Kingston Technology Digital Media Guide User Manual

kingston.com/flash  
Digital Media Guide  
Portable digital media for computers, digital cameras, and other devices  
Kingston®, the worlds leading independent manufacturer of memory products, sells a  
broad range of flash cards and USB flash drives (collectively called flash storage  
devices) that employ flash memory chips for storage as well as ultra-portable PC Card  
hard drives. This Digital Media Technical Guides purpose is to explain the various  
technologies and digital media offerings that are available.  
Note: Due to flash technology changes, specifications listed in this document are  
C O M M I T T E D TO M E M O R Y  
subject to change without notice.  
kingston.com/flash  
3.Reserving some cells to serve as “spares.” Flash memory cells have a long but finite  
lifetime. Therefore, some cells are held in reserve to replace any memory cells that  
may fail over time.  
4.Creating a File Allocation Table (FAT) or other directory. To enable flash storage  
devices to conveniently store and access customer files, a file management system  
must be created to allow any device or computer to identify the files stored in the  
flash storage device. The most common type of file management system for flash  
storage devices is the File Allocation Table (FAT), which is also used on hard drives.  
5.Reserving some cells for use by the flash storage devices controller, e.g., for storing  
firmware updates and other controller-specific information.  
Kingston’s CompactFlash  
cards have a rated error  
specification of less  
6.Where applicable, reserving some cells for special features. For example, the  
specification for Secure Digital (SD) cards requires reserved areas to support special  
copy protection and security features.  
than one (1) bit in  
1,000,000,000,000,000  
bits read, or one (1)  
15  
bit per 10 bits read.  
3.0 Features of Kingston’s Flash Storage Products  
Kingstons flash storage devices offer many advantages for both consumer and  
industrial applications:  
• Flash Storage DeviceWarranty: Kingston warrants that its flash storage devices are  
free from defects in material and workmanship for the period specified below:  
• CF, SD, SM, MMC Flash Cards: Lifetime  
®
• DataTraveler USB Flash Drives: 5 years  
For further details, see kingston.com/company/warranty.asp  
• Digital Media Reader-Writer Five-Year Warranty: Kingstons line of digital media  
reader-writers come with a five-year warranty from defects in material and  
workmanship. The PC Card 4/1 reader-writer comes with a two-year warranty. For  
further details, see kingston.com/company/warranty.asp  
Solid State: Flash storage devices, as semiconductor storage devices, have no  
moving parts and thereby are not subject to the mechanical failure issues of hard  
drives. Their overall data reliability enabled them to dominate the convenience-  
oriented portable memory products market, operating silently with a zero decibel  
noise level.  
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Small Physical Size (or Form Factor): Flash storage devices are designed to be easily  
transported. Convenience is an important criterion, especially for consumer and  
corporate applications.  
High Data Reliability: Flash memory is very reliable and many of the flash storage  
device types also include Error Correction Code (ECC) checking to detect single-  
bit errors. For example, Kingstons CompactFlash® cards have a rated error  
specification of less than one (1) bit in 1,000,000,000,000,000 bits read (1 bit per  
1015 bits read).  
Kingston’s engineers  
test and select high-  
performance  
• Kingston Flash Data Retention: Kingston flash storage devices are rated for up to  
10 years under normal use. Important information should also be backed up on  
other media for long-term safekeeping.  
controllers to ensure  
that Kingston’s flash  
cards are among the  
performance leaders  
in the industry.  
• Wear-Leveling Technology: Kingston flash storage devices (excluding SmartMedia  
cards) incorporate controllers utilizing advanced wear-leveling technology, which  
distributes write cycles across the flash card. Wear-leveling thus extends the useful  
life of a flash memory card (for details, please see Kingston Flash Cell Endurance  
section, next).  
• Flash Cell Endurance: Up to 10,000 Multi- Level Cell (MLC) Flash or up to 100,000  
Single-Level Cell (SLC Flash) write cycles per physical sector.  
