4411-0039-CE
Version 6.C
April 18, 2006
4411-0039-CE*
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction........................................................................................ 9
MicroMAX System Components ....................................................................................... 9
Environmental Conditions ................................................................................................ 13
Precautions........................................................................................................................ 14
Repairs .............................................................................................................................. 14
Cleaning............................................................................................................................ 14
Princeton Instruments Customer Service.......................................................................... 14
MicroMAX Camera.......................................................................................................... 15
Cables................................................................................................................................ 23
Application Software ........................................................................................................ 23
Chapter 4 System Setup................................................................................... 27
Checking the Equipment and Parts Inventory .................................................................. 27
Setting up the Communication Interface .......................................................................... 30
Connecting the Interface (Controller-Computer) Cable ................................................... 39
Connecting the Detector-Controller Cable ....................................................................... 40
WinSpec/32, or WinXTest/32)..................................................................................... 40
Introduction....................................................................................................................... 43
USB 2.0 System On/Off Sequences.................................................................................. 44
Imaging Field of View...................................................................................................... 45
RS-170 or CCIR Video..................................................................................................... 45
Readout............................................................................................................................. 60
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MicroMAX System User Manual
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Introduction....................................................................................................................... 73
Interline Operation............................................................................................................ 80
Introduction....................................................................................................................... 93
Chapter 8 Virtual Chip Mode.......................................................................... 103
Introduction..................................................................................................................... 111
Baseline Signal Suddenly Changes................................................................................. 112
Camera Stops Working................................................................................................... 112
Camera1 (or similar name) in Camera Name field ......................................................... 112
Changing the ST-133's Line Voltage and Fuses............................................................. 113
Controller Is Not Responding......................................................................................... 114
Cooling Troubleshooting................................................................................................ 114
Data Overrun Due to Hardware Conflict message.......................................................... 116
Data Overrun Has Occurred message ............................................................................. 116
Demo is only Choice on Hardware Wizard:Interface dialog (Versions 2.5.19.0
Demo, High Speed PCI, and PCI(Timer) are Choices on Hardware
Detector Temperature, Acquire, and Focus are Grayed Out (Versions 2.5.19.0
Error Creating Controller message ................................................................................. 121
No CCD Named in the Hardware Wizard:CCD dialog (Versions 2.5.19.0 and
Program Error message................................................................................................... 124
Shutter Malfunctions....................................................................................................... 128
CCD Arrays .................................................................................................................... 129
Temperature Control....................................................................................................... 130
Mounting......................................................................................................................... 130
Shutters ........................................................................................................................... 131
Outputs............................................................................................................................ 131
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Table of Contents
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Programmable Interface.................................................................................................. 132
Computer Requirements ................................................................................................. 132
Miscellaneous ................................................................................................................. 132
Detectors......................................................................................................................... 133
ST-133B Controller ........................................................................................................ 139
ST-133A Controller........................................................................................................ 139
Appendix C Repumping the Vacuum............................................................ 141
Requirements .................................................................................................................. 141
JY TRIAX family (NTE without shutter)....................................................................... 150
Declarations of Conformity............................................................................ 157
Limited Warranty............................................................................................................ 161
Contact Information........................................................................................................ 164
Index................................................................................................................. 165
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Figures
Figure 1. MicroMAX Cameras and Controller.................................................................. 9
Figure 3. ST-133 Rear Panel Callouts............................................................................. 19
Figure 4. Shutter Compensation Times ........................................................................... 22
Figure 5. Standard System Diagram ................................................................................ 26
Figure 6. Controller Power Input Module........................................................................ 29
Figure 7. WinView Installation: Interface Card Driver Selection ................................... 30
Figure 8. Bottom Clamps................................................................................................. 37
Figure 9. Bottom Clamp secured to Relay Lens.............................................................. 38
Figure 10. Shutter Setting for 25 mm Internal Shutter .................................................... 39
Figure 11. Camera Detection Wizard - Welcome dialog box.......................................... 41
Figure 12. RSConfig dialog box...................................................................................... 41
Figure 13. Hardware Setup wizard: PVCAM dialog box ................................................ 42
Figure 14. Block Diagram of Light Path in System........................................................ 43
Figure 15. Imaging Field of View.................................................................................... 45
Figure 16. Monitor Display of CCD Image Center Area................................................. 46
Figure 17. Standard System Connection Diagram........................................................... 47
Figure 18. F-mount Focus Adjustment ............................................................................ 51
Figure 19. CCD Exposure with Shutter Compensation................................................... 57
Figure 21. Full Frame at Full Resolution......................................................................... 61
Figure 22. Frame Transfer Readout................................................................................. 63
Figure 23. Overlapped Mode Exposure and Readout...................................................... 65
Figure 24. Non-Overlapped Mode Exposure and Readout.............................................. 66
Figure 25. 2 × 2 Binning for Full Frame CCD ................................................................ 68
Figure 26. 2 × 2 Binning for Interline CCD .................................................................... 69
Figure 27. Timing tab page.............................................................................................. 73
Figure 28. Free Run Timing Chart (part of the chart in Figure 40) ................................. 74
Figure 29. Free Run Timing Diagram.............................................................................. 75
Figure 31. External Sync Timing Diagram (- edge trigger)............................................. 76
Figure 32. Continuous Cleans Flowchart......................................................................... 77
Figure 33. Continuous Cleans Timing Diagram.............................................................. 78
Figure 34. Frame Transfer where t + t
w1 exp
+ t < t ................................................... 79
c
R
Figure 36. Frame Transfer where Pulse arrives after Readout......................................... 80
Figure 37. Overlapped Mode where t + t + t < t ............................................... 82
w1 exp
c
R
Figure 38. Overlapped Mode where tw1 + texp + tc > tR..................................................... 82
Figure 39. Overlapped Mode where Pulse arrives after Readout .................................... 82
Figure 40. Chart of Safe and Fast Mode Operation......................................................... 84
Figure 41. TTL In/Out Connector.................................................................................... 87
Figure 42. TTL Diagnostics dialog box........................................................................... 87
Figure 43. Kinetics Readout ............................................................................................ 89
Figure 44. Hardware Setup dialog box ............................................................................ 90
Figure 45. Experiment Setup dialog box ......................................................................... 90
Figure 46. Free Run Timing Diagram.............................................................................. 91
Figure 47. Single Trigger Timing Diagram ..................................................................... 91
Figure 48. Multiple Trigger Timing Diagram.................................................................. 92
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Table of Contents
vii
Figure 49. Free Run Mode Timing Diagram ................................................................... 95
Figure 50. Setup using to Trigger an Event....................................................... 95
Figure 51. Timing for Experiment Setup shown in Figure 50......................................... 95
Figure 52. Timing Diagram for Typical IEC Measurement ............................................ 97
Figure 53. Setup for IEC Experiment with Two Lasers .................................................. 97
Figure 54. Timing Diagram for IEC Experiment with Two Lasers................................. 97
Figure 58. Virtual Chip Functional Diagram................................................................. 103
Figure 59. System Diagram ........................................................................................... 105
Figure 60. Virtual Chip dialog box................................................................................ 108
Figure 61. Camera1 in Camera Name Field................................................................... 112
Figure 62. Power Input Module..................................................................................... 113
Figure 63. Fuse Holder .................................................................................................. 113
Figure 65. Hardware Wizard: Interface dialog box ....................................................... 117
Figure 66. RSConfig dialog box.................................................................................... 117
Figure 67. Hardware Wizard: PVCAM dialog box ....................................................... 118
Figure 68. Hardware Wizard: Interface dialog box ....................................................... 118
Figure 69. RSConfig dialog box: Two Camera Styles .................................................. 119
Figure 70. Hardware Wizard: PVCAM dialog box ....................................................... 119
Figure 71. RSConfig dialog box: Two Camera Styles .................................................. 120
Figure 72. Error Creating Controller dialog box ........................................................... 121
Figure 74. Program Error dialog box............................................................................. 124
Figure 75. Module Installation....................................................................................... 125
Figure 76. Serial Violations Have Occurred dialog box................................................ 128
Figure 77. Rectangular Camera Head: C-Mount ........................................................... 133
Figure 78. Rectangular Camera Head: F-Mount............................................................ 134
Figure 81. 1 MHz and 100kHz/1MHz Round Head Camera: C-Mount Adapter and
Figure 83. ST-133B Controller Dimensions.................................................................. 139
Figure 84. ST-133A Controller Dimensions.................................................................. 139
Figure 85. Vacuum Connector Required for Pumping .................................................. 142
Figure 86. Removing the Back Panel ............................................................................ 142
Figure 87. Attaching the Vacuum Connector ................................................................ 143
Figure 88. Opening the Camera to the Vacuum System................................................ 143
Tables
Table 1. ST-133 Shutter Drive Selection......................................................................... 21
Table 2. PCI Driver Files and Locations ......................................................................... 31
Table 3. USB Driver Files and Locations........................................................................ 34
Table 4. Bottom Clamps for Different Microscopes........................................................ 37
Table 5. ST-133 Shutter Setting Selection....................................................................... 39
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Table 9. Readout Rates for PI 1300 × 1030 Array at 1 MHz .......................................... 67
Table 10. Well Capacity for some CCD Arrays .............................................................. 70
Table 11. Detector Timing Modes................................................................................... 74
Table 13. TTL In/Out Connector Pinout.......................................................................... 87
Table 14. MicroMAX:512BFT: Virtual Chip Size, Exposure Time, and Frames per
Table 16. I/O Address & Interrupt Assignments after Installing Serial Card................ 122
Table 18. Shutter Compensation Times......................................................................... 131
Table 19. Features Supported under USB 2.0................................................................ 156
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Introduction
The Princeton Instruments MicroMAX system is a high-speed, low-noise CCD camera
system designed for demanding imaging applications and is an optimal system for use in
fluorescence microscopy applications such as high-resolution immunofluorescence, FISH
or GFP imaging. The MicroMAX system incorporates a compact camera head, cooled
CCD, advanced exposure-control timing, video output, and sophisticated readout
capabilities.
Among the advantages of the MicroMAX concept are the range of CCD arrays available
and the built-in video output mode. The system can be configured with a variety of
interline CCDs to provide true 12-bit images at a readout rate of up to 5 million pixels per
second or with a variety of front or back-illuminated CCDs to provide true 16-bit images.
The built-in video output mode simplifies setup and focusing on the microscope. The
combination of the MicroMAX system with one of a variety of specialty software
packages results in a powerful digital imaging system that can meet most experimental
needs.
Note: "WinView/32" and "WinView" are used throughout this manual when referring to
the application software. Unless otherwise indicated, the information associated with
these terms also applies to Princeton Instruments' WinSpec/32 spectroscopy software.
MicroMAX System Components
Overview
The MicroMAX imaging system consists of a
camera (either a round head or a rectangular
head depending on application), controller,
digital interface card, a computer, cables,
manuals, and application software. Together,
these components allow you to acquire
quantitative digital data under very low light
imaging conditions. Each component is
optimized for its specific function. In
operation, data acquired by the
Figure 1. MicroMAX Cameras and
Controller
camera is routed to the controller and from there to the computer for processing and
display. A composite video output allows immediate viewing of the acquired images on a
separate monitor. The application software (for example, Princeton Instruments
WinView/32) allows the computer to control both the system configuration and data
acquisition.
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MicroMAX System User Manual
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Camera
Introduction: The function of the camera is to collect very low intensity light and
convert the energy into a quantitative, electronic signal (photo-electrons) over a two
dimensional space. To do this, light from the subject is focused onto a CCD array, which
accumulates photoelectrons for the exposure time. At the end of the exposure time, the
image thus formed is read out. The accumulated charge on each cell of the array is
transferred out of the CCD array, amplified, and sent to the controller as an analog signal,
where it is digitized prior to transfer to the computer.
The camera is highly integrated, containing the shutter (if applicable) and thermoelectric
cooler with optional forced-air supplemental cooling in a single, shielded housing.
Surface mount electronic technology is used wherever possible, giving a compact
package with uncompromising performance.
Depending on your application, the camera included in your MicroMAX system will be
either a compact round camera head or a high performance, cooled, rectangular camera
head. The round head features interline CCDs; its small size ensures that the camera can
be mounted on virtually any microscope port, including those found on inverted
microscopes. The rectangular head features back-illuminated CCDs with frame transfer
readout.
At the heart of the camera is the CCD array centered on the optic axis. Available formats
include the:
•
•
•
EEV CCD57-10, 512×512, 13×13µm pixels for the MicroMAX:512BFT
EEV CCD47-10, 1024×1024, 13×13µm pixels for the MicroMAX:1024B
Sony ICX075, 782×582, 8.3× 8.3µm pixels for the MicroMAX:782Yand the
MicroMAX:782YHS systems
•
Sony ICX061,1300×1030, 6.7× 6.7µm pixels for the MicroMAX:1300Y, the
MicroMAX:1300YHS, and MicroMAX:1300YHS-DIF systems
A special clocking mode to minimize background signal is supported. See the Princeton
Instruments brochures and data sheets for detailed specifications.
Cooling System: MicroMAX cameras have a multi-stage Peltier type cooler that is
thermally coupled to the CCD surface. Heat is sequentially transferred through the Peltier
stages and from there to the outer shell of the camera via a heat transfer block. This
cooling system allows the camera to maintain CCD temperature of typically -15°C for
round cameras head and -45°C for rectangular camera heads. Cameras equipped with a
fan assembly can reach lower CCD temperatures for reduced thermal noise and extended
exposure times.
Low Noise Readout: In order to achieve a low-noise readout of the CCD, several
design features have been implemented. These include cooling the preamplifier on the
CCD, isolating circuits to prevent electronic crosstalk and minimizing the path lengths of
critical electronic circuits. The net result of these design features is the lowest available
readout noise at the highest speed possible for these CCDs.
Controller
Data Conversion: The controller accepts the analog data and converts it to digital data
using specially designed, low-noise electronics supporting scientific grade 12- or 16-bit
Analog to Digital (A/D) converters.
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Chapter 1
Introduction
11
The standard MicroMAX Controller enables both high-speed and high-precision readout
capabilities. It can collect 16-bit images at a readout rate of up to 1 million pixels per
second (1 MHz) in the high-speed mode or at 100 thousand pixels per second (100 kHz)
in the optional precision mode (16-bit). Switching between the two modes is under
software control for total experiment automation.
Modular Design: In addition to containing the power supplies, the controller contains
the analog and digital electronics, scan control and exposure timing hardware, and system
I/O connectors, all mounted on user-accessible plug-in modules. The design is highly
modularized for flexibility and convenient servicing.
Flexible Readout: There is provision for extremely flexible readout of the CCD.
Readout modes supported include full resolution, simultaneous multiple subimages, and
nonuniform binning. Single or multiple software-defined regions of interest can also be
tested without having to digitize all the pixels of the array
High Speed Data Transfer: Data is transferred directly to the host computer memory
via a high-speed serial link. A proprietary Interface card places the data from the
controller directly into the host computer RAM using Direct Memory Access (DMA).
The DMA transfer process ensures that the data arrives at sufficiently high speed to
prevent data loss from the controller. Since the data transfer rate is much higher than the
output rate from the A/D, the latter becomes the data acquisition rate-limiting factor.
Once the digital data is in RAM, the image acquisition program can transfer the image
into its own working RAM for viewing and further processing.
Note: A frame buffer with standard composite video, either RS-170 (EIA) or CCIR,
whichever was ordered, is also provided.
Applications
With its small size, fully integrated design, cooled CCD and temperature control,
advanced exposure control timing, and sophisticated readout capabilities, the MicroMAX
system is well suited to both general macro imaging and microscopy applications.
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MicroMAX System User Manual
Version 6.C
About this Manual
Manual Organization
This manual provides the user with all the information needed to install a MicroMAX
camera and place it in operation. Topics covered include a detailed description of the
camera, installation, cleaning, specifications and more.
Notes:
1. The general identifier "ST-133" is used for both the ST-133A Controller and the
ST-133B Controller. Where there is a difference, the specific identifier is used.
2. "WinX" is a generic term for WinView, WinSpec, and WinXTest application
software.
Chapter 1, Introduction briefly describes the MicroMAX family of cameras;
details the structure of this manual; and documents environmental, storage, and
cleaning requirements.
Chapter 2, System Component Descriptions provides descriptions of each
system component.
Chapter 1, Installation Overview cross-references system setup actions with
relevant manuals and/or manual pages. It also contains system layout diagrams.
Chapter 4, System Setup provides detailed directions for interconnecting the
system components.
Chapter 5, Operation discusses number of topics, including temperature control,
vacuum degradation, and sensitivity to damage from EMF spikes generated by
Xenon or Hg arc lamps. Includes step-by-step directions for verifying system
operation.
Chapter 6, Advanced Topics discusses standard timing modes (Free Run,
External Sync, and Continuous Cleans), frame transfer operation, interline
operation, Fast and Safe speed modes, TTL control, and Kinetics mode.
Chapter 7, MicroMAX DIF Camera (Double Image Feature) describes DIF
(Dual Image Feature) camera and its operation.
Chapter 8, Virtual Chip Mode describes how to set up and use the Virtual Chip
option, a special fast-acquisition technique.
Chapter 9, Troubleshooting provides courses of action to take if you should
have problems with your system.
Appendix A, Specifications includes controller and camera specifications.
Appendix B, Outline Drawings includes outline drawings of the MicroMAX
cameras and the ST-133A and ST-133B Controllers.
Appendix C, Repumping the Vacuum explains how to restore the 1 MHz or
100kHz/1MHz round head camera's vacuum if that vacuum has deteriorated over
time.
Appendix D, Spectrometer Adapters provides mounting instructions for the
spectrometer adapters available for MicroMAX rectangular head (NTE) cameras.
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Chapter 1
Introduction
13
associated with operating under the USB 2.0 interface.
Declarations of Conformity contains the Declaration of Conformity for 1 MHz
(includes 100 kHz/1MHz) MicroMAX systems.
Warranty and Service provides warranty and customer support contact
information.
Safety Related Symbols Used in This Manual
Caution! The use of this symbol on equipment indicates that one or more
nearby items should not be operated without first consulting the manual. The
same symbol appears in the manual adjacent to the text that discusses the
hardware item(s) in question.
Caution! Risk of electric shock! The use of this symbol on equipment
indicates that one or more nearby items pose an electric shock hazard and
should be regarded as potentially dangerous. This same symbol appears in the
manual adjacent to the text that discusses the hardware item(s) in question.
Environmental Conditions
•
•
•
Storage temperature: < 55°C
Operating environment: 0°C to 30°C
Relative humidity: ≤50%, non-condensing.
Grounding and Safety
The apparatus described in this manual is of the Class I category as defined in IEC
Publication 348 (Safety Requirements for Electronic Measuring Apparatus). It is
designed for indoor operation only. Before turning on the controller, the ground prong of
the power cord plug must be properly connected to the ground connector of the wall
outlet. The wall outlet must have a third prong, or must be properly connected to an
adapter that complies with these safety requirements.
WARNING
WARNING
If the equipment is damaged, the protective grounding could be disconnected. Do not use
damaged equipment until its safety has been verified by authorized personnel.
Disconnecting the protective earth terminal, inside or outside the apparatus, or any
tampering with its operation is also prohibited.
Inspect the supplied power cord. If it is not compatible with the power socket, replace the
cord with one that has suitable connectors on both ends.
Replacement power cords or power plugs must have the same polarity as that of the
original ones to avoid hazard due to electrical shock.
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MicroMAX System User Manual
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Precautions
To prevent permanently damaging the system, please observe the following precautions:
•
Always switch off and unplug the ST-133 Controller before changing your system
configuration in any way.
•
•
•
Never remove the camera’s front window, as it is necessary to maintain vacuum (or
to maintain a dry nitrogen environment).
The CCD array is very sensitive to static electricity. Touching the CCD can destroy
it. Operations requiring contact with the device can only be performed at the factory.
Never operate the camera cooled without proper evacuation or backfill. This could
damage the CCD!
•
•
Never connect or disconnect any cable while the MicroMAX system is powered on.
Reconnecting a charged cable may damage the CCD.
Never prevent the free flow of air through the equipment by blocking the air vents.
Repairs
Repairs must be done by Princeton Instruments. If your system hardware needs repair,
contact Princeton Instruments Customer Service. Please save the original packing
material so you can safely ship the system to another location or return it for repairs.
Cleaning
Turn off all power to the equipment and secure all covers before cleaning the units.
Otherwise, damage to the equipment or personal injury could occur.
WARNING!
Camera and Controller
Although there is no periodic maintenance that must be performed on the camera or the
ST-133 Controller, you may clean these components from time to time by wiping them
down with a clean damp cloth. This operation should only be done on the external
surfaces and with all covers secured. In dampening the cloth, use clean water only. No
soap, solvents or abrasives should be used. Not only are they not required, but they could
damage the finish of the surfaces on which they are used.
Optical Surfaces
Optical surfaces may need to be cleaned due to the accumulation of atmospheric dust. We
advise that the drag-wipe technique be used. This involves dragging a clean cellulose
lens tissue dampened with clean anhydrous methanol over the optical surface to be
cleaned. Do not allow any other material to touch the optical surfaces.
Princeton Instruments Customer Service
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Chapter 2
System Component Descriptions
MicroMAX Camera
CCD Array: MicroMAX offers a choice of CCD technologies to improve quantum
efficiency (QE) and blue/green sensitivity. Arrays are available in full-frame, interline,
and frame-transfer formats. Thinned, back-illuminated devices have a higher QE across
the entire visible spectrum and far superior sensitivity in the blue/ green region than
front-illuminated CCDs. The MicroMAX combines back-illumination technology with
frame-transfer readout to provide high sensitivity with nonshuttered operation. Interline-
transfer CCDs contain alternate columns of imaging and storage cells.
Because the charge on each image pixel never has to transfer more than one row, the
transfer can be made very quickly without smearing. By attaching microlenses to an
interline-transfer CCD, incident light is directed to the photosensitive areas of the sensor.
As a result, lens-on-chip formats dramatically improve the QE in the blue/green region of
the spectrum while still allowing fast imaging. Since no shutter is required, high-speed
gating and faster focus are possible.
CCD Chamber: The vacuum-sealed CCD chamber protects the CCD from
contamination as well as insulates it from the warmer air in the camera body. The
inherent low humidity prevents condensation on the cooled surface of the array. The
thermal barrier provided by the vacuum isolates the window from the cooled CCD, keeps
the window from cooling below the dewpoint, and thereby prevents condensation on the
outside of the window.
MicroMAX cameras are normally shipped with a vacuum level of ~10 mTorr or better.
Because this vacuum may deteriorate over time due to outgassing of electrical
components, round head MicroMAX cameras are designed with a built-in vacuum port
that can be used to restore the vacuum to its original level. Instructions for repumping the
vacuum are provided in Appendix C.
Window: The camera has one window in the optical path. The high-quality optical
quartz window is integral to the vacuum chamber. By having only one window, the
MicroMAX camera reduces the chance of image degradation due to multiple reflections,
stray light, and interference patterns that may occur with a multiple-window design.
Thermoelectric Cooler: While the CCD accumulates charge, thermal activity releases
electrons, generating dark current. Cooling the CCD enhances the low-light sensitivity by
reducing thermally generated charge. With forced-air assistance the MicroMAX camera’s
thermoelectric cooler is capable of cooling the CCD to -35°C with ±0.04°C stability at
temperature lock.
Cooling is accomplished by mounting the CCD on a cold finger, which in turn is seated
on a thermoelectric (Peltier-effect) cooler, and then transferring heat through the Peltier
stages to the camera body where the heat is then radiated via a fins and removed by
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MicroMAX System User Manual
Version 6.C
forced air. CCD temperature is controlled and monitored by via the host computer and
the ST-133 Controller.
Shutter: Rectangular head cameras are available with an internal 25 mm shutter.
A shutter drive signal is available at the Remote shutter connector on the rear of the
ST-133 Controller or on the rear of the camera.
Electronics: The camera electronics enclosure contains the preamplifier and array
driver board. This design keeps all signal leads to the preamplifier as short as possible
and also provides complete RF shielding.
Speed of data acquisition and dynamic range is determined primarily by the A/D
converter used (binning on the array is also a factor). MicroMAX cameras are available
with 100 kHz (16-bit A/D), 100 kHz /1 MHz (16-bit A/D), 1 MHz (12-bit A/D), or
1 MHz (16-bit A/D). The dual 16-bit digitizers give you the choice of the 100 kHz A/D
for the better signal-to-noise ratio or the 1 MHz, 16-bit A/D for increased data acquisition
speed.
Connectors: Power, control signals, and data are transmitted between the ST-133 and the
MicroMAX camera via the 25-pin D connector located on the rear of the 1 MHz or
100kHz/1 MHz camera. The cables and connectors are keyed so that they cannot be
connected incorrectly.
Lens Mount Housing: At the front of the camera is the lens mount housing, either C-
mount or F-mount. The C-mount employs a standard size thread to make the connection
while an F-mount uses a tongue and groove type mechanism to secure the lens or
microscope adapter to the camera. The details of the housing will vary depending on the
type of mount.
Note: C-mount cameras are shipped with a dust cover lens installed. Although this lens
is capable of providing surprisingly good images, its throughput is low and the image
quality is not as good as can be obtained with a high-quality camera lens. Users should
replace the dust-cover lens with their own high-quality laboratory lens before making
measurements.
If you have a camera with a UV scintillator coated CCD, protect it from excessive
exposure to UV radiation. This radiation slowly bleaches the scintillator, reducing
sensitivity.
Caution
Mounting Holes: The round head camera has four ¼″ x 20 UNC threaded holes on the
camera body at 90° intervals. These holes are provided for flexibility in mounting the
camera to your system optics. The rectangular head camera can be ordered with an
optional tripod mount kit.
Fan: Depending on the camera, there may be an internal fan located inside or on the
camera's back panel. Its purpose is:
•
•
to remove heat from the Peltier device that cools the CCD array
to cool the electronics.
An internal Peltier device directly cools the cold finger on which the CCD is mounted.
The heat produced by the Peltier device is then removed by the air drawn into the camera
by the internal fan and exhausted through the back panel. The fan is always in operation
and air cooling of both the Peltier and the internal electronics takes place continuously.
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Chapter 2
System Component Descriptions
17
The fan is designed for low-vibration and does not adversely affect the image. For the fan
to function properly, free circulation must be maintained between the rear of the camera
and the laboratory atmosphere.
Shutter: In imaging applications an adapter is mounted to the camera and then the lens,
either C-mount or F-mount, is mounted to the adapter. An F-mount adapter and a
C-mount adapter differ not only in their lens-mounting provisions, but also in depth
because the focal plane of F-mount lenses is deeper than that of C-mount lenses.
Nevertheless, rectangular head cameras can be ordered with an internal 25 mm shutter
and the appropriate lens mount adapter already installed.
Shutter Life: Note that shutters are mechanical devices with a finite lifetime, typically
on the order of a million cycles, although some individual shutters may last a good deal
longer. How long a shutter lasts in terms of experimental time will, of course, be strongly
dependent on the operating parameters. High repetition rates and short exposure times
will rapidly increase the number of shutter cycles and decrease the time when the shutter
will have to be replaced. Possible shutter problems include complete failure, in which the
shutter no longer operates at all, or the shutter may stick open or closed causing
overexposed or smeared images. It may even happen that one leaf of the shutter will
break and no longer actuate.
Shutter replacement is usually done at the factory. If you find that the shutter on your
camera is malfunctioning, contact the factory to arrange for a shutter-replacement repair.
WARNING
Disconnecting or connecting the shutter cable to the camera while the controller is on can
destroy the shutter or the shutter drive circuitry. Always power off the controller before
adjusting the shutter cable.
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MicroMAX System User Manual
Version 6.C
ST-133 Controller
Electronics: The Model ST-133 is a compact, high performance CCD Camera
Controller for operation with Princeton Instruments cameras. Designed for high speed
and high performance image acquisition, the ST-133 offers data transfer at speeds up to 5
Megapixel per second, standard video output for focusing and alignment. A variety of
A/D converters are available to meet different speed and resolution requirements.
In addition to containing the power supply, the controller contains the analog and digital
electronics, scan control and exposure timing hardware, and controller I/O connectors, all
mounted on user-accessible plug-in modules. This highly modularized design gives
flexibility and allows for convenient servicing.
POWER Switch and Indicator: The power switch
location (see Figure 2) and characteristics depend on the
version of ST-133 Controller that was shipped with your
SHUTTER CONTROL
system. In some versions, the power switch is on the
REMOTE
SETTING
l
O
front and has an integral indicator LED that lights
whenever the ST-133 is powered. In other versions, the
power switch is located on the back of the ST-133 and
does not include an indicator LED.
~
120Vac
|
O
LEFT:
0.75A
1.25
FUSES:
RIGHT:
-
-
T
T
100
220
-
-
120V
240
50-60Hz 420
~
-
-
T
T
A
V
~31..5800AA
W
MAX
Rear Panel Connectors: There are three controller
board slots. Two are occupied by the plug-in cards that
provide various controller functions. The third,
Figure 2. Power Switch Location
(ST-133A and ST-133B)
covered with a blank panel, is reserved for future development. The left-most plug-in
card is the Analog/Control module. Adjacent to it is the Interface Control module. Both
modules align with top and bottom tracks and mate with a passive back-plane via a 64-
pin DIN connector. For proper operation, the location of the modules should not be
changed. Each board is secured by two screws that also ground each module’s front
WARNING
To minimize the risk of equipment damage, a module should never be removed or
installed when the system is powered.
The Analog/Control Module, which should always be located in the left-most slot,
provides the following functions.
•
•
•
Pixel A/D conversion
CCD scan control
Exposure control
•
•
•
Timing and synchronization of readouts
Temperature control
Video output control
The Interface Control Module, which should always be located in the center slot,
provides the following functions.
•
•
TTL In/Out Programmable Interface
Communications Control (TAXI or USB 2.0 protocol)
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Chapter 2
System Component Descriptions
19
Always turn the power off at the Controller before connecting or disconnecting any cable
that interconnects the camera and controller or serious damage to the CCD may result.
This damage is NOT covered by the manufacturer’s warranty.
WARNING
1
11
2
USB 2.0
8
9
16
9
3
4
SHUTTER CONTROL
12
13
AUX
5
6
REMOTE
SETTING
TTL
IN/OUT
l
O
~
120Vac
8
7
10
14
15
LEFT:
0.75A - T 100 - 120V
FUSES:
RIGHT:
3.50A - T
~
1.25 A - T 220 - 240 V ~1.80A - T
50-60Hz 420 W MAX
USB 2.0
TAXI
Interface Control Module
Figure 3. ST-133 Rear Panel Callouts
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20
MicroMAX System User Manual
Version 6.C
The descriptions of the rear panel connectors are keyed to the accompanying figure.
Depending on your system, either the TAXI or the USB 2.0 Interface Control Module will be
installed in the second from the left slot (as you face the rear of the ST-133). In Figure 3, the
TAXI module is shown in that position.
#
Feature
1. Temperature Lock LED: Indicates that the temperature control loop has locked and that
the temperature of the CCD array will be stable to within ± 0.05°C.
2. Video/Aux Output: Composite video output is provided at this connector; if labeled Aux,
this output is reserved for future use. The Video output amplitude is 1 V pk-pk and the
source impedance is 75 Ω. Either RS-170 (EIA) or CCIR standard video can be provided
and must be specified when the system is ordered. The video should be connected to the
monitor via 75 Ω coaxial cable and it must be terminated into 75 Ω.
