MODEL
Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Englisch
Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Französisch
Duden – Die deutsche Rechtschreibung
PW-E420
ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY
OPERATION MANUAL
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Introduction
Thank you for purchasing the SHARP Electronic Dictionary, model PW-E420.
The PW-E420 contains data based on the following dictionaries (see page 7):
• Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Englisch
• Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Französisch
• Duden – Die deutsche Rechtschreibung
After reading this manual, store it in a convenient location for future reference.
NOTICE
• SHARP will not be liable nor responsible for any incidental or consequential economic or property damage caused by misuse and/or malfunction of this product
and its peripherals, unless such liability is acknowledged by law.
• The specification of this product and its accessories, as well as information provided in this manual, is subject to change without prior notice.
CAUTION
• Do not carry the PW-E420 in the back pocket of slacks or trousers.
• Do not apply excessive physical pressure on the LCD panel because the glass material may break.
• Do not drop the PW-E420 or apply excessive force to it. Bending the unit unduly can damage it.
• Do not subject the PW-E420 to extreme temperatures. Do not expose the unit to an extremely humid or dusty environment.
• Do not apply extreme force when pressing the keys.
• Sharp or hard objects can scratch and damage the unit. Make sure it is adequately protected when carried with other objects.
• Since this product is not waterproof, do not use it or store it where fluids, for example water, can splash onto it. Raindrops, water spray, juice, coffee, steam,
perspiration, etc. will also cause malfunction.
• Clean only with a soft, dry cloth. Do not use solvents.
• Use only a SHARP approved service facility.
NOTES
• All company and/or product names are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
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Fast and clever – Look up and explore
You made a good choice with the electronic dictionary PW-E420!
The PW-E420 was developed in close cooperation with the two leading dictionary publishing companies in the German speaking market, Langenscheidt KG and Duden,
whose book contents have been integrated into the electronic device.
The intuitive operation of the device follows the usage of the printed dictionaries, but – thanks to the intelligent electronics – looking up words and exploring the correct
spelling and translation is much faster and cleverer.
Open the required dictionary directly by using one of the five dictionary keys and let’s go!
• The word to look up is directly input via the easy-to-operate German QWERTZ keyboard.With each inserted character the selection is reduced by a filter search to quickly
highlight the required word.
• The next menu item ‘Wortverbindungen’ explores idiomatic phrases and sample sentences in German, English and French and translates them correctly.
• The function key ‘Sprung’ directly accesses translations, cross-references, abbreviations,the French conjugation and additional notes such as the German spelling rules.
• The function keys ‘My Words’ and ‘Verlauf’ open the lists responding to the history of the displayed words to train special vocabulary or quickly recall certain words.
• ‘Quick View’ shows an overview of the different meanings of an entry word to enable direct access to the required definition.
• The intelligent word games ‘Kreuzworträtsel lösen’ and ‘Anagramm lösen’ lets you emerge not only as winner of word games, but will introduce some methodical variety
into English or French lessons.
• The LCD offers a readable view for varying visibility and light conditions by supporting two font sizes and a backlight.
3
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CONTENTS
Getting Started
Word games (Buchstabenrätsel).........................................................................30
Crossword solver (Kreuzworträtsel lösen) ....................................................30
Anagram solver (Anagramm lösen) .............................................................30
Duden-rules.........................................................................................................31
Further information..............................................................................................31
Using the PW-E420 for the first time.....................................................................5
Layout....................................................................................................................8
Basic Operation of PW-E420 ..............................................................................10
Set-up Menu (Menü-Einstellungen).....................................................................13
Inputting Characters............................................................................................14
Zusatz-Infos (Contents-Info)
In PW-E420 integrated information of the printed version of the dictionaries......32
Further information are found in the appendix to this operation manual.............32
How to view the Zusatz-Infos ..............................................................................33
Using Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch
Looking up a word by Filter search .....................................................................16
Phrase search (Feststehende Wortverbindungen suchen) .................................17
Spellcheck function (Rechtschreibprüfung).........................................................17
Word games (Buchstabenrätsel).........................................................................18
Crossword solver (Kreuzworträtsel lösen) ....................................................18
Anagram solver (Anagramm lösen) .............................................................19
Further information..............................................................................................20
Using the Super jump function
How to use the Super jump function ...................................................................34
Using the My Words List function
How to register a word in the My Words List.......................................................35
Displaying the words you have registered in each dictionary..............................35
Using Langenscheidt Deutsch-Englisch
Using the History function
How to use the History function ..........................................................................37
Looking up a word by Filter search .....................................................................21
Phrase search (Feststehende Wortverbindungen suchen) .................................21
Further information..............................................................................................21
Using the Calculator function
Prior to initiating calculations...............................................................................39
Using Langenscheidt Französisch-Deutsch
Calculation examples..........................................................................................39
Looking up a word by Filter search .....................................................................22
The Conjugation of French Verbs........................................................................22
Phrase search (Feststehende Wortverbindungen suchen) .................................23
Spellcheck function (Rechtschreibprüfung).........................................................24
Word games (Buchstabenrätsel).........................................................................25
Crossword solver (Kreuzworträtsel lösen) ....................................................25
Anagram solver (Anagramm lösen) .............................................................25
Further information..............................................................................................26
Using the Converter function
Currency converter (Währungsumrechner).........................................................40
Metric converter (Metrische Umrechnungen)......................................................41
Appendices
Replacing the battery..........................................................................................43
Reset procedure if trouble occurs .......................................................................44
Specifications......................................................................................................44
Troubleshooting...................................................................................................45
Product suppor....................................................................................................45
Using Langenscheidt Deutsch-Französisch
Looking up a word by Filter search .....................................................................27
Phrase search (Feststehende Wortverbindungen suchen) .................................27
Further information..............................................................................................27
Further information of the dictionaries
Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Englisch...........................................................46
Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Französisch .....................................................46
Duden – Die deutsche Rechtschreibung ............................................................46
Using Duden – Die deutsche Rechtschreibung
Looking up a word by Filter search .....................................................................28
Spellcheck function (Rechtschreibprüfung).........................................................29
4
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6. Open the unit and press
power on.
to turn the
o
Getting Started
The LCD contrast screen will appear.
• Should a different screen appear, follow the
reset procedure on page 44.
Using the PW-E420 for the first time
Be sure to perform the following operations before using the PW-E420 for the first
time.
• If the power cannot be turned on:
• Make sure the battery replacement switch is placed at the
1. Set the battery replacement switch on the bottom
of the unit to the ‘REPLACE BATTERY’ position.
‘NORMAL OPERATION’ position, then press
again.
o
• If the power still cannot be switched on, try following steps 1 through 6 in the
above procedure again.
7. Adjust the LCD contrast by using
, and
[ ]
2. Remove the battery cover.
press
.
e
The main menu screen will appear.
• The LCD contrast setting can be adjusted
later in the Set-up menu (Menü-Einstellun-
gen).
3. Insert the one battery. Make sure the battery
polarity is correct.
4. Replace the battery cover.
5. Set the battery replacement switch to the
‘NORMAL OPERATION’ position.
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Turning the power on/off
The power can be switched on by pressing the keys listed below.
Backlight
This product has a built-in backlight, which allows you to view the display and use
To turn off the power, press
.
the product even in low-light conditions. Pressing
once illuminates the display
o
,
until you have not pressed any keys for approx. 1 minute or press again.
,
Key
Display status upon start-up
Notes:
Restores the display as it was before the unit was switched off
(Resume function).
o
• Use the backlight in low-light conditions. It will drain power from the operating
batteries and significantly reduce battery life.
m
The main menu screen appears.
t
u
r
s
d
The display of each dictionary and/or function appears (Direct-on
function).
Key notation used in this manual
• Keys are often assigned with more than one function.The appropriate key/
function will be shown according to the input status.
<Example 1>
will be shown as either ‘ ’, ‘ ’ or ‘1’ depending on the input status.
Q 1
Auto power off function
<Example 2>
To save the battery, the PW-E420 will automatically turn its power off if no key
operations are detected for a set period of time.The activation interval initial setting
is 5 minutes, but it can be adjusted by following the directions on page 13.
will be shown as either ‘ ’ or ‘ ’ depending on the input status.
G
+
• The functions indicated with green typeface are second functions. Press and
release , then press an appropriate key.
^
<Example 1>
To attach a commercially available strap
directs to press and release
, then press
^
(
).
^ w
w <
A carrying strap can be attached, as shown in the picture below (strap not
included).
Caution:
• Do not swing the unit by the strap, or use excessive
force to pull the strap. Doing so will cause a
malfunction or hardware damage to the unit.
Back of the unit
6
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Data contained in the PW-E420
The dictionary data contained in this unit is based on the following dictionaries:
Note:
• For information on the contents of the dictionaries, see ‘Zusatz-Infos’ in the menu
of PW-E420 and on page 46–53 in this manual.
• Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Englisch
© Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Englisch
Langenscheidt KG, Berlin und München 2012
• Some prefatory material and some appendix data included in the printed book
version of the dictionaries are not featured in this product.
• Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Französisch
© Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Französisch
Langenscheidt KG, Berlin und München 2012
• In this manual, the Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Englisch is regarded and
referred to as two separate dictionaries – the ‘Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch’
and the ‘Langenscheidt Deutsch-Englisch’.
•Duden – Die deutsche Rechtschreibung
© Duden – Die deutsche Rechtschreibung, 25. Aufl.
2012 Bibliographisches Institut GmbH, Dudenstr. 6, 68167 Mannheim
Also the Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Französisch is regarded and referred to
as two separate dictionaries – the ‘Langenscheidt Französisch-Deutsch’ and the
‘Langenscheidt Deutsch-Französisch’.
• All rights reserved. Used by SHARP CORPORATION, pursuant to License
Agreement with Langenscheidt KG, Berlin und München.
• All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior
permission in writing of ‘Bibliographisches Institut GmbH, Dudenstr. 6, 68167 Man-
nheim ’, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropri-
ate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside
the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, ‘Bibliographisches
Institut GmbH, Dudenstr. 6, 68167 Mannheim ’.
• The data content of each dictionary is mostly retained faithful to the original.
However, some sections of the dictionary contents have had to be altered due to
the limitations of the LCD display and for other reasons; these modifications have
been implemented under the provisions of the publisher(s). In some rare cases,
misspellings and/or mistypings may be found; these are ‘errors’ that have been
retained unmodified from the source dictionaries.
7
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Layout
Display symbols
(Refer to the next page for details)
Display
Dictionary/function
selection keys
Menu key
Font size shift key
Backlight key
Power on/off key
Clear/Back space key
2nd function key
Utility keys for dictionaries
Escape key
Page scroll keys
Cursor keys
Enter key
8
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Key assignments
Display symbols
This symbol will be displayed when the battery level is low. Promptly
: Opens the initial screen for Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch
replace the old battery with a new one.
Indicates that the key sound (beep) is set to ON.
Indicates that ^ has been pressed.
: Opens the initial screen for Langenscheidt Deutsch-Englisch
: Opens the initial screen for Langenscheidt Französisch-Deutsch
: Opens the initial screen for Langenscheidt Deutsch-Französisch
: Opens the initial screen for Duden – Die deutsche Rechtschreibung
: Opens the history list of each dictionary
These arrows suggest that more contents can be browsed by scrolling up/
down the window.
: Press to scroll up/down per text row.
: Press to scroll up/down per visible window.
{ }
< >
Scroll to the next/previous headword entry with
and
^ n
^
.
w
: Opens a ‘summarized’ view, which only contains the most important
paragraphs and senses of a headword
Note:
• In this manual, symbols are not shown in the display examples.
