DVP-S9000ES
DVD-Video/CD/SACD Player
Technical Notes
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For videophiles, equipment reviewers and consumer electronics professionals, the launch
of a new, top-of-the-line Sony DVD player is always an occasion. In 1997, Sony’s original
DVP-S7000 was acclaimed as the “Reference Standard.” In 1998, the second-generation
DVP-S7700 took DVD playback to a new level of accuracy. Now the Sony DVP-
S9000ES DVD-Video/CD/SACD player redefines the category. The player is a
comprehensive redesign that represents three significant firsts:
• The world’s first DVD player with 525P outputs
based on Fast and Pure Cinema Detection.
• The world’s first DVD-Video player to incorporate true
Super Audio Compact Disc playback.
• The first DVD player to join Sony’s ES Series,
the Elevated Standard in audio reproduction and now video reproduction.
In addition, the player represents significant refinements in MPEG image processing,
optical transport, construction and craftsmanship.
This booklet serves as an introduction to the technology of the DVP-S9000ES, presenting
advances that promise to shape the development of DVD players for years to come.
SACD/DVD Player
DVP-S9000ES
INDEX
Video ....................................
Audio ...................................
Construction .........................
Conveniences .........................
Specifications ......................
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second. The “B” field contains the even numbered lines and lasts 1/60
second. This system can be abbreviated 525/60i or simply 525i
(when discussing the line rate) or 60i (when discussing the picture
rate). The 525i solution is a compromise that doubles the picture rate
but halves the vertical resolution at any given instant. While it is a
compromise, the 525i system is highly effective, an elegant
engineering solution that has helped make television an essential part
of entertainment.
A Major New Opportunity
In 1997, Sony’s original DVP-S7000 helped launch the DVD-
Video format and was quickly acclaimed as the “Reference
Standard.” In 1998, the second-generation DVP-S7700 took
DVD playback to a new level of accuracy. Of course, both
players were designed to maximize performance with the huge
universe of televisions using 525-line interlace scanning.
In the mean time, TV stations have launched the era of Digital
Television (DTV) broadcasting. High Definition satellite
broadcasting has become a commercial reality. In response,
Sony and others have introduced a growing population of
televisions with higher scanning frequencies, capable of better
than 525-line interlace scanning.
In the early days of television, when 12-inch diagonal screens were
commonly used in living rooms, halving the vertical resolution was
not a practical concern. But in today’s environment of 61-inch
diagonal projection systems, the illusion of a continuous picture on the
screen begins to fall apart, especially when you sit close to the screen.
Individual scanning lines become visible and the compromise in
vertical resolution becomes an annoyance. That’s why many of
today’s finest big screen televisions have the ability to input and
display 525P at 60 frames per second (525/60P). When carefully
executed, 525/60P can achieve fluid, lifelike fast motion, along with
breathtaking image detail. The 525/60P system is also superb for
resolving fine print on the screen — one reason why 525/60P is the
basis of the popular VGA computer display standard.
Some of these new televisions offer progressive scan or 525P
inputs, which can accept 525P output from a DVD player. And
525P outputs have quickly been promoted as a must-have feature
in high-end DVD players. They promise reproduction that’s
even more detailed, more natural, more film-like.
However, there are important differences in how DVD players
process the 525P signal. Circuitry varies greatly in sophistica-
tion and cost. To appreciate the technology behind these
differences, readers need a firm understanding of progressive
versus interlace scanning, film versus video origination, 3-2
pulldown and 3-2 reverse conversion. This section reviews
these basic issues.
Film and Video Origination
Movie film is conventionally shot and displayed at 24 frames per
second. In the camera, the entire frame of film is exposed at one
time. In the theater, the entire frame is projected at one time.
Unfortunately, projecting at the native film rate of 24 frames per
second creates flicker. That’s why movie projectors use a special
shutter to display each frame twice, creating the effect of 48
frames per second.
Progressive and Interlace Scan
In video, what appears to be a continuously moving image is
actually a series of discrete still pictures, called frames. On the
typical direct-view television, each frame is created on the
picture tube by an electron beam that moves from the left edge of
the screen to the right, illuminating one scanning line at a time.
The American EIA television system uses 525 total scanning lines
per frame.
Theatrical release movies aren’t the only programs that are
originally captured at 24 frames per second on motion picture
film. The following is a snapshot of common industry practice:
Genre
Typical Origination
24P film
24P film
24P film
24P film
24P film
Either
Fig. 1: Progressive scanning creates
the picture by illuminating each line
from top to bottom until all scanning
lines in the frame are completed.
Theatrical release movies
Made for TV movies
Hour-long primetime dramas
Music videos
Due to bandwidth limitations from the early years of television,
the NTSC system was designed to capture 30 frames per second.
The natural way to display these images would be to show the
scanning lines in sequence, an approach called progressive
scanning. 525-line progressive scanning at 30 frames per
second is abbreviated 525/30P or simply 525P. Unfortunately,
525/30P creates flicker: the image visibly darkens between
frames. In addition, capturing images at 525/30P yields
unsatisfactory results in fast-paced action like live sports.
Network commercials
Sitcoms
Documentaries
Either
Network news magazines
Live concerts
Either
60i video
60i video
60i video
60i video
60i video
60i video
60i video
60i video
60i video
Wildlife/natural history
Reality-based shows
Do-it-yourself series
Soap operas
For these reasons, the early television engineers developed a
solution called interlace scanning. Instead of capturing and
displaying all 525 lines in their numerical sequence, the NTSC
system divides the image into two fields. The “A” field contains
the odd-numbered scanning lines (1, 3, 5, etc.) and lasts 1/60
News
Fig. 2: Interlace scanning divides the
frame into two “fields.” The first field
presents the odd-numbered scanning
lines (1, 3, 5, etc.). The second field
presents the even numbered lines.
Talk shows
Sports
Local Commercials
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Video
DVD Technical Notes
Of course, the choice of film or video ultimately depends on
individual production budgets and artistic intent. And important
variations occur. A growing number of theatrical releases are
shot on video. And Sony’s latest HDCAM® high definition video
equipment can capture images at 24 frames per second
progressive scan – 24P.
The 24P encoding of film-originated DVDs means that 3-2
pulldown must be performed in the DVD player before the
picture can be displayed on a conventional television. The
exact pattern of 3-2 pulldown can have a subtle effect on the
rendering of motion. So it’s important that the DVD reproduce
the 3-2 pulldown cadence of the original master videotape.
That’s where the FFRFs come in. They identify each field to be
repeated as part of a “3.”
Film-to-Video Transfer and 3-2 Pulldown
We’ve seen that much of television broadcasting starts out as
movie film at 24 frames per second. This means not only
has it been converted from film to video, it’s been converted
from 24P to 60i. A machine called a telecine performs both
conversions. Simple arithmetic says that 60÷24 = 2.5. This
means that each film frame must convert to an average of
2.5 video fields. A process called 3-2 pulldown performs
this conversion. The first film frame is converted to three
video fields. The next film frame is converted to two video
fields. The next film frame is converted to three video
fields, and so on. We get a pattern of 3-2-3-2-3-2 etc, from
which 3-2 pulldown gets its name. This pattern averages out
to 2.5 video fields for every film frame. The telecine
converts a film frame to three video fields by repeating the
first field. For example, the first video field may consist of
odd scanning lines, the second field consists of even
scanning lines and the third field consists of the same odd
scanning lines as the first.