Note that video output is not currently supported under USB 2.0.
3. External Sync Input: TTL input that has a 10 kΩ pullup resistor. Allows data acquisition
and readout to be synchronized with external events. Through software, positive or negative
(default) triggering can be selected.
4.
Output WinX/32 (ver. 2.4 and higher) software-selectable NOT SCAN or
SHUTTER signal. Default is SHUTTER. NOT SCAN reports when the controller is
finished reading out the CCD array. NOT SCAN is high when the CCD array is not being
scanned, then drops low when readout begins, returning to high when the process is
finished. The second signal, SHUTTER, reports when the shutter is opened and can be
used to synchronize external shutters. SHUTTER is low when the shutter is closed and
goes high when the shutter is activated, dropping low again after the shutter closes. See
Figure 4 for timing diagram.
5.
Output: Initially HIGH. After a Start Acquisition command, this output changes
state on completion of the array cleaning cycles that precede the first exposure. Initially
high, it goes low to mark the beginning of the first exposure. In free run operation it
remains low until the system is halted. If a specific number of frames have been
programmed, it remains low until all have been taken, then returns high.
6. Zero Adjustment: (1 MHz and 100kHz/1 MHz systems) Control the offset values of the
Fast (F) and Slow (S) A/D converters; if potentiometers are not present, bias may be
software-settable. Preadjusted at factory. The offset is a voltage that is added to the signal to
bring the A/D output to a non-zero value, typically 50-100 counts. This offset value
ensures that all the true variation in the signal can really be seen and not lost below the A/D
“0” value. Since the offset is added to the signal, these counts only minimally reduce the
range of the signal from 4095 to a value in the range of 50-100 counts lower. Adjusting a
potentiometer clockwise increases the counts while rotating it counterclockwise decreases
the counts. If potentiometers are not present, bias may be software-settable.
CAUTION: Do not adjust the offset values to zero, or some low-level data will be missed.
7. Detector Connector: (1MHz and 1 MHz/100kHz systems) Transmits control information
to the camera and receives data back from the camera via the Detector-Controller cable.
8. TTL In/Out: User-programmable interface with eight input bits and eight output bits that
can be written to or polled for additional control or functionality. Output is not currently
supported under USB 2.0. See Chapter 6.
9. AUX Output: Reserved for future use.
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Chapter 2
System Component Descriptions
21
#
Feature
10. Serial COM Connector: Provides two-way serial communication between the controller and
the host computer. Uses TAXI protocol. Contact the factory if an application requires use of
the optional fiber-optic data link to increase the maximum allowable distance between the
camera and the computer.
11. Fan: Cools the controller electronics. Runs continuously when the controller is turned on. Do
not block the side vents or the fan exhaust port.
12. Shutter Setting Selector: Sets the shutter hold voltage. Dial is correctly set at the factory
13. Remote Shutter Connector: Provides shutter-hold pulses for a 25 mm Princeton
Instruments-supplied external shutter (typically an entrance slit shutter).
WARNING: Dangerous live potentials are present at the Remote Shutter Power
connector. To avoid shock hazard, the Controller power should be OFF when connecting
or disconnecting a remote shutter.
WARNING: If the camera has an internal shutter, then the Shutter Power connector should
not be used to drive a second external shutter. This configuration will result in under-
powering both shutters and may cause damage to the system In a system which requires
both an internal and an external shutter, use the Shutter signal (provided at the
connector when selected by an internal jumper or by software parameter selection) to
control the external shutter. Suitable driver electronics will additionally be required.
Contact the factory Technical Support Dept. for information.
14. Power Input Module: Contains the powercord socket and two fuses. Depending on the
ST-133 version, the power switch may be located directly above the power module.
15. Fuse/Voltage Label: Displays the controller’s power and fuse requirements. This label
may appear above the power module.
16. USB 2.0 Connector: Provides two-way serial communication between the controller and the
host computer. Uses USB 2.0 protocol.
WARNING: Dangerous live potentials are present at the Remote Shutter Power
connector. To avoid shock hazard, the Controller power should be OFF when connecting
or disconnecting a remote shutter.
Shutter Setting*
Shutter Type
1
25 mm Princeton Instruments supplied External shutter
(typically an Entrance slit shutter)
2
4
25 mm Princeton Instruments Internal shutter
35 mm Princeton Instruments Internal shutter (requires
70 V Shutter option), supplied with rectangular head
camera having 1300 × 1340 CCD
5
40 mm Princeton Instruments Internal shutter
* Shutter settings 0, 3, and 6-9 are unused and are reserved for future use.
Table 1. ST-133 Shutter Drive Selection
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22
MicroMAX System User Manual
Version 6.C
Selecting the wrong shutter setting will result in improper functioning of the shutter and
may cause premature shutter failure.
WARNING
texp
Shutter
tR
NOTSCAN
tc
t
= Exposure Time
exp
t
= Readout Time
R
t
= Shutter Compensation Time
c
Shutter Type
NONE
Compensation Time
200 nsec
6.0 msec
Electronic
Remote (Roper Scientific 23 mm, External, 8.0 msec
typically a slit shutter)
Small (Roper Scientific 25 mm, Internal)
8.0 msec
Large (Roper Scientific 35/40 mm, External) 28.0 msec
Figure 4. Shutter Compensation Times
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Chapter 2
System Component Descriptions
23
Cables
Detector-Controller: 1 MHz or 100kHz/1MHz systems. The standard 10' cable
(6050-0321) has DB-25 Male connectors with slide-latch locking hardware. This
cable interconnects the Detector connector on the rear of the ST-133 with the
Detector connector on the back of the MicroMAX camera. The Detector-Controller
cable is also available in 6', 15', 20', and 30' lengths.
Interface Cable: Depending on the system configuration, either a TAXI or a USB
cable will be shipped.
TAXI: The standard 25' (7.6 m) cable (6050-0148-CE) has DB-9 Male
connectors with screw-down locking hardware. The TAXI (Serial
communication) cable interconnects the "Serial Com" connector on the rear of
the ST-133 with the PCI card installed in the host computer. In addition to the
standard length, this cable is available in 10', 50', 100', and 165' lengths. Also
available are fiber optic adapters with fiber optic cables in 100, 300, and 1000
meter lengths.
USB 2.0: The standard 16.4' (5 m) cable (6050-0494) has USB connectors
that interconnect the "USB 2.0" connector on the rear of the ST-133 with a
USB card installed in the host computer.
Interface Card
PCI Card: This interface card is required when the system interface uses the TAXI
protocol rather than USB 2.0. The PCI card plugs-into the host computer's
motherboard and provides the serial communication interface between the host
computer and the ST-133. Through WinView/32, the card can be used in either High
Speed PCI or PCI(Timer) mode. High Speed PCI allows data transfer to be
interrupt-driven and can give higher performance in some situations. PCI(Timer)
allows data transfer to be controlled by a polling timer.
USB 2.0 Card: This interface card is required when the system interface uses the
USB 2.0 protocol rather the TAXI protocol and the computer does not have native
USB 2.0 support. The USB 2.0 card plugs-into the host computer's motherboard and
provides the communication interface between the host computer and the ST-133.
The USB 2.0 PCI card (70USB90011) by Orange Micro is recommended for desktop
computers; the SIIG, Inc. USB 2.0 PC Card, Model US2246 is recommended for
more information.
Application Software
The Princeton Instruments WinView/32 software package provides comprehensive image
acquisition, display, processing, and archiving functions so you can perform complete data
acquisition and analysis without having to rely upon third-party software. WinView/32
provides reliable control over all Roper Scientific detectors, regardless of array format
and architecture, via an exclusive universal programming interface (PVCAM®).
WinView/32 also features snap-ins and macro record functions to permit easy user
customization of any function or sequence.
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24
MicroMAX System User Manual
Version 6.C
PVCAM is the standard software interface for cooled CCD cameras from Roper
Scientific. It is a library of functions that can be used to control and acquire data from the
camera when a custom application is being written. For example, in the case of Windows,
PVCAM is a dynamic link library (DLL). Also, it should be understood that PVCAM is
solely for camera control and image acquisition, not for image processing. PVCAM
places acquired images into a buffer, where they can then be manipulated using either
custom written code or by extensions to other commercially available image processing
packages.
User Manuals
MicroMAX System User Manual: This manual describes how to install and use the
MicroMAX system components.
WinView/32 User Manual: This manual describes how to install and use the
WinView/32 application program. A PDF version of this manual is provided on the
installation CD. Additional information is available in the program's on-line help.
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Chapter 3
Installation Overview
The list and diagrams below briefly describe the sequence of actions required to
hookup your system and prepare to gather data. Refer to the indicated references
for more detailed information. This list assumes that the application software is
Princeton Instruments WinView/32.
Action
Reference
1. If the system components have not already been unpacked, unpack
them and inspect their carton(s) and the system components for in-
transit damage. Store the packing materials.
Chapter 4 System Setup,
2. Verify that all system components have been received.
Chapter 4 System Setup,
3. If the components show no signs of damage, verify that the
appropriate voltage settings have been selected for the Controller.
Chapter 4 System Setup,
4. If WinView/32 software is not already installed in the host
computer, install it. In addition to installing the WinView/32
software, this operation will load all of the interface card drivers.
Chapter 4 System Setup,
WinView/32 manual
5. If the appropriate interface card is not already installed in the host
computer, shut down the computer and install the interface card.
Chapter 4 System Setup,
6. Depending on the application, attach a lens to the camera, mount the Chapter 4 System Setup,
camera to a microscope, or mount the camera to a spectrometer.
7. With the Controller and computer power turned OFF, connect the
interface cable (TAXI or USB) to the Controller and the interface
card in the host computer. Then tighten down the locking hardware.
Chapter 4 System Setup,
8. With the Controller power turned OFF, make the camera-to-
controller connections to the back of the Controller. Secure the
latch(es) to lock the cable connection(s).
Chapter 4 System Setup,
9. With the Controller power turned OFF, make the camera-to-
controller connections to the back of the Camera. Secure the
latch(es) to lock the cable connection(s).
Chapter 4 System Setup,
10. With the Controller power turned OFF, connect the Controller
power cable to the rear of the controller and to the power source.
11. If using a microscope Xenon or an Hg arc lamp, turn it on before
turning on the controller and host computer.
Chapter 5 Operation,
12. Turn the Controller ON.
25
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26
MicroMAX System User Manual
Action
Version 6.C
Reference
13. Turn on the computer and begin running the WinX application.
WinView/32 manual
14. Run the Camera Detection wizard or load the defaults from the
controller.
Chapter 5 Operation,
WinView/32 or
WinSpec/32 manual
15. Set the target array temperature.
Chapter 5 Operation,
16. When the system reaches temperature lock, begin acquiring data in
focus mode.
Chapter 5 Operation,
17. Adjust the focus for the image.
Chapter 5 Operation,
Detector-Controller
Interface cable
(TAXI or USB 2.0)
110/220
Camera
Detector Serial Com
or USB 2.0
110/220
Controller
Microscope
Computer
EXPERIMENT
Figure 5. Standard System Diagram
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Chapter 4
System Setup
Unpacking the System
During the unpacking, check the system components for possible signs of shipping
damage. If there are any, notify Princeton Instruments and file a claim with the carrier. If
damage is not apparent but camera or controller specifications cannot be achieved,
internal damage may have occurred in shipment. Please save the original packing
materials so you can safely ship the camera system to another location or return it to
Princeton Instruments for repairs if necessary.
Checking the Equipment and Parts Inventory
Confirm that you have all of the equipment and parts required to set up the system. A
complete MicroMAX system consists of a camera, a controller, a computer and other
components as follows.
•
•
Camera to Controller cable: DB25 to DB25, 10 ft (6050-0321). Two versions of
this cable are available, one having an external shield and the other not. The shielded
version offers superior noise performance and is required by regulation in some
countries.
Computer Interface Dependent Components:
•
Controller-Computer Interface cable:
•
TAXI cable: 25 ft DB9 to DB9 cable (6050-0148-CE) is standard. Lengths
up to 165 ft (50 m) are available. Optional fiber-optic transducers can be
used to extend this distance to as much as 1000 meters or
•
USB cable: Five (5) meter cable (6050-0494) is standard.
•
Interface Card:
•
•
TAXI: High Speed PCI Interface board or
USB 2.0: Native on motherboard or user-provided USB 2.0 Interface Card
(Orange Micro 70USB90011 USB2.0 PCI is recommended for desktop
computers and the SIIG, Inc. USB 2.0 PC Card, Model US2246 is
recommended for laptop computers).
•
Vacuum Pumpdown connector (2550-0181): This item is required if it becomes
necessary to refresh the vacuum for round camera heads. Contact the factory
contact information.
•
•
WinView/32 CD-ROM
User Manual
27
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28
MicroMAX System User Manual
Version 6.C
System Requirements
Power
Detector: The MicroMAX detector receives its power from the controller, which in turn
plugs into a source of AC power.
ST-133: The ST-133 Controller can operate from any one of four different nominal line
voltages: 100, 120, 220, or 240 V AC. Refer to the Fuse/Voltage label on the
back of the ST-133 for fuse, voltage, and power consumption information.
Caution
The plug on the line cord supplied with the system should be compatible with the line-
voltage outlets in common use in the region to which the system is shipped. If the line
cord plug is incompatible, a compatible plug should be installed, taking care to maintain
the proper polarity to protect the equipment and assure user safety.
Host Computer
Note: Computers and operating systems all undergo frequent revision. The following
information is only intended to give an approximate indication of the computer
requirements. Please contact the factory to determine your specific needs.
Requirements for the host computer depend on the type of interface, TAXI or USB 2.0,
that will be used for communication between the ST-133 and the host computer. Those
requirements are a listed below according to protocol.
TAXI Protocol:
•
•
AT-compatible computer with 200 MHz Pentium® II (or better).
®
Windows 95, Windows® 98SE, Windows® ME, Windows NT®, Windows®
2000, or Windows® XP operating system.
•
•
High speed PCI serial card (or an unused PCI card slot). Computers purchased
from Princeton Instruments are shipped with the PCI card installed if High speed
PCI was ordered.
Minimum of 32 Mbytes of RAM for CCDs up to 1.4 million pixels. Collecting
multiple spectra at full frame or high speed may require 128 Mbytes or more of
RAM.
•
•
CD-ROM drive.
Hard disk with a minimum of 80 Mbytes available. A complete installation of the
program files takes about 17 Mbytes and the remainder is required for data
storage, depending on the number and size of images or spectra collected. Disk
level compression programs are not recommended.
•
Super VGA monitor and graphics card supporting at least 256 colors with at least
1 Mbyte of memory. Memory requirement is dependent on desired display
resolution.
•
•
IEEE-488 GPIB port (required by DG535 Timing Generator, if present). May
also be required by Spectrograph.
Two-button Microsoft compatible serial mouse or Logitech three-button
serial/bus mouse.
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Chapter 4
System Setup
29
USB 2.0 Protocol:
•
•
•
AT-compatible computer with Pentium 3 or better processor and runs at 1 GHz or
better.
Windows 2000 (with Service Pack 4), Windows XP (with Service Pack 1) or
later operating system.
Native USB 2.0 support on the mother board or USB Interface Card (Orange
Micro 70USB90011 USB2.0 PCI is recommended for desktop; SIIG, Inc. USB
2.0 PC Card, Model US2246 for laptop)
•
•
•
Minimum of 256 Mb of RAM.
CD-ROM drive.
Hard disk with a minimum of 80 Mbytes available. A complete installation of the
program files takes about 17 Mbytes and the remainder is required for data
storage, depending on the number and size of images or spectra collected. Disk
level compression programs are not recommended.
•
Super VGA monitor and graphics card supporting at least 256 colors with at least
1 Mbyte of memory. Memory requirement is dependent on desired display
resolution.
•
•
IEEE-488 GPIB port (required by DG535 Timing Generator, if present). May
also be required by Spectrograph.
Two-button Microsoft compatible serial mouse or Logitech three-button
serial/bus mouse.
Verifying Controller Voltage Setting
The Power Module on the rear of the Controller contains the
voltage selector drum, fuses and the powercord connector. The
appropriate voltage setting is set at the factory and can be seen on
the back of the power module.
Each setting actually defines a range and the setting that is closest
to the actual line voltage should have been selected. The fuse and
power requirements are printed on the panel above the power
module. The correct fuses for the country where the ST-133 is to be
shipped are installed at the factory.
Figure 6. Controller
Power Input Module
Note: On ST-133s, the voltage ranges and fuse ratings may be
printed above or below the power module (Figure 6).
To Check the Controller's Voltage Setting:
1. Look at the lower righthand corner on the rear of the Controller. The current voltage
setting (100, 120, 220, or 240 VAC) is displayed on the Power Module.
2. If the setting is correct, continue with the installation. If it is not correct, follow the
instructions on page 113 for changing the voltage setting and fuses.
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30
MicroMAX System User Manual
Version 6.C
Installing the Application Software
Installation is performed via the
WinView/32 installation process. If
you are installing WinView or
WinSpec for the first time, you
should run the installation before
installing the Princeton Instruments
(RSPI) PCI or USB2.0 card in the
host computer. On the Select
Components dialog box (see
Figure 7), click on the AUTO PCI
button to install the interface card
drivers (the Princeton Instruments
(RSPI) PCI and the USB drivers) and
the most commonly installed
Figure 7. WinView Installation: Interface Card
Driver Selection
program files. Select the Custom
button if you would like to choose among the available program files.
Note: WinView/32 (versions 2.6.0 and higher) do not support the ISA interface.
Setting up the Communication Interface
MicroMAX camera systems require either an installed Princeton Instruments (RSPI) PCI
card or an installed USB2.0 interface card in the host computer. The type of interface
card is dictated by the Interface Control Module installed in the ST-133 controller.
Setting up a PCI Interface
®
®
Administrator privileges are required under Windows NT , Windows 2000,
®
and Windows XP to install software and hardware.
A Princeton Instruments (RSPI) PCI card must be installed in the host computer if
the communication between computer and controller uses the TAXI protocol (i.e.,
the Interface Control Module installed in the ST-133 has a 9-pin SERIAL COM
connector as shown in the figure at right). With TAXI protocol, the standard cable
provided with an ST-133 is 7.6 meters (25 feet). Cable lengths up to 50 meters
(164 feet) are available and the digitization rate may be as high as 2 MHz.
TTL IN/OUT
AUX
A computer purchased from Princeton Instruments will be shipped with the PCI card
already installed. Otherwise, a PCI card will be shipped with the system and you
will have to install it in the host computer at your location.
SERIAL COM
Note: The PCI card can be installed and operated in any Macintosh having a
PCI bus, allowing the ST-133 to be controlled from the Macintosh via IPLab™
software and the PI Extension.
If using WinX software, Select either High Speed PCI or PCI(Timer) as the Interface
Caution
type. This selection is accessed on the Hardware Setup|Interface tab page. High Speed
PCI allows data transfer to be interrupt-driven and gives the highest performance in some
situations. PCI(Timer) allows data transfer to be controlled by a polling timer. This
selection is recommended when there are multiple devices sharing the same interrupt.
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Chapter 4
System Setup
31
To Install a PCI Serial Buffer Card in the Host Computer:
1. Review the documentation for your computer and PCI card before continuing
with this installation.
2. To avoid risk of dangerous electrical shock and damage to the computer, verify
that the computer power is OFF.
3. Remove the computer cover and verify that there is an available PCI slot.
4. Install the PCI card in the slot.
5. Make sure that the card is firmly seated and secure it.
6. Replace and secure the computer cover and turn on the computer only. If an error
occurs at bootup, either the PCI card was not installed properly or there is an address
instructions.
Note: The PCI card has no user-changeable jumpers or switches.
To Install the PCI Card Driver
The following information assumes that you have already installed the WinView/32 or
WinSpec/32 software.
1. After you have secured the PCI card in the computer and replaced the cover, turn
the computer on.
2. At bootup, Windows will try to install the new hardware. If it cannot locate the
driver, you will be prompted to enter the directory path, either by keyboard entry
or by using the browse function.
If you selected AUTO PCI during the application software installation,
WinView/32 or WinSpec/32 automatically put the required INF file into the
Windows/INF directory and put the PCI card driver file in the
names and locations.
Windows
Version
PCI INF Filename
Located in
PCI Device Driver Name
Located in
"Windows"/INF
directory*
"Windows"/System32/Drivers
directory
®
Windows 2000
rspi.inf (in WINNT/INF, for rspipci.sys (in WINNT/System32/Drivers,
and XP
example)
for example)
®
Windows NT
N/A
pi_pci.sys
®
Windows 95, 98,
pii.inf
pivxdpci.vxd
®
and Windows ME
* The INF directory may be hidden.
Table 2. PCI Driver Files and Locations
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32
MicroMAX System User Manual
Version 6.C
Setting up a USB 2.0 Interface
®
®
Administrator privileges are required under Windows NT , Windows 2000,
®
and Windows XP to install software and hardware.
Your system has been configured to use the USB communication protocol if the Interface
Control Module installed in the ST-133 has a USB 2.0 connector as shown in the figure at
right). The advantages to the USB 2.0 interface are that it uses a much higher data transfer
rate than many common serial data formats (such as the TAXI protocol) and it simplifies the
connection to external devices. USB supports "plug and play" -- you do not need to be
heavily involved in the setup process.
USB 2.0 Limitations
•
•
Maximum cable length is 5 meters (16.4 feet)
1 MHz is currently the upper digitization rate limit for the ST-133
Controller. Large data sets and/or long acquisition times may be subject
to data overrun because of host computer interrupts during data acquisition.
•
•
USB 2.0 is not supported by the Princeton Instruments PC Interface Library (Easy
DLLS).
Some WinView and WinSpec 2.5.X features are not fully supported with
USB 2.0. Refer to Appendix E, page 155, for more information.
Note: If you are installing the USB 2.0 interface on a laptop, you will need to perform all
of the operations described in this section. In addition, if you are using the recommended
USB Interface Card (SIIG, Inc. USB 2.0 PC Card, Model US2246), you must replace the
OrangeUSB USB 2.0 Host Controller driver installed for that card with the appropriate
Microsoft driver. Instructions for making the replacement are included in "To Update the
OrangeUSB USB 2.0 Driver".
To Update the OrangeUSB USB 2.0 Driver:
This procedure is highly recommended when a laptop computer will be used to
communicate with the ST-133. As stated before, we recommend the SIIG, Inc. USB 2.0
PC Card, Model US2246 if USB 2.0 is not native to the laptop's motherboard. To reduce
the instances of data overruns and serial violations, the OrangeUSB USB 2.0 Host
Controller installed for the SIIG card, should be replaced by the appropriate Microsoft
driver (Windows 2000 or Windows XP, depending on the laptop's operating system.)
Note: This procedure may also be performed for desktop computers that use the Orange
Micro 70USB90011 USB2.0 PCI.
1. Download and install Microsoft Service Pack 4 (for Windows 2000) or Service
Pack 1 (for Windows XP) if the service pack has not been installed.
2. From the Windows Start menu, select Settings|Control Panel.
3. Select System and then System Properties.
4. Select the Hardware tab and click on Device Manager button.
5. Expand Universal Serial Bus Controllers.
6. Right-mouse click on OrangeUSB USB 2.0 Host Controller and select
Properties.
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Chapter 4
System Setup
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7. On the Driver tab, click on the Update Driver… button. You may have to wait
a minute or so before you will be allowed to click on the button.
8. When the Upgrade Device Driver wizard appears, click on Next. Select the
Search for a suitable driver … radio button.
9. On the next screen select the Specify a location checkbox.
10. Browse and select the location. Click on OK.
11. In the Driver Files Search Results window, check the Install one of the
other drivers check box.
12. Select the NEC PCI to USB Enhanced Host Controller B1 driver. Click on
Next and the installation will take place. When the Completing the Upgrade
Device Driver wizard window appears, click on Finish. You will then be
given the choice of restarting the computer now or later. According to the
window text, the hardware associated with the driver will not work until you
restart the computer.
To Install the Princeton Instruments USB2 Interface:
The following information assumes that:
•
You have verified that the host computer meets the required specifications
A USB 2.0 board and its driver are installed in the host computer.
The ST-133 has an installed USB 2.0 Interface Control module.
You have already installed the WinX software (versions 2.5.15 and higher).
Versions 2.5.15 and higher automatically install the driver and INF files
required to support the USB 2.0 Interface Control module.
•
•
•
1. Before installing the Princeton Instruments USB2 Interface, we recommend
that you defragment the host computer's hard disk. This operation reduces the
time the computer spends locating files. Typically, the "defrag" utility "Disk
®
Defragmenter" can be accessed from the Windows Start menu and can
usually accessed from the Programs/Accessories/System Tools subdirectory.
2. After defragmenting the hard disk, turn off the computer and make the USB
cable connections between the host computer and the ST-133. Then, turn the
ST-133 on before turning on the host computer.
3. At bootup, Windows will detect the Princeton Instruments USB2 Interface
hardware (i.e., the USB 2.0 Interface Control module). You may be prompted
to enter the directory path(s) for the apausbprop.dll and/or the apausb.sys
file(s), either by keyboard entry or by using the browse function.
If you selected AUTO PCI during the application software installation, WinX
automatically put the required INF, DLL, and USB driver file in the
locations.
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Windows
Version
USB INF
Filename
USB Properties DLL
Located in
USB Device Driver Name
Located in
Located in
"Windows"/IN
F directory*
"Windows"/System3 "Windows"/System32/Driver
2 directory
s directory
Windows rsusb2k.inf (in
apausbprop.dll (in
apausb.sys (in
WINNT/System32/Drivers, for
example)
®
2000
WINNT/INF, for WINNT/System32, for
example) example)
and XP
* The INF directory may be hidden.
Table 3. USB Driver Files and Locations
Mounting the Camera
General
The MicroMAX camera can be mounted either horizontally or vertically (nose up or nose
down). The camera can rest on any secure surface. For mounting flexibility, the round
head camera is equipped with four standard ¼″ x 20 UNC threaded 3/8″ deep holes
spaced at 90° intervals around the body; in some situations it may prove convenient to
secure the camera with a suitable mounting bracket. An optional tripod mount is available
for the rectangular head camera.
In the case of cameras equipped with F-mount, do not mount the camera in the nose-up
operation where the lens mount would be required to hold the camera’s weight. The
F-mount is not designed to sustain the weight of the camera in this orientation and the
camera could pull free. Contact the factory for special mounting options that enable
operation in this orientation.
WARNING
Should the camera be mounted in the nose-up position beneath a table, take care to
protect the mounting components from lateral stresses, such as might occur should
someone accidentally bump the camera with a knee while working at the table. Two
possible approaches to this problem would be to install a securely mounted bracket to the
camera or to install a barrier between the camera and operator so as to prevent any
accidental contact.
There are no special constraints on nose-down operation. Again, however, good
operating practice might make it advisable to use a securing bracket to prevent accidental
contact from unduly stressing the mounting components.
If the camera is going to be mounted to a microscope, the lens mounting instructions that
follow will not apply. Where this is the case, users are advised to skip the following
Mounting the Lens
The MicroMAX camera is supplied with the lens mount specified when the system was
ordered, normally either a screw-type C-mount lens or a bayonet type F-mount lens,
allowing a lens of the corresponding type to be mounted quickly and easily.
C-mount lenses simply screw clockwise into the threaded lens mount at the front of the
camera. In mounting a C-mount lens, tighten it securely by hand (no tools).
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Chapter 4
System Setup
35
Note: C-mount cameras are shipped with a dust cover lens installed (identifiable by its
red rim). Although this lens is capable of providing images, its throughput is low and the
image quality is not as good as can be obtained with a high quality camera lens. You
should replace the dust cover lens with your own high quality laboratory lens before
making measurements.
To mount an F-mount lens on the camera, locate the large indicator dot on the side of the
lens. There is a corresponding dot on the front side of the camera lens mount. Line up the
dots and slide the lens into the mount. Then turn the lens counterclockwise until a click is
heard. The click means that the lens is now locked in place.
Removing either type lens is equally simple. In the case of a C-mount lens, simply rotate
the lens counterclockwise until it is free of the mount. In the case of an F-mount lens,
press the locking lever on the mount while rotating the lens clockwise until it comes free
and can be pulled straight out.
Both types of lenses typically have provision for focusing and aperture adjustment, with
the details varying according the make and model of the lens. In addition, in the case of
the F-mount, there is provision for adjusting the focus of the lens mount itself, if
necessary, to bring the focus within range of the lens focus. See the discussion on
page 51 for more detailed information.
Mounting procedures are more complex when mounting to a microscope and vary
according to the make and model of the microscope as discussed in Mounting to a
Microscope, which follows.
Mounting to a Microscope
This section discusses the setup and optimization of your digital imaging system as
applied to microscopy. Since scientific grade cooled CCD imaging systems are usually
employed for low light level microscopy, the major goal is to maximize the light
throughput to the camera. In order to do this, the highest Numerical Aperture (NA)
objectives of the desired magnification should be used. In addition, you should carefully
consider the transmission efficiency of the objective for the excitation and emission
wavelengths of the fluorescent probe employed. Another way to maximize the
transmission of light is to choose the camera port that uses the fewest optical surfaces in
the pathway, since each surface results in a small loss in light throughput. Often the
trinocular mount on the upright microscope and the bottom port on the inverted
microscope provide the highest light throughput. Check with the manufacturer of your
microscope to determine the optimal path for your experiment type.
A rule of thumb employed in live cell fluorescence microscopy is “if you can see the
fluorescence by eye, then the illumination intensity is too high”. While this may not be
universally applicable, it is a reasonable goal to aim for. In doing this, the properties of
the CCD in your camera should also be considered in the design of your experiments. For
instance, if you have flexibility in choosing fluorescent probes, then you should take
advantage of the higher Quantum Efficiency (QE) of the CCD at longer wavelengths
(contact factory for current CCD specifications). Another feature to exploit is the high
resolution offered by cameras with exceptionally small pixel sizes (6.7 µm for
MicroMAX:1300Y, 1300YHS, and 1300YHS-DIF or 8.3µm for MicroMAX:782Y and
782YHS). Given that sufficient detail is preserved, you can use 2x2 binning (or higher) to
increase the light collected at each “super-pixel” by a factor of 4 (or higher). This will
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allow the user to reduce exposure times, increasing temporal resolution and reducing
photodamage to the living specimen.
Another method to minimize photodamage to biological preparations is to synchronize a
shutter on the excitation pathway to the exposure period of the camera. This will limit
exposure of the sample to the potentially damaging effects of the excitation light. Timing
and synchronization are explained in Chapter 6.
The camera is connected to the microscope via a standard type mount coupled to a
microscope specific adapter piece. There are two basic camera mounting designs, the
C-mount and the F-mount. The C-mount employs a standard size thread to connect to the
camera to the adapter while the F-mount uses a tongue and groove type mechanism to
make the connection.