: Initiates a definition search of a term in a detail view of each dictionary
: Opens the ‘MY WORDS’ (My Words) list of each dictionary
: 2nd function key
• Certain symbols may appear on the display only when the LCD contrast is set to
dark. Please ignore these symbols as they are not used by this product.
Operation guidance message
A brief guidance message may appear at the bottom of the screen to help you
utilise functions more effectively.
Activates the second function (printed in green on the above or left side of
the keys) assigned to the next key pressed.
: Illuminates the display to view in low-light conditions
9
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If there is no match found
Basic Operation of PW-E420
Inputting words for a dictionary search
In this section, the basic search operation is described, the so-called filter search.
For details, refer to the manual chapter for each dictionary.
<Example>
As you input the spelling of the desired word, the
dictionary will narrow down the matching
candidates. If the match is narrowed down to
none (i. e. no word starting with the spelling is
found in the dictionary), the message ‘Ähnliche
Wörter’ appears.
Find translations of ‘convenience’ in Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch.
In this case, press
entered spelling.
to list the dictionary entries alphabetically after the
e
1. Press
to display the initial screen for
t
Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch, then type
‘conven’.The entries starting with ‘conven’
are listed.
Note about entering characters
While entering characters, exclude characters such as spaces, hyphens,
apostrophes, slashes, commas, periods and brackets. See pages 14 and 15 for
details.
2. Type ‘i’ to narrow down the list further. If the
desired word is found, then you do not need
to type any more letters.
Note:
• Up to 24 characters can be entered in the input field of the dictionary.When
searching for words containing 25 characters or more, narrow down the search
to select the words from the list manually.
Selecting a dictionary / function in the main menu
3. While the ‘ ’ indication is visible on the left of ‘convenience’, press
.
e
Press
.
m
• Press
• Press
to return to the previous view.
f
The main menu appears.
to list the headwords in Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch.
^ l
• Select an item by its index number using the
Note:
number keys ( to
).The initial screen
0
9
of the selected item appears.
• Refer to the section ‘Inputting characters’ on page 14.
• To learn different searching methods from those above, refer to the manual
chapter for each dictionary.
• The desired item can also be selected by using the
keys, followed by
{ }
pressing the
key.
e
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Starting Auto Demo mode (Auto-Demo)
Activate the Auto demo for a guided tour through the key features of the product.
Filter search view: selecting an item; scrolling
Press
, then type , and
A
.
B
t
1. Press
to start the Auto demo mode.
m 0
‘ab’ is entered, and words starting from ‘ab’
listed.
• Press or
to end the Auto demo mode and return to the main
f
e
menu.
List view: selecting an item; scrolling
Selecting each entry
Press
to display the initial screen of
t
Use
the desired entry, then press
to place the cursor (indicated as ‘ ’ on the left of the listed items) at
} {
Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch, then press
.The list view of Langenscheidt
Englisch-Deutsch appears.
.The detail view of the entry appears.
e
e
Scrolling the view
The List function helps to find a headword, in
case that the exact spelling is unknown,
because all dictionary entries before and after the input character sequence are
displayed.
Refer to the section ‘Scrolling the view’ in the previous section, ‘List view: selecting
an item; scrolling’.
Using the Filter search, only those entries are displayed, which follow on the
entered character sequence.
Selecting an item or a word
Use the corresponding number key to the index number on the left of each item, or
use the
the
or
key to place the cursor on the desired item, followed by pressing
{
}
key.
e
Scrolling the view
’ and/or ‘ ’ may appear on the left side of the screen, indicating that more
information can be browsed by scrolling up/down the view.
‘
1) Press
once.
once to scroll down one text row.To scroll back one text row, press
}
{
2) Press
to scroll down a page. Press
to scroll the page up.
>
<
• Press and hold these keys to continuously scroll the lines/pages.
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z
)
Detail view: scrolling
Shifting the displayed character size (
Press
The detail view with translations appears.
, then type , and
.
Press the
key to shift the character size to be displayed.
t
A
e
z
12 dot-based (vertical pixel resolution) or 9 dot-based characters can be selected.
For instance, press to display the 12 dot characters to 9 dot characters.
z
Press
again to toggle back the displayed characters to 12 dot-base.
z
Browsing contents above/below the screen
’ and/or ‘ ’ may appear on the left side of
‘
the screen, indicating that more information
can be browsed by scrolling up/down the view.
Use
or .
} { > <
9 dot-based
• The character size setting will be retained until the next time
12 dot-based (default)
is pressed.
z
• The
key is functional in the following views:
Scrolling up/down to the previous/next entry header
Press to show the next entry header.To show the previous entry
z
• The list view, detail view or filter search view or Quick view of each dictionary
• The Super jump window
^ n
header, press
.
^ w
• The list view and detail view of the Zusatz-Infos
• The My Words List window
Other useful keys
: Returns to the previous view
f
• The character size setting is saved for each dictionary in both the list view
(including filter search view and Quick view) and the detail view.
: Shows the input screen of each dictionary or the initial display of a
function
^ b
: Shows the list view starting from the previously displayed header
^ l
h
Recalling the terms previously searched (
)
The history of up to 30 items in each dictionary is automatically stored, and can be
recalled easily by selecting the word in the history list. (For more information, see
page 37.)
12
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q
Listing a summary of detail view items (
)
Set-up Menu (Menü-Einstellungen)
The Quick view function suppresses some examples and additional information,
and lists out the main sections and senses from each detail view entry. Use this
function to browse quickly through the summary of an entry.
Press
press .The set-up menu appears.
to display the main menu, then
m
9
<Example>
Select a desired item to change the setting.
Note:
1. In the detail view shown on page 12, press
.
q
• To delete the history list, see page 37.
• To delete the My words list, see page 35.
The Quick view screen appears.
Setting the key sound on/off (Tastenton)
The key sound (a short audible beep when a key is pressed) can be set to on or off.
2. While the relevant sense or section is on the screen, select the desired item by
the index number.The detail view of the selected sense/section appears.
1. Press
,
, then , to toggle the key sound on or off.
1
m 9
• Press
in the Quick view to display the detail view.
q
A splash message appears to indicate the change of setting, then the main
menu will be displayed.
v
Translating of words from a detail screen (
)
) in the detail screen for
You can select words and Super Jump symbols (
,
,
Setting the Auto power off activation time (Batteriesparmodus)
This product automatically turns its power off to save the battery.The turn-off time
search operations and explained or translated them. (For more information, see page
34.)
is set to five minutes by default.
y
Register words you frequently use (
)
1. Press
,
, then
.
2
m 9
With the function My Words List you can select words, which meaning you always
forget or which you want to train specially for a vocabulary test.To register a new
The Auto power off setting screen appears.
word, press
35.)
in the detail view. (For more information, see page
^ x
2. Use the
,
,
and
keys to place the check mark on the desired
{ } [
duration, then press
]
.
e
The time will be set, then the main menu will be displayed.
13
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• While entering characters, exclude characters such as spaces, hyphens,
apostrophes, slashes, commas, periods and brackets.
Adjusting the LCD contrast (LCD-Kontrast)
Select this menu item to adjust the LCD contrast.
<Example>
1. Press
,
, then
.
3
m 9
Word
car ferry
U-Bahn
o’clock
Entry for search
carferry
ubahn
2. To adjust the LCD contrast, use the
(Lighter) key or
(Darker) key, then
[
to return to the main menu.
]
press
e
oclock
Inputting Characters
c/o
co
Methods of inputting characters are described in this section.
ruck, zuck
ruckzuck
zb
Character entry
z. B.
Autor(inn)en*1
A simple example of inputting characters is shown below.
<Example>
autorinnen
*1
To enter the masculine form of a word, let the letters away in parentheses.
Enter a word ‘Gefäß’ for search.
• Convert uppercase letters to lowercase.This is also applicable to the capitalized
first letter of a noun.
1. Press
to open the input screen of Langenscheidt Deutsch-Englisch.
u
<Example>
2. Type ‘Gefäß’.
On the keyboard, press
Word
USA
Entry for search
,
,
,
,
G E F A
usa
db
then
.
;
DB
Ausweg
ausweg
Note:
• Spell out the numbers in each language when applicable.
•
Up to 24 characters can be entered in the input field of the dictionary.When
searching for words containing 25 characters or more, narrow down the search to
select the words from the list manually.
<Example>
Word
A1
Entry for search
•
To enter accented or European characters, enter their unaccented or alphabetical
equivalents as shown in the examples below. It should be noted that the search
functions do not take account of accents or case.
aone
France 2
francedeux
• ‘ä’, ‘ö’ and ‘ü’ -> enter ‘a’, ‘o’ and ‘u’ respectively.
• ‘é’, ‘à’, ‘û’ and ‘œ’ -> enter ‘e’, ‘a’, ‘u’ and ‘oe’ respectively.
• Use the
key to enter ‘ß’.You can also press
to search for ‘ß’.
S S
;
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• Enter ‘a’ instead of ‘@’.
• Enter ‘tm’ instead of ‘®’.
• Enter ‘and’ (in English) of ‘&’.
• Enter ‘g’ instead of ‘g’.
Modifying entry
Deleting unnecessary or incorrect characters
<Example>
Modify the entry ‘rangehen’ to indicate ‘Ring’.
• Enter ‘l’ instead of ‘£’.
1. Press
to open the input screen of Langenscheidt Deutsch-Englisch.
u
• Enter ‘mf’ or ‘mikrofarad’ instead of ‘ F’.
µ
2. Type ‘rangehen’.
• Enter ‘theta’ instead of ‘è’. About Greek letters, enter alphabet letters similarly.
3. While the cursor is at the end of the string,
press
four times to delete ‘ehen’.
(
4. Next, press
twice to move the cursor over
[
the letter ‘n’.
5. Press once to delete a character on the left of cursor. ‘a’ will be deleted.
(
Adding characters
<Example>
6. In the above example, press
to insert a
I
letter ‘i’ on the left of the cursor.The search
will be narrowed with the word ‘Ring’.
Note:
• Press
to delete all characters entered.
^ b
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• To search for a word in the detail view, use the Super jump function.
• Press
• Press
to return to the previous screen.
f
Using Langenscheidt Englisch-
to list the headwords in Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch.
^ l
Deutsch
• To search for a different word, simply input a new spelling for the word, or press
or to go to the dictionary's input screen.
^ b
t
In this dictionary, German translations or equivalents of an English word can be
found by entering its spelling. Features such as Phrase search, Spellcheck,
Crossword solver and Anagram solver are also available.
Note about entering characters
While entering characters, exclude characters such as spaces, hyphens,
apostrophes, slashes, commas, periods and brackets. See pages 14 and 15 for
details.
Looking up a word by Filter search
A translation of an English word can be looked up by inputting its spelling.
<Example>
Find the translation of ‘advance’.
1. Press
to open Langenscheidt
t
Englisch-Deutsch.
The input screen appears.
2. Type in the spelling of ‘advance’.
As you type, candidates for matching narrow.
If the desired word is found, then there is no
need to type any more letters.
3. Use
and
desired word, then press
to move ‘ ’ to point at the
}
{
.The detail
e
view of the word appears.
• To browse contents on the next/previous
page, press or .You may
} { > <
also find the Quick view function useful.
