Disabled  
When there are active arrays in the system, will  
not allow you to Disable RAID support.  
POST Banner Display  
Enabled  
Disabled  
When Enabled, the Adaptec banner, version, and  
copyright is displayed. When Disabled, the  
Adaptec banner, version, and copyright is not  
displayed.  
CTRL-A Message  
Enabled  
Disabled  
When set to Enabled, the SAS HostRAID  
controller BIOS displays the Press <Ctrl> <A> for  
ARC Utility message on your screen during system  
bootup. If this setting is disabled, you can still  
invoke the ARC utility by pressing Ctrl+A after the  
SAS HostRAID controller BIOS banner appears.  
   
Appendix C: Using the ARC Utility  
75  
SerialSelect Options  
Available Settings  
Description  
Physical Drives Display  
during Post  
Enabled  
Disabled  
When Enabled, connected physical devices are  
displayed during system POST. Displaying the  
devices adds a few seconds to the overall POST  
time.  
PHY Configuration  
PHY Rate  
Auto, 1.5, 3.0  
0-F  
The data transfer rate between the HostRAID  
controller and devices. The default setting is  
Automatic, which allows the SAS HostRAID  
controller to adjust the speed as needed.  
SAS Address  
Specifies the last digit of a 64-bit SAS address of  
the HostRAID controller, device, and each port  
using a globally unique worldwide name (WWN)  
identifier.  
Controller Properties  
PCI Slot: Bus:  
Device:Function  
None  
Displays the path of the storage devices in a Host  
RAID controller.  
Interrupt (IRQ) Channel  
I/O Port Address  
Device ID  
None  
None  
None  
None  
Displays interrupt  
Displays I/O port address  
Displays device ID  
Controller Serial  
Number  
Displays controller serial number  
Controller WWN  
None  
Displays the controller WWN  
Using SATASelect  
The SATASelect utility allows you to change the BIOS and SATA HostRAID controller and  
device settings without opening the computer cabinet.  
To access SATASelect:  
1
2
Restart the computer, then press Ctrl+A when prompted to access the ARC utility.  
If multiple HostRAID controllers are installed, select the HostRAID controller you want to  
configure, then press Enter.  
3
4
From the ARC menu, select SATASelect Utility.  
To select a menu option, browse with the arrow keys to the option, then press Enter. In  
some cases, selecting an option displays another menu. You can return to the previous  
menu at any time by pressing Esc.  
5
6
7
To restore the default SATASelect values, press F6 from within the SATA Driver and  
Controller Configuration screen.  
To exit SATASelect, press Esc until a message prompts you to exit (if you changed any  
settings, you are prompted to save the changes before you exit).  
At the prompt, select Yes to exit, then press any key to restart the computer. Any changes  
you made in SATASelect take effect after the computer restarts.  
     
Appendix C: Using the ARC Utility  
76  
SATASelect Options  
The following table lists the available and default settings for each SATASelect option and the  
description of each option. The default settings are appropriate for most systems and appear in  
bold type in the table. Adaptec recommends that you do not change the settings.  
SATASelect Options  
Controller Configuration  
Runtime BIOS  
Available Settings  
Description  
Enabled  
Disabled  
Disabled:Scan bus  
Controls the state of the BIOS at POST time. When  
Enabled, the HostRAID controller BIOS allows  
the controller to act as a bootable device.  
Disabling the BIOS allows another suitable  
HostRAID controller to act as the boot device.  
BBS Support  
Device  
Controller  
When BBS support is set to Device base, the  
system’s BIOS will list each connected bootable  
device to the HostRAID controller as an  
individual entry. When BBS support is set to  
Controller base, the system’s BIOS will only list  
the HostRAID controller in the system boot  
order. This is useful in a multi-HostRAID  
controller configuration.  
Physical Drives Display  
during Post  
Enabled  
Disabled  
When Enabled, connected physical devices are  
displayed during system POST. Displaying the  
devices adds a few seconds to the overall POST  
time.  
SATA Configuration  
Write Cache  
Enabled  
Disabled  
Enables or disables write cache on the on legacy  
and non-configured drives. Write cache enabled  
provides maximum performance. Default is Yes to  
enable.  
DMA (1420SA only)  
Enabled  
Disabled  
Enables or disables the use of Direct Memory  
Access (DMA) mode for the drive. Enabled  
provides maximum performance. Default is Yes to  
enable.  
Device Security Lock  
(1430SA & 1220SA  
Only)  
Enabled  
Disabled  
Enables or disables the device security lock  
option. When enabling this option, a Security  
Freeze Lock command is issued to the device.  
SMART  
Enabled  
Disabled  
Enables or disables the predictive failure feature  
of the disk drive. When enabled the SMART status  
of the drive (Healthy or Failed) will be displayed  
along with the physical drive display during POST.  
If the drive does not support SMART, the SMART  
status is not displayed. Default is Yes to enable.  
Allow Read Ahead  
Enabled  
Disabled  
Enables or disables the read ahead cache  
algorithm on the drive. Enabled provides  
maximum performance under most  
circumstances. Default is Yes to enable.  
Formatting and Verifying Disk Drives  
You can use the disk utilities to low-level format or verify your disk drives. (New disk drives  
are low-level formatted at the factory and do not need to be low-level formatted again.).  
Caution: Before you format a disk drive, back up all data. Formatting destroys all data on a  
disk drive.  
!
   