C-Mount
For a camera equipped with a C-mount thread, use the standard C-mount adapter supplied
by the microscope manufacturer to attach the camera to the microscope. The adapter can
be screwed into the camera and then the assembly can be secured to the microscope using
the standard setscrews on the microscope. The camera can be mounted on the trinocular
output port, the side port, or the bottom port of the inverted microscope. When mounting
the larger cameras perpendicular to the microscope on the side port, it is ADVISED that
you provide some additional support for your camera to reduce the possibility of
vibrations or excessive stress on the C-mount nose. For the bottom port of the inverted
microscope, the C-mount is designed to support the full weight of the camera, however,
IT IS ADVISED that you provide some additional support for the larger cameras since
the camera is in a position where it could be deflected by the operator’s knee or foot. This
kind of lateral force could damage the alignment of the nose and result in sub-optimal
imaging conditions.
Most output ports of the microscope do not require additional optical elements to collect
an image, however please check with your microscope manual to determine if the chosen
output port requires a relay lens. In addition, all optical surfaces should be free from dust
and fingerprints, since these will appear as blurry regions or spots and hence degrade the
image quality.
F-Mount
For a camera with the F-mount type design, you will need two elements to mount the
camera on your microscope. The first element is a Diagnostic Instruments Relay Lens.
This lens is usually a 1X relay lens that performs no magnification. Alternatively, you
may use a 0.6X relay lens to partially demagnify the image and to increase the field of
view. There is also a 2X relay lens available for additional magnification. The second
which bottom clamps are routinely used with each of the microscope types. They are
illustrated in Figure 8. If you feel that you have received the wrong type of clamp, of if
you need a clamp for a microscope other than those listed, please contact the factory.
To assemble the pieces, first pick up the camera and look for the black dot on the front
surface. Match this dot with the red dot on the side of the relay lens. Then engage the two
surfaces and rotate them until the F-mount is secured as evidenced by a soft clicking
sound. Next place the long tube of the relay lens into the bottom clamp for your
microscope, securing it to the relay lens with the three setscrews at the top of the clamp
as shown in Figure 9. This whole assembly can now be placed on the microscope, using
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Chapter 4
System Setup
37
the appropriate setscrews on the microscope to secure the bottom clamp to the output port
of the microscope.
Diagnostic Instruments
Microscope Type
Bottom Clamp Type
Leica DMR
L-clamp
Leitz All types
NLW-clamp
O-clamp
Nikon Optiphot, Diaphot, Eclipse
Olympus BH-2, B-MAX, IMT-2
V-clamp
Zeiss Axioscope, Axioplan, Axioplan 2, Axiophot Z-clamp
Zeiss Axiovert
ZN-clamp
Table 4. Bottom Clamps for Different Microscopes
The F-mount is appropriate for any trinocular output port or any side port. When
mounting the camera perpendicular to the microscope on the side port, it is ADVISED
that you provide some additional support for your camera to reduce the possibility of
vibrations or excessive stress on the F-mount nose. Princeton Instruments DOES NOT
advise using an F-mount to secure the camera to a bottom port of an inverted microscope
due to possible failure of the locking mechanism of the F-mount. Contact the factory for
information about a special adapter for operating in this configuration.
Focusing information for a camera and a camera lens mount is included in the First Light
section of Chapter 5 (page 51). Although it is unlikely that you would ever need to use
the lens mount adjustment in operation with a microscope (the relay-lens focus
adjustment would normally suffice), it could be used if necessary. The procedure for
using the adjustment is provided in Chapter 5 and illustrated in Figure 18.
1X
HRP 100-NIK
L
ZN
O
NLW
Z
V
Figure 8. Bottom Clamps
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MicroMAX System User Manual
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1X
HRP 100-NIK
"L" bottom clamp
Figure 9. Bottom Clamp secured to Relay Lens
Microscope optics have very high transmission efficiencies in the infrared region of the
spectrum. Since typical microscope light sources are very good emitters in the infrared,
some microscopes are equipped with IR blockers or heat filters to prevent heating of
optical elements or the sample. For those microscopes that do not have the better IR
blockers, the throughput of infrared light to the CCD can be fairly high. In addition,
while the eye is unable to see the light, CCD cameras are particularly efficient in
detecting infrared wavelengths. As a result, the contaminating infrared light will cause a
degradation of the image quality due to a high background signal that will be invisible to
the eye. Therefore, it is recommended that you add an IR blocker in the light path if you
encounter this problem with the microscope.
Caution
Mounting to a Spectrometer
The camera must be properly mounted to the
spectrometer to achieve maximum spectral
resolution across the array. Depending on the
spectrometer and camera type, special adapters
may be required to mount the camera to the
spectrometer. The appropriate adapters should
have been included with your system if the
spectrometer type was indicated when the system was ordered.
Because of the many possible camera and spectrometer combinations, all of the adapter
mounting instructions are located in Appendix D. Refer to the table at the beginning of
that appendix to find the instruction set appropriate to your system.
The distance to the focal plane from the front of the mechanical assembly depends on the
specific configuration. Refer to the outline drawings in Appendix B for the focal plane
distance information.
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Chapter 4
System Setup
39
Selecting the Shutter Setting
The Shutter Setting push switch on the rear of the Controller sets the shutter hold voltage.
Each shutter type, internal or external, requires a different setting. Consult the table
below for the proper setting for your shutter. The Shutter Setting is correctly set at the
factory for the camera’s internal shutter if one is present.
Caution
Shutter Setting*
Shutter Type
1
25 mm Princeton Instruments supplied External shutter
(typically an Entrance slit shutter)
2
4
25 mm Princeton Instruments Internal shutter
35 mm Princeton Instruments Internal shutter (requires 70
V Shutter option)
5
40 mm Princeton Instruments Internal shutter (supplied
with LN camera having a 1340 × 1300 or larger CCD)
* Shutter settings 0, 3, and 6-9 are unused and are reserved for future use.
Table 5. ST-133 Shutter Setting Selection
SHUTTER CONTROL
To Select the Shutter Setting:
1. Verify that the Controller power is OFF.
-
Controller.
2
+
REMOTE SETTING
3. If the setting is not correct, press the "-" or the "+"
button until the correct setting is displayed in the
window.
Figure 10. Shutter Setting for
25 mm Internal Shutter
Connecting the Interface (Controller-Computer) Cable
TAXI® Cable (6050-0148-CE)
Turn the Controller power OFF (OFF = 0, ON = |) and the Computer power OFF before
connecting or disconnecting the Controller-Computer (TAXI) cable.
Caution
To Connect the TAXI Cable:
1. Verify that the Controller power is OFF.
2. Verify that the Computer power is OFF.
3. Connect one end of the TAXI cable to the 9-pin port on the Interface card in the
host computer.
4. Tighten down the screws to lock the connector in place.
5. Connect the other end of the cable to the "Serial Com" port on the rear of the
Controller.
6. Tighten down the screws to lock the connector in place.
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USB 2.0 Cable (6050-0494)
Turn the Controller power OFF (OFF = 0, ON = |) and the Computer power OFF before
connecting or disconnecting the Controller-Computer (TAXI) cable.
Caution
To Connect the USB 2.0 Cable:
1. Verify that the Controller power is OFF.
2. Verify that the Computer power is OFF.
3. Connect one end of the USB cable to the USB port on the host computer.
4. Connect the other end of the cable to the USB 2.0 port on the rear of the
Controller.
Connecting the Detector-Controller Cable
Turn the Controller power OFF (OFF = 0, ON = |) before connecting or disconnecting the
Detector-Controller cable.
Caution
To Connect the Detector-Controller Cable:
1. Verify that the Controller power is OFF.
2. Connect male end of the Detector-Controller cable to the “Detector” port on the back
of the Controller.
3. Move the slide latch over to lock the connector in place.
4. Connect the female end of the cable to the Camera.
5. Move the slide latch over to lock the connector in place.
Entering the Default Camera System Parameters into WinX
(WinView/32, WinSpec/32, or WinXTest/32)
Software changes implemented in WinX version 2.15.9.6 affected the way in which
default parameters were entered for camera systems. Therefore, two sets of instructions
are included. Follow the instructions appropriate to the software version that you
installed. Note that these instructions assume that you have performed the computer
interface installation.
WinX Versions 2.5.19.6 and later
1. Make sure the ST-133 is connected to the host computer and that it is turned on.
2. Run the WinX application. The Camera Detection wizard will automatically run if
this is the first time you have installed a Princeton Instruments WinX application
(WinView/32, WinSpec/32, or WinXTest/32) and a supported camera. Otherwise, if
you installing a new camera type, click on the Launch Camera Detection
Wizard… button on the Controller/CCD tab page to start the wizard.
3. On the Welcome dialog (Figure 11), leave the checkbox unselected and click on
Next.
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Chapter 4
System Setup
41
Figure 11. Camera Detection Wizard - Welcome dialog box
4. Follow the instructions on the dialog boxes to perform the initial hardware setup: this
wizard enters default parameters on the Hardware Setup dialog box tab pages and
gives you an opportunity to acquire a test image to confirm the system is working.
WinX Versions before 2.5.19.6: Run RSConfig.exe
1. Make sure the ST-133 is connected to the host computer and that it is turned on.
2. Run RSConfig from the Windows|Start|Programs|PI Acton menu or from the
directory where you installed WinView, WinSpec, or WinXTest.
3. When the RSConfig dialog box (Figure 12) appears, you can change the camera
name to one that is more specific or you can keep the default name "Camera1".
When you have finished, click on the Done button.
Note: If the first camera in the list is not the "Princeton Style (USB2)", you will
need to edit the PVCAM.INI file created by RSConfig. See the instructions in
"Demo, High Speed PCI, and PCI(Timer) are Choices on Hardware
Wizard:Interface dialog (Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)", page 118.
Figure 12. RSConfig dialog box
4. Open the WinX application and, from Setup|Hardware…, run the Hardware
Setup wizard.
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5. When the PVCAM dialog box (Figure 13) is displayed, click in the Yes radio
button, click on Next and continue through the wizard. After the wizard is
finished, the Controller/Camera tab card will be displayed with the Use
PVCAM checkbox selected. You should now be able to set up experiments and
acquire data.
Figure 13. Hardware Setup wizard: PVCAM dialog box
6. Run the software in focus mode to verify communication between the ST-133
and the host computer.
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Chapter 5
Operation
Introduction
Once the MicroMAX camera has been installed, camera operation is basically
straightforward. In most applications you simply establish optimum performance using
the Focus mode (WinView/32 or WinSpec/32), set the target detector temperature, wait
until the temperature has stabilized at the set temperature (see the "Setting the
Temperature" section in this chapter), and then do actual data acquisition in the
Acquire mode. Additional considerations regarding experiment setup and equipment
configuration are addressed in the software manual.
During data acquisition,
Incoming photons
the CCD array is exposed
Controller
Camera
to a source and charge
accumulates in the pixels.
After the defined exposure
time, the accumulated
signal is readout of the
array, digitized, and then
transferred to the host
computer. Upon data
Up/down integrator
CCD
Slow A/D
Fast A/D
Preamp
Video
display
Digital processor
Cable driver
Interface module
TAXI or USB 2.0
transfer, the data is data is displayed and/or stored
via the application software. This sequence is
illustrated by the block diagram shown in
Figure 14.
Computer
Interface board
RS PCI or USB 2.0
Whether or not the data is displayed and/or stored
Display
Storage
depends on the data collection operation (Focus or
Acquire) that has been selected in the application
software. In WinView and WinSpec, these operations
use the Experiment Setup parameters to establish the
Figure 14. Block Diagram of
Light Path in System
exposure time (the period when signal of interest is allowed to accumulate on the CCD).
As might be inferred from the names, Focus is more likely to be used in setting up the
system (see the "First Light" discussions) and Acquire is then used for the collection
and storage of data. Briefly:
•
In Focus mode, the number of frames and accumulations settings are ignored. A
single frame is acquired and displayed, another frame is acquired and overwrites the
currently displayed data, and so on until Stop is selected. Only the last frame
acquired before Stop is selected can be stored. When Stop is selected, the File Save
function can be used to save the currently displayed data. This mode is particularly
convenient for familiarization and setting up. For ease in focusing, the screen refresh
rate should be as rapid as possible, achieved by operating with axes and cross-
sections off, and with Zoom 1:1 selected.
43
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MicroMAX System User Manual
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•
In Acquire mode, every frame of data collected can be automatically stored (the
completed dataset may include multiple frames with one or more accumulations).
This mode would ordinarily be selected during actual data collection. One limitation
of Acquire mode operation is that if data acquisition continues at too fast a rate for it
to be stored, data overflow will eventually occur. This could only happen in Fast
Mode operation.
The remainder of this chapter is organized to first talk about the system on/off sequences.
Then "First Light" procedures for imaging and spectroscopy applications follow: these
procedures provide step-by-step instruction on how to initially verify system operation.
The last three sections discuss factors that affect exposure, readout, and digitization of the
incoming signal. By understanding these factors and making adjustments to software
settings you can maximize signal-to-noise ratio. For information about synchronizing
data acquisition with external devices, please refer to Chapter 6, Advanced Topics.
EMF and Xenon or Hg Arc Lamps
WARNING
Before You Start, if your imaging system includes a microscope Xenon or Hg arc lamp,
it is CRITICAL to turn off all electronics adjacent to the arc lamp, especially your
digital camera system and your computer hardware (monitors included) before turning on
the lamp power.
Powering up a microscope Xenon or Hg arc lamp causes a large EMF spike to be
produced that can cause damage to electronics that are running in the vicinity of the lamp.
We advise that you place a clear warning sign on the power button of your arc lamp
reminding all workers to follow this procedure. While Princeton Instruments has taken
great care to isolate its sensitive circuitry from EMF sources, we cannot guarantee that
this protection will be sufficient for all EMF bursts. Therefore, in order to fully guarantee
the performance of your system, you must follow this startup sequence.
USB 2.0 System On/Off Sequences
If your system is configured for the USB 2.0 communication interface, you must follow
the system on/off sequences as stated below. These sequences ensure that communication
is established and maintained between the camera and the host computer:
1. The MicroMAX camera must be powered ON before WinView/32 or WinSpec/32 is
opened to ensure communication between the camera and the computer. If WinView
or WinSpec is opened and the MicroMAX is not powered ON, many of the functions
will be disabled and you will only be able to retrieve and examine previously
acquired and stored data. You must close WinView or WinSpec, power the camera
ON, and reopen WinView or WinSpec before you can set up experiments and acquire
new data.
2. WinView/32 or WinSpec/32 must be closed before powering the camera OFF. If you
power the camera OFF before closing WinView or WinSpec, the communication link
with the camera will be broken. You can operate the program in a playback mode
(i.e., examine previously acquired data) but will be unable to acquire new data until
you have closed WinView or WinSpec, powered the camera ON, and then re-opened
WinView or WinSpec.
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Chapter 5
Operation
45
Imaging Field of View
When used for two-dimensional imaging applications, the MicroMAX camera closely
imitates a standard 35 mm camera. Since the CCD is not the same size as the film plane
of a 35 mm camera, the field of view at a given distance is somewhat different. The
imaging field of view is indicated in Figure 15.
CCD
Object
Lens
S
O
B
D
Figure 15. Imaging Field of View
D = distance between the object and the CCD
B = 46.5 mm for F-mount; 17.5 mm for C-mount
F = focal length of lens
S = CCD horizontal or vertical dimension
O = horizontal or vertical field of view covered at a distance D
M = magnification
The field of view is:
RS-170 or CCIR Video
One of the limitations of scientific non-video rate cameras has been their difficulty in
focusing and locating fields of view. The MicroMAX solves this problem by its
combination of high speed operation with the implementation of true video output. The
high-speed image update on the video monitor (via the VIDEO BNC connector on the
rear of the Controller) makes focusing and field location as simple as with a video
camera. This video output also makes possible archiving an experiment on a VCR,
producing hardcopy data on a video printer, or even implementing autofocusing stages.
Note: If more than one device is connected to the video output, the last device is the one
that should to be terminated in 75Ω. For example, to connect the video output to a VCR
as well as to a monitor, the cable from the controller video output should be connected to
the video input connector of the VCR, and another 75 Ω cable should extend from the
video output connector of the VCR to the 75Ω input of the monitor. Do not use a BNC
TEE to connect the controller video output to multiple devices.
The video output is selected by the Application software. In the case of a WinX
application, this is done by selecting Video from the Acquisition menu. There is also
provision in the WinX applications for intensity-scaling the video output, that is,
selecting the specific gray levels to be displayed on the 8-bit video output.
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In addition to intensity-scaling, you also need to be concerned about how the array pixels
map to the video display. The 756×486 resolution of a typical video monitor corresponds
well with the array size of a MicroMAX:782Y, MicroMAX:782YHS or
MicroMAX:512BFT
In the case of a MicroMAX:1300YHS or a MicroMAX:1300YHS-DIF, the number of
array pixels far exceeds the number of monitor pixels and mapping must be considered
more carefully. The WinX software’s Video Focus mode (accessed from the
Acquisition Menu) provides a Pan function that allows any one of nine different subsets
of the array image to be selected for viewing on the video monitor with only a single-
frame delay. An associated zoom function provides 1x, 2x, or 4x viewing. At 1x, the
entire array image is displayed, but at reduced resolution (pixels are discarded and fine
detail could be lost). At 2x, the mapping is 1:1 and the image portion selected by the Pan
function is provided. The regions overlap, allowing the entire array image to be examined
with no loss of resolution. At 4x, array pixels are enlarged so that a smaller part of the
array image is displayed as selected by the Pan function.
Once proper focus has been achieved, the user can transfer to normal data-acquisition
operation. The video output remains operative, but with a more limited and fixed view
because of the resolution limitation of RS-170 video. Although this view is sufficient to
cover the image from a small CCD array in its entirety, it will not cover all the pixels
from a large array. Instead, a subset from the center of the image will be shown. For
example, in the case of the MicroMAX:1300YHS, the monitor would display the
756×486 area from the center of the CCD image as shown in Figure 16.
1300 × 1030
756 × 486 RS-170
(EIA) monitor
image from center
of CCD image
Figure 16. Monitor Display of CCD Image Center Area
Note: With a 16-bit A/D converter (not a standard option), the composite video output is
disabled during data acquisition.
In post-acquisition processing the WinView/32 ROI (Region of Interest) capability
allows any portion of an acquired image to be displayed on the computer monitor.
Again, note that the described video output behavior applies specifically for the
WinView/32 software only. Other application software may provide different video
output capabilities.
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Chapter 5
Operation
47
First Light (Imaging)
The following paragraphs provide step-by-step instructions for placing your MicroMAX
system in operation the first time. The intent of this simple procedure is to help you gain
basic familiarity with the operation of your system and to show that it is functioning
properly. Once basic familiarity has been established, then operation with other operating
configurations, ones with more complex timing modes, can be performed. An underlying
assumption for the procedure is that the camera is to be operated with a microscope on
mounting instructions) and that a video monitor is available. Although it is possible to
dispense with the monitor and simply view the images on the computer monitor’s screen,
operations such as focusing may be easier with a video monitor because the displayed
data is updated much more quickly and will be as close to current as possible.
Once the MicroMAX camera has been installed and its optics adjusted, operation of the
camera is basically straightforward. In most applications you simply establish optimum
performance using the Focus mode (WinView/32), set the target camera temperature,
wait until the temperature has stabilized, and then do actual data acquisition in the
Acquire mode. Additional considerations regarding experiment setup and equipment
configuration are addressed in the software manual.
Detector-Controller
Interface cable
(TAXI or USB 2.0)
110/220
Camera
Detector Serial Com
or USB 2.0
110/220
Controller
Microscope
Computer
EXPERIMENT
Figure 17. Standard System Connection Diagram
Assumptions
The following procedure assumes that
1. You have already set up your system in accordance with the instructions in
Chapter 4.
2. You have read the previous sections of this chapter.
3. You are familiar with the application software.
4. The system is air-cooled.
5. The system is being operated in imaging mode.
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Cabling
If the system cables haven’t as yet been installed, make sure that the ST-133 and the host
computer are turned off and then make the cable connections as follows: See Figure 17.
1. Connect the 25-pin camera-to-controller cable from the DETECTOR connector on
the Analog/Control module panel to the mating connector at the back of the camera.
Secure the cable at both ends with the slide-lock latch.
2. Connect one end of the 9-pin serial cable to the SERIAL COM connector on the
Interface Control module panel. Connect the other end to the computer interface as
described in Chapter 4. Be sure to secure both ends of the cable with the cable-
connector screws.
3. Connect a 75 Ω BNC cable from the VIDEO connector on the back of the camera to
the video monitor’s 75 Ω input. This cable must be terminated in 75 Ω. Many
monitors have a switch for selecting the 75 Ω termination.
4. Connect the line cord from the Power Input assembly on the back of the controller to
a suitable source of AC power.
Getting Started
1. If you haven’t already done so, install a lens on the camera. The initial lens settings
aren’t important but it may prove convenient to set the focus to approximately the
anticipated distance and to begin with a small aperture setting. In the case of
operation with a microscope, review "Mounting to a Microscope", beginning on
page 35, and mount the camera on the microscope.
2. Turn on the system power. The Power On/Off switch is located on the front of the
controller.
Note: The camera overload alarm may sound briefly and then stop. This is normal
and is not a cause for concern. However, if the alarm sounds continuously, even with
no light entering the camera, something is wrong. Turn off the power and contact the
factory for guidance.
3. Turn on the power at the computer and start the application software (WinView/32,
for example).
Setting the Parameters
Note: The following procedure is based on WinView/32: you will need to modify it if
you are using a different application. Basic familiarity with the WinView/32 software is
assumed. If this is not the case, you may want to review the software manual or have it
available while performing this procedure.
Set the software parameters as follows:
Controller|Camera tab page (Setup|Hardware)
•
Use PVCAM: 100 kHz or 1 MHz systems only. For software versions
2.5.19.0 and lower, verify that the box is checked if you are using the
USB 2.0 interface.
Note: This check box is not present on software versions 2.5.19.6 and
higher.
•
Controller type: ST-133
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Chapter 5
Operation
49
•
•
Controller version: 4 or higher
Camera type: Select array installed in your camera.
MicroMAX:512FT = EEV 512×512 FT CCD57
MicroMAX:512BFT = EEV 512×512 FT CCD57
MicroMAX:782Y = PID 582×782
MicroMAX:782YHS = PID 582×782
MicroMAX:1024 = EEV 1024×1024 CCD47_10
MicroMAX:1024B = EEV 1024×1024 CCD47_10
MicroMAX:1024FT = EEV 1024×1024 CCD47_20
MicroMAX:1024BFT = EEV 1024×1024 CCD47_20
MicroMAX:1300Y = PID 1030×1300
MicroMAX:1300YHS = PID 1030×1300
MicroMAX:1300YHS-DIF = PID 1030×1300
Shutter type: None or Remote.
•
•
Readout mode: Full frame, Interline or DIF depending on array type.
Detector Temperature (Setup|Detector Temperature…): -15°C for
round camera heads or -45°C for rectangular camera heads. The temperature
should drop steadily, reaching the set temperature in about ten minutes
(typical). At that point the green Temp Lock LED on the rear of the ST-133
will light and there will be a locked indication at the computer monitor,
indicating that temperature lock has been established. Note that some
overshoot may occur. This could cause temperature lock to be briefly lost
and then quickly re-established. If you are reading the actual temperature
reported by the application software, there may be a small difference between
the set and reported temperature when lock is established. This is normal and
does not indicate a system malfunction. Once lock is established, the
temperature will be stable to within ±0.05°C.
Note: If you are using the USB 2.0 interface, the Detector Temperature dialog
box will not display temperature information while you are acquiring data.
Interface tab page (Setup|Hardware): High Speed PCI (or PCI(Timer))
Note: This tab page is not available if you are using the USB 2.0 interface.
Cleans and Skips tab page (Setup|Hardware): Default
Experiment Setup Main tab page (Acquisition|Experiment Setup…):
•
•
Exposure Time: 100 ms
Accumulations & Number of Images: 1
Experiment Setup ROI tab page (Acquisition|Experiment Setup…):
Use this function to define the region of interest (ROI).
•
•
•
Imaging Mode: Selected if you are using WinSpec/32.
Clicking on Full loads the full size of the chip into the edit boxes.
Clicking on Store will store the Pattern so it can be reused at another
time.
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Experiment Setup Timing tab page (Acquisition|Experiment Setup…):
•
•
•
Timing Mode: Free Run
Shutter Control: Normal
Safe Mode vs. Fast Mode: Safe
Acquisition Menu: Select Video if you have connected an RS-170 (or a CCIR)
video monitor to the system and plan to use it for focusing or other operations.
There will be a check next to “Video” to indicate that it is selected
Focusing
1. If you are using WinView/32 (or WinSpec/32 in Imaging Mode) and the computer
monitor for focusing, select Focus from the Acquisition menu. The shutter, if
present, will open and successive images will be sent to the monitor as quickly as
they are acquired. Because the time to acquire and read out an image varies directly
with the size of the CCD, the observed frame rate will vary greatly depending on the
CCD installed. With a short exposure time, it is not uncommon for the frame readout
time to be significantly longer than the exposure time.
Note: If you are using WinView/32 (or WinSpec/32 in Imaging Mode) and a video
monitor for focusing, select the Video Focus… mode from the Acquisition menu.
Then select a short exposure time (0.1 s), an Intensity Scaling setting of 4096, and 2x
Zoom. With an MicroMAX:1300Y camera (1030×1300 pixels), set the Pan selector
as required for the 756×486 subset of the array image you wish to use for focusing
purposes. Select the center pan position if the camera is a MicroMAX:782Y
(782×582 pixels) or a MicroMAX:512BFT (512×512 pixels). Begin data collection
by selecting RUN on the Interactive Camera Operation dialog box. The shutter, if
present, will open and successive images will be sent to the monitor as quickly as
they are acquired, giving as close to continuous video as possible.
2. Adjust the lens aperture, intensity scaling, and focus for the best image as viewed on
the monitor. Some imaging tips follow.
a. Begin with the lens blocked off. Set the lens at the smallest possible aperture
(largest f-stop number).
b. Place a suitable target in front of the lens. An object with text or graphics works
best. If working with a microscope, use any easily viewed specimen. It is
generally not advisable to attempt fluorescence imaging during this Getting
Started phase of operation.
c. Adjust the intensity scaling and lens aperture until a suitable setting is found. The
initial intensity scaling setting of 4096 assures that the image won’t be missed
altogether but could be dim. Once you’ve determined that the image is present,
select a lower setting for better contrast. Check the brightest regions of the image
to determine if the A/D converter is at full-scale. The A/D converter is at full-
scale when any part of the image is as bright as it can be. Adjust the aperture to
where it is just slightly smaller (higher f stop) than the setting where maximum
brightness on any part of the image occurs.
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Chapter 5
Operation
51
d. Set the focus adjustment of the lens for maximum sharpness in the viewed image.
e. If the camera is mounted to a microscope, first be sure to have a clear, focused
image through the eyepiece. Then divert the light to the camera and lower the
illuminating light intensity.
o
To adjust the parfocality on an F-mount system, begin collecting images with
a short exposure time and focus the light on the camera by rotating the ring
on the Diagnostic Instruments relay lens without touching the main focusing
knobs on the microscope.
o
o
In the case of a camera with an F-mount lens adapter, focusing is normally
done by means a focus adjustment on the relay-lens adapter.
On a C-mount system, the camera should be very close to parfocal, although
some C-mounts will be adjustable using setscrews on the microscope to
secure the adapter slightly higher or lower in position.
f. In the case of a camera with an F-mount, the adapter itself also has a focus
adjustment. If necessary, this focus can be changed to bring the image into range
of the lens focus adjustment. The lens-mount adjustment is secured by four
setscrews as shown in Figure 18. To change the focus setting, proceed as follows.
o
o
o
Loosen the setscrews with a 0.050" Allen wrench. Do not remove the screws;
loosen them just enough to allow the lens mount to be adjusted.
Rotate the lens mount as required to bring the focus within range of the lens
focus adjustment.
Tighten the setscrews loosened above.
Set screws to lock front
part of adapter in place
Lens release lever
Front part of adapter
for adjusting focus
Figure 18. F-mount Focus Adjustment
Acquiring Data
Once optimum focus and aperture have been achieved, you can switch from Focus (or
Video Focus) mode to standard data-acquisition operation as determined via the
Experiment Setup dialog box. (In WinView/32, you might want to begin with Free Run
(Safe Mode) operation while gaining basic system familiarity.)
This completes First Light for imaging applications. If the MicroMAX system functioned
as described, you can be reasonably sure it has arrived in good working order. In
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addition, you should have a basic understanding of how the system hardware is used.
Other topics, which could be quite important in certain situations, are discussed in the
following chapters. See the appropriate application software manual for information on
using the software to control the system.
First Light (Spectroscopy)
The following paragraphs provide step-by-step instructions for placing your spectroscopy
system in operation the first time. The intent of this simple procedure is to help you gain
basic familiarity with the operation of your system and to show that it is functioning
properly. Once basic familiarity has been established, then operation with other operating
configurations, ones with more complex timing modes, can be performed. An underlying
assumption for the procedure is that the detector is to be operated with a spectrograph such
™
as the Acton SpectraPro 2300i (SP2300i) on which it has been properly installed. A
suitable light source, such as a mercury pen-ray lamp, should be mounted in front of the
entrance slit of the spectrograph. Any light source with line output can be used. Standard
fluorescent overhead lamps have good calibration lines as well. If there are no “line”
sources available, it is possible to use a broadband source such as tungsten for the
alignment. If this is the case, use a wavelength setting of 0.0 nm for alignment purposes.
Assumptions
The following procedure assumes that
1. You have already set up your system in accordance with the instructions in
Chapter 4.
2. You have read the previous sections of this chapter.
3. You are familiar with the application software.
4. The system is air-cooled.
5. The system is being operated in spectroscopy mode.
6. An entrance slit shutter is not being controlled by the ST-133.
Cabling
If the system cables haven’t as yet been installed, make sure that the ST-133 and the host
computer are turned off and then follow the cabling instructions on page 48. Then, return to
this page.
Getting Started
1. Set the spectrometer entrance slit width to minimum (10 µm if possible).
2. Turn on the controller power.
Note: A detector overload alarm may sound briefly and then stop. This is normal and
is not a cause for concern. However, if the alarm sounds continuously, even with no
light entering the detector, something is wrong. Turn off the power and contact the
factory for guidance.
3. Turn on the computer power.
4. Start the application software.
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Chapter 5
Operation
53
Setting the Parameters
Note: The following procedure is based on WinSpec/32: you will need to modify it if
you are using a different application. Basic familiarity with the WinSpec/32 software is
assumed. If this is not the case, you may want to review the software manual or have it
available while performing this procedure.
Set the software parameters as follows:
Environment dialog (Setup|Environment): Verify that the DMA Buffer
size is 8 Mbytes (min.). Large arrays may require a larger buffer size. If you
change the buffer size, you will have to reboot the computer for this memory
allocation to be activated, and then restart WinSpec.
Controller|Camera tab page (Setup|Hardware): Controller and Detector
parameters should be set automatically to the proper values for your system.
However, you can click on the Load Defaults From Controller button on
this tab page to load the default settings.
•
Use PVCAM: 100 kHz or 1 MHz systems only. For software versions
2.5.19.0 and lower, verify that the box is checked if you are using the
USB 2.0 interface.
Note: This check box is not present on software versions 2.5.19.6 and
higher.
•
•
•
Controller type: ST-133
Controller version: 3 or higher
Camera type: Select the array installed in your detector.