3-2 Reverse Conversion
The 525/24P encoding of film-originated material has a special
property. In conventional 525/60i video, each “B” field repre-
sents a slice of time 1/60th second after the corresponding “A”
field. To the extent that objects in the frame are moving, the two
fields won’t match and aren’t well-suited for direct output in
progressive scan.
In contrast, 525/24P film-originated DVD is inherently progres-
sive and is perfectly suited to progressive scan display. Ironically,
today’s MPEG decoder chips automatically convert the 525/24P
progressive DVD into 525/60i interlaced video. There’s no way
to “tap into” the chips and extract the progressive signal.
Additional processing is required to convert the 525/60i interlaced
signal into a 525/60P progressive signal for output to a compa-
tible television. The required process is called 3-2 reverse
conversion. Because the process operates on a digital signal in
the digital domain, it can result in a super high-quality video
source that promises to be the ideal complement to high-end, big-
screen televisions with 525P inputs.
Film and Video on DVD
In order to fit a feature-length film onto a CD-sized disc, the
DVD format employs MPEG-2 digital compression. And
one important trick of this compression is to make an
important distinction between footage originally shot on
video and footage originally shot on film. As you would
expect, DVD stores video footage in its native 60i form.
But you might be surprised to learn that most DVDs shot
on film store the images at film’s native rate of 24 frames
per second!
Unfortunately, not every DVD player with 525P outputs fully
delivers on the promise. Concerns such as flicker, motion
artifacts and 3-2 cadence glitches can visibly degrade the
viewing experience. As later sections will show, the Sony DVP-
S9000ES represents a thorough engineering solution — one that
realizes the full potential of progressive scanning.
Realizing the Potential of 525P
Progressive scan 525P outputs have been promoted as a
must-have feature in high-end DVD players. But not all
progressive-scan outputs are created equal. Sony, a leader
in progressive scanning equipment for broadcasting and movie
production, understands the limitations of conventional
designs. And Sony engineers were determined to overcome
those limitations. The result is Sony’s exclusive Precision
Cinema Detection — the key to even higher performance in
525P reproduction.
Like material shot on video, the typical DVD shot on film is
encoded from 60i videotape. But in the DVD authoring
process, logic circuits in the majority of high-quality MPEG
encoders detect the telltale pattern of 3-2-3-2 in the incoming
video fields, the so-called 3-2 cadence. Since repeated fields
would waste precious disc space, the DVD eliminates them and
replaces them with First Field Repeat Flags (FFRFs) to tell
the player which fields to repeat. The remaining fields are
reassembled back into their original frames and encoded onto
the DVD in progressive scan at 525/24P. This system is 20%
more space-efficient than 60i. It’s an important advantage
because it enables DVDs to hold films that are 20% longer. Or
DVDs can encode each frame with a 20% more bits, for even
better picture quality.
Sony’s Fast and Pure Cinema Detection.
A thorough solution to the engineering challenges of
525P output, Sony’s Fast and Pure Cinema Detection
incorporates four significant advances:
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1. High accuracy film detection with FFRF.
2. Dedicated microprocessor for motion detecting.
3. Separate 3-2 reverse conversion algorithms for video and film-
originated DVDs.
Dedicated Microprocessor with Motion Detection
The FFRF signal is designed to be present in all film-originated
DVDs — and absent from all video-originated DVDs. Yet even
in the most extreme case, where a film-originated DVD contains
no FFRFs at all, Sony’s dedicated microprocessor with motion
detection can elicit full performance. The microprocessor can
judge the correlation between fields very accurately,
4. Full 3-2 reverse conversion.
Together, these advances enable the Sony DVP-S9000ES to
deliver more consistent, more satisfying, more seamless 525P
output with a wider variety of discs. Flicker, motion artifacts and
3-2 cadence glitches are controlled. The visibility of scanning
lines is minimized. Connect the DVP-S9000ES to a 525P-
compatible television, monitor or projector and prepare to be
amazed. You’ll approach the full glory of high definition picture
quality — from today’s standard DVDs!
supplementing the FFRF detection system. As a result, the Sony
DVP-S9000ES can read and reproduce even this worst-case disc
in beautiful, stable 525P.
Separate Algorithms for Video and Film Originated DVDs
“A” and “B” fields originated on film represent a single slice of
time and have no motion between them. “A” and “B” fields
originated on video represent different slices of time and can
have significant motion. For this reason, film and video require
substantially different algorithms in Interlace-to-Progressive
conversion. Conversion of film-originated DVDs can use
relatively simple de-interlacing. Conversion of video-originated
DVDs requires a more complex motion-adaptive algorithm.
High Accuracy Film Detection with FFRF
Smooth 525P output depends on proper 3-2 reverse conversion.
To accomplish this, the player must accurately reconstruct the 3-
2 cadence of the original master videotape. The key to achieving
this is the sequence of First Field Repeat Flags (FFRFs) on the
DVD. Most DVDs contain a complete set of FFRFs. But
inconsistencies in videotape editing, MPEG encoding and DVD
authoring can result in irregularity in the FFRF signal. As
reviewers have already noticed, this can cause even highly
regarded players to stumble, producing visible motion artifacts.
The correct application of the video algorithm requires the
precise identification of motion between pairs of video fields.
The DVP-S9000ES accomplishes this with the motion detection
microprocessor. It uses the external graphics memory of the I-to-
P conversion circuit to read pixel-level motion of each field at
high speed. Then the microprocessor instantly selects the
appropriate conversion algorithm for video, for film or for still
scenes with no motion.
Sony’s DVP-S9000ES overcomes the problem. The player
performs high-speed detection of missing flags, with flag look-
ahead and non-contiguous point detection. The player then
reconstructs missing flags, for smooth, uninterrupted playback of
DVD movies.
Fig. 3: At the top are the original
film frames, showing a car
moving down the street. Next
comes the original 3-2
3-2 Reverse Conversion
pulldown. Simple frame
memory reverse conversion
results in a motion blur every
time fields from different film
frames are combined. (This
occurs for two out of every five
frames — or 40% of the time!)
Sony’s DVP-S9000ES, bottom,
uses full 3-2 reverse conversion,
to preserve the integrity of the
original film frames.
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Video
DVD Technical Notes
devices are not sophisticated enough to detect and maintain this
High-quality Progressive Output from Film
integrity. Here again, a well-designed DVD player surpasses
most outboard devices.
One potential way to cut corners in 525P output is to adopt
relatively inexpensive frame memory. However, simple frame
memory systems can expose the signal to motion blur on two out
of every five frames. This becomes clear when we review the 3-
2 pulldown process. In simple frame memory reverse conversion,
the player combines the present field with the previous one — no
matter what cinema frame it came from. If the previous field
came from the same cinema frame, all is well and a good 525P
picture results. But if the previous field came from the previous
cinema frame — an event that occurs regularly on two out of
every five frames — then images that were captured 1/30 second
apart will be artificially combined on the television screen. The
result will be a blur of any moving objects in the video picture.