16
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Phrase search (Feststehende Wortverbindungen Spellcheck function (Rechtschreibprüfung)
The English spellcheck function can be helpful when the exact spelling of a query
word is not known.
suchen)
Using the Phrase search, you can translate phrases and idiomatic
<Example>
expressions as a native speaker. Input up to three words of the phrase, which
should be translated, into the three input fields one below the other.The phrases
containing ALL the entered words can be searched for.
You are not sure whether ‘accesible’ or ‘accessible’ is correct.
1. Press , then , to
,
,
t } }
e
<Example>
open the input screen of the Spellcheck func-
tion.
Search for a phrase containing ‘take’ and ‘off’.
1. Press
.
^ t
The input screen of the Phrase search appears.
• It can also appear by pressing
t }
2. Type ‘accesible’.
.
e
2. Type ‘take’, press , followed by ‘off’.
}
To input more than one word, input each word
in the separate input field. Use the
keys to move the cursor. Each input field can
accommodate up to 24 characters.
} {
3. Press
to initiate the spellcheck
e
function.
Words with similar spellings will be listed.
3. Press
.
e
• While ‘Suche... Zum Beenden [ENTER]
A list of phrases containing the words appears.
drücken.’ is visible, press
to stop
e
the search. Note that if the search is interrupted, the list of possible results may
not include all the closest matches.
• If the word is typed with the correct spelling, it will appear at the top of the
displayed list.
4. Select the desired index of the phrase using the
number keys (press
translation of the selected phrase is displayed.
in this example).The
1
4. In the list, select a desired word using the
number keys (press
detail view of the word is displayed.
in this example).The
1
• Press
• Press
to return to the previous view.
f
to list the index of phrases containing the words.
^ l
• To search for a new phrase, simply begin inputting new words, or press
^
to go back to the input screen to start a new search.
b
17
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• Press
• Press
to return to the previous view.
f
Word games (Buchstabenrätsel)
With these functions you can train vocabulary with effortless ease, or become word
game king. PW-E420 contains two word games.
to list the headwords in Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch.
^ l
Note:
• Up to 100 words may be displayed in the list.
Crossword solver (Kreuzworträtsel lösen)
If the list of words does not appear as expected:
• Searching for words with particular spellings may take more time to complete than
others.
Use a wildcard character ‘?’ to search for words with ambiguous spellings. Place the
appropriate number of ‘?’ characters in the places of characters yet to be determined.
Press the ‘?’You can find a second function of the M button.
• If no word is given, a message ‘Nicht gefunden!’ will momentarily be displayed,
followed by the input screen of the spellcheck function. In this case you may wish
to start the search again with a new spelling for the word.
<Example>
Find a matching word for a query ‘??ok’.
1. Press
to open Langenscheidt
t
Englisch-Deutsch.
Note:
• If you are not sure which is the correct spelling of a word, the place holder search
with ‘?’ in the menu ‘Kreuzworträtsel lösen’ will help. Refer to pages 18 and 19.
• There are only found words that are included as keywords in each dictionary.
2. Press
three times to place the cursor at
}
the ‘Buchstabenrätsel’, then press
.
e
The solver menu appears.
3. Press
.The Crossword solver’s input
1
screen appears.
4. Type ‘??ok’ into the input field. Press
^ ?
twice to enter ‘??’. (note: press
keys successively, not at the same time!)
and
^
?
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5. Press
to start the search.
e
Anagram solver (Anagramm lösen)
A list of the wildcard matches appear. Up to
100 words may be displayed in the list.
You can input a word or a sequence of characters to search for identical anagrams in
the dictionary Langenscheidt English-German. An anagram is a word game, which
creates meaningful, new words by re-arranging the sequence of characters.
<Example>
6. In the list, select a desired word using the
number keys (press
Find anagrams for ‘dear’.
in this example).
3
1. Press
to open Langenscheidt
t
Englisch-Deutsch.
The detail view of the selected word appears.
• Press
• Press
Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch.
to return to the previous view.
f
to list the headwords in
^ l
• To initiate another search, simply type in the new spelling or press
to return to the input screen of the Crossword solver.
^ b
2. Press the
three times to place the cursor
}
at the ‘Buchstabenrätsel’, then press
.The solver menu appears.
e
3. Press
.The input screen of the Anagram
2
solver appears.
4. Place ‘dear’ in the input field, then press
to initiate the search. Up to 100
e
words may be displayed in the list.
19
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5. In the list of matches, use the number keys to
select a word (press in this example).
3
The detail view of the selected word appears.
• Press
• Press
Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch.
to return to the previous view.
f
to list the headwords in
^ l
• To initiate another search, simply type in the new spelling or press
^
to return to the input screen of the Anagram solver.
b
Further information
• For further information about this dictionary, refer to the section ‘Viewing the
Zusatz-Infos’ (page 32) and page 46.
20
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Phrase search (Feststehende Wortverbindungen
Using Langenscheidt Deutsch-
suchen)
Using the Phrase search, you can translate phrases and idiomatic expressions as a
native speaker.
Englisch
Input up to three words of the phrase, which should be translated, into the three input fields
one below the other.The phrases containing ALL the entered words can be searched for.
In this dictionary, English translations or equivalents of a German word can be found
by entering its spelling, with a Phrase search feature also available.
<Example>
Looking up a word by Filter search
A translation of a German word can be looked up by inputting its spelling.
<Example>
Search for a phrase containing ‘Herz’ and ‘haben’.
1. Press
.
^ u
The input screen of the Phrase search appears.
• It can also appear by pressing
Find the translation of ‘geben’.
u
1. Press
to open Langenscheidt
u
Deutsch-Englisch.
.
} e
The spelling input screen appears.
2. Type ‘geben’.
2. Type ‘Herz’, press , followed by ‘haben’.
}
To input more than one word, input each
word in the separate input field. Use the
As you type, candidates for matching narrow. If
the desired word is found, then there is no need to type any more letters.
}
keys to move the cursor. Each input field
{
can accommodate up to 24 characters.
3.While ‘ ’ appears on the left of ‘geben’, press
The detail view of the word appears.
.
e
3. Press
.
e
• To browse contents on the next/previous page, press
may also find the Quick view function useful.
or .You
} { > <
A list of phrases containing the words appears.
4. Select the desired index of the phrase using the number keys.The translation of
the selected phrase is displayed.
• To search for a word in the detail view, use the Super jump function.
• Press
• Press
to return to the previous screen.
f
• Press
• Press
to return to the previous view.
f
to list the headwords in Langenscheidt Deutsch-Englisch.
^ l
to list the index of phrases containing the words.
^ l
• To search for a different word, simply begin inputting a new word, or press
or to go to the dictionary’s input screen.
• To search for a new phrase, simply begin inputting new words, or press
^
^ b
u
to go back to the input screen to start a new search.
b
Note about entering characters
While entering characters, exclude characters such as spaces, hyphens, apostrophes,
slashes, commas, periods and brackets. See pages 14 and 15 for details.
Further information
• For further information about this dictionary, refer to the section ‘Viewing the
Zusatz-Infos’ (page 32) and page 46.
21
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• To search for a word in the detail view, use the Super jump function.
• Press
to return to the previous screen.
f
Using Langenscheidt
•
Press
to list the headwords in Langenscheidt Französisch-Deutsch
.
^ l
Französisch-Deutsch
• To search for a different word, simply input a new spelling for the word, or
press or to go to the dictionary's input screen.
^ b
r
In this dictionary, German translations or equivalents of a French word can be found
by entering its spelling. Features such as Phrase search, Spellcheck, Crossword
solver and Anagram solver are also available.
Note about entering characters
While entering characters, exclude characters such as spaces, hyphens, apostrophes,
slashes, commas, periods and brackets. See pages 14 and 15 for details.
Looking up a word by Filter search
A translation of a French word can be looked up by inputting its spelling.
The Conjugation of French Verbs
<Example>
With irregular French verbs, the verb paradigm is
linked to the entry (headword) by a
.
Find the translation of ‘voir’.
• Use the ‘Jump’ function to call up the verb
paradigms (Press v and point at
the reference of the verb paradigm behind
1. Press
to open Langenscheidt
r
Französisch-Deutsch.
The input screen appears.
)
the arrow, then press e .
• The corresponding conjugation is displayed.
• Press f to exit the verb paradigm and
return to the keyword entry.
2. Type in the spelling of ‘voir’.
As you type, candidates for matching narrow.
If the desired word is found, then there is no
need to type any more letters.
Proceed as follows to call up all conjugations of French verbs as a list:
1. Press r to open the input screen and
then press e (without previously enter-
ing text).
3. Use
and
desired word, then press
to move ‘ ’ to point at the
}
{
.The detail
e
view of the word appears.
• To browse contents on the next/previous
page, press or .You may
} { > <
also find the Quick view function useful.
22
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2. Press
entries.
to show the last entry of all FR-DE
<
Phrase search (Feststehende Wortverbindungen
suchen)
• The list of French conjugations is shown in
alphabetical order.
Using the Phrase search, you can translate phrases and idiomatic
expressions as a native speaker. Input up to three words of the phrase, which
should be translated, into the three input fields one below the other.The phrases
containing ALL the entered words can be searched for.
Note:
•
The last page of the verb paradigms is displayed.
The verb paradigms are indicated by a point-
<Example>
ing arrow
to differentiate them from the entries (headwords) themselves.
Search for a phrase containing ‘poire’ and ‘soif’.
3. Scroll through the conjugation list using { and }.
1. Press
.
^ r
4. Open the desired conjugation by entering the number or selecting a conjugation
with the { and } keys and pressing
The input screen of the Phrase search ap-
pears.
.
e
^
^
5. Move to the next or previous conjugation with
and
or
and
w
• It can also appear by pressing
r }
. Press f to return to the conjugation list.
n
.
e
Note:
• The verb paradigms cannot be directly called up on the input screen.
2. Type ‘poire’, press , followed by ‘soif’.
}
To input more than one word, input each
word in the separate input field. Use the
}
keys to move the cursor. Each input field
{
can accommodate up to 24 characters.
3. Press
.
e
A list of phrases containing the words appears.
4. Select the desired index of the phrase using the number keys.The translation of
the selected phrase is displayed.
• Press
• Press
to return to the previous view.
f
to list the index of phrases containing the words.
^ l
• To search for a new phrase, simply begin inputting new words, or press
^
to go back to the input screen to start a new search.
b
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Note:
Spellcheck function (Rechtschreibprüfung)
The French spellcheck function can be helpful when the exact spelling of a query
word is not known.
• Up to 100 words may be displayed in the list.
If the list of words does not appear as expected:
• Searching for words with particular spellings may take more time to complete
than others.
<Example>
You are not sure whether ‘martau’ or ‘marteau’ is correct.
1. Press
,
,
, then
, to
e
• If no word is given, a message ‘Nicht gefunden!’ will momentarily be displayed,
followed by the input screen of the spellcheck function. In this case you may wish
to start the search again with a new spelling for the word.
r } }
open the input screen of the Spellcheck
function.
Note:
• If you are not sure which is the correct spelling of a word, the place holder
search with ‘?’ in the menu ‘Kreuzworträtsel lösen’ will help. Refer to page 25.
2. Type ‘martau’.
• It is found only words that are included as keywords in each dictionary.
3. Press
to initiate the spellcheck
e
function.
Words with similar spellings will be listed.
• While ‘Suche... Zum Beenden [ENTER]
drücken.’ is visible, press
to stop
e
the search. Note that if the search is interrupted, the list of possible results may
not include all the closest matches.
• If the word is typed with the correct spelling, it will appear at the top of the
displayed list.
4. In the list, select a desired word using the number keys.The detail view of the word
is displayed.