Appendix C: Using the ARC Utility  
77  
To use the disk utilities:  
1
2
3
Turn on your computer and press Ctrl+A when prompted to access the ARC utility.  
From the ARC utility menu, select Disk Utilities.  
Select the desired disk, then press Enter.  
Format Disk—Simulates a low-level format of the disk drive by writing zeros to the  
entire disk. SATA drives are low-level formatted at the factory and do not need to be  
low-level formatted again.  
Caution: Formatting destroys all data on the disk. Be sure to back up your data  
before performing this operation.  
!
Verify Disk Media—Scans the media of a disk drive for defects.  
Locating Disk Drives  
Note: This feature is only available with disk drives that have an activity LED.  
You can use the Identify Drive feature to physically locate a disk drive by blinking the LED.  
To locate a disk drive:  
1
2
3
4
5
6
Start the ARC utility (see page 69).  
Select the controller you want, then press Enter.  
Select Disk Utilities.  
Select the disk drive you want, then press Enter.  
Select Identify Drive, then press Enter.  
When you have finished locating your disk drive, press any key to stop the blinking.  
Identifying Disk Drives  
You can identify disk drives by viewing the list of disk drives on your system. Only physical  
drives that display during POST are shown.  
To identify a disk drive:  
1
2
3
Start the ARC utility (see page 69).  
Select the controller you want, then press Enter.  
Select Disk Utilities.  
The Disk Utilities view will provide you with the following information:  
Location  
Model  
Rev#  
Speed  
Size  
CN1=DEV1  
Box0=Slot0  
Exp0=phy0  
The manufacturer The revision  
The speed of the The size of the  
disk drive. disk drive.  
information.  
number of the  
disk drive.  
The location information of a disk drive is determined by three types of connections:  
       
Appendix C: Using the ARC Utility  
78  
Direct attached drives—The connection is determined by the cable connected to a device,  
for example CN1 (connector 1) is connected to DEV1 (device 1). For more information, see  
Storage Enclosure Processor (SEP) managed devices—The connection is determined by an  
active backplane. Box0 (enclosure 0) is connected to slot0 (disk drive slot 0 in the  
enclosure). For more information, see Backplane Connections on page 61.  
Expanders—The connections is determinded by an expander. Exp0 (expander 0) is  
connected to phy0 (phy 0 within a connector). For more information, see SAS Expander  
Note: Devices other than disk drives (CDROM, tape drives, etc...) are listed in order after your  
system disk drives.  
Viewing the Event Log  
The BIOS-based event log records all firmware events, such as configuration changes, array  
creation, and boot activity.  
Some events are not stored indefinitely—the event log is cleared of any non-persistent events  
each time you restart your computer; additionally, once the log is full, new events overwrite  
old events.  
To view the event log:  
1
2
3
4
Start the utility (see page 69).  
Select the controller you want, then press Enter.  
When the utility menu appears, then press Ctrl+P.  
Select Controller Log Information, then press Enter.  
   
D
Using the Adaptec Flash Utility for  
DOS  
In this Appendix...  
This Appendix describes how to use the Adaptec Flash Utility (AFU), a text-based DOS utility  
that you can use to update, save, or verify the HostRAID controller’s firmware BIOS.  
Caution: Although the AFU contains safeguards to prevent you from accidentally damaging  
your HostRAID controller’s flash contents, it is still important to use the AFU carefully and  
!
correctly to avoid rendering your HostRAID controller inoperable. Adaptec recommends that  
only advanced users familiar with working in DOS use the AFU.  
 
Appendix D: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility for DOS  
80  
Introduction  
The AFU is a text-based DOS utility used to update, save, or verify your HostRAID controller’s  
firmware BIOS and Non-Volatile Random Access Memory (NVRAM).  
The AFU is easy to use and contains safeguards to prevent you from accidentally damaging the  
HostRAID controller’s flash contents. Still, you must be careful to use the AFU correctly,  
otherwise, you could render the HostRAID controller inoperable.  
System Requirements  
The requirements for AFU are as follows:  
MS–DOS version 5.0 or later. It cannot run from a DOS command prompt window under  
any version of Windows.  
Note: You can’t run the AFU from a DOS command prompt window under any version of Windows.  
At least 8 MB of extended memory.  
Compatibility Information  
The AFU has the following compatibility issues:  
Supports HIMEM.SYS and is compatible with other DOS drivers running under  
HIMEM.SYS (for example, SMARTDRV.SYS and SETVER.SYS).  
Does not support DOS extenders installed in memory, such as EMM386.SYS and  
DOS4GW.  
Before You Begin  
Before running the AFU, complete these tasks:  
Obtaining the Firmware  
To obtain HostRAID controller firmware, go to:  
The HostRAID Installation CD—Includes the AFU executable (AFU.exe) and a separate flash  
image. The flash image may comprise multiple User Flash Image (UFI) files.  
The Adaptec Web site (www.adaptec.com)—Download a new firmware file to get the most  
recent version of AFU.  
             