MicroMAX:512FT = EEV 512×512 FT CCD57
MicroMAX:512BFT = EEV 512×512 FT CCD57
MicroMAX:782Y = PID 582×782
MicroMAX:782YHS = PID 582×782
MicroMAX:1024 = EEV 1024×1024 CCD47_10
MicroMAX:1024B = EEV 1024×1024 CCD47_10
MicroMAX:1024FT = EEV 1024×1024 CCD47_20
MicroMAX:1024BFT = EEV 1024×1024 CCD47_20
MicroMAX:1300Y = PID 1030×1300
MicroMAX:1300YHS = PID 1030×1300
MicroMAX:1300YHS-DIF = PID 1030×1300
Shutter type: None or Remote.
•
•
Readout mode: Full frame.
Detector Temperature (Setup|Detector Temperature…): -15°C for
round camera heads or -45°C for rectangular camera heads. When the array
temperature reaches the set temperature, the green Temp Lock LED on the
rear of the ST-133 will light and there will be a locked indication at the
computer monitor. Note that some overshoot may occur. This could cause
temperature lock to be briefly lost and then quickly re-established. If you are
reading the actual temperature reported by the application software, there
may be a small difference between the set and reported temperature when
lock is established. This is normal and does not indicate a system
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MicroMAX System User Manual
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malfunction. Once lock is established, the temperature will be stable to
within ±0.05°C.
Note: If you are using the USB 2.0 interface, the Detector Temperature
dialog box will not display temperature information while you are acquiring
data.
Interface tab page (Setup|Hardware): High Speed PCI (or PCI(Timer))
Note: This tab page is not available if you are using the USB 2.0 interface.
Cleans and Skips tab page (Setup|Hardware): Default
Experiment Setup Main tab page (Acquisition|Experiment Setup…):
•
•
Exposure Time: 100 ms
Accumulations & Number of Images: 1
Experiment Setup ROI tab page (Acquisition|Experiment Setup…):
Use this function to define the region of interest (ROI).
•
•
Spectroscopy Mode: Selected
Clicking on Full loads the full size of the chip into the edit boxes.
Experiment Setup Timing tab page (Acquisition|Experiment Setup…):
•
•
•
Timing Mode: Free Run
Shutter Control: Normal
Safe Mode vs. Fast Mode: Safe
Focusing
The mounting hardware provides two degrees of freedom, focus and rotation. In this
context, focus means to physically move the detector back and forth through the focal
plane of the spectrograph. The approach taken is to slowly move the detector in and out
of focus and adjust for optimum while watching a live display on the monitor, followed
by rotating the detector and again adjusting for optimum. The following procedure,
which describes the focusing operation with an Acton 2300I spectrograph, can be easily
adapted to other spectrographs.
1. Mount a light source such as a mercury pen-ray type in front of the entrance slit of
the spectrograph. Any light source with line output can be used. Standard fluorescent
overhead lamps have good calibration lines as well. If there are no “line” sources
available, it is possible to use a broadband source such as tungsten for the alignment.
If this is the case, use a wavelength setting of 0.0 nm for alignment purposes.
2. With the spectrograph properly connected to the controller, turn the power on, wait
for the spectrograph to initialize. Then set it to 435.8 nm if using a mercury lamp or
to 0.0 nm if using a broadband source.
Hint: Overhead fluorescent lights produce a mercury spectrum. Use a white card
tilted at 45 degrees in front of the entrance slit to reflect overhead light into the
spectrograph. Select 435.833 as the spectral line.
3. Set the slit to 25 µm. If necessary, adjust the Exposure Time to maintain optimum
(near full-scale) signal intensity.
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Chapter 5
Operation
55
4. Slowly move the detector in and out of focus. You should see the spectral line go
from broad to narrow and back to broad. Leave the detector set for the narrowest
achievable line. You may want to use the Focus Helper function (Process|Focus
Helper…) to determine the narrowest line width: it can automatically locate peaks
and generate a report on peak characteristics during live data acquisition (see the
WinSpec/32 on-line help for more information).
Note that the way focusing is accomplished depends on the spectrograph, as follows:
•
•
•
Long focal-length spectrographs such as the Acton 2300i: The
mounting adapter includes a tube that slides inside another tube to move the
detector in or out as required to achieve optimum focus.
Short focal-length spectrographs: There is generally a focusing
mechanism on the spectrograph itself which, when adjusted, will move the
optics as required to achieve proper focus.
No focusing adjustment: If there is no focusing adjustment, either
provided by the spectrograph or by the mounting hardware, then the only
recourse will be to adjust the spectrograph’s focusing mirror.
5. Next adjust the rotation. You can do this by rotating the detector while watching a
live display of the line. The line will go from broad to narrow and back to broad.
Leave the detector rotation set for the narrowest achievable line.
Alternatively, take an image, display the horizontal and vertical cursor bars, and
compare the vertical bar to the line shape on the screen. Rotate the detector until the
line shape on the screen is parallel with the vertical bar.
Note: When aligning other accessories, such as fibers, lenses, optical fiber adapters,
first align the spectrograph to the slit. Then align the accessory without disturbing the
detector position. The procedure is identical to that used to focus the spectrograph
(i.e., do the focus and alignment operations while watching a live image).
Acquiring Data
Once optimum focus and aperture have been achieved, you can switch from Focus (or
Video Focus) mode to standard data-acquisition operation as determined via the
Experiment Setup dialog box. (In WinSpec/32, you might want to begin with Free Run
(Safe Mode) operation while gaining basic system familiarity.)
This completes First Light for spectroscopy applications. If the MicroMAX system
functioned as described, you can be reasonably sure it has arrived in good working order.
In addition, you should have a basic understanding of how the system hardware is used.
Other topics, which could be quite important in certain situations, are discussed in the
following chapters. See the appropriate application software manual for information on
using the software to control the system.
Exposure and Signal
Introduction
The following topics address factors that can affect the signal acquired on the CCD array.
These factors include array architecture, exposure time, CCD temperature, dark charge,
and saturation.
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CCD Array Architecture
Charge coupled devices can be roughly thought of as a two-dimensional grid of
individual photodiodes (called pixels), each connected to its own charge storage “well.”
Each pixel senses the intensity of light falling on its collection area, and stores a
proportional amount of charge in its associated “well”. Once charge accumulates for the
specified exposure time, the charge in the image pixels are moved to a different location.
Depending on the CCD array type, the pixels are read out to a serial register or they are
shifted under a masked area (or into storage cells) and then read out to a serial register.
CCD arrays perform three essential functions: photons are transduced to electrons,
integrated and stored, and finally read out. CCDs are very compact and rugged.
Unintensified, uncoated CCDs can withstand direct exposure to relatively high light
levels, magnetic fields and RF radiation. They are easily cooled and can be precisely
temperature controlled to within a few tens of millidegrees.
Because CCD arrays, like film and other media, are always sensitive to light, light must not
be allowed to fall on the array during readout. Unintensified full-frame CCD cameras like the
MicroMAX use a mechanical shutter to prevent light from reaching the CCD during readout.
The software allows you to set the length of time the camera is allowed to integrate the
incoming light. This is called the exposure time. During each scan, the shutter is enabled
for the duration of the exposure period, allowing the pixels to register light.
Exposure Time
Exposure time (set on the Experiment Setup|Main
tab page) is the time between start and stop
acquisition commands sent by the application
software to the camera. In combination with
triggers, these commands control when continuous
cleaning of the CCD stops and when the
accumulated signal will be read out. The continuous
cleaning prevents buildup of dark current and
unwanted signal before the start of the exposure
time. At the end of the exposure time, the CCD is
read out and cleaning starts again.
Exposure with a Mechanical Shutter
For some CCD arrays, the MicroMAX uses a
mechanical shutter to control exposure of the CCD.
The diagram in Figure 19 shows how the exposure
period is measured. The NOT SCAN signal at the
BNC on the ST-133
Analog/Control panel can be used to monitor the exposure and readout cycle (tR). This
signal is also shown in Figure 19. The value of tc is shutter type dependent, and will be
configured automatically for MicroMAX systems shipped with an internal shutter.
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Chapter 5
Operation
57
Mechanical Shutter
NOT SCAN
Open
Closed
Acquire
Readout
texp
tc
Exposure time
Shutter compensation
Figure 19. CCD Exposure with Shutter Compensation
Note that NOT SCAN is low during readout, high during exposure, and high during
shutter compensation time.
Since most shutters behave like an iris, the opening and closing of the shutter will cause
the center of the CCD to be exposed slightly longer than the edges. It is important to
realize this physical limitation, particularly when using short exposures.
Exposure with an Interline Array
Interline transfer CCDs contain alternate columns of imaging and storage cells that work
in pairs. Light impinging on the imaging cells cause a charge buildup. As previously
explained, the operating mode is always overlapped unless the exposure time is shorter
than the readout time, in which case non-overlapped operation is automatically selected.
Note: The storage cells of an interline array are quite light-insensitive (the ratio of the
light sensitivity of the storage cells, which are masked, to the light sensitivity of the
imaging cells is ~4000:1). However, even with a rejection ratio of ~4000:1, there may be
situations where this may not be sufficient to prevent light leakage from significantly
affecting the data. That this is so becomes apparent when the on/off time factors are
considered. In an experiment with a very short exposure compared to the readout rate, the
ratio of the readout time to the exposure time may easily be of the same order as the
rejection ratio of the interline array storage cells. Where this is the case, the signal
buildup in the storage cells during the readout time may equal the signal transferred from
the imaging cells to the storage cells at the end of the exposure time. The effect of this
signal will be to cause data smearing. The only solutions to this problem at this time are
to increase the exposure time to where the effect is insignificant, use a shutter, or to use a
gated light source.
Continuous Exposure (no shuttering)
Unlike video rate CCD cameras, slow scan scientific cameras require a shutter to prevent
“smearing” of features during readout or transfer to a masked area or storage cells.
Smearing occurs during readout because charge is moved horizontally or vertically across
the surface of the CCD while charge continues to accumulate on the array. As the result,
the image will be blurred along one direction only.
The fraction of total signal due to smearing is the ratio of the amount of time spent
shifting divided by the exposure time between frames. Faster shifting and/or longer
exposure times will minimize this effect. Note that while 1% smear is insignificant in an
8-bit camera (256 gray levels), in a 12-bit camera (over 4,000 gray levels) 1% smearing
is over 40 counts, enough to obscure faint features in a high dynamic range image.
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Full-Frame
For full-frame CCDs, the MicroMAX camera is usually equipped with an integral shutter.
If a full-frame MicroMAX is being operated without a shutter, smearing can be avoided
by ensuring that no light falls on the CCD during readout. If the light source can be
controlled electronically via the NOT SCAN or SHUTTER signal at the
CCD can be read out in darkness.
BNC, the
Frame Transfer
For frame transfer CCDs, image smearing may occur, depending on the exact nature of
the experiment. Smearing occurs only if the CCD is illuminated during shifting. In the
case of lens-coupled intensified cameras (ICCDs), this effect can be eliminated by using a
fast phosphor and gating the intensifier at the same frame rate as the CCD.
Interline
For interline CCDs, image smearing may occur due to a small amount of light leaking
through to the storage cells during the readout time. In the case of lens-coupled
intensified cameras (ICCDs), this effect can be eliminated by using a fast phosphor and
gating the intensifier at the same frame rate as the CCD.
Cooling the CCD
Most MicroMAX cameras must be cooled during operation. A Peltier-effect
thermoelectric cooler, driven by closed-loop proportional-control circuitry, cools the
CCD. A thermal sensing diode attached to the cooling block of the camera monitors its
temperature. Heat generated at the exhaust plate of the cooler is conducted to the
enclosure of the camera. Fins on the round head camera shell radiate the heat outward to
the surrounding atmosphere. The fan inside the rectangular head camera draws air
through the vents in the camera shell, blows it through the internal fins, and exhausts it
back into the atmosphere through the vents.
Note: Temperature regulation does not reach its ultimate stability for at least 30 minutes
after temperature lock is established.
The MicroMAX camera requires the ST-133 Controller that has been shipped with it. Do
not use a controller for a TE-cooled system with an LN-cooled camera. Do not use a
controller for an LN-cooled system with a TE-cooled camera.
Cautions
CCD Temperature Control
As stated before, lowering the temperature of the
CCD will generally enhance the quality of the
acquired signal. When WinView or WinSpec is
the controlling software, temperature control is
done via the Detector Temperature dialog box
(see Figure 20) accessed from the Setup menu.
Once the target array temperature has been set,
the software controls the circuits in the camera
so the array temperature is reduced to the set
Figure 20. WinView/WinSpec
Detector Temperature dialog box
value. On reaching that temperature, the control loop locks to that temperature for stable
and reproducible performance.
When temperature lock has been reached (temperature within 0.25°C of set value) the
Detector Temperature dialog box reports that the current temperature is Locked. This
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Chapter 5
Operation
59
on-screen indication allows easy verification of temperature lock. In addition, the TEMP
LOCK indicator on the back of the controller lights GREEN to indicate that lock has
been achieved (for more information, refer to the description of the ST-133 rear panel
The deepest operating temperature for a system depends on the CCD array size, the CCD
packaging, the ambient temperature, and the type of cooling. The time required to
achieve lock can vary over a considerable range, depending on such factors as the camera
type, CCD array type, ambient temperature, etc. Typically, the larger the array or the
warmer the ambient temperature, the longer the time to reach lock. Once lock occurs, it is
okay to begin focusing. However, you should wait an additional twenty minutes before
taking quantitative data so that the system has time to achieve optimum thermal stability.
MicroMAX CCDs typically have the following temperature ranges:
•
•
Better than -15°C with passive cooling and under vacuum
Better than -30°C with the optional forced air accessory and under vacuum
Note: If you are using the USB 2.0 interface, the Detector Temperature dialog box will
not display temperature information while you are acquiring data.
ADC Offset (Bias)
With the camera completely blocked, the CCD will collect a dark charge pattern,
dependent on the exposure time and camera temperature. The longer the exposure time
and the warmer the camera, the larger and less uniform this background will appear. This
background can be dealt with in a couple of ways: background subtraction, in which a
background image is acquired and then subtracted from an illuminated image, or by
offsetting the baseline so that much of the background is ignored during analog-to-digital
conversion (ADC).
The baseline offset is a voltage that is added to the signal to bring the A/D output to a
non-zero value, typically 50-100 counts. This offset value ensures that all the true
variation in the signal can really be seen and not lost below the A/D “0” value. Since the
offset is added to the signal, these counts only minimally reduce the range of the signal
from 65535 (16-bit ADC) to a value in the range of 50-100 counts lower.
Notes:
1. Do not be concerned about either the DC level of this background or its shape unless
it is very high (i.e., 400 counts). What you see is not noise. It is a fully subtractable
readout pattern. Each CCD has its own dark charge pattern, unique to that particular
device. Every device has been thoroughly tested to ensure its compliance with
Princeton Instruments' demanding specifications.
2. The baseline can be adjusted by using the F and S Zero pots located on the rear panel
of the controller. If these pots are not present, the baseline may be software-
adjustable.
3. Do not adjust the offset values to zero or some low-level data will be missed.
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If you observe a sudden change in the baseline signal you may have excessive humidity
in the vacuum enclosure of the camera. Turn off the controller and have the camera
repumped before resuming normal operation. Contact the factory Technical Support
information.
Caution
Dark Charge
Dark charge (or dark current) is the thermally induced buildup of charge in the CCD over
time. The statistical noise associated with this charge is known as dark noise. Dark charge
values vary widely from one CCD array to another and are exponentially temperature
dependent. At the typical operating temperature of a round head camera, for example,
dark charge is reduced by a factor of ~2 for every 6º reduction in temperature.
With the light into the camera completely blocked, the CCD will collect a dark charge
pattern, dependent on the exposure time and camera temperature. The longer the
exposure time and the warmer the camera, the larger and less uniform this background
will appear. Thus, to minimize dark-charge effects, you should operate with the lowest
CCD temperature possible.
Note: Do not be concerned about either the DC level of this background or its shape
unless it is very high, i.e., > 1000 counts. What you see is not noise. It is a fully
subtractable readout pattern. Each CCD has its own dark charge pattern, unique to that
particular device. Simply acquire and save a dark charge “background image” under
conditions identical to those used to acquire the “actual” image. Subtracting the
background image from the actual image will significantly reduce dark-charge effects.
If you observe a sudden change in the baseline signal, you may have excessive humidity
in the camera's vacuum enclosure. Immediately turn off the system and contact Princeton
Caution
Saturation
When signal levels in some part of the image are very high, charge generated in one pixel
may exceed the “well capacity” of the pixel, spilling over into adjacent pixels in a process
called “blooming.” In this case a more frequent readout is advisable, with signal
averaging to enhance S/N (Signal-to-Noise ratio) accomplished through the software.
For signal levels low enough to be readout-noise limited, longer exposure times, and
therefore longer signal accumulation in the CCD, will improve the S/N ratio
approximately linearly with the length of exposure time. There is, however, a maximum
time limit for on-chip averaging, determined by either the saturation of the CCD by the
signal or the loss of dynamic range due to the buildup of dark charge in the pixels.
Readout
Introduction
After the exposure time has elapsed, the charge accumulated in the array pixels needs to
be read out of the array, converted from electrons to digital format, and transmitted to the
application software where it can be displayed and/or stored. Readout begins by moving
charge from the CCD image area to the shift register or to a masked area (or storage cells)
and then toward the shift register. The charge in the shift register pixels, which typically
have twice the capacity of the image pixels, is then shifted into the output node and then
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Chapter 5
Operation
61
to the output amplifier where the electrons are grouped as electrons/count. This result
leaves the CCD and goes to the preamplifier where gain is applied.
WinView and WinSpec allow you to specify the type of readout, binning, the output
amplifier, and the gain (the number of electrons required to generate an ADU).
Note: The type of readout (full frame, frame transfer, or interline) depends on the CCD
array installed in the camera.
The upper left drawing in Figure 21 represents a CCD after exposure but before the
beginning of readout. The capital letters represent different amounts of charge, including
both signal and dark charge. This section explains readout at full resolution, where every
pixel is digitized separately.
1
Empty Readout Register
2
Readout Register with charge
from first line.
A1 B1 C1 D1
A1 B1 C1 D1
C2 D2
A2 B2 C2 D2
A3 B3 C3 D3
A4 B4 C4 D4
A5 B5 C5 D5
A6 B6 C6 D6
A2 B2
A3 B3 C3 D3
A4 B4 C4 D4
A5 B5 C5 D5
A6 B6 C6 D6
Charge from first cell shifted
into Output Node.
After first line is read out,next line
can be shifted into empty
Readout Register.
3
4
A1
B1 C1 D1
A2 B2 C2 D2
A3 B3 C3 D3
A4 B4 C4 D4
A2 B2 C2 D2
A3 B3 C3 D3
A4 B4 C4 D4
A5 B5 C5 D5
A6 B6 C6 D6
A5 B5 C5 D5
A6 B6 C6 D6
Figure 21. Full Frame at Full Resolution
Readout of the CCD begins with the simultaneous shifting of all pixels one row toward
the "shift register", in this case the row at top. The shift register is a single line of pixels
along one edge of the CCD, not sensitive to light and used for readout only. Typically the
shift register pixels hold twice as much charge as the pixels in the imaging area of the
CCD.
After the first row is moved into the shift register, the charge now in the shift register is
shifted toward the output node, located at one end of the shift register. As each value is
"emptied" into this node it is digitized. Only after all pixels in the first row are digitized is
the second row moved into the shift register. The order of shifting in our example is
therefore A1, B1, C1, D1, A2, B2, C2, D2, A3....
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After charge is shifted out of each pixel the remaining charge is zero, meaning that the
array is immediately ready for the next exposure.
Below are the equations that determine the rate at which the CCD is read out. Tables of
values for CCDs supported at the time of the printing of this manual also appear below.
The time needed to take a full frame at full resolution is:
t + t + t
(1)
exp
c
R
where
tR is the CCD readout time,
is the exposure time, and
t
exp
t is the shutter compensation time.
c
The readout time is approximately given by:
tR = [Nx · Ny · (tsr + tv)] + (Nx · ti)
(2)
where
Nx is the smaller dimension of the CCD
Ny is the larger dimension of the CCD
tsr is the time needed to shift one pixel out of the shift register
tv is the time needed to digitize a pixel
ti is the time needed to shift one line into the shift register
(ts, the time needed to discard a pixel, appears below and in later equations)
The readout time for a 1024x1024 full-frame CCD array is provided in Table 6 below.
CCD Array
1 MHz Readout Time
MicroMAX:1024B
1.1 sec. for full frame
EEV CCD47-10 1024x1024
Table 6. Approximate Readout Time for the Full-Frame CCD Array
A subsection of the CCD can be read out at full resolution, sometimes dramatically
increasing the readout rate while retaining the highest resolution in the region of interest
(ROI). To approximate the readout rate of an ROI, in Equation 2 substitute the x and y
dimensions of the ROI in place of the dimensions of the full CCD. Some overhead time,
however, is required to read out and discard the unwanted pixels.
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Frame Transfer
The MicroMAX fully supports frame transfer readout. Operation in this mode is very
similar to the operation of video rate cameras. Half of the CCD is exposed continuously,
raising the exposure duty cycle to nearly 100%. The other half of the CCD is masked to
prevent exposure, and it is here that the image is “stored” until it can be read out. Figure 22
shows the readout of a masked version of our sample 4 × 6 CCD. The shading represents
the masked area (masking is on the array).
1
Charge accumulates in
unmasked cells during
exposure.
2
Accumulated charge in
exposed cells is quickly
transferred under mask.
3
Charge from cells A1-D1 shifted
to serial register. Exposed cells
accumulate new charge.
A1 B1 C1 D1
C2 D2
A1 B1 C1 D1
A2 B2
A3 B3 C3 D3
C2 D2
A2 B2
A3 B3 C3 D3
A1 B1 C1 D1
C2 D2
A4 B4 C4 D4
A5 B5 C5 D5
A6 B6 C6 D6
A2 B2
A3 B3 C3 D3
4
Charges in serial register shift into
Output Node, emptying the register
so the next line can be transferred in.
5
Shifting continues until all masked
data has been shifted into serial
register and from there to the Output
Node.
6
All data from first exposure has been
shifted out. Second exposure continues.
Initial conditions are restored.
A1
B1 C1 D1
B3
C3 D3
C2 D2
A2 B2
A3 B3 C3 D3
A4 B4 C4 D4
A5 B5 C5 D5
A6 B6 C6 D6
A4 B4 C4 D4
A5 B5 C5 D5
A6 B6 C6 D6
A4 B4 C4 D4
A5 B5 C5 D5
A6 B6 C6 D6
Figure 22. Frame Transfer Readout
Only the exposed region collects charge. At the end of the exposure, the charge is quickly
shifted into the masked region. Since the shifting is accomplished in a short time, i.e., a
few milliseconds, the incident light causes only minimal “smearing” of the signal. While
the exposed region continues collecting data, the masked region is read out and digitized.
The percentage of smearing can be determined by dividing the time needed to shift all
rows from the imaging area by the exposure time. See the equation below.
(3)
CCD Array
1 MHz Readout Time
MicroMAX:512BFT
0.35 sec. for full frame
EEV CCD57-10 512 x 512
Table 7. Approximate Readout Time for the Frame-Transfer CCD Array
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Interline
In this section, a simple 6 × 3 pixel interline CCD is used to demonstrate how charge is
shifted and digitized. As described below, two different types of readout, overlapped and
non-overlapped can occur. In overlapped operation, each exposure begins while the
readout of the previous one is still in progress. In non-overlapped operation (selected
automatically if the exposure time is shorter than the readout time) each readout goes to
completion before the next exposure begins.
Overlapped Operation Exposure and Readout
Figure 23 illustrates exposure and readout when operating in the overlapped mode.
Figure 23 contains four parts, each depicting a later stage in the exposure-readout cycle.
Eight columns of cells are shown. Columns 1, 3, and 5 contain imaging cells while
columns 2, 4, and 6 contain storage cells. The readout register is shown above the array.
Part 1 of the figure shows the array early in the exposure. The imaging cells contain charge
proportional to the amount of light integrated on each of them. The storage cells are empty
because no charge has been transferred to them. The arrows between adjacent imaging and
storage cells indicate the direction the charge will be shifted when the transfer occurs.
Part 2 of Figure 23 shows the situation early in the readout. The charge in the imaging
cells has been transferred to the adjacent storage cells and up-shifting to the readout
register has started. Note that a new exposure begins immediately.
Part 3 of Figure 23 shows the transfer to the output node. The lowermost cell in each
column is shown empty. Each row of charges is moved in turn into the readout register,
and from there to the output node and off of the array for further processing. The process
continues until all charges have been completely transferred out of the array. The imaging
cells continue accumulating charge throughout the readout process. Integrating in this
way while the readout takes place achieves the maximum possible time efficiency.
Part 4 of Figure 23 illustrates the situation at the end of the readout. The storage cells and
readout register are empty, but the ongoing accumulation of charge in the imaging cells
continues until the end of the programmed exposure.
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Chapter 5
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1
Empty Readout Register. Exposure
has ended and image is being
transferred to storage cells.
2
Image has been shifted to storage cells, first
line has been shifted to Readout Register,
and second exposure begins.
C1
A1
B1
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
C2 F1
A2 D1 B2 E1
A3 B3
A4 D3 B4 E3
A5 B5
A6 D5 B6 E5
D6 E6
C3
C4 F3
C5
C6 F5
F2
D2
E2
F4
D4
E4
F6
Charge from first cell has been
shifted to the Output Node.
After first image is read out,storage cells are
empty. Second exposure continues.
3
4
C1
A1
B1
C2 F1
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
A2 D1 B2 E1
A3 B3
A4 D3 B4 E3
A5 B5
A6 D5 B6 E5
D6 E6
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
E6
C3
C4 F3
C5
C6 F5
F2
D2
E2
F4
D4
E4
F6
F6
Figure 23. Overlapped Mode Exposure and Readout
Non-Overlapped Operation Exposure and Readout
Figure 24 illustrates exposure and readout when operating in the non-overlapped mode.
Non-overlapped operation occurs automatically any time the exposure time is shorter
than the readout time. Figure 24 contains four parts, each depicting a later stage in the
exposure-readout cycle.
Part 1 of the figure shows the array early in the exposure. The imaging cells contain charge
proportional to the amount of light integrated on each of them. The storage cells are empty
because no charge has been transferred to them. The arrows between adjacent imaging and
storage cells indicate the direction the charge will be shifted when the transfer occurs.
Part 2 of Figure 24 shows the situation early in the readout cycle. The charge in the imaging
cells has been transferred to the adjacent storage cells and up-shifting to the readout register
has started. Note that a second exposure doesn’t begin while the readout is in progress.
Part 3 of Figure 24 shows the transfer to the output node. The lowermost cell in each
column is shown empty. Each row of charges is moved in turn into the readout register,
and from there to the output node and off of the array for further processing. The process
continues until all charges have been completely transferred out of the array. The imaging
cells are electronically switched off and do not accumulate any charge as the readout
takes place. Because this scheme is less time efficient than that used in the overlapped
mode, the frame rate may be lower in non-overlapped operation than it is in overlapped
operation with the some exposure time settings.
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Part 4 of Figure 24 illustrates the situation at the end of the readout. Both the imaging and
storage cells are empty. In Free Run operation, the imaging cells will be switched back on
immediately, allowing charge accumulation to begin. In Ext Sync operation with no
PreOpen, they are not switched back on until after the External Sync pulse is detected.
1
Empty Readout Register. Exposure
has ended and image is being
transferred to storage cells.
2
Image has been shifted to storage cells and
first line has been shifted to Readout Register.
C1
A1
B1
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
Charge from first cell has been
shifted to the Output Node.
After first image are read out, storage cells are
empty. Second exposure begins if in Freerun
mode. Otherwise, waits for Ext Sync.
3
4
C1
A1
B1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
Figure 24. Non-Overlapped Mode Exposure and Readout
A subsection of the CCD can be read out at full resolution, sometimes increasing the
readout rate while retaining the highest resolution in the region of interest (ROI).
Readout Rate for Interline
Below are the equations that determine the rate at which the CCD is read out. Tables of
values for CCDs supported at the time of the printing of this manual also appear below.
Assuming the shutter selection is None, the time needed to take a full frame at full
resolution in non-overlapped timing mode is:
t + t
(1)
exp
R
where
tR is the CCD readout time,
is the exposure time.
t
exp
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Chapter 5
Operation
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The readout time is approximately given by:
t = [N · N · (t + t )] + (N · t )
(2)
x
y
sr
v
x
i
R
where
N is the smaller dimension of the CCD
x
N is the larger dimension of the CCD.
y
t is the time needed to shift one pixel out of the shift register
sr
t is the time needed to digitize a pixel
v
t is the time needed to shift one line into the shift register
i
CCD Array
1 MHz Readout
MicroMAX:782Y Sony ICX075
782 x 582
0.5 sec. for full frame
MicroMAX:782YHS
N/A
Sony ICX075 782 x 582
MicroMAX:1300Y Sony ICX061 1.43 sec. for full frame
1300x1030
MicroMAX:1300YHS
N/A
Sony ICX061 1300x1030
Table 8. Approximate Readout Time for the Interline CCD Arrays
The readout rate in frames per second for the PI 1300 × 1030 interline array running at
1 MHz is shown in Table 9.
Region of Interest Size
Binning
1 × 1
1300 × 1030
400 × 400
200 × 200
100 × 100
0.7
1.9
3.2
4.3
2.6
5.4
7.5
9
5.4
9
9
14
17
19
2 x 2
12
14
3 × 3
4 × 4
Table 9. Readout Rates for PI 1300 × 1030 Array at 1 MHz
A subsection of the CCD can be read out at full resolution, sometimes increasing the
readout rate while retaining the highest resolution in the region of interest (ROI).
Binning
Binning is the process of adding the data from adjacent pixels together to form a single
pixel (sometimes called a super pixel), and it can be accomplished in either hardware or
software. Rectangular groups of pixels of any size may be binned together, subject to
some hardware and software limitations.
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On-Chip Binning
Binning is the process of adding the data from adjacent pixels together to form a single
pixel (sometimes called a super-pixel), and it can be accomplished in either hardware or
software. Rectangular groups of pixels of any size may be binned together, subject to
some hardware and software limitations.
Hardware binning is performed before the signal is read out by the preamplifier. For
signal levels that are readout noise limited this method improves S/N ratio linearly with
the number of pixels grouped together. For signals large enough to render the camera
photon shot noise limited, the S/N ratio improvement is roughly proportional to the
square-root of the number of pixels binned.
Figure 25 shows an example of 2 × 2 binning for a full frame CCD array. Each pixel of
the image displayed by the software represents 4 pixels of the array. Rectangular bins of
any size are possible.
1
Empty Readout Register. Exposure has
ended and image is about to be shifted
into the Readout Register.
2
Charges from two lines in each column have
been shifted to Readout Register and added.
C1 D1
A1 B1
+
+
+
+
A2 B2 C2 D2
C1 D1
C2 D2
C3 D3
A3 B3 C3 D3
A4 B4 C4 D4
A5 B5 C5 D5
A6 B6 C6 D6
A1 B1
A2 B2
A3 B3
A4 B4
A5 B5
A6 B6
C4
D4
C5 D5
C6 D6
Four charges have been shifted to the
Output Node and added.
After sum of first four charges have been
transferred from Output Node, next four
charges are shifted into Output Node and added.