• Press
to return to the previous view.
f
•
Press
to list the headwords in Langenscheidt Französisch-Deutsch.
^ l
24
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5. Press
to start the search.
e
Word games (Buchstabenrätsel)
With these functions you can train vocabulary with effortless ease, or become word
game king. PW-E420 contains two word games.
A list of the wildcard matches appear. Up to
100 words may be displayed in the list.
Crossword solver (Kreuzworträtsel lösen)
6. In the list, select a desired word using the number keys.
The detail view of the selected word appears.
Use a wildcard character ‘?’ to search for words with ambiguous spellings. Place the
appropriate number of ‘?’ characters in the places of characters yet to be determined.
Press the ‘?’You can find a second function of the M button.
• Press
• Press
to return to the previous view.
f
<Example>
to list the headwords in Langenscheidt Französisch-Deutsch.
^ l
Find a matching word for a query ‘li?re’.
• To initiate another search, simply type in the new spelling or press
^
to return to the input screen of the Crossword solver.
b
1. Press
to open Langenscheidt
r
Französisch-Deutsch.
Anagram solver (Anagramm lösen)
A word or series of letters can be entered to find any matching anagrams found in
Langenscheidt Französisch-Deutsch. An anagram is a word game, which creates
meaningful, new words by re-arranging the sequence of characters.
2. Press
three times to place the cursor at
}
<Example>
the ‘Buchstabenrätsel’, then press
.
e
Find anagrams for ‘gourde’.
The solver menu appears.
1. Press
to open Langenscheidt
r
Französisch-Deutsch.
3. Press
.The Crossword solver’s input
1
screen appears.
2. Press the
three times to place the cursor
}
at the ‘Buchstabenrätsel’, then press
.The solver menu appears.
e
4. Type ‘li?re’ into the input field. Press
once to enter ‘?’.
^ ?
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3. Press
.The input screen of the Anagram
2
solver appears.
Further information
• For further information about this dictionary, refer to the section ‘Viewing the
Zusatz-Infos’ (page 32) and pages 46.
4. Place ‘gourde’ in the input field, then press
to initiate the search. Up to 100
e
words may be displayed in the list.
5. In the list of matches, use the number keys to select a word.
The detail view of the selected word appears.
• Press
• Press
to return to the previous view.
f
to list the headwords in Langenscheidt Französisch-Deutsch.
^ l
• To initiate another search, simply type in the new spelling or press
^
to return to the input screen of the Anagram solver.
b
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Phrase search (Feststehende Wortverbindungen
Using Langenscheidt Deutsch-
suchen)
Using the Phrase search, you can translate phrases and idiomatic expressions as a
native speaker.
Französisch
Input up to three words of the phrase, which should be translated, into the three input fields
one below the other.The phrases containing ALL the entered words can be searched for.
In this dictionary, French translations or equivalents of a German word can be found
by entering its spelling, with a Phrase search feature also available.
<Example>
Looking up a word by Filter search
Search for a phrase containing ‘Herz’ and ‘haben’.
A translation of a German word can be looked up by inputting its spelling.
1. Press
.
^ s
The input screen of the Phrase search appears.
• It can also appear by pressing
<Example>
Find the translation of ‘geben’.
s }
1. Press
to open Langenscheidt
s
.
e
Deutsch-Französisch.
The spelling input screen appears.
2. Type ‘geben’.
2. Type ‘Herz’, press , followed by ‘haben’.
}
To input more than one word, input each word
in the separate input field. Use the
}
As you type, candidates for matching narrow. If
the desired word is found, then there is no need to type any more letters.
keys to move the cursor. Each input field
{
can accommodate up to 24 characters.
3. While ‘ ’ appears on the left of ‘geben’, press
The detail view of the word appears.
.
e
3. Press
.
e
A list of phrases containing the words appears.
• To browse contents on the next/previous page, press
may also find the Quick view function useful.
or .You
} { > <
4. Select the desired index of the phrase using the number keys.The translation of
the selected phrase is displayed.
• To search for a word in the detail view, use the Super jump function.
• Press
• Press
to return to the previous view.
f
• Press
to return to the previous screen.
f
to list the index of phrases containing the words.
^ l
•
Press
to list the headwords in Langenscheidt Deutsch-Französisch.
^ l
• To search for a new phrase, simply begin inputting new words, or press
^
• To search for a different word, simply begin inputting a new word, or press
or to go to the dictionary’s input screen.
to go back to the input screen to start a new search.
b
^ b
s
Note about entering characters
While entering characters, exclude characters such as spaces, hyphens, apostrophes,
slashes, commas, periods and brackets. See pages 14 and 15 for details.
Further information
• For further information about this dictionary, refer to the section ‘Viewing the
Zusatz-Infos’ (page 32) and pages 46.
27
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• If a word selected is a close derivative of a headword, it may not have its own
definitions. In these cases, it is helpful to scroll up within the detail view to find
the definitions of the headword itself.
Using Duden – Die deutsche
• Use the Super Jump fnction to mark a word in a detail screen and explain/trans-
late it, or to open the regulations of the German spelling, which are displayed
with . For more information on the Duden rules can be found on page 31.
Rechtschreibung
This dictionary is the standard for German spelling based on the new, official regula-
tions, to look up the obligatory spelling of words, division of words and regulations.
In addition, the functions ‘Rechtschreibprüfung’, ‘Kreuzworträtsel lösen’, ‘Anagramm
lösen’ and ‘Duden-Regeln’, which are the rules for the German spelling and punctua-
tion, are available in this menu.
If there are multiple correct spellings
for a word, the recommendation of
the Duden marked with an asterisk *.
Looking up a word by Filter search
A definition of a word can be looked up by inputting its spelling.
<Example>
• Press
• Press
to return to the previous screen.
f
Find the information for ‘gelb’.
to list the headwords in Duden – Die deutsche
^ l
1. Press
to open Duden – Die deutsche
d
Rechtschreibung.
Rechtschreibung.
• To search for a different word, simply input a new spelling for the word, or
press or to go to the dictionary's input screen.
The input screen appears.
^ b
d
Note about entering characters
While entering characters, exclude characters such as spaces, hyphens, apostro-
phes, slashes, commas, periods and brackets. See pages 14 and 15 for details.
2. Type in the spelling of ‘gelb’.
As you type, candidates for matching narrow.
If the desired word is found, then there is no
need to type any more letters.
3. Use
and
The detail view of the word appears.
to move ‘ ’ to point at the desired word, then press
.
e
{
}
• To browse contents on the next/previous page, press
may also find the Quick view function useful.
or .You
} { > <
28
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4. In the list, select a desired word using the number keys.
The detail view of the word is displayed.
Spellcheck function (Rechtschreibprüfung)
The German spellcheck function can be helpful when the exact spelling of a query
word is not known.
• Press
• Press
chtschreibung.
to return to the previous view.
f
to list the headwords in Duden – Die deutsche Re-
^ l
<Example>
You are not sure whether ‘Standart’ or ‘Standard’ is correct.
Note:
1. Press
,
, then
the input screen of the spellcheck function.
, to open
e
d }
• Up to 100 words may be displayed in the list.
If the list of words do not appear as expected:
• Searching for words with particular spellings may take more time to complete
than others.
• If no word is given, a message ‘Nicht gefunden!’ will momentarily be displayed,
followed by the input screen of the spellcheck function. In this case you may wish
to start the search again with a new spelling for the word.
2. Enter ‘Standart’.
Note:
• If you are not sure which is the correct spelling of a word, the place holder
search with ‘?’ in the menu ‘Kreuzworträtsel lösen’ will help. Refer to page 30.
3. Press
to initiate the spellcheck
e
function.
Words with similar spellings will be listed.
• While ‘Suche... Zum Beenden [ENTER]
drücken.’ is visible, press
to stop
e
the search. Note that if the search is interrupted, the list of possible results
may not include all the closest matches.
• If the word is typed with the correct spelling, it will appear at the top of the
displayed list.
29
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5. Press
to start the search.
e
Word games (Buchstabenrätsel)
With these functions you can train vocabulary with effortless ease, or become word
game king. PW-E420 contains two word games.
A list of the wildcard matches appear. Up to 100 words may be displayed in the list.
6. In the list, select a desired word using the number keys.
The detail view of the selected word appears.
Crossword solver (Kreuzworträtsel lösen)
• Press
• Press
chtschreibung.
to return to the previous view.
f
Use a wildcard character ‘?’ to search for words with ambiguous spellings. Place the
appropriate number of ‘?’ characters in the places of characters yet to be determined.
Press the ‘?’You can find a second function of the M button.
to list the headwords in Duden – Die deutsche Re-
^ l
• To initiate another search, simply type in the new spelling or press
b
^
<Example>
to return to the input screen of the Crossword solver.
Find a matching word for a query ‘w?rt’.
• To search for ‘ß’ character in the Crossword solver, enter ‘?’ twice. (e.g. for
searching ‘groß’, type ‘gro??’.)
1. Press
to open Duden – Die deutsche
d
Rechtschreibung.
Anagram solver (Anagramm lösen)
A word or series of letters can be entered to find any matching anagrams found in
Duden – Die deutsche Rechtschreibung. An anagram is a word game, which creates
meaningful, new words by re-arranging the sequence of characters.
2. Press
twice to place the cursor at the
.
}
‘Buchstabenrätsel’, then press
e
<Example>
The solver menu appears.
Find anagrams for ‘Lauf’.
1. Press
to open Duden – Die deutsche
d
Rechtschreibung.
3. Press
.The Crossword solver's input
1
screen appears.
2. Press
twice to place the cursor at the
}
‘Buchstabenrätsel’, then press
solver menu appears.
.The
e
4. Type ‘w?rt’ into the input field. Press
once to enter ‘?’.
^ ?
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3. Press
.The input screen of the Anagram
2
solver appears.
Duden-rules
The complete list of the k-rules of the German spelling can be accessed in the device
as follows:
1. Press
to open Duden - Die deutsche Rechtschreibung.
d
The input screen appears.
4. Place ‘Lauf’ in the input field, then press
words may be displayed in the list.
to initiate the search. Up to 100
e
2. Press
three times to place the cursor at
.
}
the ‘Duden-Regeln’, then press
e
5. In the list of matches, use the number keys to select a word.
The detail view of the selected word appears.
• Press
• Press
chtschreibung.
to return to the previous view.
f
to list the headwords in Duden – Die deutsche Re-
^ l
3. Use the number keys to select the desired information in the list.
• To initiate another search, simply type in the new spelling or press
^
Note:
to return to the input screen of the Anagram solver.
b
• To browse contents on the next/previous page, press
also find the Quick view function useful.
or .You may
} { > <
• Press
to return to the previous view.
f
Further information
For further information about this dictionary, refer to the section ‘Viewing the Zusatz-
Infos’ (page 32) and pages 46–53.
31
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• For Duden – Die deutsche Rechtschreibung:
a. Copyright (Duden)
Zusatz-Infos (Contents-Info)
In the Zusatz-Infos you find information, which are located in the front resp. back part
of the related printed book versions.
b.
c.
Zur Wörterbuchbenutzung
Im Wörterverzeichnis verwendete Abkürzungen
d. Wichtige grammatische Fachausdrücke
e. Wörter/Unwörter des Jahres
In PW-E420 integrated information of the
Further information are found in the appendix
printed version of the dictionaries
to this operation manual
• For Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Englisch:
• For Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Englisch:
a. Copyright (EN-DE/DE-EN)
b. Hinweise für die Benutzer Stichwörter, Übersetzungen und Wendungen
a. Copyright
• For Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Französisch:
c.