Appendix D: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility for DOS  
81  
Creating the Firmware Kit On Floppy Disks  
To create the firmware floppy disks:  
1
Create a bootable MS–DOS floppy disk and copy these files to it:  
AFU.exe  
Axxxx01.ufi  
where xxx is the model number of your controller.  
Note: Most controller model numbers have a suffix. Check that the .ufi file is the correct file for  
your controller before copying.  
2
Copy each additional Axxxx0x.ufi file to a separate floppy disk. (Some RAID controllers  
have one UFI file; some have two. Each goes onto its own floppy disk.  
Running the AFU  
You can run the AFU using:  
Running the Menu-Based AFU  
The easy way to run the AFU is to use its GUI. If you prefer to run the AFU from the command  
To access the AFU:  
1
Shut down your operating system and reboot to DOS from a bootable MS-DOS floppy  
disk or from a DOS partition on a bootable drive. You can use the drive connected to the  
HostRAID controller you are updating.  
Note: When updating the HostRAID controller flash, controller activity is not possible. Before  
you can use the HostRAID controller again, complete the flash operation and restart the  
computer.  
2
3
At the DOS command prompt (typically A:\>) type AFU,then press Enter.  
The AFU’s main menu is displayed.  
Select Select Controllers, then select the Adaptec HostRAID controllers to be flashed.  
When selecting a single controller, the system automatically selects it. When selecting  
multiple controllers, use the spacebar, then press Enter.  
     
Appendix D: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility for DOS  
82  
4
Select Select an Operation and choose one of these options, then follow the on-screen  
instructions.  
Update—Updates all the flash components on a HostRAID controller with the flash  
image data from a User Flash Image (UFI) file. The AFU updates the HostRAID  
controller’s flash by reading UFI files and writing them to the controller’s flash  
components.  
Note: The UFI includes the HostRAID controller’s type, thereby ensuring that the AFU uses  
the correct file.  
Save—Updates and verifies the BIOS image of the HostRAID controller.  
Verify—Reads the contents of a HostRAID controller’s flash components and  
compares it to the contents of the specified UFI file.  
Version—Displays version information about a HostRAID controller’s flash  
components.  
List—Lists all supported HostRAID controllers detected in your system.  
Running the AFU from the Command Line  
At the DOS command prompt (typically A:\>), type AFUfollowed by a command and any  
switches. The AFU processes the command, prompts you to insert additional floppy disks as  
needed, exits, and reports success or an error message code. The available commands are  
summarized in in alphabetical order.  
AFU Commands  
You can manage your HostRAID controller’s BIOS firmware using these commands:  
HELP (next section)  
HELP  
The HELPcommand displays a summary of AFU functions and command switches.  
Examples  
The following are examples of command syntax that will work to get help:  
A:\> AFU HELP  
A:\> AFU /?  
     
Appendix D: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility for DOS  
83  
LIST  
The LISTcommand displays the AFU-supported HostRAID controllers installed on your  
computer. Use this command to see which HostRAID controllers are installed, or to identify  
the ID numbers assigned to each physical controller.  
You do not have to restart the computer after completing this command.  
Example  
This example shows a typical system response to a LISTcommand:  
A:\> AFU LIST  
Adaptec Flash Utility V1.0-0 B1406  
(c)Adaptec Inc. 1999–2005. All Rights Reserved.  
Controllers Detected and Recognized:  
Controller #0 (03:01:00) Adaptec ASC-48300  
SAVE  
The SAVEcommand saves the contents of a HostRAID controller’s flash in a UFI file. The name  
of the UFI file is based on the HostRAID controller type and cannot be changed.  
Command Syntax  
The command syntax for the SAVEcommand is as follows:  
AFU SAVE [/C<Controller ID>] [/D <UFI File Path>]  
Command Switches  
The following switches are available:  
/C <Controller ID> is one or more HostRAID controller IDs representing the set of  
controllers on which to perform the specified command. The default is 0, which means  
that if the computer has multiple HostRAID controllers, the AFU defaults to controller 0  
unless you specify otherwise.  
To specify a single HostRAID controller ID, for example:/C 0  
To specify multiple IDs separated by commas, for example: /C 0,2  
To represent all HostRAID controllers: ALL  
Note: If you are using multiple HostRAID controllers, you must specify the controller you want  
by using the /C switch; otherwise, the AFU displays an error message and exits. You cannot  
select ALL HostRAID controllers when specifying SAVE.  
/D <UFI File Path> specifies the path (drive and directory) where the UFI files are located.  
If you do not specify the /D switch, the AFU looks for, or creates, UFI files in the default  
location.  
Note: You cannot specify the name of a UFI file, only its path. UFI filenames are predefined,  
based on the HostRAID controller type.  
Examples  
In the following example, the AFU saves flash contents from HostRAID controller 0 to a UFI  
file in the current default drive and directory:  
   