3
4
C1 D1
A1
+ + +
A2 B2
B1
C1
+
C2
D1
+ +
D2
+
+
C2 D2
A3 B3 C3 D3
A4 B4 C4 D4
A5 B5 C5 D5
A6 B6 C6 D6
A3 B3 C3 D3
A4 B4 C4 D4
A5 B5 C5 D5
A6 B6 C6 D6
Figure 25. 2 × 2 Binning for Full Frame CCD
Binning also reduces readout time and the burden on computer memory, but at the
expense of resolution. Since shift register pixels typically hold only twice as much charge
as image pixels, the binning of large sections may result in saturation and “blooming”, or
spilling of charge back into the image area.
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The readout rate for n × n binning is approximated using a more general version of the
full resolution equation. The modified equation is:
(3)
On-Chip Binning for Interline
Binning is the process of adding the data from adjacent cells together, and it can be
accomplished in either hardware or software. Rectangular groups of cells of any size may
be binned together, subject to some hardware and software limitations.
Hardware binning is performed before the signal is read out by the preamplifier. For
signal levels that are readout noise limited this method improves S/N ratio linearly with
the number of cells grouped together. For signals large enough to render the camera
photon shot noise limited, the S/N ratio improvement is roughly proportional to the
square-root of the number of pixels binned.
Figure 26 shows an example of 2 × 2 binning. Each cell of the image displayed by the
software represents 4 cells of the CCD array. Rectangular bins of any size are possible.
1
Empty Readout Register. Exposure has ended
and image has been shifted to storage cells.
2
Charges from two storage cells in each column has
been shifted to Readout Register. and added.
A1
+
A2
B1
+
B2
C1
+
C2
D1
+
D2
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
C3
C4
C5
C6
D3
D4
D5
A3
A4
A5
A6
B3
B4
B5
B6
D6
D6
Four charges have been shifted to the Output
Node and added.
After sum of first four charges have been transferred
from Output Node, next four charges are shifted into
Output Node and added.
3
4
C1
+
C2
D1
+
D2
A1 B1
C1 D1
+
+
+ +
+
+
A2 B2
C2 D2
C3
C4
C5
C6
D3
D4
D5
C3
C4
C5
C6
D3
D4
D5
A3
A4
A5
A6
B3
B4
B5
B6
A3
A4
A5
A6
B3
B4
B5
B6
D6
D6
Figure 26. 2 × 2 Binning for Interline CCD
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Software Binning
Version 6.C
One limitation of hardware binning is that the shift register pixels and the output node are
typically only 2-3 times the size of imaging pixels as shown in Table 10. Consequently, if
the total charge binned together exceeds the capacity of the shift register or output node,
the data will be corrupted.
This restriction strongly limits the number of pixels that may be binned in cases where there
is a small signal superimposed on a large background, such as signals with a large
fluorescence. Ideally, one would like to bin many pixels to increase the S/N ratio of the weak
peaks but this cannot be done because the fluorescence would quickly saturate the CCD.
Imaging/Storage
Cells Well Capacity
Readout Register
Well Capacity
Output Node
Well Capacity
CCD Array
EEV CCD-37
512 x 512
400 x 103
electrons
100 x 103 electrons
200 x 103 electrons
PID 582 x 782
18 x 103 electrons
34 x 103 electrons
40 x 103 electrons
34 x 103 electrons
40 x 103 electrons
65 x 103 electrons
PID 1030 x 1300
Table 10. Well Capacity for some CCD Arrays
The solution is to perform the binning in software. Limited hardware binning may be
used when reading out the CCD. Software binning allows you to perform additional
binning during the data acquisition process, producing a result that represents many more
photons than was possible using hardware binning.
Software averaging can improve the S/N ratio by as much as the square root of the
number of scans. Unfortunately, with a high number of scans (i.e., above 100) camera 1/f
noise may reduce the actual S/N ratio to slightly below this theoretical value. Also, if the
light source used is photon-flicker limited rather than photon shot-noise limited, this
theoretical signal improvement cannot be fully realized. Again, background subtraction
from the raw data is necessary.
This technique is also useful in high light level experiments, where the camera is again
photon shot-noise limited. Summing multiple pixels in software corresponds to collecting
more photons, and results in a better S/N ratio in the measurement.
Analog Gain Control
Analog gain control is used to change the number of electrons required to generate an
Analog-to-Digital Unit (ADU, also known as a count). In WinView/32, the choice of
analog gain settings varies depending on the CCD array and the number of output
amplifiers. If your camera is not designed for analog gain selection, these settings will not
be accessible in the software.
In WinView (version 2.X and higher), analog gain selection is made on the Acquisition|
Experiment Setup…|ADC tab card. If there is no Analog Gain parameter on that tab
card, analog gain may not be selectable or it may be controlled by a gain switch on the
camera. When software-selection of Analog Gain is available, the software selection will
override any hardware setting that may be selected at the camera.
The analog gain of the camera should generally be set so that the overall noise is ~1
count RMS. In most instances this will occur with the switch set to Medium. In
situations where the A/D range exceeds that of the array, it will generally be better to set
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Chapter 5
Operation
71
the Analog Gain to High so that the signal can be spread over as much of the A/D range
as possible. Users who consistently measure low-level signals may wish to select High,
which reduces some sources of noise. Users who measure high-level signals may wish to
select Low to allow digitization of larger signals. Customized values of gain can be
provided. Contact the factory for additional information.
Example: The following descriptions assume that the actual incoming light level is
identical in all three instances. The numbers used illustrate the effect of changing
an analog gain setting and do not reflect actual performance: gain at the Low,
Medium, and High settings depends on the CCD installed.
Low requires eight electrons to generate one ADU. Strong signals can be acquired
without flooding the CCD array. If the gain is set to Low and the images or spectra
appear weak, you may want to change the gain setting to Medium or High.
Medium requires four electrons to generate one ADU. If the gain is set to Medium
and the images or spectra do not appear to take up the full dynamic range of the CCD
array, you may want to change the gain setting to High. If the CCD array appears to
be flooded with light, you may want to change the setting to Low.
High requires two electron to generate one ADU and some noise sources are reduced.
Because fewer electrons are needed to generate an ADU, weaker signals can be more
readily detected. Lower noise further enhances the ability to acquire weak signals. If
the CCD array appears to be flooded with light, you may want to change the setting
to Medium or Low.
Note: The baseline level may require adjustment if you change the analog gain. See
Digitization
Introduction
After gain has been applied to the signal, the Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
converts that analog information (continuous amplitudes) into a digital data (quantified,
discrete steps) that can be read, displayed, and stored by the application software. The
number of bits per pixel is based on both the hardware and the settings programmed into
Digitization Rate
During readout, an analog signal representing the charge of each pixel (or binned group of
pixels) is digitized. The number of bits per pixel is based on both the hardware and the
settings programmed into the camera through the software. Depending on the MicroMAX
system, single, dual (100 kHz/1 MHz), or multiple digitization rates may be available.
Dual and multiple digitization provide optimum signal-to-noise ratios at all readout
speeds. Because the readout noise of CCD arrays increases with the readout rate, it is
sometimes necessary to trade off readout speed for high dynamic range. In the most
common ST-133 configurations, there will be a 1 MHz conversion speed for the fastest
possible data collection and a 100 kHz conversion speed for use where noise performance
is the paramount concern. Switching between the conversion speeds is completely under
software control for total experiment automation.
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Note: In WinView and WinSpec, the ADC rate can be changed on the Experiment
Setup|ADC tab page.
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Chapter 6
Advanced Topics
Introduction
Previous chapters have discussed setting up the
hardware and the software for basic operation. This
chapter discusses topics associated with experiment
synchronization (set up on the Experiment Setup|
Timing tab page in WinView), TTL control, and the
Kinetics mode option.
"Standard Timing Modes", the first topic, discusses
Timing Modes, Shutter Control, and Edge Trigger. Also
included under this topic is a discussion of the EXT
SYNC connector, the input connector for a trigger pulse.
"Frame Transfer Operation" discusses the two timing
modes available for frame transfer operation, Free Run
and External Sync.
"Interline Operation" discusses the two interline chip
operating modes, overlapped or non-overlapped.
Figure 27. Timing tab page
"Fast and Safe Modes" discusses the Fast and the
Safe modes. Fast is used for real-time data acquisition
and Safe is used when coordinating acquisition with external devices or when the
computer speed is not fast enough to keep pace with the acquisition rate.
"TTL Control" discusses the TTL IN/OUT connector on the rear of the ST-133. TTL
In/Out levels can be set and read via the WinX32 Automation language to automate data
acquisition and processing functions.
"Kinetics Mode" discusses the Kinetics mode option. This form of data acquisition relies
on mechanical or optical masking of the CCD array for acquiring time-resolved
images/spectra.
73
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Standard Timing Modes
Overview
The Princeton Instruments ST-133 Controller has been designed to allow the greatest
possible flexibility when synchronizing data collection with an experiment.
The chart to the right lists the timing mode
combinations (selected on the Experiment
Setup|Timing tab page). These timing
modes are combined with the Shutter
options to provide the widest variety of
timing modes for precision experiment
synchronization.
Mode
Free Run
Shutter
Normal
External Sync
External Sync
Normal
PreOpen
External Sync with
Continuous Cleans
Normal
The shutter options available include
Normal, PreOpen, Disable Opened or
Disable Closed. Disable simply means that
the shutter will not operate during the
experiment. Disable closed is useful for
External Sync with
Continuous Cleans
PreOpen
Table 11. Detector Timing Modes
making dark charge measurements, or when no shutter is present. PreOpen, available in
the External Sync and External Sync with Continuous Cleans modes, opens the shutter as
soon as the ST-133 is ready to receive an External Sync pulse. This is required if the time
between the External Sync pulse and the event is less than a few milliseconds, the time it
takes the shutter to open.
The shutter timing is shown in the timing diagrams that follow. Except for Free Run,
where the modes of shutter operation are identical, both Normal and PreOpen lines are
shown in the timing diagrams and flowchart.
The timing diagrams are labeled indicating the exposure time (texp), shutter
compensation time (tc), and readout time (tR). For more information about these
Free Run
In the Free Run mode the controller does not synchronize
with the experiment in any way. The shutter opens as soon as
the previous readout is complete, and remains open for the
Shutter opens
exposure time, t . Any External Sync signals are ignored.
exp
This mode is useful for experiments with a constant light
source, such as a CW laser or a DC lamp. Other experiments
that can utilize this mode are high repetition studies, where
the number of shots that occur during a single shutter cycle is
so large that it appears to be continuous illumination.
Shutter remains open
for preprogrammed
exposure time
Other experimental equipment can be synchronized to the
detector by using the output signal (software-selectable
System waits while
shutter closes
SHUTTER or NOT SCAN) from the
connector on
the back of the ST-133. Shutter operation and the NOT
SCAN output signal are shown in Figure 29.
Figure 28. Free Run Timing Chart
(part of the chart in Figure 40)
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Shutter
Open
Close
Read
Open
Close
Read
Open
Close
Read
NOT SCAN
texp
tc
tR
Data
Data
stored
Third
exposure
Second
exposure
Data
stored
First exposure stored
Figure 29. Free Run Timing Diagram
External Sync
In this mode all exposures are synchronized to an external source. As shown in the
flowchart, Figure 30, this mode can be used in combination with Normal or PreOpen
Shutter operation. In Normal Shutter mode, the controller waits for an External Sync
pulse, then opens the shutter for the programmed exposure period. As soon as the
exposure is complete, the shutter closes and the CCD array is read out.
External synchronization depends on an edge trigger (negative- or positive-going) which
must be supplied to the Ext Sync connector on the back of the camera. The type of edge
must be identified in the application software to ensure that the shutter opening is
initiated by the correct edge (in WinView/WinSpec, this is done on the Experiment
Setup|Timing tab page). Depending on the shutter, it may require up to 28 msec to fully
open. Therefore, the External Sync pulse provided by the experiment should precede the
actual signal by at least that much time. If not, the shutter may not be open for the
duration of the entire signal, or the signal may be missed completely.
Also, since the amount of time from initialization of the experiment to the first External
Sync pulse is not fixed, an accurate background subtraction may not be possible for the
first readout. In multiple-shot experiments this is easily overcome by simply discarding
the first frame.
In the PreOpen Shutter mode, on the other hand, shutter operation is only partially
synchronized to the experiment. As soon as the controller is ready to collect data, the
shutter opens. Upon arrival of the first External Sync pulse at the ST-133, the shutter
remains open for the specified exposure period, closes, and the CCD is read out. As soon
as readout is complete, the shutter reopens and waits for the next frame.
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(shutter preopen)
(shutter normal)
Controller waits for
External Sync pulse
Shutter opens
Controller waits for
External Sync pulse
Shutter opens
Shutter remains open
for preprogrammed
exposure time
System waits while
shutter closes
Figure 30. Showing Shutter "Preopen" & "Normal" Modes in External Sync Operation
Shutter (Normal)
Shutter (Preopen)
NOT SCAN
Open
Close
Open
Close
Open
Close
Open
Close
Open
Open
Close
Close
Read
Read
Read
External Sync
(negative polarity shown)
tw1
texp
tc
tR
First wait
and exposure
Data
Second wait
Data
Third wait
Data
stored and exposure stored and exposure stored
Figure 31. External Sync Timing Diagram (- edge trigger)
The PreOpen mode is useful in cases where an External Sync pulse cannot be provided
5-28 msec before the actual signal occurs. Its main drawback is that the CCD is exposed
to any ambient light while the shutter is open between frames. If this ambient light is
constant, and the triggers occur at regular intervals, this background can also be
subtracted, providing that it does not saturate the CCD. As with the Normal Shutter
mode, accurate background subtraction may not be possible for the first frame.
Also note that, in addition to signal from ambient light, dark charge accumulates during
the “wait” time (tw). Any variation in the external sync frequency also affects the amount
of dark charge, even if light is not falling on the CCD during this time.
Note: If EXT SYNC is still active at the end of the readout, the hardware will interpret
this as a second sync pulse, and so on.
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Chapter 6
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77
External Sync with Continuous Cleans
The third timing mode available with the MicroMAX camera is called Continuous
Cleans. In addition to the standard “cleaning” of the array, which occurs after the
controller is enabled, Continuous Cleans will remove any charge from the array until the
moment the External Sync pulse is received.
(shutter preopen)
Shutter opens
(shutter normal)
CCD is continuously
cleaned until External Sync
pulse is received
CCD is continuously
cleaned until External Sync
pulse is received
Shutter opens
Shutter remains open
for preprogrammed
exposure time
System waits while
shutter closes
Figure 32. Continuous Cleans Flowchart
Once the External Sync pulse is received, cleaning of the array stops as soon as the
current row is shifted, and frame collection begins. With Normal Shutter operation the
shutter is opened for the set exposure time. With PreOpen Shutter operation the shutter is
open during the continuous cleaning, and once the External Sync pulse is received the
shutter remains open for the set exposure time, then closes. If the vertical rows are shifted
midway when the External Sync pulse arrives, the pulse is saved until the row shifting is
completed, to prevent the CCD from getting “out of step.” As expected, the response
latency is on the order of one vertical shift time, from 1-30 μsec depending on the array.
This latency does not prevent the incoming signal from being detected, since photo
generated electrons are still collected over the entire active area. However, if the signal
arrival is coincident with the vertical shifting, image smearing of up to one pixel is
possible. The amount of smearing is a function of the signal duration compared to the
single vertical shift time.
Note: If EXT SYNC is still active at the end of the readout, the hardware will interpret
this as a second sync pulse, and so on.
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Shutter (Normal)
Shutter (Preopen)
NOT SCAN
Open
Close
Open
Close
Open
Close
Open
Close
Open
Close
Open
Close
Read
Read
Read
External Sync
Figure 33. Continuous Cleans Timing Diagram
Frame Transfer Operation
In frame transfer operation, half the CCD is used for sensing light and the other half for
storage and readout. Not all CCD arrays are capable of readout in this mode, as it requires
that charge be shifted independently in the two halves of the array. See Chapter 5 for a
detailed discussion of readout in the frame-transfer mode operation; the primary focus of
this section is frame-transfer timing.
There are two timing options available in frame transfer mode, Free Run and External
Sync. Both are similar to their counterparts in full frame (standard) operation, except that
in frame transfer operation a shutter is not generally used. Because there is no shutter (or
the shutter is only closed after the camera has collected a series of frames), shutter
Normal, PreOpen, or Disable have no physical meaning here. The exposure half of the
array sees light continuously. The actual exposure time is the time between data transfers
from the exposure half of the array to the storage half of the array, and may be longer
than the programmed exposure, t . Data transfer from the exposure half of the array to
exp
the storage half occurs very quickly at the start of each read. During the read, the stored
data is shifted to the array’s output port, the same as in standard operation.
In Free Run frame-transfer mode operation, half of the array is exposed for the set
exposure time (t ). Then the data transfer to the storage half of the array takes place,
exp
marking the start of the read and the beginning of a new exposure.
In External Sync frame-transfer mode operation, the camera reads out one frame for
every External Sync pulse received, providing the frequency of the External Sync pulse
doesn’t exceed the maximum rate possible with the system. Other than for the first
readout, initiated by starting acquisition, a Sync Pulse must be detected before the
subsequent readout can occur.
Note: If EXT SYNC is still active at the end of the readout, the hardware will interpret
this as a second sync pulse, and so on.
If operating without a shutter, the actual exposure time is set by the period of the sync
signal. There is one exception, if the programmed exposure time is less than the readout
time, then the actual exposure time is simply equal to tR, the readout time (marked by
NOT SCAN low). More specifically, if the readout time, tR, is greater than the sum of tw1,
the time the controller waits for the first External Sync pulse, plus texp, the programmed
exposure time, plus t , the shutter compensation time, then the actual exposure time will
c
equal tR. If an External Sync pulse is detected during each read, frames will follow one
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Chapter 6
Advanced Topics
79
another as rapidly as possible as shown in Figure 34. In these figures, Shutter indicates
the programmed exposure time. If a shutter were present and active, it would also be the
actual exposure time.
Prior to the first readout, clean cycles are performed on the array. When the software issues a
Start Acquisition command, the first readout is generated in hardware and the rapid data
transfer from the exposure half of the array to the storage half of the array occurs (marking
the beginning of the first exposure). The initial data read are discarded because they are not
meaningful. The first exposure continues until the next data transfer, which occurs at the
beginning of the next readout, 50 ns after the first readout ends. The data acquired during the
first exposure is then read out. This pattern continues for the duration of the experiment so
that, during each frame, the data acquired during the previous frame is read out.
texp
Shutter
actual exposure time
50ns min.pulse between frames
tR
tR
tR
tR
NOT SCAN
External Sync
(negative polarity shown)
tw1
cleans acquisition
Figure 34. Frame Transfer where t + t + t < t
w1
exp
c
R
Figure 35 shows the case where the programmed storage time is greater than the time
required to read out the storage half of the array, that is, where tw1 + texp + tc > tR. In this
case, the programmed exposure time will dominate in determining the actual exposure
time. In the situation depicted in Figure 35, the External Sync pulse arrives during the
readout. As always, the External Sync pulse must be detected before the next readout can
occur. However, there is no requirement as to when it must be applied or even that it be
periodic. The timing of the External Sync pulse is entirely at the user’s discretion. In
Figure 36, the External Sync pulse is shown arriving after the read. Detection of the
External Sync pulse enables a new readout to occur on completion texp + tc.
texp
Shutter
actual exposure time
tR
tR
tR
tR
NOT SCAN
External Sync
(negative polarity shown)
tw1
tR
tc
cleans acquisition
Figure 35. Frame Transfer where t + t + t > t
w1
exp
c
R
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texp
Shutter
actual exposure time
tR
tR
tR
tR
NOT SCAN
External Sync
(negative polarity shown)
tc
tw1
cleans acquisition
Figure 36. Frame Transfer where Pulse arrives after Readout
Interline Operation
Operating Modes
It is important to note that an interline chip can operate in either of two operating modes,
overlapped or non-overlapped. The operating mode is always overlapped unless the
exposure time is shorter than the readout time, in which case non-overlapped operation is
automatically selected by the controlling software. Because overlapped operation is
faster, to achieve the fastest possible operation, it is generally preferable to operate
overlapped if possible. Thus there may be situations where increasing the exposure time
slightly will cause the camera to switch from non-overlapped to overlapped operation.
When this happens, the video may blank for a moment as the unit is reprogrammed, and
then reappear with approximately double the frame rate that was available when it was
operating non-overlapped. Detailed discussions of how the interline camera works and
the implications for operation follow.
As stated before, there are two basic operating modes, overlapped and non-overlapped:
•
Overlapped: When the camera is operated in the overlapped mode, readout
begins at the end of the exposure time and a new exposure is initiated
immediately. This mode allows the fastest possible speed. And, because the
charge only has to transfer to the adjacent row, there is no smearing.
•
Non-overlapped: This operation mode is automatically selected by the
controlling software when the exposure time is less than the readout time. In non-
overlapped operation, the image is transferred to the storage cells at the end of
the exposure time and no further accumulation occurs (the imaging cells are
switched off). The accumulated charge on each storage cell is transferred out of
the CCD array, amplified, and sent to the controller as an analog signal, where it
is digitized prior to transfer to the computer.
Timing Options in Overlapped Readout Mode
Interline CCD arrays have columns of imaging cells alternating with columns of storage
cells. During readout, the charge stored in the photo-sensitive imaging cells move only
one row to the adjacent storage cells. From there they move downwards to the readout
register and from there to the output node. This scheme serves to allow high speeds, no
smearing and shutterless operation, a distinct advantage over frame-transfer sensors
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81
where the cell contents can be contaminated by the charge in other cells as data is moved
across the CCD and under the mask.
There are two timing options available in the overlapped mode, Free Run and External
Sync. (None should be the Shutter Type selection if using WinView/32 software and
operating without a shutter.) In both Free Run and External Sync operation, the array
photosensors see light continuously. The actual exposure time is the time between data
transfers from a photo-sensitive imaging cell to the adjacent storage cell, and may be
longer than the programmed exposure, t . Data transfer from the photo-sensitive
exp
imaging cells to the storage cells occurs very quickly at the start of each readout. During
the read, the stored data is shifted to the array’s readout register and from there to the
output node.
•
In Free Run overlapped mode operation, the imaging cells are exposed for the set
exposure time (t ). Then the data transfer to the storage cells takes place,
exp
marking the start of the read and the beginning of a new exposure.
•
In the External Sync mode, overlapped operation only is provided. The camera
reads out one frame for every External Sync pulse received, providing the
frequency of the External Sync pulse does not exceed the maximum rate possible
with the system. A sync pulse must be detected before the subsequent readout
can occur. If operating without a shutter, the actual exposure time is set by the
period of the sync signal. There is one exception.
If the programmed exposure time is less than the readout time in the External Sync
mode, then the actual exposure time is simply equal to tR, the readout time (marked
by NOT SCAN low). More specifically, if the readout time, tR, is greater than the
sum of t , the time the controller waits for the first External Sync pulse, plus t
,
w1
exp
the programmed exposure time, plus t , the shutter compensation time (zero with
c
None selected as the Shutter type), then the actual exposure time will equal tR. If
an External Sync pulse is detected during each read, frames will follow one another
as rapidly as possible as shown in Figure 37. In these figures, Shutter indicates the
programmed exposure time. If a shutter were present and active, it would also be
the actual exposure time.
Before the first readout, clean cycles are performed on the array. When the
software issues a Start Acquisition command, the first exposure begins. Time
counting of the programmed Exposure Time begins when the sync pulse arrives
at the Ext Sync connector. The exposure ends on completion of the programmed
Exposure Time. Then the data acquired during the first exposure is read out while
the next frame of data is being acquired. This pattern continues for the duration
of the experiment so that, during each frame, the data acquired during the
previous frame is read out.
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texp
Shutter
actual exposure time
50ns min.pulse between frames
tR
tR
tR
tR
NOT SCAN
External Sync
(negative polarity shown)
tw1
cleans acquisition
Figure 37. Overlapped Mode where t + t + t < t
w1
exp
c
R
Figure 38 shows the case where the programmed exposure time is greater than
the time required to read out the storage half of the array, that is, where tw1 + texp
+ tc > tR. In this case, the programmed exposure time will dominate in
determining the actual exposure time. In the situation depicted in Figure 38, the
External Sync pulse arrives during the readout. As always, the External Sync
pulse must be detected before the next readout can occur. However, there is no
requirement as to when it must be applied or even that it be periodic. The timing
of the External Sync pulse is entirely at the user’s discretion. In Figure 39, the
External Sync pulse is shown arriving after the read. Detection of the External
Sync pulse enables a new readout to occur on completion texp + tc.
texp
Shutter
actual exposure time
tR
tR
tR
tR
NOT SCAN
External Sync
(negative polarity shown)
tw1
tR
tc
cleans acquisition
Figure 38. Overlapped Mode where tw1 + texp + tc > tR
texp
Shutter
actual exposure time
tR
tR
tR
tR
NOT SCAN
External Sync
(negative polarity shown)
tc
tw1
cleans acquisition
Figure 39. Overlapped Mode where Pulse arrives after Readout
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Fast and Safe Speed Modes
The WinSpec/32 Experiment Setup Timing tab page allows the user to choose Fast or
Safe Mode. Figure 40 is a flowchart comparing the two modes. In Fast Mode operation,
the MicroMAX runs according to the timing of the experiment, with no interruptions from
the computer. In Safe Mode operation, the computer processes each frame as it is received.
The MicroMAX cannot collect the next frame until the previous frame has been completely
processed.
Fast Mode operation is primarily for collecting "real-time" sequences of experimental
data, where timing is critical and events cannot be missed. Once the MicroMAX is sent
the Start Acquisition command by the computer, all frames are collected without further
intervention from the computer. The advantage of this timing mode is that timing is
controlled completely through hardware. A drawback to this mode is that the computer
will only display frames when it is not performing other tasks. Image display has a lower
priority, so the image on the screen may lag several images behind. A video monitor
connected to the VIDEO output will always display the current image. A second
drawback is that a data overrun may occur if the number of images collected exceeds the
amount of allocated RAM or if the computer cannot keep up with the data rate.
Safe Mode operation is primarily useful for experiment setup, including alignment and
focusing, when it is necessary to have the most current image displayed on the screen. It
is also useful when data collection must be coordinated with external devices such as
external shutters and filter wheels. As seen in Figure 40, in Safe Mode operation, the
computer controls when each frame is taken. After each frame is received, the camera
sends the Stop Acquisition command to the camera, instructing it to stop acquisition.
Once that frame is completely processed and displayed, another Start Acquisition
command is sent from the computer to the camera, allowing it to take the next frame.
Display is therefore, at most, only one frame behind the actual data collection.
One disadvantage of the Safe mode is that events may be missed during the experiment,
since the MicroMAX is disabled for a short time after each frame.
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Safe Mode
Fast Mode
Start
Start
Computer programs
camera with exposure
and binning parameters
Computer programs
camera with exposure
and binning parameters
Start acquisition
command sent from
computer to camera
Start acquisition
command sent from
computer to camera
Cleans performed
Cleans performed
1 frame collected
1 frame collected
as per timing mode
as per timing mode
Stop acquisition
command sent from
computer to camera
Background or
flatfield on?
No
Ye s
Background and/or
flatfield correction
performed
Background or
flatfield on?
No
Ye s
Background and/or
flatfield correction
performed
Frames
complete?
Ye s
No
During next acquisition
frames are displayed as
time permits
Frame displayed
Stop acquisition
command sent from
computer to camera
Frames
complete?
No
Ye s
Stop
Stop
Figure 40. Chart of Safe and Fast Mode Operation
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TTL Control
Fully supported by WinView/WinSpec Version 2.5 when the communication protocol
is TAXI (PCI), this feature is not supported when the protocol is USB 2.0.
Introduction
This connector provides 8 TTL lines in, 8 TTL lines out and an input control line.
Figure 41 illustrates the connector and Table 13 lists the signal/pin assignments.
Princeton Instruments WinView/32 software packages incorporate WinX32 Automation,
a programming language that can be used to automate performing a variety of data
acquisition and data processing functions, including use of the TTL IN/OUT functions.
WinX32 Automation can be implemented in programs written in Vision Basic or Visual
C++. See the WinX32 documentation for more detailed information.
TTL In
The user controls the 8 TTL Input lines, setting them high (+5 V; TTL 1) or low (0 V;
TTL 0). When the lines are read, the combination of highs and lows read defines a
decimal number which the computer can use to make a decision and initiate actions as
specified in the user’s program. If a TTL IN line is low, its numeric value is 0. If a TTL
IN line is high, its numeric value is as follows.
TTL IN
Value
TTL IN
Value
16
1
2
3
4
1
2
4
8
5
6
7
8
32
64
128
This coding allows any decimal value from 0 to 255 to be defined. Thus, as many as 256
different sets of conditions can be specified, at the user’s discretion, using the TTL IN
lines. Any unused lines will default to TTL high (+5 V). For example, to define the
number three, the user would simply set the lines TTL IN 1 and TTL IN 2 both high
(+5 V). It would be necessary to apply TTL low to the remaining six lines because they
would otherwise default to TTL high as well.
TTL IN
Value
High (1)
High (2)
Low (0)
Low (0)
TTL IN
Value
Low (0)
Low (0)
Low (0)
Low (0)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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Table 12 illustrates this coding for decimal values 0 through 7. Obviously this table could
easily be extended to show the coding for values all the way to 255.
TTL
TTL
TTL
TTL
TTL
TTL
TTL
TTL
IN/OUT 8
1= dec 128 1=dec 64
IN/OUT 7
IN/OUT 6
1=dec 32
IN/OUT 5
1=dec 16
IN/OUT 4
1=dec 8
IN/OUT 3
1=dec 4
IN/OUT 2
1=dec 2
IN/OUT 1
1=dec 1
Decimal
Equiv.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Table 12. Bit Values with Decimal Equivalents:
1 = High
0 = Low
Buffered vs. Latched Inputs
In controlling the TTL IN lines, users also have the choice of two input-line states,
buffered or latched. In the buffered state, the line levels must remain at the intended
levels until they are read. With reference to the preceding example, the high level at TTL
IN 1 and TTL IN 2 would have to be maintained until the lines are read. In the latched
state, the applied levels continue to be available until read, even if they should change at
the TTL In/Out connector.
This control is accomplished using the EN/CLK TTL input (pin 6). If EN/CLK is open or
high, buffered operation is established and the levels reported to the macro will be those
in effect when the READ is made. With reference to our example, if pin 6 were left
unconnected or a TTL high applied, TTL IN 1 and TTL IN 2 would have to be held high
until read. If, on the other hand, EN/CLK were made to go low while TTL IN 1 and TTL
IN 2 were high, those values would be latched for as long as EN/CLK remained low. The
levels actually present at TTL IN 1 and TTL IN 2 could then change without changing
the value that would be read by software.
TTL Out
The state of the TTL OUT lines is set from WinView/32. Typically, a program monitoring
the experiment sets one or more of the TTL Outputs. Apparatus external to the MicroMAX
system interrogates the lines and, on detecting the specified logic levels, takes the action
appropriate to the detected condition. The coding is the same as for the input lines. There
are eight output lines, each of which can be set low (0) or high (1). The combination of
states defines a decimal number as previously described for the TTL IN lines.