According to Toshiba, the inventor of flash memory: “the 10,000 cycles of MLC  
NAND is more than sufficient for a wide range of consumer applications, from  
storing documents to digital photos. For example, if a 256MB MLC NAND Flash-  
based card can typically store 250 pictures from a 4-megapixel camera (a  
conservative estimate), its 10,000 write/erase cycles, combined with wear-leveling  
algorithms in the controller, will enable the user to store and/or view  
approximately 2.5 million pictures within the expected useful life of the card.1  
For USB flash drives, Toshiba calculated that a 10,000 write cycle endurance  
would enable customers to “completely write and erase the entire contents once  
per day for 27 years, well beyond the life of the hardware.”  
SLC flash based products, typically found in Kingstons Elite Procards and  
DataTraveler 2.0 USB flash drives, offer both high-performance and high-  
endurance.  
Automatic Bad Sector Remapping: Kingston flash controllers automatically lock out  
sections with bad memory cells (“bad blocks”) and move the data to other sections  
(“spare blocks”) to avoid data corruption. During factory formatting (as described  
in Section 2), spare blocks are set aside on the flash storage device for remapping  
bad sectors over time.  
1* Toshiba press release, “Toshiba America Electronic Components, Inc. Releases  
Performance Research on MLC NAND Flash Memory for Consumer Applications,”  
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May 10, 2004  
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High-Quality Connectors: Kingstons flash storage devices have connectors rated for  
more than 10,000 insertions.  
• Operating Temperature and Humidity: 0° C ~ 60° C, 5% ~ 95% humidity  
High-Capacity: Flash storage devices can provide large storage capacities in a very  
small form factor. This flexibility makes them ideal for consumer uses, such as  
digital film or storage for MP3 music, where portability and convenience  
are important.  
The DataPak is the  
Please note: Some of the listed capacity is used for formatting and other  
functions and thus is not available for data storage. Please see Section 2  
for details.  
perfect solution for  
notebooks, handhelds,  
digital cameras or any  
other digital device  
with aType II PC  
Card slot.  
High-Performance: Kingstons Elite Pro and Hi-Speed DataTraveler USB flash drives  
are faster than many standard flash products and many competitive products.  
Kingstons engineers test and select high-performance controllers to ensure that  
Kingstons flash cards are among the performance leaders. Please see the Appendix  
for information about USB and Hi-Speed USB performance. Kingston standard flash  
products offer moderate performance levels for general purpose applications.  
Low Power Consumption: Unlike standard DRAM memory that needs to be  
constantly powered on to maintain its data, flash memory is non-volatile and does  
not require power to maintain its data. Flash memorys low power consumption  
results in longer battery life for the host device.  
Plug and Play Support: Kingstons flash memory line supports plug and play. With  
plug and play technology and compatible computer operating systems, a flash  
storage device can be inserted into a computer or a flash media reader and be  
quickly recognized and accessed by the computer.  
Hot-Swapping Support: Hot-swapping allows for plugging or unplugging flash  
storage devices into a compatible computer or reader without needing to power off  
and restart the computer. This feature enhances the portability and convenience of  
flash storage devices for transferring data, pictures or music between two  
computers or devices.  
4.0  
Non-Volatile NOR and NAND FlashTechnologies  
Unlike Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), flash memory is non-volatile.  
Non-volatile memory retains data even without being powered-on. For example,  
when a computer is turned off, all data that was in the computers DRAM memory is  
lost; however, when a flash storage device is removed from a digital camera, all data  
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(and pictures) remains saved on the flash storage device. The ability to retain data is  
key for flash memory applications such as digital film for digital cameras, cell phones,  
PDAs and other transportable devices.  
There are two major technologies of flash memory: NOR and NAND. Each  
technology has its strengths that make it ideal for different kinds of applications, as  
summarized in the table below:  
Kingston Flash cards  
were rated the best  
in read and write  
performance by  
NOR Flash  
NAND Flash  
dpreview.com.  