Appendix D: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility for DOS  
84  
A:\> AFU SAVE /C 0  
In the following example, the AFU saves flash contents from Controller 1 to a UFI file in  
C:\UFI_FILES.  
A:\> AFU SAVE /C 1 /D C:\UFI_FILES  
UPDATE  
The UPDATEcommand updates a HostRAID controller’s flash components from the flash image  
data in a UFI file. You can use the UPDATEcommand to update a single HostRAID controller’s  
flash components or to update multiple HostRAID controllers on your computer.  
You must restart the computer following an UPDATEcommand.  
Command Syntax  
The command syntax for the UPDATEcommand is as follows:  
AFU UPDATE [/C<Controller ID>] [/D <UFI File Path>]  
Command Switches  
For details on the /C and /D switches, see SAVE on page 83.  
Examples  
The following example shows a typical system response after an update has been performed:  
A:\> AFU UPDATE /C 0  
Adaptec Flash Utility V1.0-0 B1406  
(c)Adaptec Inc. 1999–2005. All Rights Reserved.  
Updating Controller 0 (Adaptec ASC-48300)  
Reading flash image file (Build 1406)  
AFU is about to update firmware on controller(s) Adaptec ASC-48300  
***PLEASE DO NOT REBOOT THE SYSTEM DURING THE UPDATE***  
This might take a few minutes.  
Writing Adaptec ASC-48300 (4MB) Flash Image to controller 0...OK.  
Verifying...OK  
Please restart the computer to allow firmware changes to take effect.  
VERIFY  
The VERIFYcommand compares the contents of each of the flash components on a HostRAID  
controller to the corresponding image in a UFI file and indicates whether they match. Use this  
command to determine whether a HostRAID controller’s flash components are up-to-date  
when compared to a specific UFI file.  
Command Syntax  
The command syntax for the VERIFYcommand is as follows:  
AFU VERIFY [/C<Controller ID>] [/D <UFI File Path>]  
Command Switches  
For details on the /C and /D switches, see SAVE on page 83.  
   
Appendix D: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility for DOS  
85  
Example  
The following example shows a typical system response after a VERIFYcommand has been  
performed:  
A:\> AFU VERIFY /C 0  
Adaptec Flash Utility V1.0-0 B1406  
(c)Adaptec Inc. 1999–2005. All Rights Reserved.  
Reading flash image file (Build 1406)  
Controller #0: Adaptec ASC-48300  
File: Checksum: 642C [VALID] (Build 1406)  
File: Checksum: 642C [VALID] (Build 1406)  
Verified Successfully  
VERSION  
The VERSIONcommand displays version information about the flash components on a  
HostRAID controller.  
Command Syntax  
The command syntax for the VERSIONcommand is as follows:  
AFU VERSION [/C<Controller ID>]  
Command Switches  
For details on the /C switch, see SAVE on page 83.  
Example  
The following example displays version information about all supported HostRAID  
controllers:  
A:\> AFU VERSION /C 0  
Adaptec Flash Utility V1.0-0 B1406  
(c)Adaptec Inc. 1999–2005. All Rights Reserved.  
Version Information for Controller #0 (Adaptec ASC-48300)  
ROM: Build 1406 [VALID]  
Updating Flash Using AFU Command Line  
This section provides step-by step instructions for updating the flash.  
1
2
Create the firmware kit on floppy disks (see page 81).  
Power off your computer, insert the first AFU floppy disk, then power on your computer.  
If your computer isn’t set up to boot from the bootable floppy disk, enter the system setup  
utility to change the setting.  
3
4
At the DOS command, if you have multiple controllers and you don’t know the number of  
the controller you want to update, type AFU LIST, then press Enter. Otherwise, skip to the  
next step.  
At the DOS command, type AFU followed by a command (see page 82) and any switches  
you want.  
   
Appendix D: Using the Adaptec Flash Utility for DOS  
86  
5
Update the flash using the instructions suitable for your requirements:  
To update a single HostRAID controller:  
AFU UPDATE /C <cont_number  
>
Where <cont_number> is the number of the RAID controller whose firmware you  
are updating. For example, to upgrade Controller 0, type AFU UPDATE /C 0  
To update multiple HostRAID controllers:  
AFU UPDATE /C <cont_number_a>,<cont_number_b  
>
Where <controller_number_a> and <controller_number_b> are the  
numbers of the Adaptec RAID controllers whose firmware you are updating. For  
example, to upgrade controllers 0, 2, and 3, type AFU UPDATE /C 0, 2, 3.  
To update all HostRAID controllers simultaneously:  
AFU UPDATE /C all  
Note: The UFI file identifies the RAID controllers, so you don’t have to worry about flashing  
the wrong controller.  
6
When prompted, insert the first firmware disk into your floppy disk drive.  
The AFU reads the first disk.  
7
8
When prompted, remove the first firmware disk and insert the second firmware disk into  
your floppy disk drive.  
Repeat Step 7 until the flash update is complete.  
 