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Pin #
Assignment
IN 1
Pin #
Assignment
IN 2
IN 4
1
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2
IN 3
3
IN 5
IN 6
4
IN 7
IN 8
5
GND
GND
6
EN/CLK
(future use)
GND
Reserved
GND
7
8
OUT 2
OUT 4
OUT 6
OUT 8
GND
9
OUT 1
OUT 3
OUT 5
OUT 7
Reserved
10
11
12
13
Table 13. TTL In/Out Connector Pinout
Figure 41. TTL In/Out
Connector
TTL Diagnostics Screen
WinView/32 provides a TTL Diagnostics
screen (located in WinView/32 under
Hardware Setup|Diagnostics) that
can be used to test and analyze the TTL
In/Out lines.
Note: In WinView software versions
prior to 1.6, Output Lines 5, 6, 7, and 8
are shown checked in the default state,
incorrectly indicating that their default
state is logic 1 in the MicroMAX.
Hardware Interface
A cable will be needed to connect the
TTL In/Out connector to the experiment.
The design will vary widely according to
each user’s needs, but a standard 25-pin
female type D-subminiature connector will
Figure 42. TTL Diagnostics dialog box
be needed to mate with the TTL In/Out connector at the ST-133. The hardware at the
other end of the cable will depend entirely on the user’s requirements. If the individual
connections are made using coaxial cable for maximum noise immunity (recommended),
the center conductor of the coax should connect to the proper signal pin and the cable
shield should connect to the nearest available ground (grounds are conveniently provided
at pins 5, 8, 18 and 20). Connector hardware and cables of many different types are
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widely available and can often be obtained locally, such as at a nearby Radio Shack®
store. A list of possibly useful items follows. Note that, although the items listed may be
appropriate in many situations, they might not meet your specific needs.
•
25-pin female type D-subminiature solder type connector (Radio Shack part no 276-
1548B).
•
•
•
RG/58U coaxial cable.
Shielded Metalized hood (Radio Shack part no 276-1536A).
BNC connector(s) type UG-88 Male BNC connector (Radio Shack part no 278-103).
Example
Suppose you needed to build a cable to monitor the line TTL OUT 1. One approach
would be to build a cable assembly as described in the following paragraphs. This
procedure could easily be adapted to other situations.
1. Begin with a 25-pin female type D-subminiature solder type connector (Radio Shack
part no 276-1548B). This connector has 25 solder points open on the back.
2. Referring to Figure 41, note that pin 8 = GND and pin 9 = TTL OUT 1.
3. Using coaxial cable type RG/58U (6 feet length), strip out the end and solder the
outer sheath to pin 8 (GND) and the inner line to pin 9 (TTL OUT 1). Then apply
shielding to the lines to insulate them.
4. Mount the connector in a Shielded Metalized hood (Radio Shack part no 276-
1536A).
5. Build up the cable (you can use electrical tape) to where the strain relief clamp holds.
6. Connect a BNC connector (UG-88 Male BNC connector) to the free end of the cable
following the instructions supplied by Radio Shack on the box (Radio Shack part no
278-103).
7. To use this cable, connect the DB-25 to the TTL In/Out connector on the back of the
Controller.
8. To check the cable, start WinView/32 and open the TTL Diagnostics screen (located
in WinView under Hardware Setup|Diagnostics). Click the Write radio button.
Then click the Output Line 1 box. Next click the OK button to actually set TTL
OUT 1 high. Once you set the voltage, it stays until you send a new command.
9. Measure the voltage at the BNC connector with a standard voltmeter (red on the
central pin, black on the surrounding shielding). Before clicking OK at the TTL
Diagnostics screen you should read 0 V. After clicking OK you should read +5 V.
Note that adding a second length of coaxial cable and another BNC connector would be
straightforward. However, as you increase the number of lines to be monitored, it
becomes more convenient to consider using a multiple conductor shielded cable rather
than individual coaxial cables.
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89
Kinetics Mode
Kinetics operation requires that the Kinetics option has been installed. Additionally,
WinView (or WinSpec), version 2.5.18.1 or higher, is required when operating under
USB 2.0.
Introduction
Kinetics mode uses the CCD to expose and store a limited number of images in rapid
succession. The time it takes to shift each line (or row) on the CCD is as short as a few
hundred nanoseconds to few microseconds, depending on the CCD. Therefore the time
between images can be as short as a few microseconds. Kinetics mode allows frame
transfer CCDs to take time-resolved images/spectra.
Note: Kinetics mode is an option, so the controller must be programmed before your
order is shipped. If the Kinetics option has been installed in the ST-133, this readout
mode will be made available when you select the appropriate camera type on the
Hardware Setup dialog box.
Below is a simplified illustration of kinetics mode. Returning to our 4 × 6 CCD example,
in this case 2/3 of the array is masked, either mechanically or optically. The shutter opens
to expose a 4 × 2 region. While the shutter remains open, charge is quickly shifted just
under the mask, and the exposure is repeated. After a third image is collected the shutter
is closed and the CCD is read out. Since the CCD can be read out slowly, very high
dynamic range is achieved. Shifting and readout are shown in Figure 43.
C1 D1
C2 D2
C1 D1
C2 D2
C3 D3
C4 D4
A1 B1
A2 B2
A1 B1
A2 B2
A3 B3
A4 B4
C1 D1
C2 D2
A1 B1
A2 B2
1
2
3
C1 D1
A1
B1
C1 D1
C2 D2
C3 D3
C4 D4
C1 D1
C2 D2
C3 D3
C4 D4
A1 B1
A2 B2
A3 B3
A4 B4
A1 B1
A2 B2
A3 B3
A4 B4
C2 D2
C3 D3
C4 D4
A2 B2
A3 B3
A4 B4
A5 B5 C5 D5
A6 B6 C6 D6
A5 B5 C5 D5
A6 B6 D6 D6
4
5
6
Figure 43. Kinetics Readout
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Kinetic Timing Modes
Kinetics mode operates with three timing modes: Free Run, Single Trigger, and Multiple
Trigger.
Figure 44. Hardware Setup dialog box
Free Run
Figure 45. Experiment Setup dialog box
In the Free Run Kinetics mode, the controller takes a series of images, each with the
Exposure time set through the software (in WinView32, the exposure time is set on the
Experiment Setup|Main tab page). The time between image frames, which may be as
short as a few microseconds, is limited by the time required to shift an image under the mask:
this interimage time equals the Vertical Shift rate (specified in μsec/row) multiplied by the
Window Size (the number of rows allocated for an image frame). The exact number of
frames depends on the selected Window Size and is equal to the number of pixels
perpendicular to the shift register divided by the Window Size.
Example: Referring to the readout shown in Figure 43, there are 6 pixels perpendicular to
the shift register and the Window Size is 2 pixels high. The number of frames is 3. If the
Vertical Shift Rate for the CCD is 1.6 μsec/row, the Shift time will be 3.2 μsec per frame.
Integrate signals (SHUTTER) or Readout signals (NOT SCAN) are provided at the
BNC for timing measurements
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START ACQUIRE command from the software issent automatically
when ACQUIRE or FOCUS is clicked on in the software.
START ACQUIRE
SHUTTER Signal
Exposure
Shift
Shutter
opening
time
Shutter
closing
time
Readout
NOT SCAN Signal
Figure 46. Free Run Timing Diagram
Single Trigger
Single Trigger Kinetics mode takes an entire series of images with each External Trigger
Pulse (applied at the Ext. Sync BNC on the control board of the ST-133). After the series is
complete the shutter closes and the CCD is read out at normal speeds. Once the readout is
complete the camera is ready for the next series of exposures. This timing is shown in
Figure 47, where a single External trigger pulse is used to collect a burst of 6 frames.
START ACQUIRE command from the software issent automatically
when ACQUIRE or FOCUS is clicked on in the software.
START ACQUIRE
External Trigger
Exposure
Shift
SHUTTER Signal
Shutter
opening
time
Shutter
closing
time
Readout
NOT SCAN Signal
Figure 47. Single Trigger Timing Diagram
Multiple Trigger
Multiple Trigger Kinetics mode takes a single image in the series for each External Sync
pulse received by the controller. Once the series is complete the shutter closes and
readout begins. Since the shutter is open during the entire series of images, if the External
Sync pulses are irregularly spaced then the exposures will be of different lengths. Once
the series has been read out the camera is ready for the next series. This timing is shown
in Figure 48, where a series of 6 frames is collected with 6 External Sync pulses.
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START ACQUIRE command from the software issent automatically
when ACQUIRE or FOCUS is clicked on in the software.
START ACQUIRE
External Triggers
Exposure
SHUTTER Signal
NOT SCAN Signal
Shift
Shutter
opening
time
Shutter
closing
time
Readout
Figure 48. Multiple Trigger Timing Diagram
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Chapter 7
MicroMAX DIF Camera
(Double Image Feature)
Supported by WinView/WinSpec Version 2.5 when the communication protocol is
TAXI (PCI), this feature is not supported when the protocol is USB 2.0.
Introduction
This chapter describes operation of the MicroMAX DIF system. Both the Controller and
a MicroMAX Interline camera must have factory modifications installed for DIF
operation. In addition to the internal changes, a camera modified for DIF operation would
ordinarily include a mechanical shutter. Execution of the DIF functions is done via the
WinView/32 software (v2.2 or higher), which, when controlling a DIF system, provides
three timing modes unique to DIF systems.
Basically, a DIF system is one that has been factory modified to allow images to be taken
in pairs with very short exposure times (as small as 1 µs). This capability makes it ideal
for use in experiments where the goal is to obtain two fast successive images for the
purpose of characterizing a time-differentiated laser-strobed process. LIF and velocity
measurements are specific measurements that can be easily performed using the DIF
system.
The ability of the interline chip to quickly transfer an image under the masked columns
and hold it there makes this method of acquiring images possible. As soon as the first
image is acquired, it is shifted under the masked area and held. The second exposure
begins and is continuously held in the photodiode region until the mechanical shutter
closes. Light entering the camera while waiting for the shutter to close is small compared
to that captured during the strobed event and has little effect on the acquired data.
In addition to the Free Run mode, which allows single image acquisitions, three DIF
timing modes, IEC (Internal Exposure Control), EEC (External Exposure Control) and
ESABI (Electronic Shutter Active Between Images) are provided. Each works basically
as follows.
IEC: Allows two successive fast images of equal duration to be acquired, with the second
image acquisition taking place immediately after the first. Acquisition is initiated by
applying a single externally derived trigger to the controller's Ext. Sync connector.
EEC: Allows two successive fast images of differing duration to be acquired, with the
second image acquisition taking place immediately after the first. Acquisition is
initiated by applying a single externally derived trigger to the controller's Ext. Sync
connector, the same as in IEC operation.
93
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ESABI: Allows two fast images of equal duration to be acquired. Unlike the IEC and
EEC modes, in the ESABI mode, two pulses are applied to the Ext. Sync.
connector. Each initiates a separate acquisition, allowing the user to set the time
between acquisitions by externally adjusting the time between the two applied pulses.
When the data is saved, both images are saved in a single *.spe file. The header is
followed by frame 1 and then immediately afterwards by frame 2. This system makes it
convenient to later load the images from the file for post-processing analysis.
Notes:
1. The Readout Mode set on the Controller/Camera tab page (Hardware on the Setup
menu) must be set to DIF for DIF operation.
2. In the IEC, EEC or ESABI timing mode, set the Number of Images to 2 and
Accumulations to 1.
3. On the Setup Hardware Cleans/Skips tab page, click the Load Factory Values button.
This step is necessary for proper operation of the interline camera.
4. For most of the MicroMAX DIF cameras, the ESABI timing mode is activated and
deactivated via the application software. If a MicroMAX DIF camera has a switch on
its back panel, this switch must be set to the ACTIVE position for operation in the
ESABI timing mode. At all other times it must be set to INACTIVE.
Timing Modes
The timing mode selections provided on the Acquisition Experiment Setup Timing page
are different from those in standard systems. The provided timing modes are:
FREERUN (single shot)
IEC: Internal Exposure Control (two shot)
EEC: External Exposure Control (two shot)
ESABI: Electronic Shutter Active Between Images (two shot)
A discussion of each mode follows.
Free Run
The Free Run mode allows the user to capture single images. The exposure time is set on
the Experiment Setup Main tab page, the same as in non-DIF systems, with the
difference that the exposure time can be as short as one 1 µs (maximum exposure time is
14.3 minutes). It often proves convenient to simply disable the mechanical shutter open
in Free Run operation. The shutter requires ~8 ms to open and 8 ms to close. The camera
waits until the shutter is completely open before acquiring the image, and in a typical
experiment, the second image acquisition will be over long before the shutter closes.
Readout doesn’t occur until the shutter closes.
The
such as the laser. As soon as the shutter is completely opened and all of the cleans have
been performed, goes low to indicate that the camera is ready to capture an
signal output of the controller can be used to trigger external equipment,
image. As soon as the first exposure actually begins,
Figure 49. Thus the positive going edge of the
returns high, as shown in
output marks the start of the first
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Chapter 7
MicroMAX DIF Camera
95
exposure. In Free Run operation, the time that
the range of 400 to 600 ns.
remains low will typically be in
READY
400 ns
EXPOSURE
Figure 49. Free Run Mode Timing Diagram
Example: Figure 50 shows an experiment where the rising edge of the
used to trigger a DG-535 Delay Generator, which provides the required delay and
triggers a laser source, Q switch, or other device.
signal is
READY
Computer
Controller
DG-535
Camera
Head
Q Switch
Figure 50. Setup using
to Trigger an Event
Figure 51 illustrates the timing for a typical experiment like that shown in Figure 50.
READY
400 ns
EXPOSURE
To Q Switch
1 μs
2 μs
Figure 51. Timing for Experiment Setup shown in Figure 50
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Summary of Free Run Timing mode
Version 6.C
•
•
•
•
•
Allows you to capture single images.
Requires that the switch, if present on the back of the camera, be set to INACTIVE.
Uses Exposure Time set via software Experiment Setup.
Exposure time range is 1 µs < Exp. Time < 14.3 minutes
Exposure does not occur until the mechanical shutter is completely open and readout
does not begin until the mechanical shutter is completely closed.
•
The mechanical shutter may, however, be disabled open.
The
signal on the back of the controller may be used as a trigger to other
external hardware.
goes low when the system is ready to capture an image, then
is reset high once exposure begins. In the FREERUN timing mode, this will be a short
(400 ns to 600 ns) TTL 0 pulse.
IEC (Internal Exposure Control)
In this mode, a single external trigger applied to Ext Sync initiates two successive image
acquisitions of equal duration. The Exposure Time is set in software (Experiment Setup
Main tab page and elsewhere) the same as in a standard system and can be as short as 1
µs. On initiating the acquisition (ACQ button or Acquire on the Acquisition menu), the
initialization routine runs and the shutter opens. When the shutter is completely open,
drops low and remains in that state until an external trigger is applied to Ext
Sync. Continuous cleaning takes place until the trigger is applied. When the trigger is
sensed, the first exposure begins and the first image is captured (shifted under the masked
columns and held there). The exposure for capture of the second image begins. This
sequence is illustrated in Figure 52.
If an external trigger is applied before
trigger source could be running continuously at some repetition rate (as long as that rep
rate is fairly slow), but capture wouldn’t occur until goes low. Once that trigger
goes low, it will be ignored. Thus the
comes in, it begins exposure of the first image. The exposure time is that set on the
Experiment Setup Main tab page. For example, if the exposure time is set to 5 µs, the
first image will be 5 µs. After an additional 5 µs (second exposure), the shutter will begin
to close. Even though the shutter takes ~8 ms to close, the presumption is that the strobe
will be timed to occur during the 5 µs second exposure time. It would also be possible to
strobe and capture while the shutter is in the act of closing. However, that would
generally not be advisable because it would introduce non-linearity effects from the
closing shutter. It is better to have capture occur during the time allotted for it. Once the
shutter is closed, the readout begins. The first image captured is the first one read out.
Example 1: An external trigger initiates the imaging process.
goes low when
the system is ready. Once is low, an external trigger applied to Ext
Sync initiates the double image capture. Figure 52 illustrates the timing for a
typical IEC experiment with an exposure time of 5 µs.
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Chapter 7
MicroMAX DIF Camera
97
READY
200 ns
EXT. SYNC.
~200 ns
Image 2
Image1
Images
5 μs
5 μs
NOTSCAN
Mechanical
Shutter
8 ms
8 ms
>200 ns
Laser Output
Laser 1
Laser 2
Figure 52. Timing Diagram for Typical IEC Measurement
Figure 53 illustrates the interconnections that might be used for such an experiment with two
lasers. Figure 54 shows the timing for the two-laser experiment.
Delay Generator
(i.e.,DG535)
Computer
Controller
A
B
C
EXT SYNC
A DG535 can run at a
fairly slow rep rate or
use READY signal as
a trigger.
Laser 1
Laser 2
Sample
Volume
Camera
Head
STOP
Figure 53. Setup for IEC Experiment with Two Lasers
READY
EXT. SYNC.
200 ns
Image 1
5 μs
Image 2
5 μs
Images
NOTSCAN
Mechanical
Shutter
8 ms
8 ms
>200 ns
Laser Output
Laser 1
Laser 2
Figure 54. Timing Diagram for IEC Experiment with Two Lasers
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Example 2: As shown in Figure 55, the signal from the controller can be used
to trigger the controller by connecting it back into the EXT SYNC connector. At
the same time, it can be used to trigger a DG-535.
EXT SYNC
Delay Generator
(i.e.,DG535)
READY
Controller
Computer
A
B
Ext.
Laser 1
Laser 2
Camera
Head
Figure 55. Another Hardware Setup for an IEC Measurement
Note: This setup will not work in the EEC mode or the ESABI mode.
Summary of IEC Timing mode
•
•
•
Gives the user the ability to capture two images before readout.
Requires that the switch, if present on the back of the camera, be set to INACTIVE.
The Exposure Time set in software on the Experiment Setup Main tab page becomes
the exposure time of the first image and also the wait before closing the mechanical
shutter.
•
An external trigger is required to initiate the imaging process. The
goes low
when the system is ready. Once
is low, an external trigger applied to the
EXT SYNC connector initiates the double image capture.
EEC (External Exposure Control)
Gives the user the ability to capture two images before readout with a different exposure
time for each. EEC uses the external trigger to control the exposure time of the first
image and the exposure time set in software to control the exposure time of the second
image. When the external trigger applied to Ext Sync is detected, the first exposure
begins. The end of the trigger marks the end of the first image and the start of the second.
After an interval equal to the exposure time set on the Experiment Setup Main page, the
shutter closes. As in the IEC mode, the system is receptive to an applied trigger when
goes low. Note that the shutter can be disabled open. With the shutter disabled
open, if reading out a full array, the second exposure time would actually last ~1.4 s. If
reading out a single strip, the readout time (and hence the second exposure) would be
much shorter, on the order of a few hundred microseconds. Generally though, the
experiment timing would be set up so that the second strobed event would occur during
the second image time as set by the Exposure Time parameter on the Experiment Setup
Main page.
Example: The exposure time for the first image is controlled with the signal applied to
the EXT. SYNC connector. The exposure time for the second image is the
exposure time set in software under Experiment Setup. An external trigger
supplied by the user is required to initiate the imaging process and control the
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Chapter 7
MicroMAX DIF Camera
99
first image exposure time. The controller
signal goes low when the
camera is ready to begin imaging. Figure 56 illustrates an EEC timing example.
READY
200 ns
EXT. SYNC. (A)
Image 1
tsync
Image 2
texp
Images
NOT SCAN
Mechanical
Shutter
8 ms
8 ms
Figure 56. EEC Timing Example with Exposure Time in Software Set to t
exp
Summary of EEC Timing mode
•
•
•
Enables double image capture under external control.
Requires that the switch, if present on the back of the camera, be set to INACTIVE.
The width of the pulse applied to Ext Sync sets the exposure time of the first image.
The Exposure Time set in software on the Experiment Setup Main tab page sets the
second image time, at the end of which the shutter begins to close.
•
An external trigger is required to initiate the imaging process. The
goes low
when the system is ready. Once
is low, an external trigger applied to the
Ext Sync connector initiates the double image capture.
ESABI (Electronic Shutter Active Between Images)
The last timing mode, ESABI, allows separation time between the two images. This
mode gives the user the ability to capture two images and use the interline chip’s
electronic shutter feature between images so that no signal is integrated in the time
between. The exposure time for both images is the same but they can be separated in
time. Each time the camera is ready to receive a trigger,
goes low. Thus
goes low twice during each ESABI cycle and the controller can be triggered
once by a sync pulse applied to Ext Sync each time. Thus two sync pulses are required,
one for each image, during each double capture. The programmed Exposure Time as set
on the Experiment Setup Main tab page sets the first image time and the time after the
start of the second image time when the shutter begins to close. Figure 57 illustrates
ESABI mode timing.
Note that charge produced by light impinging on the photosensors during the interval
between the two images is discarded and does not affect the second image. The time
between the first and second image can be as long as required according to the
experimental requirements. This can be particularly useful in fluorescence measurements.
By doing captures with different intervals between the two images, the fluorescence
decay characteristics can be easily measured.
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READY
200 ns
ttrig
200 ns
ttrig
EXT. SYNC. (A)
Images
Image 1
texp
Image 2
texp
No Signal
Integration
NOT SCAN
Mechanical
Shutter
8 ms
8 ms
Figure 57. ESABI Timing Example: Image Exposure time = t
set in software
exp
Note: The input trigger pulse, t , must be shorter than the exposure time t . Otherwise
exp
trig
the second image will occur immediately after the first.
Summary of ESABI Timing mode
•
The exposure time selected in Experiment Setup sets the exposure time of both the
first and second image.
•
•
Requires that the switch, if present on the back of the camera, be set to ACTIVE.
An externally derived trigger edge applied to Ext Sync is required to begin each
image exposure period.
•
goes low when the system is ready to capture each image.
Tips and Tricks
Lab Illumination
In DIF measurements, it is necessary to remain mindful of the possibility of laboratory
light affecting the images. Because the first image can be timed with precision, laboratory
light that reaches the camera would generally not be a problem in the first image,
particularly if the capture time is short (few microseconds). The second image, on the
other hand, is much more susceptible to degradation from laboratory illumination
because, even though the second image time may be set to just a few microseconds, the
time to close the shutter, ~8 ms, must be added to that value. Light impinging on the
photosensors during that time will be integrated with the second image. Unless the
experiment is arranged so that background light can’t reach the camera, or unless the
signal is quite bright, the possibility of the second image becoming degraded must be
considered. Where this is source of degradation is a problem, the solution may be to
sharply reduce the laboratory illumination. It should be noted though, that the signal from
many strobed measurements will be sufficiently bright to allow normal laboratory
illumination to be maintained.
Background Subtraction
In any of the double imaging modes, a good idea would be to block both of your light
sources and go ahead and take two images in the same DIF mode and with the same
settings as will be used for the real measurements. That result will be two background
images that can later be subtracted from the experimental data images.
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Chapter 7
MicroMAX DIF Camera
101
Background subtraction allows you to automatically subtract any constant background in
your signal. This includes both constant offsets caused by the amplifier system in the
controller as well as time-dependent (but constant for a fixed integration time) buildup of
dark charge. The background subtract equation is:
(Raw image data – Background) = Corrected image data.
When background and flatfield operations are both performed, background subtraction is
always performed first.
Flatfield Correction
Flatfield correction allows the user to divide out small nonuniformities in gain from pixel
to pixel. Flatfield correction is done before the images are saved to RAM or disk.
Directions for doing Flatfield correction are provided in the WinView/32 software
manual.
Mask Bleed-Through Correction
As described previously, the first image is stored under the mask while the second image
is being acquired. Although the mask is basically opaque (light attenuation is on the order
of 4000:1), a small amount of illumination does get through and could influence some
measurements. One solution would be to establish a correction file by taking the first
image with the light source dark, and the second image with the light source on. Any
bleed through the mask during the second image will appear in the first image. This data
could then be stored and used later to correct “real” first images in a post-processing math
operation.
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Chapter 8
Virtual Chip Mode
Fully supported by WinView/WinSpec Version 2.5 when the communication protocol is
TAXI (PCI), this feature is not supported when the protocol is USB 2.0.
Introduction
Virtual Chip mode (a WinView/32 option) is a special fast-acquisition technique that
allows frame rates in excess of 100 fps to be obtained. For the Virtual Chip selection to
be present, it is necessary that:
•
•
•
the system be a 1 MHz MicroMAX,
that the camera have a frame transfer chip (MicroMAX:512BFT) and,
that the file Wxvchip.opt be present in the same directory as the executable
WinView/32 program. Contact Technical Support for information regarding the
availability of Wxvchip.opt.
This method of data acquisition requires that the chip be masked as shown in Figure 58.
Masking can be achieved by applying a mechanical or optical mask or by positioning a
bright image at the ROI against a dark background on the remainder of the array.
Shift Register
In operation, images are continually piped
down the CCD at extraordinarily high frames
per second (FPS). The mini-frame transfer
region is defined by an ROI as illustrated in
Figure 58. The charge from this ROI is
Frame Transfer Mask
shifted under the frame-transfer mask,
followed by a readout cycle of an ROI-sized
region under the mask. Since the ROI is far
from the serial register, the stored image is
ROI
just shifted repeatedly with the readout and
the first few images collected will not contain
Virtual
Chip
useful data. After the readout period, the next
frame is shifted under the mask and another
ROI sized frame is read out. The net result is
a series of images, separated by spacer
Virtual Chip Mask
Virtual
Chip
Mask
regions, streaming up the CCD under the
mask.
Figure 58. Virtual Chip Functional Diagram
The table below shows the minimum exposure time per frame (msec/Frame) and the
number of frames per second (FPS) for several ROIs. Note that these numbers are
provided for the 1 MHz and the 100 kHz readout rates.
103
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1 MHz
100 kHz
ROI
(msec/Frame) (FPS) (msec/Frame)
(FPS)
3.5
164 x 164
96 x 96
84 x 84
64 x 64
56 x 56
47 x 47
36 x 36
30 x 30
29.8
10.9
8.65
5.26
4.22
3.08
1.97
1.51
33.6
91.7
115
190
237
324
507
662
287
102
9.8
79.8
47.6
37.4
26.9
16.6
12.2
12.5
21.0
36.7
37.2
60.2
82.0
Table 14. MicroMAX:512BFT: Virtual Chip Size,
Exposure Time, and Frames per Second
Virtual Chip Setup
Introduction
If the Virtual Chip mode option has been installed, both WinView/32 and WinSpec/32
will support this technique. The following procedure covers the basic hardware and
software setup for Virtual Chip operation.
Note: The Virtual Chip dialog box is discussed in detail in the next section.
Equipment:
MicroMAX with 512x512FT CCD array
Suitable ST-133
PCI Interface Card and High Speed Serial (TAXI) cable
Suitable Host Computer
Software:
WinView/32, version 2.4 or higher
WXvchip.opt installed in the same directory as the executable WinView/32 program
Assumptions:
•
You are familiar with the WinView/32 software and have read the hardware
manuals.
•
Masking is for a 47x47 pixel Virtual Chip with its origin at 1,1.
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Chapter 8
Virtual Chip Mode
System Connection Diagram:
105
Detector-Controller
Interface cable
(TAXI or USB 2.0)
110/220
Camera
Detector Serial Com
or USB 2.0
110/220
Controller
Microscope
Computer
EXPERIMENT
Figure 59. System Diagram
Procedure:
1. Verify that the power is OFF for ALL system components (including the host
computer).
2. Verify that the correct line voltages have been selected and that the correct fuses
have been installed in the ST-133.
3. Connect the TAXI cable to the interface card at the host computer and to the
Serial Com connector at the rear of the Controller. Tighten down the locking
screws.
4. Connect the Camera-Controller cable to the Detector connector on the rear
of the Controller and to the Detector connector at the rear of the camera.
Tighten down the locking screws.
5. If it has not been installed already, connect a line cord from the Power Input
module on the back of the Controller to a suitable AC power source.
6. Turn on the Controller.
7. Turn on the host computer and select the WinView/32 icon.
8. From the Setup menu, select Hardware, and enter the following settings:
Controller/CCD tab card
•
•
•
Controller: MicroMAX
Controller Version: 5
CCD Type: appropriate frame transfer array (EEV 512x512FT, for this
procedure)
•
•
•
Shutter Type: None
LOGIC OUT Output: Shutter
Readout Mode: Frame Transfer
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Interface tab card
Version 6.C
•
Type: the appropriate interface card. For this procedure, the selection is
High Speed PCI.
Cleans/Skips tab card
•
•
•
•
Number of Cleans: 1
Number of Strips per Clean: 512
Minimum Block Size: 2
Number of Blocks: 5
9. From the Acquisition menu, select Experiment Setup and enter the
following settings:
Main tab card
•
Exposure Time: Enter a value. The exposure time can either be greater
than the readout time or it can be equal to the readout time. If you want
an exposure time > readout time, enter a value larger than the readout
time calculated when the virtual chip definition was downloaded. If you
want an exposure time = readout time, enter 000 sec.
•
•
•
Number of Images: Enter the desired number of images.
Use Region of Interest
Accumulations: 1
ADC tab card
•
Type: FAST
ROI Setup tab card: Make no changes to the settings on this tab card unless
you have re-enabled Normal Operating Mode. ROI setup for Virtual Chip
(High Speed Mode) is performed through the Virtual Chip dialog box.
10. From the Setup menu, select Virtual Chip, and enter the following settings:
•
•
High Speed Mode Enabled
Virtual Chip Definition: The settings below assume a 47x47 pixel virtual
chip. The X and Y dimensions are established by the external mask. The
virtual chip is fully flexible in the X direction. However, the set of choices
for the Y-dimension has been pre- selected for optimal performance. Note
that the origin point that Princeton Instruments uses for a CCD array is 1,1.
•
Chip Y Dimension: 47. Select this dimension from the drop down list.
•
Chip X Dimension: 47. Enter this dimension manually.
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Chapter 8
Virtual Chip Mode
107
11. Click on the Load Default Values button. This enters the default ROI values.
These values are: Start pixels of 1,1; End pixels based on the Chip Y and Chip X
dimensions; and Groups of 1.
•
Region of Interest: The settings below assume a 47x47 pixel ROI (i.e., the
entire virtual chip). An ROI that is a subset of the virtual chip can be defined.
X Start: 1
X End: 47
X Group: 1
Y Start: 1
Y End: 47
Y Group: 1
•
•
Click on the Download Virtual Chip Definition button. This will
download the definition, set up the ROI, and calculate the readout time.
Observe the calculated readout time. If you need a shorter period, change the
settings (for example, enter a smaller Y-dimension or use binning in the
Y-direction) and click on the Download Virtual Chip Definition button
again.
•
Click on Close.
12. From the Setup menu, select Environment.
Note: When setting up for focusing, the number of Frames/Interrupt should be
left at 1.
•
DMA Buffer (Mb): By default, the buffer size is 8 Mb. Using the following
formula, calculate the amount of DMA memory required:
X × Y × #Frames × (2 bytes/pixel).
For example, the buffer size required for a 47x47 virtual array acquiring
1000 frames would be 47 × 47 × 1000 frames × (2 bytes/pixel) = 4.4 Mb.
If the calculated value is greater than 8 Mb, enter the appropriate size.
Note: This value is not enabled until you restart your computer.