High-speed Access  
Yes  
No  
Yes  
Yes  
Yes  
No  
Page-Mode Data Access  
Random Byte Level Access  
Typical Uses  
Cell Phones  
BIOS Storage for PCs  
Networking Device Memory  
PDAs  
Digital Cameras  
MP3 players  
Solid State Disk Drives  
Set-Top Boxes  
Industrial Storage  
4.1 NOR FLASH MEMORY  
NOR, named after the specific data mapping technology (Not OR), is a high-speed  
Flash technology. NOR Flash memory provides high-speed random-access  
capabilities, being able to read and write data in specific locations in the memory  
without having to access the memory in sequential mode. Unlike NAND Flash, NOR  
Flash allows the retrieval of data as small as a single byte. NOR Flash excels in  
applications where data is randomly retrieved or written. NOR is most often found  
built into cellular phones and PDAs and is also used in computers to store the BIOS  
program that runs to provide the start-up functionality.  
4.2 NAND FLASH MEMORY  
NAND Flash was invented after NOR Flash, and is named after the specific mapping  
technology used for data (Not AND). NAND Flash memory reads and writes in high-  
speed, sequential mode, handling data in small, block sizes (“pages”). NAND Flash can  
retrieve or write data as single pages, but cannot retrieve individual bytes like NOR Flash.  
NAND Flash memory is commonly found in solid-state hard drives, audio and video  
digital media devices, television set-top boxes, digital cameras and other devices  
where data is generally written or read sequentially.  
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For example, most digital cameras use NAND-Flash based digital film, as pictures are  
usually taken and stored sequentially. NAND-Flash is also more efficient when  
pictures are read back, as it transfers whole pages of data very quickly. As a sequential  
storage medium, NAND Flash is ideal for data storage.  
NAND Flash memory is less expensive than NOR Flash memory, and can  
accommodate more storage capacity in the same die size.  
CompactFlash cards  
were the first small  
form factor flash  
memory cards.  
Flash memory which stores a single bit per cell is known as Single-Level Cell (SLC) Flash.  
5.0 Die-Stacking and Multi-Level Cell/Multi-Bit Cell Flash  
technologies  
In order to economically increase the amount of bit-storage that a flash memory chip  
can accommodate, manufacturers often utilize die-stacking and multi-level cell or  
multi-bit cell technologies. These technologies result in a flash memory chip having  
the capability to store more data in a single chip.  
5.1 DIE-STACKING  
Many semiconductor manufacturers use a “die-stacking” technique to double a flash  
memory chips capacity. After the semiconductor wafer fabrication process, they cut  
out the flash memory silicon “die” and then attach or stack two separate dies together.  
For example, when a semiconductor manufacturer stacks two 128-megabit dies  
together, they form a single 256-megabit flash memory chip.  
Die-stacking allows for cost-reduced chip alternatives to the larger-capacity, single-die  
chips (called “monolithic” chips). Stacking two 1-gigabit chips together, for example,  
typically costs far less than buying a low-volume monolithic 2-gigabit chip. The 2-  
gigabit chip can then be used to build a 256 MB flash card (single chip card), or a 512 MB  
flash card (two chips on one card).  
Die-stacking is similar to the DRAM chip-stacking technology that Kingston utilizes to  
produce high-end server modules. As a result, Kingstons die-stacked flash cards are  
reliable and deliver high performance.  
5.2 MULTI-LEVEL CELL (MLC) FLASHTECHNOLOGIES  
NAND and NOR Flash memory chips typically store one (1) bit value (a ‘0’ or a ‘1’)  
in each cell. In multi-level flash technologies, three (3) or more values are stored into  
each cell.  
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Intel Corporation has introduced NOR StrataFlash™; AMD has introduced NOR  
MirrorBit™ Flash. Other semiconductor manufacturers also manufacture their own  
multi-level cell technologies.  