Such motion artifacts would be completely unacceptable in the
design program of the DVP-S9000ES. That’s why the player
undergoes the full 3-2 reverse conversion process.
High Performance MPEG Image Processor
Sony’s progressive scanning outputs represent a new benchmark
in home video perfor-
mance. But Sony’s design
goals for the DVP-
S9000ES required even
more. Sony built a new
MPEG Image Processor to
undertake three crucial
Photo 1: Sony’s MPEG Image Processor LSI
functions:
performs three important functions to optimize
image quality.
1. Motion Adaptive Field Noise Reduction.
2. Block Noise Reduction.
3. Clear Frame Still Image Performance.
Achieving 525P: DVD Player vs. Television
Many televisions capable of 525P have internal line doubling or
scaling circuitry capable of converting conventional 525i inputs
into 525P display. Sony’s own such circuits include the Digital
Reality CreationTM (DRCTM) and DRC Multi-Function (DRC-
MF) systems. With seemingly similar capabilities in both the
DVD player and the television, it’s only natural to ask which is
preferable. In most cases the 525P output of the DVD player
will provide superior results. There are two reasons.
Motion Adaptive Field Noise Reproduction
Data compressed formats such as DVD are susceptible to noise.
In the video signal, noise appears as tiny flecks or specks of
unwanted color. Typically, the circuits that reduce noise also
suppress fine picture detail. Viewers are asked to sacrifice the
ultimate in resolution for the ultimate in low noise picture clarity.
Many designs attempt to overcome this limitation by comparing
the pictures from several video fields at once. Pixels that
correlate from one field to the next are considered accurate.
Pixels that vary are
considered noisy. This
method performs
beautifully as long as
the images are still.
But because different
Fig. 4:Allowing the television to transform the signal to 525P (top) exposes the signal to
the losses entailed in additional D/Aand A/D conversions. Performing the conversion in
the DVP-S9000ES (bottom) simplifies the signal path for an image with lower noise and
lower distortion.
fields can capture the
image at different
times, the noise
reduction system can
First, only the DVD player can perform the transformation on the
DVD’s digital signal in the digital domain. The alternative is to
convert the signal to analog, transfer this analog signal to the
television, reconvert the signal back to digital and perform 525P
conversion. This exposes the signal to the losses and distortions
of an additional analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog
easily misinterpret
movement as noise.
Fig. 5: Conventional digital noise reduction
assumes that any difference between two fields is
When this happens, the
video noise. This effectively reduces the
noise reduction circuit
background noise, but can create new problems.
can create ghost
In this example, the movement of the car is
interpreted as noise, resulting in an unwanted ghost
images, unwanted
image — a motion artifact behind the car.
conversion. So the DVD player has a natural advantage.
motion artifacts that
may be more annoying than the original noise. In the past, Sony
has overcome this by exempting areas of screen movement from
noise reduction. Of course, this allows some video noise to
reach the television — another compromise.
Second, when designed properly, DVD player will observe the
correct 3-2 inverse conversion, respecting the integrity of the
original film frames. The overwhelming majority of outboard
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Sony’s Motion Adaptive Field Noise Reduction uses new
technology to overcome the old compromises. Thanks to the
new circuit, the DVP-S9000ES can achieve very high signal-to-
noise ratio, very high resolution and very accurate motion
— all at the same time!
differential luminance (Y) signals, is analyzed in blocks one
pixel high by 8 pixels wide. The Hadamard transform converts
the noise into an easily processed frequency distribution. To
reduce errors, eight operations are performed for each pixel. The
average of the eight values is then used. A limiter is then used to
extract noise from the converted signals. Than a reverse
Hadamard transform generates an error-correction signal that is
added to the video signal to suppress noise.
In addition, Sony’s Motion Adaptive Field Noise Reduction
performs the same process for noise in the color difference
channels, CB and CR. Since luminance and color difference
signals are separately processed, their noise reduction can be
individually optimized.
The mathematics of this noise reduction process may be
complex, but the results are easy to appreciate. The circuit
accomplishes three formerly elusive goals simultaneously:
1. Clean noise-free images on both moving portions and still
portions of the screen.
Fig. 6: Sony analyzes the video fields for movement by dividing the fields
into blocks that are 4 pixels high by 16 pixels wide. When big changes
are detected between two fields, Sony’s MPEG Image Processor
determines that there is screen movement. The system attempts to match
the block across a search window that extends four pixels up, three pixels
down, eight pixels to the left and seven to the right.
2. The full resolution of the DVD.
3. Clear and natural image movement, without ghosting or other
motion artifacts.
Block Noise Reduction
To overcome motion artifacts, the Sony design actively analyzes
the fields for movement. The system divides the image into
blocks of 4 pixels high by 16 pixels wide. This specific
rectangular shape is based on the understanding that most
movement in video images is horizontal. In blocks where no
large changes are detected between fields, the system applies
conventional noise reduction.
Another characteristic limitation of MPEG-2 compression is
block noise. This is the tendency for delicately shaded picture
areas to be rendered as solid rectangles of color. Instead of a
continuous contour of color on the cheek of an actress, fading
softly into shadow, you see subtle squares of approximately
correct color. Block noise is most apparent at the edges where
squares meet. This effect is also called mosquito wings, because
it can appear as subtle discoloration in tiny slices of the picture
and just as quickly disappear.
When large changes are detected between fields, the system
automatically searches for block movement. The search
“window” is 11 pixels high by 31 pixels wide.
Sony’s MPEG Image Processor mounts a sophisticated, compre-
hensive attack on block noise. The aim of Sony’s system is to
identify those areas of subtle gradation of tone — the areas most
prone to block noise — analyze the gradations and reconstruct
the abrupt steps of tone as more linear, more gradual slopes.
By finding matches for blocks that have moved, Sony’s Motion
Adaptive Field Noise Reduction makes it possible to apply noise
to areas of screen movement, in addition to the still background.
The system compares data from the two fields by a mathematical
method called the Hadamard transform. Noise, in the form of
The principal challenge here is to distinguish legitimate steps in
the picture tone (signal) from the unwanted, artificial steps
(block noise). This separation of wanted and unwanted steps is
made easier because the block borders area always at the same
places on the screen. Their location is a fixed attribute of the
MPEG-2 compression used in the DVD format.
The DVD format divides the screen into 2,700 blocks (90 hori-
zontal by 30 vertical). Each block measures 8 pixels horizontal
by 8 pixels vertical. They’re shown as vertical rectangles because
of interlace scanning. To judge for block noise, the MPEG Image
Processor establishes the three pixels to the left and right of the
Fig. 7: Sony’s Motion Adaptive Field noise reduction identifies and suppresses noise
across the entire screen area — in moving parts of the picture as well as the motionless
background. The process uses advanced motion detection and a Hadamard transform to
suppress noise without sacrificing detail or generating motion artifacts.