•
Frames/Interrupt: If the number of frames is greater than 256 (the pre-
programmed slot limit for a PCI card), increase the number of
Frames/Interrupt value. Use the formula #Frames/256 and round the result
to the next highest integer to calculate that value. For example, 1000
frames/256 will result in 3.9, so enter 4.
Note: This value should be 1 for Focus mode.
13. Click on OK after you have finished entering the Environment settings.
14. Place a suitable target in front of the camera and click on Focus to verify that
the camera is seeing the target.
15. Make any focusing, gain, or other adjustments necessary to fine-tune the image.
16. Stop running in Focus mode.
17. Now click on Acquire.
Experimental Timing
Triggering can be achieved through the software via the Software Trigger timing mode
(selectable on the Experiment Setup dialog box, Timing Mode tab page) or it can be
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achieved via the Ext Sync input on the rear of the camera. Triggering from the Ext Sync
input allows you to acquire a single image per TTL pulse. If Software Trigger has been
selected, back-to-back collection of the requested number of images will be initiated
when Acquire is selected: no further TTL trigger input is required.
Virtual Chip dialog box
Figure 60. Virtual Chip dialog box.
Clicking Virtual Chip on the Setup menu displays the Virtual Chip dialog box. When
the High Speed Mode Enabled radio button is selected, all of the fields and buttons on the
box will be activated as shown in Figure 60.
Mode: Radio buttons allow the choice of High Speed Mode Enabled and Normal Mode
Enabled. In the normal mode, the external masks would ordinarily be withdrawn,
allowing normal frame-transfer operation. All of the parameter settings on the
screen are grayed out if Normal Mode Enabled is selected. When High Speed
Mode Enabled is selected, high speed frame rates using the virtual chip can be
obtained as described above.
Chip Y Dimension: This is the Y range established by the external mask.
Chip X Dimension: This is the X range established by the external mask.
ROI: The X and Y Start, End and Binning (Group) values can be entered. The ROI can
be as large as the virtual chip area established by the external mask or a
subregion.
Load Default Values: Fills in the region of interest X and Y End values based on the
Chip X and Y Dimension entries. By default, the ROI origin is at 1,1 and the
Group values are both 1.
Download Virtual Chip Definition: Sends the virtual chip parameter values to the
controller’s non-volatile memory. If a virtual chip definition is already stored
there, you will be given an overwrite warning.
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Chapter 8
Virtual Chip Mode
109
Readout Time: Reported readout time that will result with the current virtual-chip
parameter values.
Exposure Time: Reported current exposure time that will result with the value entered
in the Experiment Setup dialog box.
Shutter Compensation Time: Reported value; depends on selected shutter type.
Close: Closes Virtual Chip dialog box.
Tips
¤ If mechanical masking is used, the mask can be a static one (fixed dimensions) in
which case, multiple masks should be made to accommodate a variety of imaging
conditions. Alternatively, a more flexible mask can be manufactured by taking two
thin metal sheets with a square hole the size of the exposed region of the CCD cut in
the center. This would be 512 × 512 pixels at 15 microns per pixel = 7.68 mm ×
7.68 mm for the MicroMAX. These masks should be anodized black to prevent
reflections in the optical system and they should be very flat. These two sheets can
then be slid relative to one another to achieve any rectangular shape required. The
sheets should be placed flat in the optical plane and their openings should be centered
on the optical axis. Ideally they should be able to move with an accuracy of 2-3
pixels per step (30-45 microns) in the X and Y directions.
Consult the factory for off-the-shelf optical masking accessories
¤ Running the camera in Free Run mode with 0.0 msec exposure time will result in the
fastest acquisition time. Under these conditions, the acquisition time is limited by the
readout time of the ROI (exposure time ≡ readout time).
¤ When you return the system to "Normal" chip mode (radio button on Virtual Chip
dialog box), you should also open the Experiment Setup dialog box at the ROI Setup
tab card and click on the ClearAll button to clear the ROI setup downloaded for
Virtual Chip operation.
¤ If frame acquisition appears to be slow in Focus mode, check the Frames/Interrupt
value on the Environment dialog box and reset the value to 1 if it is greater than 1.
¤ When processing large stacks of data, you may want to use a third-party scientific
image processing package.
Due to CCD design, you may see some edge artifacts when acquiring data from the entire
virtual chip. Crop these artifacts by defining an ROI that is slightly smaller than the
virtual chip dimensions.
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Chapter 9
Troubleshooting
WARNING! Do not attach or remove any cables while the MicroMAX system is powered on.
Introduction
The following issues have corresponding troubleshooting sections in this chapter.
Baseline Signal Suddenly Changes
Camera Stops Working
Page 112
Page 112
Page 114
Page 114
Page 116
Page 116
Camera1 (or similar name) in Camera Name field
Changing the ST-133's Line Voltage and Fuses
Controller is Not Responding
Cooling Troubleshooting
Data Loss or Serial Violation
Data Overrun Due to Hardware Conflict message
Data Overrun Has Occurred message
Demo is only Choice on Hardware Wizard:Interface dialog
(Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)
Wizard:Interface dialog (Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)
Detector Temperature, Acquire, and Focus are Grayed Out
(Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)
Error Creating Controller message
Error Occurs at Computer Powerup
Page 121
Page 121
Page 124
No CCD Named in the Hardware Wizard:CCD dialog
(Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)
Program Error message
Page 124
Page 128
Page 128
Removing/Installing a Plug-In Module
Securing the Detector-Controller Cable Slide Latch
Serial violations have occurred. Check interface cable.
Shutter Malfunctions
111
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Baseline Signal Suddenly Changes
If you observe a sudden change in the baseline signal, you may have excessive humidity in
the vacuum enclosure of the camera. Turn off the controller and have the camera repumped
before resuming normal operation. Contact the factory Technical Support Dept. for
information on how to refresh the vacuum. See page 164 for contact information.
Camera Stops Working
Problems with the host computer system or software may have side effects that appear to
be hardware problems. If you are sure the problem is in the camera system hardware,
begin with these simple checks:
•
•
Turn off all AC power.
Verify that all cables are securely fastened and that all locking screws are in
place.
•
Check for a burned-out fuse in the Controller power module. For information
on page 113.
•
•
Correct any apparent problems and turn the system on.
If you hear 2 clicks separated by 1 second (shutter opening then closing), the
shutter is working. Call Princeton Instruments Customer Service for further
instructions.
If the system still does not respond, contact Princeton Instruments Customer Support.
Camera1 (or similar name) in Camera Name field
Figure 61. Camera1 in Camera Name Field
When a PVCAM-based camera is detected/selected during the Camera Detection wizard
(formerly the Hardware Setup wizard), a default name such as Camera1 will be shown in
the Detected Hardware table and will be entered in the Camera Name field on the
Setup|Hardware|Controller/CCD tab page. Because this name is not particularly
descriptive, you may want to change it. Such a change is made by editing the
PVCAM.INI file that is generated by Camera Detection wizard (or by the RSConfig.exe
if you have a software version 2.5.19.0 or earlier).
To change the default Camera Name:
1. Using Notepad or a similar text editor, open PVCAM.INI, which is located in
the Windows directory (C:\WINNT, for example). You should see entries like
the ones that follow.
[Camera_1]
Type=1
Name=Camera1
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Troubleshooting
113
Driver=apausb.sys
Port=0
ID=523459
2. Change the "Name=" entry to something more meaningful for you (for example,
ST133USB - to indicate that this is a PVCAM-based system using an ST-133
with a USB 2.0 interface) and save the edited file.
[Camera_1]
Type=1
Name=ST133USB
Driver=apausb.sys
Port=0
ID=523459
3. The new camera name will now appear in the Camera Name field.
Changing the ST-133's Line Voltage and Fuses
The appropriate voltage setting for your country is set at the factory and can be seen on
the back of the power module. If your voltage source changes, you will need to change
the voltage setting and you may need to change the fuse configuration.
WARNING!
WARNING!
Use proper fuse values and types for the controller and detector to be properly protected.
To Change Voltage and Fuse Configuration:
Before opening the power module, turn the Controller OFF and unplug the powercord.
1. As shown in Figure 62, place the flat
side of a flat bladed screwdriver
parallel to the back of the Controller
and behind the small tab at the top of
the power module, and twist the
Selector Drum
screwdriver slowly but firmly to pop
~
120Vac
the module open.
Fuse Holders
2. To change the voltage setting, roll the
selector drum until the setting that is
closest to the actual line voltage is
facing outwards.
Figure 62. Power Input Module
Figure 63. Fuse Holder
3. Confirm the fuse ratings by removing
the two white fuse holders. To do so,
simply insert the flat blade of the
screwdriver behind the front tab of each
fuse holder and gently pry the assembly
out.
4. Refer to the Fuse/Voltage label (above or below the Power Module) to see which
fuses are required by the selected voltage. If Controller power switch is on the back
of the ST-133, the Fuse/Voltage label is located below the Power Module.
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5. After inspecting and if necessary, changing the fuses to those required by the selected
voltage, reinstall the holders with the arrow facing to the right.
6. Close the power module and verify that the correct voltage setting is displayed.
7. Verify that the Controller power switch is in the OFF position and then plug the
powercord back into the power module.
Controller Is Not Responding
If this message pops up when you click on OK after selecting the "Interface Type" during
Hardware Setup (under the WinView/32 Setup menu), the system has not been able to
communicate with the Controller. Check to see if Controller has been turned ON and if
the interface card, its driver, and the interface cable have been installed.
•
If the Controller is ON, the problem may be with the interface card, its driver,
interrupt or address conflicts, or the cable connections.
•
If the interface card is not installed, close WinView/32 and turn the Controller
OFF. Follow the interface card installation instructions in provided with your
interface card and cable the card to the SERIAL COM port on the rear of the
Controller. Then do a "Custom" installation of WinView/32 with the appropriate
interface component selected: "PCI Interface" or "ISA Interface", depending on
the interface card type. Be sure to deselect the interface component that does not
apply to your system.
Note: WinView/32 (versions 2.6.0 and higher) do not support the ISA interface.
•
•
If the interface card is installed in the computer and is cabled to the SERIAL
COM port on the rear of the Controller, close WinView/32 and turn the
Controller OFF. Check the cable connections and tighten the locking screws if
the connections are loose.
If the interface card was installed after WinView/32 has been installed, close
WinView/32 and do a "Custom" installation of WinView/32 with the appropriate
interface component selected: "PCI Interface" or "ISA Interface", depending on
the interface card type. Be sure to deselect the interface component that does not
apply to your system.
Note: WinView/32 (versions 2.6.0 and higher) do not support the ISA interface.
Cooling Troubleshooting
Temperature Lock cannot be Achieved or Maintained.
Possible causes could include:
•
•
The vacuum has deteriorated and needs to be refreshed.
The connectors of the cable that interconnects the controller and the camera need to
be secured.
•
The target array temperature is not appropriate for your particular camera and CCD
array.
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Chapter 9
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115
•
For a TE-cooled camera, the camera's internal temperature may be too high, such as
might occur if the operating environment is particularly warm or if you are
attempting to operate at a temperature colder than the specified limit. TE-cooled
detectors are equipped with a thermal-protection switch that shuts the cooler circuits
down if the internal temperature exceeds a preset limit. Typically, camera operation
is restored automatically in about ten minutes. Although the thermo-protection switch
will protect the camera, you are nevertheless advised to power down and correct the
operating conditions that caused the thermal-overload to occur.
Detector loses Temperature Lock
The internal temperature of the camera is too high. This might occur if the operating
environment is particularly warm or if you are trying to operate at a temperature colder
than the specified limit. If this happens, an internal thermal overload switch will disable
the cooler circuits to protect them. Typically, camera operation is restored in about ten
minutes. Although the thermal overload switch will protect the camera, users are advised
to power down and correct the operating conditions that caused the thermal overload to
occur. With some versions of the software, the indicated temperature when the camera is
in thermal overload (thermal switch is in the cut-out state) is -120° C.
Gradual Deterioration of Cooling Capability
With time, there will be a gradual deterioration of the camera’s vacuum. This, in turn,
will eventually affect temperature performance and it may no longer be possible to
achieve temperature lock at the lowest temperatures. In the kind of low-light applications
for which cooled CCD detectors are so well suited, it is highly desirable to maintain the
system’s temperature performance because lower temperatures provide less thermal noise
and better signal-to-noise ratio.
Vacuum deterioration occurs primarily as a result of outgassing of components in the
vacuum chamber. Because outgassing normally diminishes with time, the rate of vacuum
deterioration in new detectors will be faster than in old ones. When the camera no longer
maintains an acceptable cold temperature, contact the factory Technical Support Dept. to
make arrangements for returning the camera to have the vacuum restored. See page 164
for contact information.
Do not open the vacuum valve under any circumstances. Opening the vacuum valve will
void your warranty.
WARNING!
Data Loss or Serial Violation
You may experience either or both of these conditions if the host computer has been set
up with Power Saving features enabled. This is particularly true for power saving with
regard to the hard drive. Make sure that Power Saving features are disabled while you are
running WinView/32.
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Data Overrun Due to Hardware Conflict message
Figure 64. Data Overrun Due to Hardware Conflict dialog box
If this dialog box appears when you try to acquire a test image, acquire data, or run in
focus mode, check the CCD array size and then check the DMA buffer size. You may
need to increase the DMA setting.
To change the DMA buffer setting:
1. Note the array size (on the Setup|Hardware|Controller/CCD tab page or the
Acquisition|Experiment Setup|Main tab page Full Chip dimensions).
2. Open Setup|Environment|Environment dialog box.
3. Increase the DMA buffer size to a minimum of 32 Mb (64 Mb if it is currently
32 Mb or 128 Mb if it is currently 64 Mb), click on OK, and close the WinX
application.
4. Reboot your computer.
5. Restart the WinX application and begin acquiring data or focusing. If you see
the message again, increase the DMA buffer size.
Data Overrun Has Occurred message
Because of memory constraints and the way that USB transfers data, a "Data overrun has
occurred" message may be displayed during data acquisition. If this message is displayed,
take one or more of the following actions:
1. Minimize the number of programs running in the background while you are
acquiring data with the WinX application.
2. Run data acquisition in Safe Mode.
3. Add memory.
4. Use binning.
5. Increase the exposure time.
6. Defragment the hard disk.
USB 2.0 Driver", page 32.
If the problem persists, your application may be USB 2.0 bus limited. Since the host
computer controls the USB 2.0 bus, there may be situations where the host computer
interrupts the USB 2.0 port. In most cases, the interrupt will go unnoticed by the user.
However, there are some instances when the data overrun cannot be overcome because
USB 2.0 bus limitations combined with long data acquisition times and/or large data sets
increase the possibility of an interrupt while data is being acquired. If your experiment
requirements include long data acquisition times and/or large data sets, your application may
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Chapter 9
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117
not be suitable for the USB 2.0 interface. Therefore, we recommend replacement of the
USB 2.0 interface module with our TAXI interface module and Princeton Instruments
(RSPI) PCI card. If this is not the case and data overruns continue to occur, contact Technical
Support (see page 164 for contact information).
Demo is only Choice on Hardware Wizard:Interface dialog
(Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)
If RSConfig.exe has not been run and there is not an installed Princeton Instruments (RSPI)
high speed PCI card, the Hardware Wizard will only present the choice "Demo" in the
Interface dialog box (Figure 65). Clicking on Next presents an "Error Creating Controller.
Error=129." message, clicking on OK presents "The Wizard Can Not Continue Without a
Valid Selection!" message, clicking on OK presents the Interface dialog box again.
Figure 65. Hardware Wizard: Interface dialog box
At this point, you will need to exit WinView and run the RSConfig.exe program, which
creates a file called PVCAM.INI. This file contains information required to identify the
interface/camera and is referenced by the Hardware Wizard when you are setting up
WinView/32 with USB for the first time:
1. If you have not already done so, close WinView/32.
2. Make sure the ST-133 is connected to the host computer and that it is turned on.
3. Run RSConfig from the Windows|Start|Programs|PI Acton menu or from the
directory where you installed WinView.
4. When the RSConfig dialog box (Figure 66) appears, you can change the camera
name to one that is more specific or you can keep the default name "Camera1".
When you have finished, click on the Done button.
Figure 66. RSConfig dialog box
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5. You should now be able to open WinView and, from Setup|Hardware…, run
the Hardware Wizard.
6. When the PVCAM dialog box (Figure 67) is displayed, click in the Yes radio
button, click on Next and continue through the Wizard. After the Wizard is finished,
the Controller/Camera tab card will be displayed with the Use PVCAM checkbox
selected. You should now be able to set up experiments and acquire data.
Figure 67. Hardware Wizard: PVCAM dialog box
Demo, High Speed PCI, and PCI(Timer) are Choices on Hardware
Wizard:Interface dialog (Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)
If there is an installed Princeton Instruments (RSPI) high speed PCI card in the host computer
and you want to operate a camera using the USB 2.0 interface, the PVCAM.INI file (created
by RSConfig.exe) must exist and the USB 2.0 supported camera must be [Camera_1].
PVCAM.INI, which contains information required to identify the interface/camera, is
referenced by the Hardware Wizard when you are setting up WinView/32 with USB for the
first time. If the Wizard did not find a PVCAM.INI file or if RSConfig.exe was run but the
USB 2.0 camera is [Camera_2] in the PVCAM.INI file, "Demo", "High Speed PCI", and
"PCI(Timer)" will be selectable from the Wizard's Interface dialog box.
Figure 68. Hardware Wizard: Interface dialog box
At this point, you will need to run the RSConfig.exe program:
1. If you have not already done so, close WinView/32.
2. Make sure the ST-133 is connected to the host computer and that it is turned on.
3. Run RSConfig from the Windows|Start|Programs|PI Acton menu or from the
directory where you installed WinView.
4. When the RSConfig dialog box (Figure 69) appears, you can change the camera
name to one that is more specific or you can keep the default name "Camera2".
When you have finished, click on the Done button.
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Figure 69. RSConfig dialog box: Two Camera Styles
5. Using Notepad or a similar text editor, open PVCAM.INI, which is located in
the Windows directory (C:\WINNT, for example).
If the contents of the file look like: Change the headings so the contents now look like:
[Camera_1]
Type=1
[Camera_2]
Type=1
Name=Camera1
Driver=rspipci.sys
Port=0
Name=Camera1
Driver=rspipci.sys
Port=0
[Camera_1]
Type=1
[Camera_2]
Type=1
Name=Camera2
Driver=apausb.sys
Port=0
Name=Camera2
Driver=apausb.sys
Port=0
Note: The [Camera_#] must be changed so the camera supported by the USB
interface will be recognized (the USB driver is "apausb.sys"). For consistency,
you may also want to change the camera names.
6. Save the file. With the ST-133 connected and on, open WinView/32.
7. Run the Hardware Wizard.
8. When the PVCAM dialog box (Figure 70) is displayed, click in the Yes radio
button, click on Next and continue through the Wizard. After the Wizard is
finished, the Controller/Camera tab card will be displayed with the Use
PVCAM checkbox selected. You should now be able to acquire data.
Figure 70. Hardware Wizard: PVCAM dialog box
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Detector Temperature, Acquire, and Focus are Grayed Out
(Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)
These functions and others will be deactivated if you have installed a camera being run under
USB 2.0 and have opened WinView/32 without having first turned on the ST-133. They will
also be deactivated if you have installed a camera being run under USB 2.0 and a Princeton
Instruments high speed PCI card was also detected when RSConfig.exe was run.
1. Check to see if the ST-133 is connected to the host computer and is turned on. If
it is not connected or is connected but not turned on, go to Step 2. If it is
connected and on, go to Step 3.
2. Close WinView, verify that the ST-133 is connected to the host computer, turn
on the ST-133, and reopen WinView. The formerly grayed out functions should
now be available.
3. If the ST-133 is connected and on, the USB 2.0 camera may not be listed as
Camera 1 in the PVCAM.INI file.
4. Run RSConfig.exe (accessible from the Windows|Start|Programs|PI Acton
menu). If the USB 2.0 camera is listed as Camera 2 (Princeton Style (USB2) in
Figure 71), you will have to edit the PVCAM.INI file.
Figure 71. RSConfig dialog box: Two Camera Styles
5. Using Notepad or a similar text editor, open PVCAM.INI, which is located in
the Windows directory (C:\WINNT, for example).
If the contents of the file look like: Change the headings so the contents now look like:
[Camera_1]
Type=1
[Camera_2]
Type=1
Name=Camera1
Driver=rspipci.sys
Port=0
Name=Camera1
Driver=rspipci.sys
Port=0
[Camera_1]
Type=1
[Camera_2]
Type=1
Name=Camera2
Driver=apausb.sys
Port=0
Name=Camera2
Driver=apausb.sys
Port=0
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Note: The [Camera_#] must be changed so the camera supported by the USB
interface will be recognized (the USB driver is "apausb.sys"). For consistency,
you may also want to change the camera names.
6. Save the file. With the ST-133 connected and on, open WinView/32. The
formerly grayed out functions should now be available.
Error Creating Controller message
This message may be displayed if you are using the USB 2.0 interface and have not run
the RSConfig.exe program (see previous topic), if the PVCAM.INI file has been
corrupted, or if the ST-133 was not turned on before you started WinView/32 and began
running the Hardware Wizard.
Figure 72. Error Creating Controller dialog box
Error 129: Indicates that the problem is with the PVCAM.INI file. Close WinView/32,
run RSConfig, make sure the ST-133 is on, reopen WinView, and begin running the
Hardware Wizard.
Error 183: Indicates that the ST-133 is off. If you are running the Hardware Wizard
when this message appears, click on OK, turn on the ST-133, and, on the PVCAM
dialog box, make sure Yes is selected and then click on Next. The Hardware Wizard
should continue to the Controller Type dialog box.
Error Occurs at Computer Powerup
If an error occurs at boot up, either the interface card is not installed properly or there is
an address or interrupt conflict. Turn off the computer, reinstall the interface card (make
sure it is firmly seated), and reboot the system.
If an error occurs while you are using the WinView/32 program, check the interface
selection on the Hardware Setup|Interface tab page (WinView/32). If the current choice
is "High Speed PCI", change the selection to "PCI(Timer)". If the problem goes away,
you can either correct the interrupt conflict or you can continue using PCI(Timer) for
data transfer (data transfer is controlled by a polling timer rather than interrupts). Note
that data transfer can be slower in PCI(Timer) mode on slower computers.
Conflicts
One of the many advantages that PCI offers over ISA is that the whole issue of address and
interrupt assignments is user transparent and under BIOS control. As a result, users typically
do not have to be concerned about jumpers or switches when installing a PCI card. Nothing
more should be required than to plug in the card, make the connections, and operate the
system. As it turns out, however, in certain situations conflicts may nevertheless occur and
user intervention will be required to resolve them.
Typical PCI motherboards have both ISA and PCI slots and will have both PCI and ISA
cards installed. In the case of the ISA cards, the I/O address and Interrupt assignments
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will have been made by the user and the BIOS will not know which addresses and
interrupts have been user assigned. When a PCI card is installed, the BIOS checks for
available addresses and interrupt levels and automatically assigns them so that there are
no PCI address or interrupt conflicts. However, because the BIOS doesn't know about the
user-assigned ISA I/O address and interrupt level assignments, it is possible that a PCI
card will be assigned an address or interrupt that is already assigned to an ISA card. If
this happens, improper operation will result. Specifically, the problems could range from
erratic operation under specific conditions to complete system failure. If such a conflict
occurs, because the user has no control over the PCI address and interrupt assignments,
there will be no recourse but to examine the ISA assignments and change them to values
which do not conflict. Most (but by no means all) ISA cards make provision for selecting
alternative I/O addresses and interrupt levels so that conflicts can be resolved. Software is
available to help identify specific conflicts.
The following example may serve to illustrate the problem. Suppose you had a system with
an ISA network card, a PCI video card and an ISA sound card. Further suppose that you
were then going to install a PCI Serial Buffer card. Before installing the PCI Serial card, the
I/O address and interrupt assignments for the installed cards might be as follows.
Slot Type
1 (ISA)
2 (PCI)
Status
I/O Address
Interrupt
ISA Network Card 200-210
11
15
9
PCI Video Card
ISA Sound Card
Empty
FF00-FFFF
3 (ISA)
4 (PCI)
300-304
N/A
N/A
Table 15. I/O Address & Interrupt Assignments
before Installing Serial Card
As shown, there are no conflicts, allowing the three peripheral cards to operate properly.
If the PCI Serial card were then installed, the BIOS would interrogate the PCI cards and
may reassign them new address and interrupt values as follows.
Slot Type
1 (ISA)
2 (PCI)
Status
ISA Network Card
PCI Video Card
ISA Sound Card
I/O Address(s)
200-210
Interrupt
11
FE00-FEFF
300-304
11
9
3 (ISA)
4 (PCI)
Princeton Instruments
(RSPI) PCI Serial Card
FF80-FFFF
15
Table 16. I/O Address & Interrupt Assignments
after Installing Serial Card
As indicated, there is now an interrupt conflict between the ISA Network Card and the
PCI Video card (both cards have been assigned Interrupt 11), causing the computer to no
longer function normally. This doesn't mean that the PCI Serial card is defective because
the computer stops functioning properly when the Serial card is installed. What it does
mean is that there is an interrupt conflict that can be resolved by changing the interrupt
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level on the conflicting Network card in this example. It is up to the user to consult the
documentation for any ISA cards to determine how to make the necessary change.
Note: Changing the order of the PCI cards, that is, plugging them into different slots,
could change the address and interrupt assignments and possibly resolve the conflict.
However, this would be a trial and error process with no guarantee of success.
Diagnostics Software
Many diagnostics programs, both shareware and commercial, are available to help
resolve conflicts. Most often, all that's required is a program that will read and report the
address and interrupt assignments for each PCI device in the computer. One such
program available from Princeton Instruments' Technical Support department is called
PCICHECK. When the program is run, it reports the address and interrupt assignments
for the first PCI device it finds. Each time the spacebar is pressed, it moves on to the next
one and reports the address and interrupt assignments for that one as well. In a few
moments this information can be obtained for every PCI device in the computer. Note
that, even though there are generally only three PCI slots, the number of PCI devices
reported may be larger because some PCI devices may be built onto the motherboard. A
good strategy for using the program would be to run it before installing the PCI Serial
card. Then run it again after installing the card and note any address or interrupt
assignments that may have changed. This will allow you to easily focus on the ones that
may be in conflict with address or interrupt assignments on ISA cards. It might be noted
that there are many programs, such as the MSD program supplied by Microsoft, that are
designed to read and report address and interrupt assignments, including those on ISA
cards. Many users have had mixed results at best using these programs.
Operation
There are no operating considerations that are unique to the PCI Serial card. The card can
easily accept data as fast as any Princeton Instruments system now available can send it.
The incoming data is temporarily stored in the card’s memory, and then transferred to the
main computer memory when the card gains access to the bus. The PCI bus arbitration
scheme assures that, as long as every PCI card conforms to the PCI guidelines, the on-
board memory will never overflow.
Unfortunately, there are some PCI peripheral cards that do not fully conform to the PCI
guidelines and that take control of the bus for longer periods than the PCI specification
allows. Certain video cards (particularly those that use the S3 video chip) are notorious in
this respect. Usually you will be able to recognize when memory overflow occurs
because the displayed video will assume a split-screen appearance and/or the message
Hardware Conflict will be displayed (WinView/32). At the same time, the LED on the
upper edge of the PCI Serial card will light.
Users are thus advised not to take any actions that would worsen the possibility of
memory overflow occurring when taking data. In that regard, avoid multitasking while
taking data. Specific operations to avoid include multitasking (pressing ALT TAB or
ALT ESC to start another program), or running a screensaver program.
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No CCD Named in the Hardware Wizard:CCD dialog
(Versions 2.5.19.0 and earlier)
Figure 73. Hardware Wizard: Detector/Camera/CCD dialog box
If you have installed a USB 2.0 Interface Module in your ST-133, a blank field may be
displayed in the Detector/Camera/CCD dialog box (Figure 73) if the ST-133 controller
was made before January 2001. Earlier versions of the ST-133 did not contain non-
volatile RAM (NVRAM), which is programmed with information about the controller
and the camera. PVCAM, the program under which the Princeton Instruments USB
works, retrieves the information stored in NVRAM so it can enter specific camera
characteristics into WinView/32.
Check the serial label on underside of your controller. If the first five characters are
D1200 (December 2000) or earlier (J0797 or July 1997, for example), contact Customer
Support to find out about an NVRAM controller upgrade.
Program Error message
Figure 74. Program Error dialog box
This dialog may appear if you have tried to acquire a test image, acquire data, or run in
focusing mode and the DMA buffer size is too small.
To correct the problem:
1. Click on OK.
2. Reboot the WinX application.
3. Note the array size (on the Setup|Hardware|Controller/CCD tab page or the
Acquisition|Experiment Setup|Main tab page Full Chip dimensions). If your
camera contains a large array (such as a 2048x2048 array), and the DMA buffer
size is too small, there will not be enough space in memory for the data set.
4. Open Setup|Environment|Environment dialog box.
5. Increase the DMA buffer size to a minimum of 32 Mb (64 Mb if it is currently
32 Mb or 128 Mb if it is currently 64 Mb), click on OK, and close the WinX
application.
6. Reboot your computer.
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7. Restart the WinX application and begin acquiring data or focusing. If you see the
message again, increase the DMA buffer size.
Removing/Installing a Plug-In Module
The ST-133 Controller has three plug-in slots. The Analog/Control module (leftmost slot
when the controller is viewed from the rear) and the Interface Control module (either a
TAXI or a USB 2.0 compatible module in the middle slot) are always provided. For
MicroMAX systems, the third slot is covered with a blank panel.
If a module is ever removed for any reason, internal settings should not be disturbed.
Changing a setting could radically alter the controller’s performance. Restoring normal
operation again without proper equipment and guidance would be very difficult, and it
might be necessary to return the unit to the factory for recalibration.
1. Always turn the Controller OFF before removing or installing a module. If a
module is removed or installed when the controller is powered, permanent
equipment damage could occur which would not be covered by the warranty.
WARNING!
2. Before handling any boards, take precautions to prevent electrostatic discharge
(ESD). The modules are susceptible to ESD damage. Damage caused by
improper handling is not covered by the Warranty.
Washer
Screw
Side of
ST-133
Figure 75. Module Installation
To Remove a Module:
1. Verify that the Controller has been turned OFF.
2. Rotate the two locking screws (one at the top of the module and one at the bottom)
counterclockwise until they release from the chassis.
3. Then, grasp the module and pull it straight out.
4. Set the module aside in a safe place. If you are replacing it with another module, as in
the case of exchanging a TAXI module with a USB 2.0 module, you may be able to
use the packaging from the new module to store the module being replaced. This
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packaging is usually an antistatic bag that will protect the module components from
electrostatic discharge.
To Install a Module:
Installing a module is a bit more complex because you first have to be sure the locking
screws are aligned correctly. The following procedure is suggested.
1. Verify that the Controller has been turned OFF.
2. Remove the replacement module from its antistatic packaging. This packaging is
designed to protect the module components from electrostatic discharge.
3. Rotate the two locking screws counterclockwise until the threads on the screws
engage those of the module panel. See Figure 75. By doing this, the screws will
be perfectly perpendicular to the module panel and will align perfectly when the
module is inserted.
4. Insert the module so that the top and bottom edges of the board are riding in the
proper guides.