NAND MLC Flash technologies were introduced in late 2002, and Kingston has  
incorporated MLC Flash memory into its line of standard Flash cards.  
USB flash memory  
offers an easy way  
to transfer files from  
a digital device to  
a computer.  
5.3 MULTI-BIT CELL (MBC) FLASHTECHNOLOGY  
Multi-bit technology is a competing technology to Multi-Level Cell (MLC), and  
accomplishes the same goal by storing 2 bits per cell (or 4 values per cell). MBC  
technology is presently used in Infineons TwinFlash™ memory.  
6.0  
Flash Storage Device Performance  
Flash card storage device performance depends on the following three factors:  
• The specific Flash memory chips used: Generally, there is a tradeoff between the  
high-speed and more expensive Single-Level Cell (SLC) flash chips, and the  
standard speed and more affordable Multi-Level Cell (MLC) or Multi-Bit Cell  
(MBC) flash chips. Kingstons high performance flash cards (Elite Pro) and Hi-  
Speed USB flash drives all utilize the high-performance SLC Flash memory.  
• The Flash storage device’s controller: With the exception of SmartMedia, todays  
flash storage devices have a built-in flash memory controller (see Section 7 for  
more details). This special chip manages the interface to the host device, and  
handles all the reads from and writes to the flash chips on the flash storage device.  
If the host controller is capable of supporting faster data transfer speeds, the use of  
optimized flash controllers can result in significant time savings when reading or  
writing data into the flash memory. For example, Kingston uses optimized, high-  
performance flash controllers in its Elite Pro Flash cards and DataTraveler Hi-Speed  
USB flash drives.  
• The host device to which the Flash storage device is connected to: If the host  
device (computer, digital camera, etc.) is limited to specific read and write speeds,  
using faster Flash storage devices will not deliver higher performance. For example,  
using a Hi-Speed USB flash drive on a computer that supports only the slower USB  
speeds will not result in faster transfers. In addition, computers need to be properly  
configured to support faster transfers in both hardware and software. In the case of  
a PC, the system board will need to have built-in Hi-Speed USB 2.0 connectors,  
and the Operating System (e.g., Windows) will also need to have the proper USB  
2.0 drivers installed in order to be able to support Hi-Speed USB transfers.  
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For details on USB Performance, refer to Appendix A.  
Some flash memory product manufacturers provide “speed” ratings. However, due to  
a lack of industry standards, comparing different flash products may prove difficult  
for consumers.  
Kingston continuously works closely with global semiconductor and controller  
manufacturers to ensure that Kingston flash cards deliver superior price/performance  
to its customers. For enthusiasts and advanced customers demanding the highest  
performance, Kingston offers the Elite Pro line of CompactFlash and SD cards, and  
the DataTraveler Hi-Speed USB flash drives.  
Kingston’s DataTraveler  
offers quick and easy  
downloads and digital  
file transfers.  
7.0  
Kingston’s Flash Card Product Lines  
There are several types of flash storage devices that are available from Kingston:  
- USB Flash Drives (DataTraveler)  
- CompactFlash Cards (CF)  
- Secure Digital Cards (SD)  
- MultiMediaCards (MMC)  
- SmartMedia Cards (SM)  
All these form factors will be described in the following sections.  
7.1 USB FLASH DRIVES  
Introduced in 2002, USB flash drives offer an incredible combination of high storage  
capacity, fast data transfer rates, and great flexibility, all in the size of a lighter.  
Heralded as a floppy drive alternative, USB flash drives have far more storage capacity  
than that of a standard floppy disk. They provide an easy method for quick  
downloads and transferring digital files to and from your computer or device.  
USB flash drives incorporate NAND Flash and a controller in a capsulated case. USB  
memory works with the vast majority of computers and devices that incorporate the  
Universal Serial Bus interface, including most PCs, PDAs, and MP3 players.  