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Video
DVD Technical Notes
border as the Vertical Correlation
Coefficient Area. A larger area,
extending five pixels to the left and
right of the border is the Activity
Calculation Area.
Small, random-seeming changes at the
border are determined to be legitimate
variations in the signal. These are not
changed. Moderate changes arranged
in a line along block borders are deter-
mined to be block noise and are
corrected. However, when the image
hardly changes within five pixels of
the border and undergoes a big change
right at the border, this is considered
to be a legitimate edge in the picture,
and it passes uncorrected.
Fig. 8: Detection and correction of block noise. On the left is the DVD block structure. In the center, a pair of blocks, showing
the Activity Calculation Area. Across the bottom are sample readings. The first is a step characteristic of block noise, which
gets corrected to a gradual slope. In the center are random variations, which are passed uncorrected. On the right is a large step
characteristic of a legitimate picture edge. This also passes uncorrected.
After detecting block noise, Sony’s MPEG Image Processor must
determine the appropriate corrective action. The correction area
extends four pixels on either side of the border. Correction
consists of smoothing the step of block noise into a more natural,
gradual slope.
Noise Reduction system already knows that it’s a legitimate
picture edge and will pass it through without correction.
While we have described Block Noise Reduction for the vertical
block edges, the system works equally well for horizontal block
edges. The result is a comprehensive solution to even subtle
picture errors caused by block noise. Images are clearer and
more natural. The subtle gradations captured by today’s best
cinematographers are rendered with a greater precision and care.
The soft shadows that define a cheekbone, a fold of cloth or a
footprint in the sand come through with effortless clarity.
You can match the operation of Block Noise Reduction to the
condition of each DVD. An on-screen menu offers eight
settings, ranging from 0 (off) to 7 (maximum).
Clear Frame Still Image Performance
The third and final function of Sony’s MPEG Image Processor is
Clear Frame. As many disappointed VHS users already know,
when you hit the Pause button on a VCR, you see only the
information for a single field. Much of the vertical resolution is
lost. DVD players can perform far better in still mode, because
DVD can present both fields together to represent the entire
video frame.
However, as we discovered in the discussion of 525P outputs, the
parameters of film-originated DVDs are quite different from
those of video-originated DVDs.
Fig. 9: Thanks to motion detection, the Block Noise Reduction circuit “knows” when a
car is approaching the edge of a block and does not try to correct the picture edge.
• Film-originated DVDs do best with frame pause, because both
video fields represent the same slice of time. The two fields
blend together perfectly for a full-resolution still image.
For even greater sophistication, the Block Noise Reduction
system takes advantage of the same motion detection engine as
described above for Field Noise Reduction. In essence, the
motion detector tells the Block Noise Reduction circuit, “a car is
approaching the block edge.” When the car arrives, the Block
• Video-originated DVDs capture two fields that represent
different slices of time, 1/60 second apart. To accommodate
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this, DVD players have offered a choice between frame pause
or field pause. Frame pause maximizes vertical resolution, but
blurs whatever motion may be present in the image. Field
pause gets rid of motion blur, but sacrifices vertical resolution,
just like a VCR.
Horizontal Sharpness
+/- 20 steps
+/- 20 steps
stages 0 to 7
stages 0 to 7
Vertical Sharpness
Block Noise Reduction
Luminance (Y) Noise Reduction
Chrominance (CB, CR) Noise Reduction stages 0 to 7
Chroma Delay
2 stages
Now with the Clear Frame system of Sony’s DVP-S9000ES, you
no longer need to choose. Because the MPEG Image Processor
already has comprehensive motion detection circuitry, the player
already “knows” which portions of a video-originated scene have
motion. So the player applies high-resolution frame pause for all
“Below Black” Reproduction with
Graphical Gamma Adjustment
The DVD format dictates specific quantization for specific bright-
ness levels. For example, full black corresponds to a quantiza-
tion of 16 while full white corresponds to 235. However, demand
has grown for adjustment that matches the DVD player output to
the characteristics of your display. Direct-view CRTs, plasma
panels, CRT projectors and LCD projectors each have specific
needs. For example, LCD projectors are subject to “black float”
and can benefit from a calibration “below black.” CRT direct
view televisions tend to loose dark detail when viewed in
brightly-lit rooms.
Historically, gamma adjustment has matched the grayscale of a
video camera to the general transfer characteristics of CRTs.
Sony’s Graphical Gamma Adjustment matches the grayscale
performance of the player to the specific transfer characteristics
of your display. Used with a commercially available calibration
disc, the Graphical Gamma Adjustment can achieve ideal
reproduction.
The system enables you to make adjustments to gamma much
like a graphic equalizer adjusts audio frequency response. As
with an audio equalizer, aggressive adjustment can yield
unnatural results. The controls are best used to make gamma
curves that are smooth and subtle. Sony’s control offers eight
points of correction, each with 8-bit precision. And you can
always return the gamma controls to the industry-standard “flat”
state by selecting “RESET” on the on-screen display.
Fig. 10: Sony’s Clear Frame system delivers superior still images of video-originated
DVDs. Moving areas, like the car are reproduced in motion-stopping field pause. But
motionless areas, like the stop sign are reproduced in the full resolution of frame pause.
So you see far higher pause mode resolution!
the motionless areas of your picture, while it applies motion-
stopping field pause to areas of movement. Clear Frame is simple,
automatic and easy to appreciate. It’s a major improvement in
freeze frame technology.
High Precision Video Equalizer
The video equalizer of the DVP-S9000ES enables users to fine-
tune performance to match their monitors and viewing
conditions. The equalizer is controlled via on-screen display and
offers unusually fine adjustment:
Picture
+/- 20 steps
+/- 20 steps
+/- 20 steps
+/- 20 steps
Brightness
Color Balance
Hue
Fig. 11: Graphical Gamma adjustment is like an eight-band graphic equalizer
for grayscale and black level.
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Video
DVD Technical Notes
more accurate rendition of colors and gray scale from the deepest
Custom Memory / Playback Memory
black to the brightest highlights.
Many of the video equalizer adjustments exist to tailor perform-
ance for individual DVDs. That’s why the DVP-S9000ES can
store your favorite settings for instant recall. Custom Memory
lets you store five standard settings for different movie studios,
different DVD genres or different types of display. Playback
Memory stores your fine-tuned adjustments for up to 300 discs.
Each time you insert one of the 300 discs, the player will
automatically recall your specific hand-tailored adjustments.
In addition, the converter employs video oversampling similar to
the oversampling near universal in audio CD players. To capture
13.5 MHz signals, the luminance channel uses a 27 MHz
sampling frequency. The D/A conversion uses 2x oversampling
system to bring this to 54 MHz. In a similar process, each
chrominance channel gets 4x oversampling. The CB and CR
sampling frequency of 13.5 MHz is quadrupled to 54 MHz. As
in CD players, this method makes quantization noise easier to
filter out, with more linear amplitude frequency response within
the passband and superb suppression of noise outside the
passband. As incorporated in the Analog Devices Super Sub
Alias FilterTM
Video Clock and Video Data TBC
The master clock resides in the Audio section. But instead of
passively receiving the external clock signal, the video circuit
regenerates its own 27 MHz reference clock with its own quartz
crystal. This reference is distributed to every digital video
circuit. So timing errors and their consequent distortions are
kept to a bare minimum. Images achieve maximum stability and
minimum jitter.
design, this
achieves better
signal-to-noise
ratio and superb
frequency
response, taking
DVD 4:2:2 D/A
converters into the
Fig. 13: The Super Sub Sampling Alias Filter (top) controls
realm of 8:8:8
the noise of alias signals (bumps on bottom).
performance.