Appendix E: HostRAID Controller LED and I2C Connector Reference  
88  
Adaptec 58300 Activity LED Connector Specification  
2220600-R  
ASC-58300 RoHS Kit  
J3—Aggregate Activity LED Header  
Pin Number  
Signal  
Description  
1
2
BUSYLED-  
+3.3V  
Aggregate Cathode  
Aggregate Anode  
Note: Aggregate LED signals only.  
There is no I2C function on this controller as all ports are external.  
Adaptec 48300 Activity LED Connector Specification  
2216400-R  
2254000-R  
ASC-48300 with I2C HR RoHS Kit  
ASC-48300 I2C RoHS Single  
J3—Aggregate Activity LED Header  
Pin Number  
Signal  
Description  
1
2
BUSYLED-  
+3.3V  
Aggregate Cathode  
Aggregate Anode  
Note: Aggregate LED signals only.  
There is no separate I2C connector. I2C signals are contained within the side band signals of  
the SFF-8484 connector.  
J4—SFF-8484 Connector  
Pin Number  
Signal  
Description  
14  
15  
16  
17  
18  
19  
I2C_CLK  
I2C_DAT  
GND  
SB0 - 2W_SCL  
SB1- 2W_SDA  
SB2 - Ground  
GND  
SB3 - Ground  
RST_OUT  
BKPL_ID  
SB4 - Reset  
SB5 - Backplane Address  
   
Appendix E: HostRAID Controller LED and I2C Connector Reference  
89  
Adaptec 44300 Activity LED Connector Specification  
2220300-R  
2253900-R  
ASC-44300 RoHS Kit  
ASC-44300 RoHS Single  
J3—Aggregate Activity LED Header  
Pin Number  
Signal  
Description  
1
2
BUSYLED-  
+3.3V  
Aggregate Cathode  
Aggregate Anode  
Note: Aggregate LED signals only.  
There is no separate I2C connector. I2C signals are contained within the side band signals of  
the SFF-8484 connector.  
J4—SFF-8484 Connector  
Pin Number  
Signal  
Description  
14  
15  
16  
17  
18  
19  
I2C_CLK  
I2C_DAT  
GND  
SB0 - 2W_SCL  
SB1- 2W_SDA  
SB2 - Ground  
SB3 - Ground  
SB4 - Reset  
GND  
RST_OUT  
BKPL_ID  
SB5 - Backplane  
Address  
Adaptec 1430SA Activity LED and I2C Connector Specification  
2240900-R  
2240900JA-R  
2241000-R  
AAR-1430SA RoHS Kit  
AAR-1430SA RoHS Kit  
AAR-1430SA RoHS Single  
J1—LED Connector  
Pin Number  
Signal  
Description  
1
2
3
4
LED_OUT0-  
LED OUT 1-  
LED OUT 2-  
LED OUT 3-  
PORT 0 Cathode  
PORT 1 Cathode  
PORT 2 Cathode  
PORT 3 Cathode  
Note: Board circuitry supports common anode backplane implementations.  
   
Appendix E: HostRAID Controller LED and I2C Connector Reference  
90  
J2—I2C Connector  
Pin Number  
Signal  
Description  
I2C Data  
Ground  
1
2
3
TWSISDA  
GND  
TWSISCK  
I2C Clock  
J3—Aggregate LED Header  
Pin Number  
Signal  
Description  
1
LED_SUM  
+3.3V  
Aggregate Cathode  
Aggregate Anode  
2
J4—Activity LED Connector  
Pin Number  
Signal  
Description  
22-55-2081  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
ACT_LED3-  
+3.3V  
PORT 3 Cathode  
PORT 3 Anode  
PORT 2 Cathode  
PORT 2 Anode  
PORT 1 Cathode  
PORT 1 Anode  
PORT 0 Cathode  
PORT 0 Anode  
2
1
4
3
6
5
8
7
ACT_LED2-  
+3.3V  
ACT_LED1-  
+3.3V  
ACT_LED0-  
+3.3V  
Adaptec 1420SA Activity LED and I2C Connector Specification  
2170200EU-R  
2170200JA-R  
2170200-R  
AAR-1420SA/EFIGS RoHS KIT  
AAR-1420SA/JA RoHS KIT  
AAR-1420SA RoHS KIT  
2170500-R  
AAR-1420SA RoHS Single  
J2—LED Connector  
Pin Number  
Signal  
Description  
1
2
3
4
LED OUT0-  
LED OUT 1-  
LED OUT 2-  
LED OUT 3-  
PORT 0 Cathode  
PORT 1 Cathode  
PORT 2 Cathode  
PORT 3 Cathode  
Note: Board circuitry supports common anode backplane implementations.  
 