Die Aussprache des Englischen
a. Copyright
d. Zahlen
• For Duden – Die deutsche Rechtschreibung:
e. Britische und amerikanische Maße und Gewichte
f. Unregelmäßige Verben
a. Sprache in Zahlen
• For Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Französisch:
a. Copyright (FR-DE/DE-FR)
b. Hinweise für die Benutzer
c. Die Aussprache des Französischen
d. Zahlen
e. Silbentrennung im Französischen
f. Großschreibung im Französischen
g. Zeichensetzung im Französischen
h. Empfohlene neue Schreibweisen im Französischen
i. Die französischen Departements
32
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How to view the Zusatz-Infos
<Example>
View ‘Hinweise für die Benutzung des Wörterbuchs’ in Langenscheidt
Handwörterbuch Englisch.
1. Press
,
to open the Zusatz-Infos.
m 6
2. Press
to select ‘EN-DE/DE-EN’.
1
The list of Zusatz-Infos in the selected
dictionary will be displayed.
3. Use the number keys to select the desired information in the list.
Note:
• To browse contents on the next/previous page, press
also find the Quick view function useful.
or
} { > <
.You may
…
• Truncated words in the category title/subtitle list are indicated with a trailing '
'
at the end.
• Press
to return to the previous view.
f
33
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•
A list of matching words is displayed. If no match is found, then a list of up to
30 closely spelled words per dictionary will be searched and displayed. If the
search returns zero results, a message ‘Nicht gefunden!’ appears momentarily.
Using the Super jump function
The Super Jump function links the dictionaries integrated in PW-E420, so that words
• A variant or inflected form of a headword, or a partial segment of a component
verb may not be initiated for a Super jump search.
from a detail screen can be quickly marked and explained resp. translated.
• Press
e
,
,
,
or
instead of pressing
Use the Super jump function to select any word in the detail view of each dictionary,
then initiate a search based on the selected word.
t u r s
d
, to specify the dictionary to jump to.
• If only one match is found or the jump icon (
,
,
) item is selected, then
the description of the item will be displayed in the Super jump window instead.
How to use the Super jump function
5. Use the number keys to select a desired
<Example>
word in the list (press
in this example).
1
Initiate a Super jump search via Langenscheidt
Deutsch-Englisch.
The translations or definitions of the selected
word are displayed in the Super jump window.
1. In Langenscheidt Deutsch-Englisch, show the
detail view of the word ‘richtig’.
• Press
to return to the previous view.
f
• When ‘ ’ and/or ‘ ’ appears on the left side of the window,
can be used to scroll the window.
or
} { > <
2. Press
.The cursor appears to
v
select the first word in the view.
6. Press
to jump to the translations or
e
3. Use the
keys to move the
cursor (and its selection of word) to a desired
} { ] [
definitions of the selected word.
The detail view of the selected word appears.
word (select ‘Antwort’ in this example).
• Press
to display the previous view.
• The pressing of
cursor.
also moves the
f
v
• The symbols (
icons.
,
,
) are also jumping
About the detail view after the Jump
•
In case that behind the word marked with follows a reference number, e.g. 3a, it
refers to the direct reference within the headword. I.e. you will find the correct refer-
ence, if you look up the input of 3a of the structure of the headword.
Note:
•
will open a reference to the displayed word.
• With the Duden rules are open.
• The behaviour and function of the detail view is the same as the detail view after
an ordinary search.
•
•
With , the conjugation of French verbs appear.
Abbreviations in dictionary in English and French
are indicated by the JUMP function.
• Press
at the detail view to go back to the dictionary's input screen.
^ b
• A chain of multiple Super jump actions can be backtracked up to 10 times by
pressing the key.
4. While the desired word is selected, press
.
e
f
The Super jump window appears to display selectable items.
34
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2. Press
.The My Words List of
y
the Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch
appears.
Using the My Words List function
The function ‘My Words’ is specially useful to train vocabulary. Use the function ‘My
Words (Meine Wörter)’ list to register a word, which has been selected from one of
the dictionaries before.You can select up to 30 entries for each dictionary word list.
Only words can be registered, which are headword entries. I.e. words, which are
not contained in the dictionary, cannot be added, because the data base is closed.
• The My Word List can be displayed by
pressing
at the initial screen,
list view and detail view of each dictionary.
y
• Phrases in each dictionary cannot be registered in the My Words List.
• The My Words List is in alphabetical order.
• Truncated words in the list are indicated with a trailing ‘…’.
How to register a word in the My Words List
3. Use the number keys to select the desired
<Example>
word in the list (press
in this example).
1
Register ‘advance’ in Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch in the My Words List.
The detail view of the selected word appears.
• Press to return to the previous view.
1. In Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch, show the
detail view of the word ‘advance’.
f
Note:
• The My Words List cannot be accessed from the Zusatz-Infos.
2. Press
to register the word ‘advance’.
^ x
A message ‘Eingetragen!’ will momentarily be displayed.
Displaying the words you have registered in
each dictionary
<Example>
Display the words registered in Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch.
1. Press
to open the initial screen of
the Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch.
t
35
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2. Press
to select ‘My Words Löschen’.
5
Deleting a My Words List item
1. Display the My Words List on the screen.
3. Use the number keys to select the My Words
List you wish to delete (press
example).
in this
2
2. Use the
the item to be deleted (select ‘study’ in this
example).
or
key to place the cursor on
}
{
A confirmation dialogue for deletion appears.
• To delete all My Words Lists, select
‘ALLES’.
The reverse colour indicates the selected
item.
4. Press .The selected My Words List is
J
deleted and the main menu appears.
3. Press . A confirmation dialogue for
(
deletion appears.
4. Press .The selected item is deleted.
J
Deleting the My Words List of a dictionary
1. Press
menu.
, then
to open the Set-up
m
9
36
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• Truncated words in the list are indicated with a trailing ‘...’ at the end.
• Each history list can contain up to 30 items.The oldest item will be deleted as
item count exceeds 30.
Using the History function
Use the History function to recall a headword or idioms/sentences previously
searched in the dictionaries.
Deleting a history item
1. Display the history list on the screen.
How to use the History function
<Example>
Recall the search history in Langenscheidt Englisch-Deutsch.
1. Press
to open Langenscheidt
t
Englisch-Deutsch.
2. Use the
or
key to place the cursor on
}
{
the item to be deleted (select ‘study’ in this
example).The reverse colour indicates the
selected item.
2. Press
.The history view appears,
with the most recent search placed at the top
h
3. Press . A confirmation dialogue for
(
deletion appears.
of the list.
When ‘ ’ and/or ‘ ’ appears on the left side
of the window,
or can be
} { > <
used to scroll the window.
3. Use the number keys to select a desired word
in the list (press in this example).
4. Press .The selected item is deleted.
J
1
The detail view of the selected word appears.
Note:
• Each dictionary has its own history list for headwords and phrases (exception:
Duden – Die deutsche Rechtschreibung).These history lists are installed and
updated automatically.
• To view the history list, press
and the initial screen of each phrase search.
at the initial screen of each dictionary,
h
37
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Deleting the history list of a dictionary
1. Press
menu.
, then
to open the Set-up
m
9
2. Press
to select ‘Verlauf löschen’.
4
3. Use the number keys to select the history list
you wish to delete. A confirmation dialogue
for deletion appears (press
example).
in this
2
• To delete all history lists, select ‘ALLES’.
• Selecting ‘Nur EN-DE’, ‘Nur DE-EN’, ‘Nur
FR-DE’ or ‘Nur DE-FR’ will also delete the history list of each phrase search.
4. Press .The selected history is deleted and the main menu appears.
J
38
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Calculation examples
Using the Calculator function
The built-in calculator in the Electronic Dictionary can perform twelve-digit
Example
Operation
Display
–8,
! -
/
-
=
(–24) 4 – 2 =
24
34 + 57 = The second figure (57)
45
= becomes the constant.
4
2
÷
34 + 57 =
45 + 57 =
91,
arithmetic calculations with memory function.To access the Calculator function,
press
.
m 7
102,
(Subtraction and division are performed in
the same way as above.)
Prior to initiating calculations
• This product uses a comma ‘,’ as a decimal separator; a period is used as a
thousand separator.
68 25 =
68 * 25 = The first figure (68)
40 = becomes the constant.
200 * 10 %
1.700,
2.720,
20,
×
68 40 =
×
• Before performing any calculation, press
memory and the display.
to clear the
@ @ ^ b
What is 10% of 200?
What percentage is 9 of 36? 9 / 36 %
25,
• To start a calculation with a negative number, place a subtraction sign by
pressing at the beginning of the calculation.
200 + (200 10 %) =
200 + 10 %
500 - 20 %
4 * = = * =
8 / =
220,
×
-
500 – (500 20 %) =
400,
×
• If you wish to correct a wrong entry, press
and re-enter the figure.
(43)2 =
4.096,
0,125
M
125,
M
28,
M
85,
M
182,
M
26,
M
3.510,
!
• In the calculation examples found in this section, indications and icons that may
1/8 =
appear on the screen (‘=’, ‘M+’, ‘M–’, ‘+’, ‘–’, ‘ ’, and ‘÷’) are abbreviated or are
×
25 5 =
×
25
5
@ @
*
$
not shown.These icons appear to show you the interim result of calculations. For
example, the ‘=’ icon appears on the screen when
or
is pressed, while
=
%
–) 84 3 =
84
68
3
÷
/
+
#
icons such as ‘M+’ and ‘+’ appear after each corresponding key has been
pressed.
+) 68 + 17 =
(Total) =
17
$
@
• An ‘M’ is shown when a value other than 0 is put in the memory.To clear the
content of the memory, press
also functions as
twice. Note that the pressing of
or
@
$
#
12
14
@ @
+
$
.
=
135 (12 + 14) =
135
×
* @ =
• Press
to enter ‘=’.To input ‘,’ (decimal separator), press
.
M
5,2
(12 + 14) 5 =
5
÷
@ /
=
• An error message ‘E’ is displayed if:
@ @ ^ b
0,
E
• the integer section of a calculation result exceeds 12 digits
• the memory exceeds 12 digits
123456789098
145
123456789098 145 =
17,9012344192
17,9012344192
×
*
=
!
• an attempt is made to divide a number by zero.
(17,9012344192 1012 = 17901234419200)
×
Press
to clear the error condition.
!
39
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• When inputting the desired currency name, press
input field and use no more than four letters. Use the
[ ]
cursor on the left/right of the currently selected input field.
to clear the
keys to set the
^ b
Using the Converter function
The Converter function consists of two converters: the Currency converter, and the
Metric converter.
• In the left input field, enter the base currency name. In the input field on the
right, place the currency name of which you wish to set the conversion rate.
• Up to 10 digits (excluding the decimal point) can be entered in the currency
rate input field.
Currency converter (Währungsumrechner)
4. Press
.The currency name and its
e
Setting a currency rate
One conversion rate can be set.
rate are set.
<Example>
=
Set the following rate: C1 = US$ 1,2
Converting currencies
1. Press to access the
m 8 1
Currency converter.
The conversion calculation can be performed using the previously set conversion
rate.
<Example>
=
=
Convert C180 to US$ when setting the rate: C 1 = US$ 1,2.
2. Press .The input fields for the currency
<
name and rate appear.
1. Press to display the currency
m 8 1
converter.