Optimized Video Filters
Separate video filters for progressive and interlaced outputs help
achieve wide bandwidth, high resolution and minimum out-of-
band noise.
Fig.12: A dedicated 27 MHz quartz crystal oscillator regenerates a
super-clean video-only reference clock.
High-Speed Video Buffers
The interlaced output must pass 6.75 MHz, while the progressive
output must achieve twice that frequency — 13.5 MHz. Since
bandwidth equates to resolution, the DVP-S9000ES is equipped
with high-speed video buffer amplifiers that are more than equal
to the task. These circuits can pass 325 MHz without loss. As
such, the buffer amps are prepared to drive capacitive cable runs,
while minimizing such distortions.
54 MHz Video D/A Converter
One natural consequence of supplying both progressive and
interlaced video outputs is the need to provide both progressive
and interlaced video D/A converters. DVP-S9000ES is equipped
with both video D/A coverters, one for interlace output and the
other for progressive output. The DVP-S9000ES progressive
D/A converter was developed in cooperation with Analog
Devices Corp., the same company that built the 32-bit SHARC
processor in Sony’s TA-E9000ES A/V digital preamplifier.
Output Capacitor-Less (OCL) Coupling
In typical audio and video design, an output capacitor prevents
the accidental passing of DC offset voltage from one component
to the next. However, the mere presence of the output capacitor
can affect the audio frequency response and literally tinge the
television picture with unwanted shading. And these effects are
beyond the adjustment of your television’s video adjustments.
Sony’s answer is a rigorous design that controls DC offset
voltages from the start. You get reliable operation without
performance-robbing output capacitors.
This is a Large Scale Integrated circuit (LSI) of remarkable
processing power. Sony’s previous designs converted the DVD’s
8-bit video samples with 10 bits of precision. This current LSI
raises the standard of performance with 12-bit conversion for the
luminance (Y) signal and 11-bit conversion for each of the color
difference signals (CB and CR). Higher word lengths enable four
times the fine gradations in the luminance channel, and twice as
many gradations in each of the color channels. So you get a
11
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Video
DVD Technical Notes
Carefully Selected Parts
Wide Pitch Component Output
More than a labor of technology, the DVP-S9000ES represents
the enthusiasm that Sony engineers share with high-end
videophiles. That’s why the player incorporates a variety of
carefully selected resistors, inductors, semiconductors and
capacitors. Each plays a specific role in maximizing video
performance.
Sony engineers even anticipated the videophile-grade output
cables likely to be used with the DVP-S9000ES. For this reason,
the engineers deliberately spaced the Y/CB/CR output jacks
further apart than common practice, the better to accommodate
extra-fat cables and plugs!
• Low Distortion Film Capacitors. While electrolytic
capacitors are suitable to power supply filtering, film
capacitors are especially proficient for sound and picture.
Many of these low-distortion capacitors contribute to the
Many of these low-distortion capacitors contribute to the
outstanding performance of the DVP-S9000ES.
• Oversized output resistors. Output resistors determine the
impedance of the analog output circuits. Most designers avoid
large resistors. But Sony incorporates large resistors of
uncommonly tight tolerances. This contributes to the high
slew rates required for wideband audio and video.
Photo 2: Widely spaced Y/CB/CR output jacks accommodate even extra-fat videophile
connectors.
• Output Signal Relay. To simplify connections to your
television, the DVP-S9000ES uses a common set of component
video terminals for both progressive and interlaced output.
Naturally, this requires output switching. While common
designs use semiconductor switches, Sony employs a high-
quality mechanical relay. It’s a more expensive design that
delivers more positive connections, lower resistance and lower
noise across the switch. Progressive and interlaced output can
be selected via on-screen menus or via back panel switch.
Fig. 14: Overview of the video processing circuit board.
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Audio
DVD Technical Notes
Laser wavelength
Lens numerical
aperture (NA)
Playback frequency
range (theoretical)
Dynamic range
(theoretical)
780nm
0.45
650nm
0.60
A Listening Experience Beyond All Expectations
The DVP-S9000ES is more than just a cutting edge Sony
DVD-Video player. It’s a Sony high fidelity component of
the first order. This is the very first DVD player to be
part of Sony’s acclaimed ES Series, the Elevated Standard in
audio/video. It incorporates circuits, topology and
DC — 20,000 Hz DC — >100,000 Hz
96 dB (audible More than 120 dB
range)
(audible range)
features carefully designed to maximize DVD-Video sound
Maximum playback
time
Approx. 74 min. Approx. 110 min.
(stereo)
(stereo)
tracks, Compact Discs and Super Audio Compact Discs.
Approx. 74 min.
(multi-channel and
stereo)
Super Audio Compact Disc:
Because there’s So Much More to Hear TM
Additional functions
Text, graphics Text, graphics,
video
The Compact Disc was an important accomplishment in music
reproduction. But over the years, discerning listeners have
demanded even more. That’s why Sony and Philips, the
inventors of CD, have created the new Super Audio Compact
Disc (SACD). Thanks to a revolutionary technology called
Direct Stream Digital(tm) (DSD(r)) encoding, this is the highest
quality stereo sound source available today.
• Security. Pirated copies of discs threaten music companies,
producers and musicians alike. In addition, consumers need
protection from fraudulent, unauthorized copies. That’s why
authorized SACDs are identified by both visible and invisible
watermarks. The visible watermark is a faint image on the
signal side of the disc, made possible by Pit Signal Processing
(PSP) technology. Missing or corrupted watermarks warn
consumers of unauthorized discs. Invisible watermarks
authenticate the discs prior to playback. If the SACD player
cannot read the watermark, the SACD will not play.
• Fidelity. With DSD encoding, SACD can capture more of the
original sound source. The SACD format offers frequency
response to 100 kHz and a theoretical dynamic range of 120 dB.
But specifications alone cannot express the DSD advantage.
DSD one-bit encoding strips away entire classes of distortion
that have always characterized PCM. The DSD system
provides nothing less than a quantum leap in music resolution.
• Compatibility. Music enthusiasts have already made a
substantial commitment to their CD collections. To protect this
investment, every SACD player performs superbly with the
more than 13 billion audio Compact Discs currently in
existence. And the SACD format also includes a hybrid disc
option that will play back beautifully in any home, car and
portable CD player made since 1982.
• Simplicity. To audiophiles, purity has always meant simplicity.
So with SACD, there’s no option for music to be recorded at
anything less than the highest possible resolution. There’s also
no option for lossy compression of any kind. And you’ll never
experience stereo derived from a computerized fold-down.