Appendix E: HostRAID Controller LED and I2C Connector Reference  
91  
J7—Aggregate Activity LED Header  
Pin Number  
Signal  
Description  
1
LED_SUM  
+3.3V  
Aggregate Cathode  
Aggregate Anode  
2
J1—I2C Connector  
Pin Number  
Signal  
TWSISDA  
Description  
1
2
3
I2C Data  
Ground  
GND  
TWSISCK  
I2C Clock  
Adaptec 1220SA Activity LED Connector Specification  
2232100-R  
AAR-1220SA RoHS Kit  
AAR-1220SA RoHS Kit  
2232100JA-R  
J1—Activity LED Connector  
Pin Number  
Signal  
Description  
1
2
3
4
ACT_LED1-  
+3.3V  
PORT 1 Cathode  
PORT 1 Anode  
PORT 0 Cathode  
PORT 0 Anode  
ACT_LED0-  
+3.3V  
Note: Board circuitry supports common anode backplane implementations.  
Adaptec 1225SA Activity LED Specification  
2257700-R  
2257700JA-R  
2257800-R  
AAR-1225SA RoHS Kit  
AAR-1225SA RoHS Kit  
AAR-1225SA RoHS Single  
J1—Activity LED Connector  
Pin Number  
Signal  
Description  
1
2
3
4
ACT_LED1-  
+3.3V  
PORT 1 Cathode  
PORT 1 Anode  
PORT 0 Cathode  
PORT 0 Anode  
ACT_LED0-  
+3.3V  
Note: Board circuitry supports common anode backplane implementations.  
   
Safety Information  
F
To ensure your personal safety and the safety of your equipment:  
Keep your work area and the computer clean and clear of debris.  
Before opening the system cabinet, unplug the power cord.  
Electrostatic Discharge(ESD)  
Caution: ESD can damage electronic components when they are improperly handled, and can  
result in total or intermittent failures. Always follow ESD-prevention procedures when removing  
and replacing components.  
!
To prevent ESD damage:  
Use an ESD wrist or ankle strap and ensure that it makes skin contact. Connect the  
equipment end of the strap to an unpainted metal surface on the chassis.  
If a wrist strap is not available, ground yourself by touching the metal chassis before  
handling the controller or any oth er part of the computer.  
Avoid touching the controller against your clothing. The wrist strap protects components  
from ESD on the body only.  
Handle the controller by its bracket or edges only. Avoid touching the printed circuit board  
or the connectors.  
Put the controller down only on an antistatic surface such as the bag supplied in your kit.  
If you are returning the controller to Adaptec, put it back in its antistatic bag immediately.  
       
Appendix G: Technical Specifications  
94  
Environmental Specifications  
Ambient temperature without forced 0°C to 40°C  
airflow  
Ambient temperature with forced  
airflow of atleast 200 CFM  
0°C to 55°C  
Relative humidity  
Altitude  
10% to 90%, noncondensing  
up to 3,000 meters  
Note: Forced airflow is recommended, but not required.  
DC Power Requirements  
PCI, PCI-X, PCIe  
PCI, PCIX  
PCIe  
Ripple and noise 50mV peak-to-peak (max)  
DC Voltage  
DC Voltage  
5V ±5%, 3.3V ± 10%  
3.3V ± 10%  
Current Requirements  
Adaptec Model  
ASC-58300  
ASC-48300  
ASC-44300  
AAR-1430SA  
AAR-1420SA  
AAR-1220SA  
AAR-1225SA  
Maximum Current (A)  
0.56A  
1.322A  
.445A  
1.5A  
1.5A  
1.5A  
1.5A  
     
Glossary  
A
activity  
See task.  
ACU  
Array Configuration Utility. An application used to create, configure, and manage arrays from the  
controller’s BIOS or MS-DOS.  
array  
A logical disk created from available space and made up of one or more segments on one or more physical  
disks. Arrays are typically used to provide data redundancy or enhanced I/O performance. See volume,  
RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 10. Also known as a container.  
array initialization  
See configure.  
ATA  
AT Bus Attachment. Standard parallel interface to IDE hard disks typically used in desktop computers and  
some entry-level servers. Serial ATA (SATA), is a successor to parallel ATA, which is sometimes referred to  
as PATA.  
available space/segment  
Unused space on a configured disk from which logical devices (arrays) are created. When an array is  
deleted, the space that it used is returned to the available space pool.  
B
background consistency check  
Option that forces the controller to constantly check all portions of disks used by all arrays to see if the disks  
can return data from the blocks. See consistency check command.  
bad segment  
Segment that is in an unknown state.  
bootable array  
Array configured as the boot device.  
 