3. Use the
the desired input field, then input the
currency name and its rate. In this example,
keys to place the cursor at
{ }
2. Input ‘180’.You may input a simple formula,
such as ‘36 5 =’, instead.
×
press
and input ‘1,2’.
}
• The currency name field of currency
converter is temporarily pre-defined, as
seen in the above example.
40
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=
3. Press
to execute the conversion from C
]
Metric converter (Metrische Umrechnungen)
Conversions between different units of measurement (length, mass, etc.) can be
performed.
to US$.The converted value of US$ 216 is
displayed.
=
• Pressing
conversion. In this case, the converted
executes a US$-to-C
[
<Example>
Convert 40 feet to metres.
=
value of C 180 will be displayed.
1. Press
m 8 2
converter.
to access the Metric
• The and arrows on the screen indicate the direction of conversion.
• To initiate conversion of a different value, just enter the value to be converted,
or press
conversion.
to clear the value in the input field prior to entering the new
!
• Press
to return to the Converter menu.
f
2. Use
to select ‘Umrechnungen
{ }
[Längenmaß 2]’.
3. Input ‘40’.You may input a simple formula,
such as ‘25 + 15 =’, instead.
4. Press .The value in feet is converted to
]
the metric value.
• Press
to convert from the metric value
[
to feet. In this case, the given value ‘40’
will be taken as the metric value to be
converted to feet.
• The and arrows on the screen indicate the direction of conversion.
• To initiate conversion of a different value, just enter the value to be converted,
or press
conversion.
to clear the value in the input field prior to entering the new
!
41
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• Use the
or
key to select one of the other Metric converters.
}
{
• Press
to return to the Converter menu.
f
Units capable of being converted
The following conversion formulae can be utilised.
Längenmaß 1 (length 1):
Längenmaß 2 (length 2):
Längenmaß 3 (length 3):
Längenmaß 4 (length 4):
Zoll
Fuß
cm *
m *
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
⇔
Yard
Meile
m *
km *
m **
g *
Längenmaß 5 (length 5):
Gewicht 1 (weight 1):
sm (Seemeile)
Unze
Gewicht 2 (weight 2):
Pfund
kg *
Temperatur (temperature):
Volumen 1 (volume 1):
Volumen 2 (volume 2):
Volumen 3 (volume 3):
Volumen 4 (volume 4):
Volumen 5 (volume 5):
Flächenmaß 1 (surface area 1):
Flächenmaß 2 (surface area 2):
Andere 1 (other 1):
°F
°C *
Pint
Liter *
Liter *
Liter *
l **
m3 **
km2 *
Hektar *
kw **
J **
Gallone (UK)
Gallone (US)
bbl (Barrel, Fass)
RT (Registertonne)
Quadratmeile
Morgen
PS
Andere 2 (other 2):
cal
* Units and rates for metric conversions are based on ISO specifications.
** Units and rates for metric conversions are based on DIN specifications.
Note:
• There may be a slight error in the conversion result due to the rounding off of the
number. Use the result for reference only.
42
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When to replace the battery
Replace the battery immediately in the following cases:
Appendices
• When
is displayed.
Replacing the battery
Battery used
• When the message ‘Bitte die Batterie ersetzen!’ appears upon turning the power
on.
Note:
• Use only the specified alkaline battery.
•
If you do not follow the procedure describing the battery replacement, the My words
list, the History list, as well as the Calculator's memory, may be cleared or altered.
Also, Currency converter and the Set-up menu configurations may be reset.
Type
Size / Model
Size “AAA” / LR03
Quantity
Alkaline battery
1
• When
is displayed, the backlight will not operate.
• Please do not use rechargeable battery, this can lead to a malfunction of the
device.
Replacement procedure
1. Switch off the power by pressing
.
o
Precautions
2. Set the battery replacement switch located on the
bottom of the unit to the ‘REPLACE BATTERY’ position.
•
Fluid from a leaking battery accidentally entering an eye could result in serious
injury. Should this occur, wash with clean water and immediately consult a doctor.
3. Remove the battery cover.
• Should fluid from a leaking battery come in contact with your skin or clothes,
immediately wash with clean water.
4. Remove the used battery and insert the one new
battery. Make sure the battery polarity is correctly
orientated.
• If the product is not to be used for some time, to avoid damage to the unit from a
leaking battery, remove it and store in a safe place.
5. Replace the battery cover.
• Do not leave an exhausted battery inside the product. It may leak and damage
the product.
6. Set the battery replacement switch to the ‘NORMAL
OPERATION’ position.
• Keep batteries out of the reach of children.
7. Open the unit and press
to turn the power on.
o
• Incorrect handling of batteries may introduce risk of explosion.
• Do not throw batteries into a fire as they may explode.
• Make sure the new battery is the correct type before fitting.
• When installing, orientate the battery correctly as indicated in the unit.
The LCD contrast screen appears.
• If the power cannot be switched on, try following steps 2 to 7 in the above
procedure again. Should this fail, then follow the reset procedure on the
following page.
• The battery packaged with this product may be partially exhausted during the
shipment and/or storage period, and may need to be replaced sooner than
expected.
8. Follow the instructions on the screen to adjust the LCD contrast (see step 7 of the
procedure on page 5).
43
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Reset procedure if trouble occurs
Exposure to a strong physical shock or powerful electrical fields may render the
keys inoperable, to the point that the power cannot be switched on. If such case is
suspected, try following the procedure below.
Specifications
Model:
PW-E420
Product name:
Display:
Electronic Dictionary
159 80 dot matrix LCD
×
Reset procedures
Number of entries:
• Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Englisch:
Approx. 270,000 keywords and phrases
1. Press the RESET switch located on the bottom of
the unit, with the tip of a ball-point pen or similar
object. Do not use an object with a breakable or
sharp tip.
• Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Französisch:
Approx. 255,000 keywords and phrases
The message ‘Möchten Sie das System neu
starten?’ appears.
• Duden – Die deutsche Rechtschreibung:
Approx. 135,000 keywords with approx. 500,000
examples, meaning explanations and information on
word divisions, pronunciation, grammar and
etymology
2. Press
to initialize the unit.
J
• A message ‘Bereit!’ is momentarily displayed, followed by the LCD contrast
adjustment screen.
Calculator function:
12-digit calculation of addition, subtraction, multiplica-
tion, division, percentage, memory calculation, etc.
• If
is selected, then the unit will not be initialized.
N
Converter function:
Power consumption:
Operating temperature:
Power supply:
12-digit conversion of currency and measurement
0.23 W
3. Follow the instructions on the screen to adjust the LCD contrast (see step 7 of the
procedure on page 5).
0°C - 40°C (32°F - 104°F)
Note:
–
1.5 V … (DC): Alkaline battery LR03 (size ‘AAA’)
1
×
• The reset procedure will clear the My words list, the History list, and Calcula-
tor's memory, as well as to reset the Currency converter and the Set-up menu
Battery life:
• Approx. 200 hours
configurations.To avoid these, you may press
at step two of the above.
If data is continuously displayed at 25°C (77°F) with-
out backlight
N
• After the
key is pressed as in the case above, or even when the
key
N
o
is pressed, the reset procedure may automatically be initiated due to the
corrupted data.When this occurs, the message ‘Initialisiert!’ will be displayed,
followed by the LCD contrast screen.
• Approx. 70 hours
If data is searched for 5 minutes and displayed for 55
minutes per hour at 25°C (77°F) without backlight
44
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• Approx. 55 hours
The key sound cannot be heard.
If data is searched for 5 minutes and displayed for
55 minutes with 2 minute backlight use per hour at
25°C (77°F)
• The key sound may be set to OFF. See page 13.
The unit does not respond to a key press.
Note: May vary according to various usage conditions
• Press the RESET switch. See page 44.
Weight (including battery): Approx. 155 g (0.35 lb)
Dimensions (when closed): 125 mm (W) 79.4 mm (D) 16.8 mm (H)
×
×
The unit shuts off automatically.
4-29/32" (W) 3-1/8" (D) 21/32" (H)
×
×
• The Auto power off function is in action.The activation interval of the Auto power
off function can be adjusted. See page 13.
Accessories:
Alkaline battery LR03 (size ‘AAA’) 1,
×
operation manual
The desired word cannot be found.
Troubleshooting
• A variant form of the word may have been entered. Enter the original form.
• Use the Spell check function to verify the correct spelling.
Refer to the list of possible symptoms, and solutions may be found here.
The unit cannot be switched on.
Product support
• Check if the battery is not drained. See page 43.
If you have read this operation manual, but you still require product support, you
can visit our web site at:
• Check the battery replacement switch; it should be set at the ‘NORMAL
OPERATION’ position. See page 5.
• Check the polarity of the battery. See page 5.
• Verify the LCD contrast setting; the power may be switched on, but the
message on the screen may not be visible. See page 14.
• If the above settings appear normal, then press the RESET switch. See page
44.
The backlight cannot be switched on.
• Check if the battery is exhausted. See page 43.
The screen is dark or light.
• Adjust the LCD contrast. See page 14.
45
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Duden – Die deutsche Rechtschreibung
Further information of the
dictionaries
Sprache in Zahlen
Vorbemerkung
Schon seit vielen Jahren erreichen die Dudenredaktion immer wieder Fragen z. B.
nach dem längsten deutschen Wort, dem Wort mit den meisten aufeinanderfolgenden
Konsonanten oder den häufigsten Wörtern im Deutschen ganz allgemein. Dank der
großen elektronischen Textdatenbanken, die heute verfügbar sind, und des verstärkten
Einsatzes computerlinguistischer Methoden in der Wörterbucharbeit können solche
Fragen inzwischen recht gut beantwortet werden.
Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Englisch
Copyright
Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Englisch
Herausgegeben von der Langenscheidt-Redaktion
Deutsche Rechtschreibung nach den gültigen amtlichen Regeln und Duden-
Empfehlungen.
Möchte man wissen, wie häufig bestimmte Phänomene im Deutschen vorkommen,
stellt sich die Frage, auf welcher Basis man denn solche Berechnungen anstellen kann
bzw. muss, damit diese auch repräsentativ für »das Deutsche« sind.Vorweggenommen
sei, dass es »die« deutsche Text- bzw. Sprachbasis zur Erforschung »der« deutschen
Sprache [bislang] nicht gibt. Es gibt jedoch relativ zuverlässige Annäherungen von
verschiedenen Seiten, die im besten Fall in ihren Ergebnissen übereinstimmen.
Als Marken geschützte Wörter werden in diesem Wörterbuch in der Regel durch das
Zeichen ® kenntlich gemacht. Das Fehlen eines solchen Hinweises begründet jedoch
nicht die Annahme, eine nicht gekennzeichnete Ware oder eine Dienstleistung sei frei.
© 2012 Langenscheidt KG, Berlin und München
Die in den folgenden Abschnitten präsentierten Grafiken und Tabellen beruhen auf
Untersuchungen, die die Dudenredaktion auf der Grundlage eigener Datenbasen
vorgenommen hat. Eine zentrale Basis stellt das vorliegende Werk dar, der
Rechtschreibduden, der in dieser Auflage rund 140 000 Stichwörter verzeichnet,
eine andere das Dudenkorpus. Das Dudenkorpus ist eine von der Dudenredaktion
aufgebaute elektronische Volltextdatenbank mit mehr als 2,1 Milliarden Wortformen
(Stand Frühjahr 2012). Bei den Texten handelt es sich um journalistische und
belletristische Texte sowie um Sach-, Fach- und Gebrauchstexte, wobei die
journalistischen Texte den größten Anteil ausmachen. In zeitlicher Hinsicht deckt das
Korpus die Jahre 1995 bis heute ab.
Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Französisch
Copyright
Langenscheidt Handwörterbuch Französisch
Herausgegeben von der Langenscheidt-Redaktion
Deutsche Rechtschreibung nach den gültigen amtlichen Regeln und Duden-
Empfehlungen.
Die Zahlen, die in den folgenden Abschnitten in Bezug auf den Rechtschreibduden
präsentiert werden, beziehen sich immer auf die dort verzeichneten Stichwörter, also
auf das, was fett gedruckt ist, z. B. »gutschreiben« im folgenden Artikel:
Als Marken geschützte Wörter werden in diesem Wörterbuch in der Regel durch das
Zeichen ® kenntlich gemacht. Das Fehlen eines solchen Hinweises begründet jedoch
nicht die Annahme, eine nicht gekennzeichnete Ware oder eine Dienstleistung sei frei.
gut|schrei|ben (anrechnen); sie versprach, den Betrag gutzuschreiben
© 2012 Langenscheidt KG, Berlin und München
46
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Bei den Zahlen, die sich im Folgenden auf das Dudenkorpus beziehen, unterscheiden
wir zwischen den Wortformen, wie sie in einem Fließtext vorkommen, und den mittels
einer (maschinellen) Analyse auf ihre Grundform zurückgeführten Wortformen.
Zum Umfang des deutschen Wortschatzes
Exakte Angaben über den Umfang des deutschen Wortschatzes sind nicht nur
deshalb unmöglich, weil ständig Wörter neu gebildet und aus anderen Sprachen
entlehnt werden. Eine genaue Feststellung wird auch dadurch erschwert, dass die
Abgrenzung der festen Bestandteile unseres (Allgemein)wortschatzes von den
Situations- oder Gelegenheitsbildungen (etwa »Autohimmel« in dem Satz »Der neue
Sportwagen ist ein Stern am Autohimmel «) und den fach- und sondersprachlichen
Wörtern nicht möglich ist. Im Allgemeinen setzt man den Wortschatz der deutschen
Gegenwartssprache auf zwischen 300 000 und 500 000 Wörter (Grundformen) an.
Der aktive Wortschatz eines deutschen Durchschnittssprechers wird heute auf 12 000
bis 16 000 Wörter (davon etwa 3 500 Fremdwörter) geschätzt. Ohne Schwierigkeiten
verstanden werden mindestens 50 000 Wörter.
Unter einer Wortform verstehen wir jedes einzelne Wort eines Fließtextes. Dieses
kann, je nach Wortart, entweder gebeugt oder ungebeugt vorkommen. Der Satz Sie
versprach, den Betrag gutzuschreiben beispielsweise besteht aus den Wortformen
»Sie«, »versprach«, »den«, »Betrag« und »gutzuschreiben«.
Die Grundform eines Wortes ist zum Beispiel bei Verben der Infinitiv, bei Substantiven
normalerweise der Nominativ Singular oder bei Artikeln der Nominativ Singular. Die
Grundformen zu dem oben angeführten Beispiel lauten «sie«, »versprechen«, »der«,
»Be-trag«, »gutschreiben«. Diese Grundformen sind gleichzeitig auch die Stichwörter,
die in einem Wörterbuch wie dem Duden verzeichnet sind.
Der Rechtschreibduden enthält rund 140 000 Stichwörter, das »Deutsche
Wörterbuch« (1852–1971) von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm etwa 450 000, von denen
aber zahlreiche nicht mehr in Gebrauch sind. Das Dudenkorpus hat nach heutigem
Stand (Frühjahr 2012) einen Umfang von rund 10 Millionen unterschiedlichen
Wörtern (Grundformen). Die enorme Diskrepanz zum Umfang eines Wörterbuchs
erklärt sich dadurch, dass die meisten Wörter im Dudenkorpus nur ein- bis wenige
Male vorkommen und deshalb keine Aufnahmekandidaten für ein Wörterbuch sind.
Es handelt sich dabei oft um Namen oder um mehrteilige Zusammensetzungen,
deren Bedeutung sich leicht aus der Bedeutung der einzelnen Bestandteile erschließt
(z. B. »Vampirdarstellerin« oder »Vogelschutzgutachten«).Während die einzelnen
Bestandteile möglichst lückenlos in einem Wörterbuch wie dem Duden verzeichnet
sein sollten, können die vielfältigen Zusammensetzungen, die im Deutschen möglich
sind, schon allein aus Platzgründen niemals vollständig in einem gedruckten
Wörterbuch enthalten sein.
Wortform im Korpus
Sie
Grundform im Korpus/Stichwort im Duden
sie
versprach
den
versprechen
der
Betrag
Betrag
gutzuschreiben
gutschreiben
In einem Wörterbuch kommt jedes Stichwort normalerweise nur einmal vor. In einem
Text hingegen können Wortformen mehrmals vorkommen, so zum Beispiel in dem Satz:
»Wer täglich das tut, was täglich getan werden muss, hat viel zu tun.«
Aus wie vielen Wörtern besteht dieser Satz? Beim einfachen Zählen kommt man auf 13;
zählt man aber nur die verschiedenen Wörter, sind es nur 12, denn »täglich« kommt
zweimal vor. Reduziert man alle Wörter auf ihre Grundform und zählt nur, wie viele
verschiedene Grundformen es gibt, dann heißt das Ergebnis 10, denn »tun« kommt
dreimal (in den Formen tut, getan, tun) vor.
Wenn in diesem Kapitel die Rede von Wortformen und Grundformen ist, ist mit
Wortformen immer die erste Zählweise (13), mit Grundformen immer die letzte
Zählweise (10) gemeint.
47
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Die Stichwortzahlen der Dudenauflagen
Die häufigsten Wörter in deutschsprachigen Texten
Mit jeder Auflage ist der Umfang des Dudens gewachsen. Als Konrad Dudens »Voll-
ständiges Orthographisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache« 1880 erschien, en-
thielt dieser sogenannte Urduden 27 000 Stichwörter. Bis heute hat sich der Umfang,
wie die folgende Grafik zeigt, verfünffacht:
Von den knapp 10 Millionen unterschiedlichen Wörtern (Grundformen), die im
Dudenkorpus enthalten sind, kommen die folgenden am häufigsten vor:
Rang Wort
Rang Wort
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
der, die, das [bestimmter Artikel]
in
und
sein
ein
zu
von
haben
werden
mit
an
auf
der, die, das [Relativpronomen]
sich
für
nicht
es
sie
er
auch
als
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
aus
eine
nach
wie
ihr
ich
160 000
140 000
120 000
100 000
80 000
60 000
40 000
20 000
um
aber
Jahr
so
nur
noch
über
wir
viel
1. Auflage
1880
5. Auflage
1897
10. Auflage 15. Auflage 20. Auflage
1929 1961 1991
26. Auflage
2012
man
oder
vor
müssen
sollen
all
kein
bis
neu
wollen
bei
dies
dass
können
48
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Erstaunlicherweise machen die 100 häufigsten Wörter fast die Hälfte aller Wörter
in den Texten des Dudenkorpus aus. Mit den häufigsten 2 841 Wörtern deckt man
schon 75 % der Texte ab. Die restlichen 25 % werden von der Differenz zu den
oben erwähnten 10 Millionen Grundformen gestellt. Das bedeutet ganz allgemein
formuliert: Es gibt in deutschen Texten relativ wenige Wörter, die sehr oft vorkommen,
und umgekehrt relativ viele Wörter, die nur sehr selten vorkommen.
In Romanen des Dudenkorpus
Die Die
häufigsten häufigsten häufigsten häufigsten häufigsten häufigsten
Die
Die
Die
Die
Substantive Adjektive
Verben
Substantive Adjektive
Verben
1. Mann
ander...
klein
groß
gut
haben
sein
11. Vater
lang
machen
geben
wissen
sollen
lassen
stehen
fragen
tun
2. Frau
3. Hand
4. Auge
5. Tag
12. Kind
13. Blick
14. Leben
15. Haus
16. Tür
jung
weit
Schlüsselt man die häufigsten Wörter des Dudenkorpus nach Wortarten auf, ergeben
sich folgende Rangfolgen:
werden
können
sagen
sehen
müssen
kommen
gehen
wollen
nahe
eigen
einzig
schwarz
einig...
wenig
lieb
erst...
viel
Im gesamten Dudenkorpus
Die
Die
Die
Die
Die
Die
6. Zeit
häufigsten häufigsten häufigsten
häufigsten häufigsten häufigsten
7. Jahr
8. Kopf
9. Mutter
10. Gesicht
alt
17. Mensch
18. Wort
19. Stimme
20. Herr
Substantive Adjektive
Verben
Substantive Adjektive
Verben
ganz
letzt...
neu
1. Jahr
neu
werden
haben
sein
11. Deutschland letzt...
machen
gehen
stehen
lassen
sehen
finden
nehmen
halten
2. Uhr
3. Prozent
4. Euro
5. Million
6. Zeit
ander...
groß
viel
12. Mann
13. Kind
14. Ende
15. USA
16. Seite
17. Woche
18. Stadt
19. Berlin
alt
hoch
jung
nahe
zweit...
können
müssen
sollen
Die häufigsten Buchstaben in deutschen Wörtern
erst...
deutsch
gut
Die folgende Grafik zeigt die Rangfolge der am häufigsten vorkommenden
Buchstaben in allen Wortformen des Dudenkorpus, wobei Groß- und Kleinbuchstaben
jeweils zusammengefasst sind:
7. Tag
sagen
geben
kommen
wollen
vergangen bleiben
8. Land
9. Mensch
10. Frau
weit
lang
liegen
dürfen
stellen
18 %
eigen
klein
wenig
16 %
20. Unternehmen politisch
14 %
Die Liste der häufigsten Substantive zeigt, dass das Korpus stark durch Zeitungstexte
geprägt ist. Betrachtet man zum Beispiel nur Romane oder Sach- und Fachtexte,
verändert sich im Vergleich zu oben die Rangfolge und es tauchen neue Wörter in der
Liste auf.
Welche Substantive, Adjektive oder Verben in deutschsprachigen Romanen am
häufigsten vorkommen, zeigt die folgende Tabelle:
12 %
10 %
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
e
n
i
r
s
t
a
d
h
l
u
g
c
o
m
b
f
k
w
z
p
v
j
ü
ß
ä
ö
y
x
q
Vorkommenshäufigkeit
49
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Möchte man diese Bildungen ausschließen, kann man die Suche auf Wörter
beschränken, die beispielsweise mindestens 5-mal im Korpus vorkommen.
Die längsten Wörter im Duden
Die folgende Tabelle zeigt die im Rechtschreibduden enthaltenen Stichwörter mit den
meisten Buchstaben. Bei der Auswertung nicht berücksichtigt wurden Stichwörter,
die aus mehreren mit Leerzeichen voneinander getrennten Wörtern bestehen, z. B.
»Vereinigtes Königreich [Großbritannien und Nordirland]«, »vorgelesen, genehmigt,
unterschrieben« oder »non scholae, sed vitae discimus«.