Kingston offers standard USB flash drives (DataTraveler) as well as a higher-  
performance DataTraveler Hi-Speed USB flash drive, DataTraveler 2.0. The  
DataTraveler 2.0 also supports password-protected partitioning for improved security.  
DATATRAVELER:  
INTERFACE  
FLASHTYPE  
VOLTAGE  
PIN COUNT  
SIZE IN MM  
USB 2.0  
NAND  
5Volts  
4
4 x 74 x 10  
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DATATRAVELER 2.0:  
INTERFACE  
FLASHTYPE  
NAND  
VOLTAGE  
PIN COUNT  
SIZE IN MM  
Hi-Speed USB 2.0  
5Volts  
4
25.42 x 98.17 x 15.40  
7.2 COMPACTFLASH (CF) CARDS  
CompactFlash, or CF cards, were the first small form factor flash cards introduced in  
1994. CF cards incorporate a controller and are about the size of a matchbook.  
CompactFlash cards incorporate an Integrated Device Electronics (IDE) interface  
similar to hard drives and ATA PC Cards. Kingston is a member of the CompactFlash  
Association, which sets the specifications for CF cards.  
Secure Digital cards  
feature cryptographic  
security protection and  
a 4x increase in data  
transfer rates over MMC.  
Kingston offers standard CompactFlash cards as well as a high-performance Elite Pro line.  
Kingstons Elite Pro CompactFlash cards are among the fastest available in the  
industry. The high transfer rate is ideal for use on newer devices such as high-  
megapixel digital cameras, to ensure that the cameras save pictures faster and are  
quickly ready for the next shot.  
CompactFlash cards come in a Type I form factor:  
INTERFACE  
FLASHTYPE  
VOLTAGE  
PIN COUNT  
SIZE IN MM  
CompactFlash  
NAND  
3.3 and 5Volts  
50  
Type I:  
36.4 x 42.8 x 3.3  
(Includes built-in  
controller)  
7.3 SECURE DIGITAL (SD) CARDS  
Secure Digital, introduced in late 2001, is a second-generation and more popular  
derivative of the MultiMediaCard (MMC) standard (see section 7.4) that is backward-  
compatible with current MMC cards.  
The Secure Digital format includes several important technological advancements over  
MMC. These include the addition of cryptographic security protection for copyrighted  
data/music and a 4X increase in data transfer rates. The SD Card Association sets the  
specifications for Secure Digital cards.  
To help support higher-capacity cards, SD cards are slightly thicker than the original  
MMC cards. This means that devices designed to support SD cards may also accept  
MMC cards (if the host device is not strictly limited to SD media for data security  
reasons). However, devices exclusively designed for MMC cards will not support the  
thicker SD cards at this time.  
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Kingston offers standard SD cards as well as high-performance Elite Pro SD cards.  
INTERFACE  
FLASHTYPE  
VOLTAGE  
PIN COUNT  
SIZE IN MM  
Secure Digital  
NAND  
2.7–3.3Volts  
9
32 x 24 x 2.1  
(Built-in controller)  
MultiMediaCards are  
commonly used in MP3  
players and other  
7.4 MULTIMEDIACARD (MMC)  
MultiMediaCards are one of the smallest flash cards available, about the size of a  
postage stamp. They were introduced in 1997 and initially used in the mobile phone  
and pager markets. Today, they are commonly used in digital cameras, mobile phones,  
and MP3 players. The MultiMediaCard Association sets the specifications for MMC.  
devices that require a  
small form factor.  
INTERFACE  
FLASHTYPE  
VOLTAGE  
PIN COUNT  
SIZE IN MM  
MultiMediaCard  
(Built-in controller)  
NAND  
3.3Volts  
7
32 x 24 x 1.4  
7.5 SMARTMEDIA CARDS (SM, PREVIOUSLY CALLED SSFDC)  
SmartMedia cards, introduced in 1996, are the thinnest form factor flash storage  
devices. They were originally called SSFDC, for Solid-State Floppy Disk card, as they  
look like a miniature floppy disk. SmartMedia cards usually incorporate a single flash  
chip and do not incorporate a controller. Thus, they depend on the host controller to  
manage all memory reads and writes. The SSFDC Forum sets the specifications for  
SmartMedia cards.  