Glossary  
96  
build  
Background initialization of a redundant array. The array is accessible throughout. RAID 1 copies the  
contents of the primary drive to a secondary drive. See clear.  
bus  
See channel.  
C
cache  
Fast-access memory on the controller that serves as intermediate storage for data that is read from, or  
written to, drives.  
capacity  
Total usable space available in megabytes or gigabytes.  
channel  
Any path, or bus, used for the transfer of data and the control of information between storage devices and a  
RAID controller. For SATA channels, each channel has a single drive capacity.  
check point  
A feature that enables you to exit the ACU when an operation is in progress and be able to continue without  
interruption. The driver then resumes the operation from where the BIOS left off and the BIOS resumes the  
operation where the driver left off.  
chunk  
See stripe.  
clear  
Foreground initialization of a fault-tolerant array. A clear operation zeros all blocks of the array. The array  
is not accessible until the clear task is complete.  
concatenation  
Joining of physical or logical drives in sequential order.  
configure  
Process of preparing a disk for use by the controller. When a disk is configured, the controller records the  
RAID signature on the disk.  
configured array  
An array that is ready for data reads and writes. Arrays can be configured by build or clear.  
consistency check command  
Command that reads all the blocks of a RAID 1 to determine if the blocks are consistent. Any inconsistent  
blocks are fixed.  
D
dead partition  
See failed.  
degraded  
A redundant (for example, a RAID 1) array in which one or more members have failed. The data is intact  
but redundancy has been compromised. Any further failure would cause the array to fail and result in data  
loss.  
disk  
Physical disk drive. Randomly accessible, rewriteable data storage device. Also called hard disk.  
         
Glossary  
97  
disk ID  
Unique disk identifier that consists of the channel number, SATA ID. For example, (channel:ID:LUN)  
1:04:0. See channel.  
drive LED  
Disk indicator LED that illuminates during read or write operations.  
E
event  
Notification or alert from the system, indicating that a change has occurred.  
event log  
File used to maintain information about prior controller activities or errors.  
event notification  
Process for transmitting events.  
F
failed  
State of a nonredundant array that has suffered a single drive failure, or a redundant array that has suffered  
multiple drive failures. A failed array is inaccessible and data is lost.  
fault-tolerant array  
Refers to an array that can continue to function after a disk drive failure without loss of data. Fault tolerant,  
or redundant arrays, include RAID 1 arrays. See redundant.  
foreign disk  
Disk that has previously been configured on another Adaptec RAID controller. The RAID signature on the  
disk allows the RAID controller to identify whether or not the disk was configured on the controller it is  
currently connected to.  
H
hard disk drive  
Basic unit of nonvolatile, nonremovable, magnetic storage media. See disk.  
hot spare  
A spare hard disk that automatically replaces a failed hard disk on any array associated with any HBA.  
hot swap  
To remove a component from a system, and install a new component while the power is on and the system  
is running.  
I
impacted  
An impacted array is one which has been created but for some reason the initial build operation did not  
complete. All member drives are present and operational, and all data written to the array is protected. To  
optimize the array, run a Verify with Fix Task.  
initialize  
See configure.  
 
Glossary  
98  
L
legacy disk  
Disk that contained a valid partition table when connected to the controller. The controller manages the  
disk as a legacy disk array where there is a one-to-one logical-to-physical mapping of array to disk.  
logical device  
Volume comprised of space from one or more physical drives and presented to the operating system as if it  
were a single storage unit.  
low-level format  
Process performed by the drive firmware that completely cleans any data off the hard disk.  
M
mirrored array/mirroring  
See RAID 1, RAID 10.  
monitoring  
Process of receiving, displaying, and logging system events.  
N
Native Command Queuing  
Allows disk drives to arrange commands into the most efficient order for optimum performance.  
O
offline array  
Array that can no longer be accessed.  
optimal  
The state of an array when it is fully operational. For redundant arrays, the entire array is protected.  
P
partition  
A section of a disk storage device created by the operating system disk management program, in which data  
and/or software programs are stored. Computers have a primary operating system partition that contains  
the special files needed to boot the computer. Each operating system partition is assigned a unique drive  
letter, such as C or D. A single disk device can have multiple partitions.  
phantom object  
Object that represents a component that cannot be configured by the controller management software; for  
example, a missing drive.  
Q
quick init  
An array configured using the Quick Init option is available immediately, with no on-going background  
controller activity. All data written to an array that has been quick configured is protected.  
 