Welche Wörter die Liste der so ermittelten längsten Wörter (Grundformen)
im Dudenkorpus anführen, zeigt die folgende Tabelle. Sie stammen, wie im
Duden, vorwiegend aus der Rechts- und Verwaltungssprache und sind ebenfalls
substantivische Zusammensetzungen. Die längsten dieser »Bandwurmwörter«
weisen allerdings bis zu 6 Bestandteile und rund 30 Buchstaben mehr auf als das
längste Wort im Duden:
Die meisten Wörter stammen inhaltlich betrachtet aus den Bereichen Recht und
Verwaltung. Bei allen handelt es sich um Substantive, und zwar Zusammensetzungen
aus mindestens zwei, meistens sogar drei und mehr Bestandteilen:
Anzahl der
Buchstaben
Wort im Dudenkorpus (Grundformen, mindestens 5-mal belegt)
Rang
Anzahl der Buchstaben
(ohne Bindestriche)
Grundstücksverkehrsgenehmigungszuständigkeitsübertragungsverordnung
Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz
Verkehrsinfrastrukturfinanzierungsgesellschaft
Gleichgewichtsdichtegradientenzentrifugation
Elektrizitätswirtschaftsorganisationsgesetz
67
63
46
44
43
42
42
41
40
40
1.
2.
Stichwort im Duden
Rang
Kraftfahrzeug-Haftpflichtversicherung
Donau-Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft
Rhein-Main-Donau-Großschifffahrtsweg
Arbeiterunfallversicherungsgesetz
Bundesausbildungsförderungsgesetz
Straßenverkehrs-Zulassungs-Ordnung
Behindertengleichstellungsgesetz
Steuervergünstigungsabbaugesetz
Nahrungsmittelunverträglichkeit
36
34
33
33
33
32
32
31
31
31
1.
2.
3.
4.
3.
5.
4.
Mitarbeiterkapitalbeteiligungsgesellschaft
6.
5.
Infrastrukturplanungsbeschleunigungsgesetz
Verkehrswegeplanungsbeschleunigungsgesetz
Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie
7.
6.
8.
7.
9.
8.
Restriktionsfragmentlängenpolymorphismus
10.
9.
Lebensversicherungsgesellschaft
10.
Die längsten Wörter im Dudenkorpus
Begibt man sich auf die Suche nach dem längsten Wort im Dudenkorpus, entdeckt
man zum einen sehr individuelle, kreative Augenblicksbildungen wie »Schauspiele
1
rbetreuungsflugbuchungsstatisterieleitungsgastspielorganisationsspezialist « (85
Buchstaben) oder eher nüchterne wie »Steuerentlastungsberatungsvorgesprächsk
2
oalitionsrundenvereinbarungen « (68 Buchstaben). Zum anderen findet man viele
ausgeschriebene Zahlwörter, z. B. »[Das] Neunmilliardeneinhundertzweiundneunzig
millionensechshunderteinunddreißigtausendsiebenhundertsiebzigfache
1 Neue Zürcher Zeitung vom 23.10. 2002
« (104 Buchstaben). Solche Wörter kommen in Korpora in der Regel nur einmal vor.
2 Die Tageszeitung vom 29.5. 1997
50
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Durchschnittliche Länge eines deutschen Wortes
Die Wörter mit den meisten aufeinanderfolgenden Vokalen
Die durchschnittliche Länge eines Stichwortes im Duden beträgt 10,6 Buchstaben.
Wie sich die Anzahl der Stichwörter dabei auf die unterschiedlichen Wortlängen
verteilt, zeigt die folgende Grafik:
Die drei Stichwörter aus dem Rechtschreibduden mit den meisten aufeinanderfolgenden
Vokalen, und zwar insgesamt 5, sind:
– zweieiig
– Donauauen od. Donau-Auen
– Treueeid
18 000
16 000
14 000
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
0
Bei diesen Wörtern handelt es sich um Zusammensetzungen. Einfache, also nicht
zusammengesetzte oder abgeleitete Wörter mit 5 aufeinanderfolgenden Vokalen gibt
es im Deutschen nicht.
Beispiele für Wörter, die 4 aufeinanderfolgende Vokale aufweisen, zeigt die folgende
Tabelle, in der zwischen einfachen Wörtern und zusammengesetzten Wörtern
unterschieden wird. Sie zeigt außerdem an, wie oft ein bestimmtes Vokalmuster, z. B.
»iuea«, im Stichwortbestand des Rechtschreibdudens insgesamt vorkommt:
Einfaches Wort mit 4
Häufigkeit der
Zusammengesetztes Wort Häufigkeit der
aufeinanderfolgenden Vokalkombination in mit 4 aufeinanderfolgenden Vokalkombination in
1
3
5
7
9
11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37
Vokalen
Dudenstichwörtern Vokalen
Dudenstichwörtern
Anzahl der Buchstaben je Duden - Stichwort
niueanisch
hawaiianisch
Queue
desavouieren
Hawaiiinsel
Sequoia
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
beieinander
14
6
5
4
4
4
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Betrachtet man hingegen die durchschnittliche Wortlänge im Dudenkorpus, kommt
man zu sehr unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen. Errechnet man den Durchschnitt aller
im Dudenkorpus vorkommenden Wörter, also der 2,1 Milliarden Wortformen, ergibt
sich ein Durchschnitt von 5,7 Buchstaben. Nimmt man als Berechnungsgrundlage
hingegen nur die unterschiedlichen Wörter, also die 10 Millionen Grundformen,
beträgt die durchschnittliche Länge 14,3 Buchstaben. Die relative Kürze der
Wortformen resultiert aus der Tatsache, dass die meisten Wörter in Texten sehr
kurz sind, z. B. »der«, »und«, »zu« usw. (s. dazu die Liste der häufigsten Wörter in
deutschsprachigen Texten weiter oben). Die relative Länge der Grundformen verdankt
sich der hohen Anzahl von Zusammensetzungen im Korpus.
Parteiausweis
armeeeigen
Lotterieeinnehmer[in]
Neuausgabe
Prärieauster
Bauaufsicht
Neueinstellung
grauäugig
Blaueisenerz
Niveauunterschied
Schneeeule
Hygieia
miauen
Montesquieu
Pistoiaer
pistoiaisch
tatauieren
Seeaal
Videoaufzeichnung
Zweieurostück
51
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Betrachtet man die Aneinanderreihung von Vokalen im Dudenkorpus, kommt man
zu sehr ähnlichen Ergebnissen. Über die oben bereits zitierten Wörter »zweieiig«,
»Donauauen« und »Treueeid« hinaus finden sich hier noch die folgenden Wortformen
mit 5 aufeinanderfolgenden Vokalen:
Die Wörter mit den meisten aufeinanderfolgenden Konsonanten
Der »Borschtsch«, eine russische Suppe, ist das einzige einfache (also nicht
zusammengesetzte oder abgeleitete) deutsche Wort mit 8 aufeinanderfolgenden
Konsonanten.
– Bioeier
– Batterieeier
– Teeeier
– dreieiig
Lässt man bei der Suche nach dem Wort mit den meisten aufeinanderfolgenden
Konsonanten auch Zusammensetzungen zu, findet man im Rechtschreibduden
außerdem die folgenden Wörter mit jeweils 8 Konsonanten:
– Deutschschweiz, Deutschschweizer[in], deutschschweizerisch
– Welschschweizer[in], welschschweizerisch
– Angstschweiß
– Geschichtsschreibung
– Rechtsschrift
– Niveauausgleich
– Milieuaufklärer (bei der Polizei)
– Queueing (EDV)
Darüber hinaus finden sich im Dudenkorpus zahlreiche Namen mit 5
aufeinanderfolgenden Vokalen, z. B. »Azzaaoui«, »Maaouiya« oder »Zaouia«,
sowie Anlehnungen an die gesprochene Sprache mit Schreibungen wie »uiuiuiui«,
»neeeeiin« oder »süüüüüß«.
– Unterrichtsschritt
Das Dudenkorpus weist ebenfalls den »Borschtsch« als das (einfache) Wort mit den
meisten aufeinanderfolgenden Konsonanten aus. Die Liste der Zusammensetzungen
mit 8 Konsonanten hintereinander ist recht lang, sodass hier nur einige repräsentative
Beispiele gezeigt werden können.Wie in den oben angeführten Wörtern auch beginnt
der zweite Bestandteil der Korpuswörter meistens mit der Buchstabenkombination
sch + l, m, n, r oder w, etwa in:
Wörter mit 4 aufeinanderfolgenden Vokalen gibt es im Dudenkorpus aufgrund des
wesentlich größeren Umfangs deutlich mehr als im Rechtschreibduden. Darunter
befinden sich zahlreiche Zusammensetzungen (z. B. »Technologieausrüster«),
viele Personen- oder geografische Namen (z. B. »Miricioiu« oder »Kilauea«) oder
auch einfach Tippfehler (z. B. »Gleisdreieick«). Aus der Fülle ergeben sich viele
Vokalkombinationsmuster, die über das hinausgehen, was die Tabelle oben zeigt.
– angstschlotternd
– Weihnachtsschmuck
– nächstschnellere
– Kunstgeschichtsschreibung
– Herbstschwimmfest
52
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An letzter Stelle steht die Kombination feminin/neutral (gut 12 %), z. B. bei
Die Verteilung der Artikel (Genusangabe) im Rechtschreibduden
Die meisten deutschen Substantive werden von einem Artikel begleitet, zum Beispiel
»der Bumerang« (maskulin), »die Untersuchung« (feminin) oder »das Gewinnspiel«
(neutral). Einige wenige Substantive werden auch artikellos gebraucht, z. B. »Aids«,
»Allerheiligen« oder »Donnerlittchen«. Sie machen im Rechtschreibduden weniger
als 0,1 % aus.
die oder das Aerobic
die oder das Consommé
die oder das E-Mail
Es gibt nur sehr wenig Wörter (unter 20), die alle drei Artikel aufweisen. Hierzu zählen z. B:
Von den Substantiven mit Artikel, die im Rechtschreibduden verzeichnet sind, weisen
98,7 % nur einen einzigen Artikel auf. Knapp 1,3 % der Substantive können mit zwei
Artikeln gebraucht werden, wobei einer der Artikel oft nur selten, regional begrenzt
oder fachsprachlich gebraucht wird. Lediglich 0,02 % der Substantive können alle drei
Artikel mit sich führen.
der, die oder das Bookmark
der, die oder das Joghurt
der, die oder das Triangel
Die Verteilung der Wortarten im Rechtschreibduden
Wie sich die Artikel innerhalb der Gruppe der Substantive mit lediglich einem Artikel
mengenmäßig verteilen, zeigt die folgende Grafik:
Sonstige
0,5%
Adverbien
1,3%
Wie die Grafik links zeigt, stellen die
Substantive mit 74,3 % die größte Gruppe
der im Rechtschreibduden verzeichneten
Stichwörter dar. Mit großem Abstand
folgen die Adjektive (13,8 %), dann die
Verben (10,1 %). Adverbien machen
lediglich 1,3 % der Stichwörter aus.
Die häufigste Kombination der Artikel
von Substantiven mit zwei Artikeln ist die
Verben
10,1%
Kombination maskulin/neutral (knapp 70 %),
z. B. bei
neutral
20%
Adjektive
13,8%
der oder das Alcopop
Substantive
74,3%
feminin
46%
der oder das Terminal
Deutlich unterhalb der 1-Prozent-Grenze
liegen Interjektionen, Präpositionen und
Pronomen (insgesamt rund 540), das
Schlusslicht bilden die Konjunktionen,
Partikeln und Artikel, deren Zahl sich
zusammengenommen auf nicht einmal
100 beläuft.
der oder das Virus
maskulin
34%
An zweiter Stelle steht die Kombination
maskulin/feminin (18 %), z. B. bei
der oder die Abscheu
der oder die Appendix
der oder die Fussel
53
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