INTERFACE  
FLASHTYPE  
VOLTAGE  
PIN COUNT  
SIZE IN MM  
SmartMedia  
NAND  
3.3 and 5Volts  
22  
45 x 37 x 0.76  
(No built-in  
controller)  
Digital Media Reader-Writers  
8.0  
Digital media reader-writers allow flash storage devices to be used as portable storage  
for computers as well as for uploading or downloading of pictures, music, and other  
data without requiring the original host device (such as a digital camera or MP3  
player), and without any additional drain on its batteries.  
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Digital media reader-writers can enable the uploading and downloading of data at  
higher speeds than a host device is capable of supporting; for example, a USB reader-  
writer will be much faster than a host device (such as a digital camera) using a serial  
interface. If a host device does not support high-speed transfers, the faster reader-  
writers will significantly reduce the data transfer times.  
Specifically designed  
for high-speed image  
transfer, Kingston Flash  
Card readers are an  
ideal solution for  
Kingston markets a number of digital media reader-writers for the convenient  
attachment of flash storage devices to personal computers or notebooks.  
For flash cards, Kingston recommends the flexible and convenient 4-in-1 (four form  
factors supported by a single reader-writer) units that can accommodate most of the  
flash card form factors available today and can be connected to any notebook with a  
PC Card Type II interface. Kingston also offers Hi-Speed USB 6-in-1 Flash media  
reader-writers for high-performance data transfers to systems supporting Hi-Speed  
USB 2.0.  
quickly viewing your  
digital images on your  
desktop PC, Mac  
or notebook.  
9.0  
CompactFlash to PC Card Adapters  
Flash card adapters are convenient slip-in receiving frames that allow a  
CompactFlash card to be converted into an ATA PC Card (Type II) storage device.  
Many notebooks and other devices supporting ATA Type II PC Cards also support  
CompactFlash cards when CF cards are inserted into a CF-ATA Flash card adapter.  
10.0  
Kingston DataPak PC Card Hard Drives  
Kingstons DataPakis a removable, high-capacity PC Card Type II compliant hard  
disk drive. It is specifically designed for increased storage capacity and portability for  
todays popular portable computer systems and digital devices.  
The DataPak features include:  
• DataPak Three-Year Warranty: Kingstons line of DataPak storage solutions come  
with a three-year warranty from defects in material and workmanship. For details,  
see kingston.com/company/warranty.asp  
• High-Performance: The DataPak is a miniature hard drive rotating at 3,990 RPM. It  
has advanced performance features, such as 256KB of cache and data look-ahead  
technology, built in.  
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• High Capacity: Up to 5 GB (5,000,000,000 bytes) of uncompressed storage capacity  
in a compact form-factor. Note that some of the listed capacity is used for  
formatting and other functions and thus is not available for data storage.  
• Operating Systems Compatibility: Compatible with PC and Macintosh operating  
systems. The DataPak also supports disk compression.  
• Plug and Play Support: Kingstons DataPak supports plug and play. With plug and  
play technology and compatible computer operating systems, the DataPak can be  
inserted into a computer or a flash media reader and be quickly recognized and  
accessed by the computer.  
Device Compatibility: The DataPak is compatible with devices supporting PC  
Card Type II storage, including portable computers, digital cameras, and other  
devices.  
High Data Reliability: The Kingston DataPak has rated error specification of one  
(1) bit in 10,000,000,000,000 bits read (1 bit per 1013 bits read).  
Mean Time between Failures (MTBF): The DataPak MTBF is rated at over  
300,000 hours.  
Low Power Consumption: The DataPak consumes only 1.7W of battery power  
during read/write cycles and only 0.5W in idle mode.  