Glossary  
99  
R
RAID  
Redundant Array of Independent Disks (alternative definition Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks).  
RAID 0  
A single-level array consisting of two or more equal-sized segments residing on different disks. RAID 0  
distributes data evenly across its respective drives in equal-sized sections called stripes. RAID 0 arrays are  
not redundant.  
RAID 1  
Single-level array consisting of two equal segments residing on two different drives. Provides redundancy  
by storing identical copies on two drives. See mirrored array/mirroring.  
RAID 10  
Spanned array consisting of two or more equal-sized RAID 1 arrays. Provides redundancy by striping and  
mirroring. Mirroring provides data protection, and striping improves performance. See mirrored array/  
RAID signature  
The area on each disk reserved for use by the RAID controller.  
RAID volume  
Concatenates two or more arrays of the same type.  
rebuild  
Background regeneration of redundant data on a RAID 1.  
redundant  
The ability of an array to maintain operability when one or more hardware failures occur. RAID 1 is  
redundant. In the event of a drive failure, redundant arrays can be restored to normal operation by  
replacing the failed drive and rebuilding the array.  
rescan  
Process of updating the current screen to show all currently available resources.  
S
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)  
An evolution of parallel SCSI to a point-to-point serial interface  
Serial ATA (SATA)  
A successor to ATA that uses a serial, instead of parallel, interface.  
simple volume  
A volume made up of disk space from a single disk. It can consist of a single region on a disk, or  
concatenated multiple regions of the same disk.  
single-level array  
Array created from one or more segments. See volume, RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 10.  
snapshot  
Instantaneous read-only copy of an array at a precise point in time.  
stripe  
Contiguous set of data distributed across all the disks in an array. A striped array distributes data evenly  
across all members in equal-sized sections called stripes.  
           
Glossary  
100  
stripe size  
The amount of data in each section of a striped array.  
striped array  
See RAID 0, RAID 10.  
T
task  
An operation that occurs only on the RAID controller, asynchronous to all other operations; for example,  
initializing a disk or verifying an array. Some tasks can take an extended period of time, particularly if the  
RAID controller is also performing intensive data I/O while the task is running.  
V
verify  
Low-level check that a drive, logical device, or hot spare is good. In a RAID 1, verify is a low-level check that  
contents of both members’ segments are consistent and, optionally, corrects errors while assuming that the  
master drive is correct. In a simple volume, verify performs a low-level check that the whole drive can be  
read.  
volume  
   
Index  
failure recovery  
multiple arrays 55  
multiple disk drives 55  
with hot spare 54  
without hot spare 54  
recovering from failure 54  
SAS identifiers 60  
A
creating arrays 69  
Adaptec customer support  
Adaptec Storage Manager  
installing 51  
drivers  
installing on Linux 48  
AFU 80  
installing on NetWare 48  
installing on Windows 47  
arrays  
creating (ACU) 69  
non-RAID 65  
RAID 1 66  
E
electrostatic discharge 92  
end devices 58  
event log 78  
RAID 10 66  
expander connections 61  
expander devices 58  
B
backplane connections 31, 61  
F
C
connectors 77  
controllers  
event log 78  
flashing 55  
multiple arrays 55  
multiple disk drives 55  
without hot spare 54  
flashing controllers 55  
resetting 55  
customer support  
H
D
data striping 65  
direct-attach connections 31, 61  
I
installation  
disk drives (SAS) 30  
disk drives (SATA) 32  
SAS backplane 31  
connecting to SAS controllers 30  
connecting to SATA controllers 32  
connections 77  
 
Index  
95  
SAS direct-attach 31  
SAS devices 58  
SAS domain 62  
terminology 58  
transceivers 59  
wide connectors 60  
wide ports 59  
L
links (SAS) 59  
Linux  
driver installation 48  
SAS controllers  
connecting disk drives 30  
SAS devices 58  
SATA controllers  
connecting disk drives 32  
SATASelect  
N
NetWare  
driver installation 48  
non-RAID arrays 65  
using settings 75  
SCSI  
P
comparison to SAS 62  
Serial ATA. See SATA  
SerialSelect  
using settings 74  
storage management  
ACU 69  
phys 59  
R
definition 65  
RAID 0 65  
RAID 1 66  
RAID 10 66  
AFU 80  
SATASelect 75  
SerialSelect 73  
Red Hat  
driver installation 48  
resetting controllers 55  
storage space 12  
stripe, definition 65  
stripe-unit size  
definition 65  
performance tuning 65  
SuSE  
S
driver installation 48  
4-wide ports 60  
backplane connections 31, 61  
cables 60  
comparison to parallel SCSI 62  
connectors 60  
T
technical support  
Technical Support Identification (TSID) number  
terminology 12  
Adaptec Storage Manager 12  
controllers 58  
description 58  
SAS 58  
throughput 65  
tools  
direct-attach connections 31, 61  
disk drive identifiers 60  
end devices 58  
expander connections 61  
expander devices 58  
fanout expanders 61  
link speed 58  
ACU 69  
AFU 80  
SATASelect 75  
SerialSelect utilities  
SerialSelect 73  
TSID Number  
links 59  
See Technical Support Identification Number  
narrow connectors 60  
narrow ports 59  
phys 59  
ports 59  
SAS address 60  
U
utilities  
AFU 80  
Index  
96  
SATASelect 75  
W
Windows  
driver installation 47  
Adaptec, Inc.  
691 South Milpitas Boulevard  
Milpitas, CA 95035 USA  
©2007 Adaptec, Inc.  
All rights reserved. Adaptec and the Adaptec logo are  
trademarks of Adaptec, Inc. which may be  
registered in some jurisdictions.  
Part Number:CDP-00222-03-A, Rev A  
GS 11/07  

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