SACD is about music, pure and simple.
• Three types of discs. With the SACD format, music
companies can offer three different types of discs. The single-
layer disc can store a full album of high-resolution music. A
dual-layer disc provides nearly twice the playing time. There’s
even a hybrid disc that contains both a high density music layer
and a standard density CD layer for compatibility with over
700 million CD players, worldwide.
• Capacity. As a stereo music carrier, the Super Audio Compact
Disc can hold over six times the data of Compact Disc. Some
SACDs have enough room for both a two-channel mix and a
multi-channel version of the same music, not to mention text
and graphics.
• The Music. SACD has triggered an outpouring of music, both
reissued and new, from the world’s preeminent artists. Jazz
greats like Dave Brubeck, Miles Davis, Herbie Hancock, Milt
Jackson, Wynton Marsalis and Oscar Peterson. Classical
virtuosos like Emanuel Ax, Glenn Gould, Yo-Yo Ma and Isaac
Stern. With the world’s finest orchestras under the batons of
Leonard Bernstein, Eugene Ormandy, Wolfgang Sawallisch
and Bruno Walter. These performances were singular events.
Now captured on SACD, these titles gloriously demonstrate
music the way it should be.
CD
SACD (single layer)
12 cm
Disc diameter
Disc thickness
Playback side
Coding System
12 cm
Fig. 16: 3 Types of Disc
1.2 mm
1.2 mm
Single
Single
16-bit linear
PCM encoding
44,100 Hz
680 MB
1-bit DSD encoding
Sampling Frequency
Disc data capacity
2,822,400 Hz
4.7 GB
Disc minimum pit length 0.83 micrometers 0.40 micrometers
Disc track pitch 1.60 micrometers 0.74 micrometers
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Direct Stream DigitalTM Encoding:
The Digital Equivalent of Straight Wire with Gain
A Foundation for the Future
The DSD analog-to-digital converter produces a one-bit pulse
For nearly 30 years, digital audio has been based upon Pulse
Code Modulation (PCM) technology — and nobody knows PCM
better than Sony. We’ve used it to develop everything from
Compact Disc and DAT to professional DASH recorders and
digital mixing consoles. But to achieve a truly fundamental
breakthrough in music reproduction, Sony has invented a truly
amazing audio technology: Direct Stream Digital (DSD)
encoding. DSD encoding is destined to serve as the foundation
for digital audio in the future.
train that appears remarkably analog. In this manner, DSD encoding
combines the
advantages of digital
recording with the
well-regarded
characteristics of
analog sound. For
recording artists,
Fig.16: The Direct Stream Digital pulse train
“looks” remarkably like the analog waveform it
producers and
represents. More pulses point up as the wave goes
engineers, DSD
positive and down as the wave goes negative.
technology is a
Simplifying the Signal Path
Even the most advanced PCM record/playback systems require
decimation and interpolation filters that can cause problems,
including requantization noise, passband ripple and ringing.
These degradations can smear musical overtones, muddy the
soundstage and compromise overall transparency. A radically
simpler approach, Direct Stream Digital processing eliminates
these problems by eliminating the filters! It enables a 1-bit
signal to be recorded directly.
Overview of DSD Circuitry
priceless new tool. For audiophiles, it’s a major step closer to
pure music.
Not surprisingly the DVP-S9000ES audio section makes
extensive use of technologies originally developed for the world’s
first SACD player, the Sony SCD-1. Here are the highlights.
1. RF Processor. For all types of disc, including DVD, this
circuit performs clock signal extraction, synchronization,
demodulation and error correction.
Beyond Comparison
Direct Stream Digital processing is dramatically different, even
when compared to the most sophisticated PCM technology. This
1-bit system encodes music at an astonishing 2,822,400 samples
per second. The result is more than just superb frequency
response and dynamic range. You’ll hear the inner detail of
choral ensembles. The reverberation trailing from a guitar chord.
And the acoustic space surrounding the instruments. With DSD
technology, you hear every nuance of sound reproduced with
incredible ease and clarity.
2. DSD Decoder. For SACD only. Authenticates the SACD
invisible watermark, separates text from music and forms the
left and right DSD pulse trains.
3. ACP System. For SACD only. Controls the influence of
switching distortion.
4. VC24 Plus Digital Filter. For CD only. A supremely
advanced version of the familiar 8x oversampling digital filter.
5. Current Pulse D/A Converter. For SACD and CD.
Supremely accurate conversion from 1-bit digital to analog.
6. Low Pass Filter. The SACD analog low pass filter helps
deliver frequency response to 100,000 Hz, unprecedented in a
home audio source component.
Fig. 15: In high-end audio, simplest is best. And compared to conventional PCM, the new DSD system is far simpler.
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Audio
DVD Technical Notes
DSD Decorder
96 kHz / 24-bit capable Current Pulse
D/A Converter ( for all discs )
Organizing the data into left and right pulse streams is the job of
the DSD decoder. A Sony-built LSI, the DSD decoder first reads
Conventional D/A converters generate pulse height from the voltage
power supply — a method that can expose the signal to subtle
power supply voltage fluctuations. The Current Pulse Converter
overcomes this limitation. The design changes the incoming train of
voltage pulses to a train of current pulses. Because the circuit
incorporates an extremely clean “constant current” source, the
pulses emerge with the desired flat tops, flat bottoms and identical
height. You get audio output of extraordinarily low distortion. The
Current Pulse D/A converter operates for SACD, CD and DVD-
Video sound tracks alike. The system supports the highest sound
quality in DVD-Video: 96 kHz/24-bit recording.
the invisible watermark — a key anti-piracy feature — and then
decodes the incoming data. Data on the disc originate as
alternating bursts of left-channel and right-channel information.
Buffer memory and master clock sync enable the bursts to be
output as two
continuous,
simultaneous
streams. The DSD
decoder also reads
sub code data,
including text and
Table of Contents
information such
VC 24 Plus Digital Filter ( for DVD-Video and CD )
Photo 3: The heart to SACD reproduction, Sony’s DSD
as track number
A conventional digital filter has a fixed filtering coefficient with
no user controls. Sony’s Variable Coefficient digital filter is a
dramatic departure. The VC digital filter actually offers different
settings, representing different filter coefficients, different
filtering methods and different objectives in reproduced sound.
decoding LSI.
and playing time.
To preserve the maximum accuracy of the DSD pulses, our
design program identified two basic goals:
• Amplitude axis precision
• Time axis precision
Separate Low-Pass Filters ( for all discs )
Sony’s Accurate Complementary Pulse Density Modulation (ACP)
system and Current Pulse D/A Converter meet the first goal.
Sony’s new pulse generator in VC24 achieve the second goal.