11.0 For More Information:  
For additional information on Kingston products, please visit us at:  
kingston.com/digitalmedia.  
Appendix: USB Performance  
The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is emerging as the preferred interface to connect  
digital media reader-writers to computers.  
The latest USB specification is USB 2.0. The older specification was USB 1.1. The USB  
2.0 specification includes the USB 1.1 speeds for backward-compatibility reasons.  
To understand what affects a flash cards performance, the following factors need to  
be considered:  
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Flash Memory Chip  
Technology  
In general, flash storage devices built with Single-Level Cell  
(SLC) NAND Flash,such as Kingston’s Elite Pro Flash cards or  
the Hi-Speed USB DataTraveler 2.0, will deliver higher  
performance than the standard Multi-Level Cell (MLC)  
NAND Flash or Multi-Bit Cell (MBC) NAND Flash based  
cards or DataTraveler.  
Single-Level Cell (SLC) vs. Multi-  
Level Cell (MLC) and Multi-Bit  
Cell (MBC)  
Standard flash cards or the DataTraveler USB flash drives  
deliver the best price/performance value for most users of  
digital cameras, PDAs, mobile phones, and other electronic  
devices.  
Elite Pro flash cards or Data Traveler 2.0 USB flash drives will  
deliver faster reads and writes, ideal for advanced users,  
photography professionals, and enthusiasts. Of course, to  
achieve the performance benefit of faster flash cards or USB  
flash drives, users must have compatible high-speed devices  
and properly configured computers. Some digital cameras and  
other devices require SLC NAND flash based high-  
performance flash cards for proper functionality.  
The built-in controller interfacing with flash cards or USB  
flash drives in many consumer devices may have limited  
bandwidth. Please consult your user manual or contact the  
device manufacturer for specifics.  
Host Consumer Devices  
Digital cameras, mobile phones,  
PDAs and other devices  
All else being equal, the achievable performance level will be  
the minimum data transfer level supported by the host  
controller or the flash card or USB flash drive.  
The USB 2.0 specification also includes the older USB 1.1  
specification for backward-compatibility reasons.  
• Connecting flash cards to  
computers through 4-in-1,  
6-in-1 media reader-writers  
USB Flash Drives and Digital Media Reader-Writers require  
the following logos to indicate performance levels:  
• Connecting USB flash drives  
directly to a computer’s  
USB slot  
USB logo:transfers data at a maximum of 12  
megabits per second (12 Mb/s or 1.5 MB/s).  
It is also referred to as Original USB or USB  
1.1, and is also compatible with USB 2.0  
Full-Speed (with a maximum speed of 12  
Mb/s or 1.5 MB/s).  
Hi-Speed USB logo: transfers data at a  
maximum of 480 megabits per second (480  
Mb/s or 60 MB/s). It is also called USB 2.0  
Hi-Speed. Hi-Speed USB is up to 40X faster  
than USB and fully backward-compatible  
with USB through its USB 2.0 Full-Speed  
mode (with a maximum speed of 12 Mb/s  
or 1.5MB/s).  
If both the digital media card reader/writer and computer  
properly support Hi-Speed USB, Kingston’s High Performance  
Elite Pro flash cards will deliver greater performance over  
standard flash cards. Similarly, Kingston’s DataTraveler 2.0 will  
deliver higher performance on a computer supporting Hi-  
Speed USB transfers.  
Please note: Some of the listed capacity is used for formatting and  
other functions and thus is not available for data storage.  
For more information, please consult Kingstons Digital Media Guide  
at www.kingston.com/Digital_Media_Guide.  
C O M M I T T E D TO M E M O R Y  
FLASH MEMORY KINGSTON TECHNOLOGY  
14  
© 2004 Kingston Technology Company, Inc. 17600 Newhope Street, Fountain Valley, CA 92708 USA (714) 435-2600 Fax (714) 435-2699  
All rights reserved. All trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.  
Printed in the USA MKF-403.6  

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