After current-to-voltage conversion, a simple low-pass filter is
all that’s required to produce an analog output. Unlike CD, the
SACD cutoff frequency is largely determined by the characteris-
tics of the player’s low-pass filter. The DVP-S9000ES low-pass
filter has aresponse
curve that slowly
falls in the vicinity
of 50 kHz,
ACP System
The Megahertz switching speeds of DSD decoding have an
unfortunate byproduct, switching glitches, rough irregularities in
the DSD pulse train. Sony’s Accurate Complementary Pulse
Density Modulation (ACP) overcomes this by converting the
DSD pulses. Instead of encoding 1 as a pulse and 0 as the
absence of a pulse, ACP represents each digital 1 as wide 1
followed by a narrow 0. And ACP represents each digital 0 as a
narrow 1 followed by a wide 0. In this way, ACP effectively
converts the data from pulse height (sensitive to glitches) to
pulse width (insensitive to glitches). So glitches are not passed
along to subsequent circuitry.
enabling usable
response out to
100 kHz, some
five times higher
than previous
Fig. 18: The Low Pass Filter of the DVP-S9000ES enables
home audio
usable frequency response to 100 kHz, some five times higher
than previous home audio sources.
sources.
Two Audio Master Clocks ( for all discs )
As an audio/video player, the DVP-S9000ES needs to generate
master clock frequencies for audio and video simultaneously.
Typical practice deploys a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) circuit to
subdivide the video master clock for audio use. However, this
exposes the audio signal to unwanted jitter, which can generate
audible distortion. That’s why the DVP-S9000ES subdivides
audio master clock for video use. The SACD and CD master
clock runs at 44.1 kHz x 1024 = 45 MHz. The DVD-Video sound
track master clock runs at 48 kHz x 1024 = 49 MHz. And the
DVD-Video clock for pictures downconverts this via PLL to
Fig.17: Thanks to Pulse Density Modulation, the ACP system
disregards amplitude distortions and switching glitches.
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Audio
DVD Technical Notes
27 MHz. For a further reduction in noise, the power supply to
any unused clocks is automatically turned off.
purity. A straight path carries the signal directly from the D/A
converter input to the output terminals on the back panel. As an
added precaution, extra-thick low-impedance jumper cables
eliminate patterning between the main ground of the audio board
and the main ground of the digital block.
Fig. 19: Contrary to common practice, the DVP-S9000ES subdivides the audio master
clock for video, not the other way around.
Photo 4: The front and back of the audio circuit board reveal
Audio Direct Output ( for all discs )
One potential concern with so many types of circuitry in one
chassis is mutual interference. Sony minimizes the possibility of
radiated interference with Audio Direct output, a front panel
switch that automatically shuts off all Video and Digital outputs.
The switch enables the DVP-S9000ES to operate audio-only
whenever you desire. Three other power configurations are also
offered:
Twin R-Core Power Transformers ( for all discs )
Power transformer cores and windings can vibrate and degrade
the sound, radiating 60 Hz hum into nearby audio circuits.
That’s why Sony shields the audio circuit board. And that’s why
Sony chose twin R-Core power transformers. The R stands for
round. Not only
is the core round,
it has a cylindrical
cross section,
• Video Off. Shuts down the video and power circuitry to
eliminate its effect on the audio circuitry.
• Digital Off. Shuts down the signal.
enabling the
• Display Off. Cuts off power to the fluorescent display panel,
for a further reduction in noise.
transformer
windings to be
wrapped without
the voids or gaps
Jitter-Free 96 kHz / 24-bit Digital Output
Photo 5: Sony minimizes power transformer hum and
that permit
noise by incorporating two carefully made R-core power
The DVP-S9000ES is capable of sending out DVD-Video sound
tracks at full 96 kHz/24-bit resolution on discs without copy
protection. (Discs with copy protection are limited to 48 kHz/
16-bit digital outputs.) To support full 96 kHz/24-bit digital
output, the optical output module operates all the way up to 13.2
Mbps. So you can connect with maximum fidelity.
vibration. This
transformers.
results in far less
radiation, far less hum. The core itself is formed from long
narrow magnetic steel plates, rolled into shape without gaps that
might also generate hum. To further protect the audio stage from
interference, one transformer handles video, system control
and servo systems while the other specializes in audio
alone.
As an added safeguard to signal integrity, the digital output
signal is re-synchronized immediately before the coaxial and
optical digital outputs. The signal is realigned to the highly
accurate master clock at 49 MHz (for DVD-Audio) and 45 MHz
(for CD and SACD). This reduces the possibility of distortion-
inducing jitter at the digital outputs.
Power Supply Configuration ( for all discs )
While switching power supplies are common in DVD players,
Sony demanded more. We use more traditional series power
supplies with the twin transformers followed by rectifiers.
Separate power supply secondaries are employed for each stage.
And the secondaries are located on the circuit boards they serve:
audio, video, system, motor drive and display. In addition,
separate regulation is used in the D/A converter, VC 24 Plus,
master clock oscillator and digital output buffer blocks. This
minimizes even slight opportunities for mutual interference
through the power supply.
Separate Audio Circuit Board ( for all discs )
As a further defense against radiated noise, the audio circuitry is
isolated on its own circuit board, shielded by 1.6 mm sheet metal
and fed by its own, dedicated power supply secondary, located
on the circuit board itself. The board is laid out in classic dual
monaural configuration, for enhanced stereo separation and sonic
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Construction
DVD Technical Notes
while the bottom plate is 2 mm thick. The chassis corners
Audiophile Parts
benefit from stiffening boards that add strength and diffuse the
natural resonant frequencies. In this way, materials of different
shapes and thicknesses combine to suppress vibration. In
addition, copper plating on the back panel and bottom help
reduce noise by decreasing the ground potential difference.
The same insistence on high-performance parts that marks the
video section of the DVP-S9000ES can be found throughout the
audio section, as befits a fully qualified member of Sony’s ES
Series. The parts are selected after undergoing exhaustive
testing. For example, the audio circuit board is a glass epoxy
design that steadfastly resists deformation. The copper foil
traces on the circuit board are twice the normal thickness.
Principal parts are secured with through-hole connections. The
digital circuit is intentionally compact with the shortest practical
leads. High quality electrolytic capacitors are used wherever
they can impact sound. Even the AC power line uses gold
plating for the minimum in contact resistance. The result is
remarkably pure, superbly clean sound.
Off Center Insulator Feet
To prevent shelf-borne vibration from entering the chassis, Sony’s
insulator feet locate the screw hole off center. Varying the radius
from screw to perimeter tends to vary the resonant frequency
within the foot — diffusing one potential path for vibration.
New Fixed Base Unit Mechanism
The DVP-S9000ES marks the debut of an all-new drive mechanism
of unusual design. On a conventional DVD drive, the spindle,
drive motor and optical pickup are mounted on a pivoting base
unit. The pivot is necessary because the base unit needs to drop
out of the way when the disc drawer is opening and closing. And
it needs to swing back up into playing position once a disc has
been loaded. Unfortunately, this pivoting mechanism is an open
invitation to vibration and resonance.
Build Right
Vibration is the enemy of DVD players for two powerful
reasons. First, vibration in the disc or optical pickup triggers
unwanted operation in the tracking servos. This can radiate
spurious noise throughout the chassis. And this radiation occurs
in exactly the wrong place — near the sensitive low-level optical
pickup preamplifier. To make matters worse, vibration can also
cause subtle distortions in the audio circuitry. Vibration can have
tiny “microphonic” effects on capacitor values and point-to-point
wiring. While these distortions are not always apparent to the
casual listener, Sony’s design program required performance
without compromise. For all these reasons, the DVP-S9000ES
takes advantage of Sony’s comprehensive anti-resonant design.
It’s one more way the player reflects its dual heritage as a top
Sony DVD machine and proud member of the ES Series.
Sony engineers
demanded more.
And they developed
the fixed base unit
mechanism. In the
new Sony design,
the spindle, motor
and optical pickup
Fig. 20: Conventional DVD players use a pivoting base unit
base unit is rigidly
Copper-Plated Frame and Beam Chassis
(top), prone to vibration. The Sony DVP-S9000ES uses a
bolted to a sub-
rigidly fixed base unit (bottom), minimizing vibration and
The first line of defense against vibration is Sony’s Frame and
Beam (FB) chassis. In this design, the thick, high-strength
chassis frame gains additional strength from a horizontal beam.
The back panel and main parts use 1.6 mm thick sheet metal
chassis, to reduce
its consequent distortion.
any possibility of
resonance. When you load a disc into the DVP-S9000ES, the
disc not only moves laterally into the player, it also descends
onto the spindle. Thanks to Sony’s new design, the disc is
always read in a silent, extremely stable non-resonant
environment. Vibration is minimized, along the servo activity
vibration can cause. The sensitive RF preamplifier is protected
from servo radiation.
Hermetic Shutter
When it carries the disc down to the fixed base unit, the loading
tray no longer acts like a door to seal the front-panel loading slot.
Sony engineers addressed this by creating a hermetic shutter. It
forms an airtight seal to protect the disc and pickup from airborne
vibration. Even when the speakers in your room are going full
blast, the disc rotates in peace and quiet.
Photo 6: Sony’s copper-plated Frame and Beam (FB) is not only strong. Parts of different
shapes and thicknesses combine to suppress resonance.
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Construction/
Conveniences
DVD Technical Notes
Performance Meets Refinement
BMC Mechanical Deck
The base unit is mounted on a subchassis called the mechanical
deck. On the DVP-S9000ES, this is a self-contained box formed
of Sony’s Bulk Molding Compound (BMC). Long a fixture in
Sony anti-resonant design,
Thoughtful touches and operating refinements make the
DVP-S9000ES a pleasure even before playback begins.
• Thick aluminum front panel. The DVP-S9000ES has serious,
down-to-business styling with a thick, uncluttered aluminum
front panel. The fluorescent display window is made of high
hardness acrylic resin, especially formulated to resist scratches.
• Short stroke controls. Front-panel buttons are designed to
respond to the lightest finger contact. Audio feedback in the
form of a defeatable beep tone confirms each command.
• LED/fluorescent display dimmer. To minimize distraction
during movie playback, the front panel fluorescent display can
be dimmed. When you dim the display, the player
simultaneously dims the front panel LEDs.
BMC is carefully
formulated for high strength
and high internal loss. Like
steel, it has the rigidity
required for its structural
purpose. But unlike steel,
BMC steadfastly resists
vibration and resonance.
BMC consists of calcium
carbonate — a principal
component of marble — glass
• Control Menu. With DVD-Video, SACD and CD playback
in a single chassis, the DVP-S9000ES is brimming with control
options and configuration possibilities. Sony organizes all the
options for maximum clarity and presents them on your
television screen.
fiber reinforcement and
Fig. 21: The mechanical deck is a sealed
unsaturated polyester. The
enclosure, shown here with drawer open & closed
material is subjected to
thermosetting and is formed into the mechanical deck floor, walls
and ceiling. Even the disc loading tray is made of non-resonant
BMC.
• Luminescent remote control. Because owners will be
enjoying DVDs with the room lights turned down, the remote
control features glow-in-the-dark keys for Play, Stop, Pause
and Display.
Mechanical Deck Insulators
• Sound feedback. Beep tones confirm your selections for both
front-panel and remote control commands. If you prefer, the
audio feedback can be deactivated.
For further protection, the mechanical deck is insulated from the
DVP-S9000ES main chassis via dedicated supports.
A new Digital Signal Processor (DSP) handles 40 million
instructions per second (40 MIPS). The result is highly precise
control of the optical pickup, for supremely accurate readout of
the high-density DVD and SACD signal surface. The new DSP
also helps deliver superb high-speed search and special effects
playback. And it helps reduce the duration from disc insertion to
the start of playback.
• Picture Memory. Similar to the customizable desktop picture
on a PC, the DVP-S9000ES can display different scenes in the
Stop mode. These can include favorite video scenes stored in
memory, along with jacket pictures from CD Extra discs as
well as DVDs.
• Bit Rate Display. Users can track the variable bit rate of
MPEG-2 compression with on-screen displays of video and
audio bit rates.
High-Speed, High-Precision Servo DSP
• Layer and Pickup Display. The DVP-S9000ES can show an
on-screen graphic representation of your current position on
the disc, along with your current layer for dual-layer discs.
• Custom Parental Controls. You can password protect the
viewing of up to 300 DVDs, restricting playback to PG
versions (on compatible discs) or preventing playback
altogether.
This digital controller must speak to such analog devices as the
disc drive motor, tilt motor, and thread motor. For this purpose,
the system uses 20 MHz Sigma Delta modulation and a highly
linear 1-bit D/A converter. The result is 10-bit accuracy in the
motor control output voltages.
• DVD, SACD and CD TEXTTM display. The DVP-S9000ES
provides scrolling front panel display for the text functions of
compatible discs.
• Enviromentally friendly. To conserve energy, power,
consumption in the Standby mode is less than 1 watt.
Operation automatically shuts down 30 minutes after Stop.
To reduce pollution, the printed circuit boards are halogen-free.
Fig. 22: The drive system uses an uncommonly powerful 40 MIPS DSP,
combined with an uncommonly accurate Delta Sigma 1-bit D/Aconverter.
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Specifications
DVD Technical Notes
DVP-S9000ES Specifications
Audio Characteristics
Frequency Response
DVD(PCM 96kHz): 2Hz to 44kHz (-2dB; ±1dB at 44kHz)
CD: 2Hz to 20kHz (±0.5dB)
SACD: 2Hz to 100kHz (-3dB; ±1dB at50kHz)
More than 115dB (DVD)
Signal-to-noise Ratio
Harmonic Distortion
DVD: Less than 0.0015%
CD: Less than 0.002%"
SACD: Less than 0.0015%
Dynamic Range
Wow and Flutter
More than 103 dB(DVD/SACD)
More than 99 dB(CD)
Beneath the limits of measurement (± 0.001% weighted peak)
General
Power requirements
Power Consumption
Dimensions
220-240V AC, 50/60Hz
43W(Standby less than 1W)
5
17 x 5 x 15 / " (430 x 126 x 398mm)
8
Weight
approx 27 lbs., 12 oz. (12.6 kg)
Photo 8: Remote control
Photo 7: Front panel
Photo 9: Rear panel
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Printed in Singapore
Specifications, photos and related data are intended for design purposes and may be different from those of the product.
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