5. Gently but firmly push the module in until the 64-pin DIN connector at the back
of the module mates with the corresponding connector on the backplane, leaving
the module panel resting against the controller back panel.
6. Rotate the two locking screws clockwise. As the screws are rotated, they will first
disengage from the module panel threads, and then begin to engage those of the
bracket behind the controller panel.
Tighten the screws to where they are just snug. Do not tighten them any further because
you could easily bend the mating bracket.
WARNING!
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Securing the Detector-Controller Cable Slide Latch
Some Princeton Instruments Detector-Controller cables use a slide latch to secure the
Detector-Controller cable to the DETECTOR connector on the back of the ST-133.
Incorrectly plugging this cable into the connector and improperly securing the slide latch
may prevent communication with the MicroMAX (the camera may appear to stop working).
1. Before trying to plug in the cable, slide the latch up (toward Pin 1). Then, plug the
cable into the DETECTOR connector on the ST-133.
2. Slide the latch down. You may hear a click when the latch locks.
3. Verify that the connector is fully secured.
If you are having trouble sliding the latch, slightly pull the connector out and then slide
the latch into its locked position.
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Serial violations have occurred. Check interface cable.
Figure 76. Serial Violations Have Occurred dialog box
This error message dialog will appear if you try to acquire an image or focus the camera
and either (or both) of the following conditions exists:
•
•
The camera system is not turned ON.
There is no communication between the camera and the host computer.
To correct the problem:
1. Turn OFF the camera system (if it is not already OFF).
2. Make sure the Detector-Controller cable is secured at both ends and that the
computer interface cable is secured at both ends.
3. After making sure that the cables are connected, turn the camera system power
ON.
4. Click OK on the error message dialog and retry acquiring an image or running in
focus mode.
Note: This error message will also be displayed if you turn the camera system OFF or a
cable comes loose while the application software is running in Focus mode.
Shutter Malfunctions
•
Verify that the correct shutter setting has been selected on the rear of the
•
If you are using a 25 mm remote-mounted shutter and it suddenly stops
running, its built-in thermal interlock may have been triggered. Stop the
experiment and wait. The shutter should resume functioning when it has
cooled down sufficiently, typically within an hour. Avoid repeating the
conditions (such as high repetition rate) that lead to the shutter overheating,
or take breaks between data collections.
•
If the shutter no longer operates at all, sticks open or closed causing
overexposed or smeared images, or a shutter leaf has broken and no longer
actuates, contact the factory to arrange for a shutter-replacement repair.
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Appendix A
Specifications
CCD Arrays
Spectral Range
Typically: 370-900 for MicroMAX:512BFT
350-1000 for MicroMAX:1024B and 1024BFT
400-1000 for MicroMAX:782Y and 782YHS
430-1050 for MicroMAX:512FT, 1024, and 1024FT
300-1080 for MicroMAX:1300Y, 1300YHS, and 1300YHS-DIF
Types
The following list is not necessarily current. Other chips may also be available. Contact
the factory for up-to-date information.
CCD (WinView/32 Pixel Format Pixel Size
Name)
CCD Type
Model
512FT
EEV CCD57-10
(EEV 512×512 FT
CCD57)
512 × 512
13 × 13 µm
100 kHz/1 MHz,
Front-illuminated, Frame
transfer
512BFT
EEV CCD57-10
(EEV 512×512 FT
CCD57)
512 × 512
13 × 13 µm
100 kHz/1 MHz,
Back-illuminated, Frame
transfer
782Y
1024
Sony ICX075
(PID 582×782)
782 × 582
8.3 × 8.3 µm
13 × 13 µm
1 MHz, Interline
EEV 47-10
(EEV 1024×1024
CCD47_10)
1024 × 1024
100 kHz/1 MHz,
Front-illuminated,
Full-frame
1024B
EEV 47-10
(EEV 1024×1024
CCD47_10)
1024 × 1024
1024 × 1024
1024 × 1024
1300 × 1030
13 × 13 µm
13 × 13 µm
13 × 13 µm
6.7 × 6.7 µm
100 kHz/1 MHz,
Back-illuminated, Full-
frame
1024FT
1024BFT
1300Y
EEV 47-20
(EEV 1024×1024FT
CCD47_20)
100 kHz/1 MHz,
Front-illuminated,
Frame transfer
EEV 47-20
(EEV 1024×1024FT
CCD47_20)
100 kHz/1 MHz,
Back-illuminated,
Frame transfer
Sony ICX061
1 MHz, Interline
(PID 1030×1300)
Table 17. MicroMAX Model and CCD Types Cross Reference
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Temperature Control
Setting Mechanism: Temperature is set by the application software.
Display: The actual temperature can be displayed at the computer by the application
software.
Range: At 25° ambient, the MicroMAX camera will typically lock to:
•
•
-15°C with passive cooling and with the camera under vacuum.
-30°C with the accessory fan installed and under vacuum.
Time to Lock: At 25° ambient, <10 minutes (typical) to temperature lock at -15° C
Control Precision: ±0.050°C over entire temperature range
Cooling
Passive: CCD array cooled by Peltier device. Heat is radiated away by cooling fins on
body of the round head camera.
Supplemental Air Cooling: The rectangular head camera has an internal fan that
draws air in from the vents in the camera shell, circulates it past the internal cooling fins,
and then exhausts the warmed air back into the atmosphere.
Mounting
Camera: There are four ¼″ x 20 UNC 3/8″ deep threaded holes on the body of the
camera to facilitate mounting.
Lens: Camera will accept either “C-mount” (threaded) or “F-mount” (bayonet) lenses,
according to the mount specified at time of order.
Microscope: Adapters are available for mounting to most research microscopes. See
Chapter 4 for more information.
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Appendix A
Specifications
131
Shutters
The round head camera does not have an internal shutter. The rectangular head camera is
supplied with either a 25 mm internal shutter (C-mount) or a 35 mm internal shutter
(F-mount).* The Shutter Compensation times listed below are based on the values used
by the WinView/32 program.
Shutter
Shutter Comp. Time
200 nsec
None
Electronic
6.0 msec
Remote (Princeton Instruments supplied 23 mm, typically a slit
shutter)
8.0 msec
Small (Princeton Instruments supplied 25 mm)
Large (Princeton Instruments supplied 35 mm)
8.0 msec
28.0 msec
Table 18. Shutter Compensation Times
Inputs
EXT SYNC: TTL input (BNC) to allow data acquisition to be synchronized with
external events. Sense can be positive or negative going as set in software.
Synchronization and Trigger Modes are discussed in Chapter 6.
Outputs
VIDEO: 1 V pk-pk from 75 Ω, BNC connector. Either RS-170 (EIA) or CCIR standard
video as specified when system was ordered. Requires connection via 75 Ω cable that
must be terminated into 75 Ω.
: TTL output (BNC) for monitoring detector status. Logic output is software-
selectable as either NOT SCAN or SHUTTER. When the logic output is NOT SCAN, it is
at a TTL low when CCD is being read; otherwise high. When the logic output is
SHUTTER, the output precisely brackets shutter-open time (exclusive of shutter
compensation) and can be used to control an external shutter or to inhibit a pulser or
timing generator. Default selection is SHUTTER.
: TTL output (BNC); marks start of first exposure. When run is initiated,
remains high until completion of cleaning cycles preceding first exposure, then goes low
and remains low for duration of run.
SERIAL COM: Data link to computer via proprietary cable connected to this 9-pin "D"
connector. Cable lengths to 165 feet (50 m) available.
USB 2.0: Data link to computer via USB cable inserted at this connector. Cable length
of 5 meters is standard. Other lengths may be available. Contact Customer Service for
more information.
*
The 35 mm shutter requires a controller having the 70 V shutter drive modification.
Controllers having this option cannot be used with cameras with the 25 mm shutter.
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Programmable Interface
TTL I/O at DB25 connector. Eight input bits and eight output bits are provided for
information.
A/D Converter
Converter range: 12 bits
Readout Rate: Fast, 1 MHz (alternatively 500 kHz); Slow, 100 kHz. Contact factory
for information on other A/D converters.
Linearity: better than 1%.
Readout noise: 1-1.3 counts RMS on standard systems
Exposure (integration time): 5 msec to 23 hours (full frame or frame transfer)
Computer Requirements
The MicroMAX is most commonly used with a Pentium computer configured as follows.
Type: Any Pentium (or better) PC having a free slot for the Serial Buffer card (PCI is
standard; other types may be available).
Memory (RAM): Minimum of 32 Mbytes; possibly more depending on experiment
design and size of CCD Array.
Operating System: Windows 95/ME/2000/XP or Windows NT for WinView/32.
Windows 3.1 required for 16- bit versions of WinView.
Interface: PCI High-Speed Serial I/O card is standard. Other types may be available.
Contact factory for information.
Note: Macintosh II support may be available. Contact factory for details.
Miscellaneous
Dimensions: See Appendix B.
Camera Weight:
Round Head: 3 lb max (1.58 kg) for C-mount; 3.5 lb (1.35 kg) max for F-mount,
Rectangular Head: 7 lb (3.2 kg) max for C-mount; 7 lb (3.2 kg) max for F-mount,
Controller Weight: 12 lb (5.4 kg) max
Power Requirements: Nominally 100,120, 220 or 240 VAC, 47-63 Hz, 200 watts;
required DC voltages are generated in the controller. Power to camera is applied via
controller cable.
Environmental Requirements: Storage temperature ≤50° C; Operating temperature
range over which specifications can be met is 18° C to 23° C; Relative humidity ≤50%
noncondensing.
TTL Requirements: Rise time ≤ 40 nsec, Duration ≥ 100 nsec.
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Appendix B
Outline Drawings
Detectors
C-MOUNT
(1.00-32 THREAD)
4.63
4.63
0.500
COOLING AIR INLET
TYPICAL BOTH SIDES
OPTIONAL TRIPOD
MOUNT KIT
(2550-0312)
COOLING AIR OUTLET
TYPICAL BOTH SIDES
DB-25 MALE
TO CONTROLLER
GAIN SWITCH ACCESS
2.41
3.16
2.25
0.94
1.14
ALLOW 1.5” FOR
ELECTRICAL CONNECTION
EXTERNAL SHUTTER JACK
1.54
Figure 77. Rectangular Camera Head: C-Mount
133
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F-MOUNT
(2 3/8” - 20 THREAD
NIKON ADAPTER SHOWN
4.63
4.63
NIKON
F-MOUNT
0.50
COOLING AIR INLET
TYPICAL BOTH SIDES
COOLING AIR OUTLET
TYPICAL BOTH SIDES
OPTIONAL TRIPOD
MOUNT KIT
(2550-0312)
DB-25 MALE
TO CONTROLLER
GAIN SWITCH ACCESS
3.16
0.94
1.14
EXTERNAL SHUTTER JACK
1.54
Figure 78. Rectangular Camera Head: F-Mount
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Appendix B
Outline Drawings
137
0 . 7 5
0 . 0 0
0 . 7 5
3 . 3 0
3 . 1 2
1 . 4 1
0 . 0 0
2 . 1 9
4 5 . 0 0
0 . 0 0
2 . 1 9
0 . 0 0
0 . 1 3
0 . 4 1
0 . 6 9 ( F O P L A N E )
Figure 81. 1 MHz and 100kHz/1MHz Round Head Camera: C-Mount Adapter and Shutter
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Appendix C
Repumping the Vacuum
Introduction
Round head cameras are normally shipped with a vacuum level of ~10 mTorr or better to
assure proper cooling performance and to prevent condensation from collecting on the
CCD. This condensation obscures or interferes with optical signals, and can leave behind
harmful contaminants. In time, the vacuum level could deteriorate to where achieving
temperature lock will no longer be possible. If this happens, it will be necessary to
repump the vacuum to restore normal cooling performance. Instructions for repumping
the vacuum for a 1 MHz or 100kHz/1MHz round head camera are included in this
appendix.
Do not repump the vacuum until system operation has been verified. The system must be
functioning properly before you can determine that repumping is necessary. Causes other
than vacuum loss could make it impossible to achieve temperature lock (see "Cooling
Caution
Notes:
1. To minimize outgassing, all Princeton Instruments detectors are vacuum baked at the
factory. Nevertheless, new detectors will experience a higher outgassing rate than
detectors that have been in operation for several months, and are more likely to
require repumping.
2. Users can request a nitrogen back-filled camera, which prevents condensation
without the need for pumping. If your camera was prepared this way at the factory,
no attempts at pumping should be made.
WARNING
Operating the camera without proper evacuation may result in serious or irreversible
damage from condensation. Do not operate the camera unless the vacuum chamber is
either evacuated or filled with a dry, non-corrosive gas (e.g. dry nitrogen).
Requirements
•
A laboratory-type vacuum pump capable of achieving 10 mTorr or lower.
Your vacuum system must have a trap (ideally cryogenic) placed between the camera and
the pump to prevent contamination due to backstreaming from the pump.
Caution
•
Special vacuum pumpdown connector (PN 2550-0181), as shown in Figure 85.
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Figure 85. Vacuum Connector Required for Pumping
•
Phillips screwdriver and a 3/16" nut driver, required to remove the back plate from
the camera.
Vacuum Pumpdown Procedure
The instructions that follow are for a 1 MHz or 100kHz/1 MHz round head camera only.
1. Remove the back cover of the camera (see Figure 86). It is secured by four Phillips-
head screws and by the two connector slide-latch posts, which can be removed using
a 3/16" nut driver.
Use a 3/16” nut driver
to remove these two screws
Figure 86. Removing the Back Panel
2. Push the Vacuum Connector onto the vacuum port on the back of the camera (see
Figure 87). Tighten the bottom knurled ring (the one closest to the camera body).
3. Connect the vacuum system to the open tube and begin pumping. The vacuum
equipment should first be pumped down to a reasonable level before the camera
vacuum is opened.
4. After a reasonable vacuum level is reached (~20 mTorr), turn the top knob of the
Vacuum Connector clockwise a few turns. While holding the body of the connector, pull
up on the top knurled knob until it stops (see Figure 88). This opens the camera to the
vacuum system, and a change in vacuum pressure in the system should be observed.
5. Pump down to 10 mTorr or as close as possible. Overnight pumping may be required.
6. When this level has been achieved, push the top knob all the way in until it stops.
The vacuum block is now sealed. Turn the same knob counterclockwise several
turns, to free the plug from the Vacuum Connector.
7. Remove the vacuum system from the Vacuum Connector. While turning the top knob
counterclockwise, remove the Vacuum Connector from the camera. Replace the back
cover.
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Appendix D
Spectrometer Adapters
Princeton Instruments offers a variety of spectrometer adapters for rectangular head
(NTE) MicroMAX systems. The mounting instructions for these adapters are organized
by spectrometer model, camera type, and adapter kit number. The table below cross-
references these items with the page number for the appropriate instruction set.
Spectrometer
Camera Type
Adapter Kit
No.
Page
Acton
NTE with/without shutter
NTE with/without shutter
NTE with/without shutter
NTE with/without shutter
NTE without shutter
Chromex 250 IS
ISA HR 320
ISA HR 640
JY TRIAX
7050-0089
7050-0002
7050-0014
7384-0072
7050-0042
7050-0018
7050-0006
SPEX 270M
SPEX 500M
SPEX TripleMate
NTE with/without shutter
NTE with/without shutter
NTE with/without shutter
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Acton (NTE with or without shutter)
Adapter (supplied with spectrometer)
Spacer Plate (removed)
1
Qty
P/N
Description
1.
3
2826-0127 Screw, 10-32 × 1/4, Button Head Allen Hex, Stainless Steel
Assembly Instructions
1. Make sure that the shipping cover has been removed from the detector port on the
spectrometer.
2. Loosen the setscrews holding the Acton adapter in the spectrometer and remove the
adapter.
3. Remove the spacer plate from the adapter by removing the three (3) socket head
screws.
4. Mount the Acton adapter to the face of the detector drum housing (dashed outline in
illustration) with the three (3) 1/4" long button head screws.
5. Gently insert the adapter into the spectrometer and fasten with the setscrews.
Note: Adapter parts are machined to provide a tight fit. It is necessary to rotate the detector
back and forth when inserting into the spectrometer adapter. Do not force the two parts of
the adapter together, as they can be permanently damaged by excessive force.
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Appendix D
Spectrometer Adapters
147
Chromex 250 IS (NTE with or without shutter)
3
2
1
4
5
Qty
1
P/N
Description
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2517-0901 Plate, Adapter-Female
4
2826-0283 Screw, 10-32 × 3/4, Socket head, Stainless Steel, Hex, Black
2518-0107 Adapter-Male, HR320
1
3
2826-0127 Screw, 10-32 × 1/4, Button Head Allen Hex, Stainless Steel
1
2826-0082 Set Screw, 10-32 × 1/4, Stainless Steel, Allen Hex, Nylon Tip
Assembly Instructions
1. Attach part 1 to the spectrometer (dashed line in illustration) with the socket head
screws provided.
2. Attach part 3 to the camera with the three (3) 1/4" long button head screws provided.
3. Gently insert part 3 into part 1 and fasten with the setscrew.
Note: Adapter parts are machined to provide a tight fit. It is necessary to rotate the camera
back and forth when inserting into the spectrometer adapter. Do not force the two parts of
the adapter together, as they can be permanently damaged by excessive force.
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ISA HR 320 (NTE with or without shutter)
Remove spectrometer cover
for these screws.
1
3
4
5
2
5
Qty
1
P/N
Description
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2518-0106 Adapter-Female, HR320
3
2826-0087 Screw, M5-10, Flat Head, Socket, Stainless Steel
2518-0107 Adapter-Male, HR320
1
3
2826-0127 Screw, 10-32 × 1/4, Button Head Allen Hex, Stainless Steel
2
2826-0082 Set Screw, 10-32 × 1/4, Stainless Steel, Allen Hex, Nylon Tip
Assembly Instructions
1. Remove the spectrometer cover.
2. Insert part 1 into the spectrometer (dashed line in illustration), fasten with the flathead
screws provided, and replace spectrometer cover.
3. Attach part 3 to the camera with the three (3) 1/4" long button head screws provided.
4. Gently insert part 3 into part 1 and fasten with the setscrews.
3. Replace the spectrometer cover.
Note: Adapter parts are machined to provide a tight fit. It is necessary to rotate the camera
back and forth when inserting into the spectrometer adapter. Do not force the two parts of
the adapter together, as they can be permanently damaged by excessive force.
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Appendix D
Spectrometer Adapters
149
ISA HR 640 (NTE with or without shutter)
5
1
3
4
2
Qty
1
P/N
Description
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2518-0203 Adapter-Female, HR640
4
2826-0144 Screw, M4-.7 × 14, Socket Head Cap, Stainless Steel
2518-0107 Adapter-Male, HR320
1
3
2826-0127 Screw, 10-32 × 1/4, Button Head Allen Hex, Stainless Steel
2
2826-0082 Set Screw, 10-32 × 1/4, Stainless Steel, Allen Hex, Nylon Tip
Assembly Instructions
1. Insert part 1 into the spectrometer (dashed line in illustration) and fasten with the socket
head screws provided.
2. Attach part 3 to the camera with the three (3) 1/4" long button head screws provided.
3. Gently insert part 3 into part 1 and fasten with the setscrews.
Note: Adapter parts are machined to provide a tight fit. It is necessary to rotate the camera
back and forth when inserting into the spectrometer adapter. Do not force the two parts of
the adapter together, as they can be permanently damaged by excessive force.
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JY TRIAX family (NTE without shutter)
Flanged Spectrometer Mount
Remove 4 screws
1
2
Qty
1
P/N
2518-1000 Adapter, TRIAX, NTE, 7377, 7376, 7413
2826-0191 Screw, 10-32 × 5/8, Socket Head, Stainless Steel, Hex, Black
Description
1.
2.
4
Typically, the adapter is shipped already mounted to the camera. The following procedure
is provided in case you have ordered a JY TRIAX adapter for a shutterless MicroMAX
rectangular head (NTE) camera that you already own.
Assembly Instructions
1. While supporting the flange, remove the four (4) of the socket head screws from the
front of the camera (see illustration above) and store these screws.
2. Using the four (4) screws provided with the adapter kit, mount part 1 to the front of
the camera.
3. Remove the spectrometer cover.
4. Insert part 1 into the spectrometer and fasten it in place with the spectrometer
setscrew.
5. Replace the spectrometer cover.
Note: Adapter parts are machined to provide a tight fit. It may be necessary to rotate the
camera back and forth when inserting into the spectrometer adapter. Do not force the two
parts of the adapter together, as they can be permanently damaged by excessive force.
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Appendix D
Spectrometer Adapters
151
SPEX 270M (NTE with or without shutter)
1
4
3
2
5
Qty
1
P/N
Description
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2518-0691 Female Adapter Plate, 2.400 ID
6
2826-0068 Screw, 6-32 × 3/8, Socket Head, Cap, Stainless Steel
2518-0690 Adapter, Focusing, Male, Spec 270
1
3
2826-0127 Screw, 10-32 × 1/4, Button Head Allen Hex, Stainless Steel
2826-0073 Screw 6-32 × 1/8, Set, Allen Hex, Brass Tip
2
Assembly Instructions
1. Remove the cover of the spectrometer.
2. Attach part 1 to the inner wall of the spectrometer (dashed line in illustration) with
the socket head screws provided.
3. Attach part 3 to the camera with the three (3) 1/4" long button head screws provided.
4. Gently insert part 3 into part 1 and fasten with the setscrews.
5. Replace the spectrometer cover.
Note: Adapter parts are machined to provide a tight fit. It is necessary to rotate the camera
back and forth when inserting into the spectrometer adapter. Do not force the two parts of
the adapter together, as they can be permanently damaged by excessive force.
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SPEX 500M (NTE with or without shutter)
1
2
4
3
5
Qty
1
P/N
Description
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2517-0214 Adapter-Female, Spex 500m
8
2826-0170 Screw, 1/4-20 × 0.51, Low Socket Head Cap, Black
2518-0223 Adapter-Male, Spex 500m
1
3
2826-0134 Screw, 10-32 × 1/4, Flat Head Slot, Stainless Steel
2826-0055 Screw, 8-32 × 14, Set Allen Hex, Nylon
2
Assembly Instructions
1. Insert part 1 into the spectrometer wall (dashed line in illustration) and fasten with
the socket head screws provided.
2. Attach part 3 to the camera with the three (3) 1/4" long button head screws provided.
3. Gently insert part 3 into part 1 and fasten with the setscrews.
Note: Adapter parts are machined to provide a tight fit. It is necessary to rotate the camera
back and forth when inserting into the spectrometer adapter. Do not force the two parts of
the adapter together, as they can be permanently damaged by excessive force.
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Appendix D
Spectrometer Adapters
153
SPEX TripleMate (NTE with or without shutter)
3
1
2
7
6
5
4
Qty
P/N
Description
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1
4
1
4
3
1
2
1
1
2518-0184 Adapter-Male, LN/TE, CCD/For Spex TripleMate
2826-0128 Screw, 10-32 × 5/8, Socket Head Cap, Stainless Steel,
2517-0163 Slit Mount, Spex
2826-0129 Screw, 1/4-20 × 3/4, Socket Head Cap, Stainless Steel
2826-0127 Screw, 10-32 × 1/4, Button Head, Hex, Stainless Steel
2518-0185 Adapter-Female, Flange Spex
2826-0082 Set Screw, 10-32 × 1/4, Stainless Steel, Allen Hex, Nylon Tip
2500-0025 O-ring, 2.359x.139, Viton (installed)
2500-0026 O-ring, 2.484x.139, Viton (installed)
Assembly Instructions
1. Mount the whole assembly onto the spectrometer.
2. Loosen setscrews and pull out part 1 far enough to enable access to screws with Allen
wrench. Do not pull part 1 past the O-ring (If you do pull out part 1 completely,
reinsert before attaching the camera).
3. Attach part 3 to the camera with the three (3) 1/4" long button head screws provided.
4. Tighten the setscrews.
Note: Adapter parts are machined to provide a tight fit. It is necessary to rotate the camera
back and forth when inserting into the spectrometer adapter. Do not force the two parts of
the adapter together, as they can be permanently damaged by excessive force.
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Appendix E
USB 2.0 Limitations
The following information covers the currently known limitations associated with
operating under the USB 2.0 interface.
•
•
•
Maximum cable length is 5 meters (16.4 feet)
1 MHz is currently the upper digitization rate limit for the ST-133 Controller.
Large data sets and/or long acquisition times may be subject to data overrun
because of host computer interrupts during data acquisition.
•
•
USB 2.0 is not supported by the Princeton Instruments PC Interface Library (Easy
DLLS).
Some WinView/WinSpec 2.5.X features are not fully supported with USB 2.0.
See the table below.
Feature
Supported with USB 2.0 in
WinX 2.5.X
Remarks
Demo Port Capability
NO
NO
DIF
Kinetics
YES
NO
WinX 2.5.18.1
Reset Camera to NVRAM
Defaults
Temperature Lock Status
YES
WinX 2.5.x doesn’t utilize
hardware lock status
PTG
YES
NO
Virtual Chip
Custom Timing
Custom Chip
YES
YES
NO
WinX 2.5.18.1
WinX 2.5.18.1
Frames per Interrupt
RS170 (Video Output)
Online Exposure
File Information
NO
NO
YES
Not all header info is
currently available in
WinX 2.5.x through
PVCAM
Overlapping ROIs
NO
Table 19. Features Supported under USB 2.0 (continued on next page)
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Feature
Macro Record
Supported with USB 2.0 in
WinX 2.5.X
Remarks
YES
Macros recorded for non-
PVCAM cameras may
have to be re-recorded to
function
TTL I/O
NO
Table 19. Features Supported under USB 2.0
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Declarations of Conformity
This section of the MicroMAX manual contains the declarations of conformity for
MicroMAX systems. MicroMAX systems encompass RTE (round thermoelectrically-
cooled) and NTE (rectangular thermoelectrically-cooled) camera heads and their associated
controllers.
157
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DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
We,
ROPER SCIENTIFIC
(PRINCETON INSTRUMENTS)
3660 QUAKERBRIDGE ROAD
TRENTON, NJ 08619
Declare under our sole responsibility, that the product
MicroMAX SYSTEM
With
RTE/CCD CAMERA,
To which this declaration relates, is in conformity with general safety requirement for electrical
equipment standards:
IEC 1010-1:1990, EN 61010-1:1993/A2:1995
EN 50082-1:1992,
(EN 61000-4-2, EN 61000-4-3, EN 61000-4-4, 1995)
EN 55011 for GROUP 1, CLASS A, 1991,
EN 61000-3-2, 1994
Which follow the provisions of the
CE LOW VOLTAGE DIRECTIVE 73/23/EEC
And
EMC DIRECTIVE 89/336/EEC.
Date: August 20, 2002
TRENTON, NJ
(PAUL HEAVENER)
Engineering Manager
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DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
We, ,
ROPER SCIENTIFIC
(PRINCETON INSTRUMENTS)
3660 QUAKERBRIDGE ROAD
TRENTON, NJ 08619,
Declare under our sole responsibility that the product
ST-133 1 MHz HIGH POWER CONTROLLER
w/NTE CAMERA HEAD,
To which this declaration relates, is in conformity with general safety requirement for electrical
equipment standards:
IEC 1010-1:1990, EN 61010-1:1993/A2:1995
EN 55011 for Group 1, Class A, 1991,
EN 50082-1, 1991 (EN 61000-4-2, EN 61000-4-3, EN 61000-4-4),
Which follow the provisions of the
CE LOW VOLTAGE DIRECTIVE 73/23/EEC
And
EMC DIRECTIVE 89/336/EEC.
Date: August 20, 2002
TRENTON, NJ
(PAUL HEAVENER)
Engineering Manager
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Warranty & Service
Limited Warranty
Princeton Instruments, a division of Roper Scientific, Inc. ("Princeton Instruments", "us,
"we", "our") makes the following limited warranties. These limited warranties extend to
the original purchaser ("You", "you") only and no other purchaser or transferee. We have
complete control over all warranties and may alter or terminate any or all warranties at
any time we deem necessary.
Basic Limited One (1) Year Warranty
Princeton Instruments warrants this product against substantial defects in materials and / or
workmanship for a period of up to one (1) year after shipment. During this period, Princeton
Instruments will repair the product or, at its sole option, repair or replace any defective part
without charge to you. You must deliver the entire product to the Princeton Instruments
factory or, at our option, to a factory-authorized service center. You are responsible for the
shipping costs to return the product. International customers should contact their local
Princeton Instruments authorized representative/distributor for repair information and
Limited One (1) Year Warranty on Refurbished or Discontinued
Products
Princeton Instruments warrants, with the exception of the CCD imaging device (which
carries NO WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED), this product against defects in
materials or workmanship for a period of up to one (1) year after shipment. During this
period, Princeton Instruments will repair or replace, at its sole option, any defective parts,
without charge to you. You must deliver the entire product to the Princeton Instruments
factory or, at our option, a factory-authorized service center. You are responsible for the
shipping costs to return the product to Princeton Instruments. International customers should
contact their local Princeton Instruments representative/distributor for repair information and
Normal Wear Item Disclaimer
Princeton Instruments does not warrant certain items against defect due to normal wear
and tear. These items include internal and external shutters, cables, and connectors. These
items carry no warranty, expressed or implied.
XP Vacuum Chamber Limited Lifetime Warranty
Princeton Instruments warrants that the cooling performance of the system will meet our
specifications over the lifetime of an XP detector or Princeton Instruments will, at its sole
option, repair or replace any vacuum chamber components necessary to restore the
cooling performance back to the original specifications at no cost to the original
purchaser. Any failure to "cool to spec" beyond our Basic (1) year limited warranty from
date of shipment, due to a non-vacuum-related component failure (e.g., any components
that are electrical/electronic) is NOT covered and carries NO WARRANTIES
EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. Responsibility for shipping charges is as described above
under our Basic Limited One (1) Year Warranty.
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Sealed Chamber Integrity Limited 24 Month Warranty
Princeton Instruments warrants the sealed chamber integrity of all our products for a
period of twenty-four (24) months after shipment. If, at anytime within twenty-four (24)
months from the date of delivery, the detector should experience a sealed chamber
failure, all parts and labor needed to restore the chamber seal will be covered by us. Open
chamber products carry NO WARRANTY TO THE CCD IMAGING DEVICE,
EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. Responsibility for shipping charges is as described above
under our Basic Limited One (1) Year Warranty.
Vacuum Integrity Limited 24 Month Warranty
Princeton Instruments warrants the vacuum integrity of all our products for a period of up
to twenty-four (24) months from the date of shipment. We warrant that the detector head
will maintain the factory-set operating temperature without the requirement for customer
pumping. Should the detector experience a Vacuum Integrity failure at anytime within
twenty-four (24) months from the date of delivery all parts and labor needed to restore
the vacuum integrity will be covered by us. Responsibility for shipping charges is as
described above under our Basic Limited One (1) Year Warranty.
Image Intensifier Detector Limited One Year Warranty
All image intensifier products are inherently susceptible to Phosphor and/or
Photocathode burn (physical damage) when exposed to high intensity light. Princeton
Instruments warrants, with the exception of image intensifier products that are found to
have Phosphor and/or Photocathode burn damage (which carry NO WARRANTIES
EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED), all image intensifier products for a period of one (1) year
after shipment. See additional Limited One (1) year Warranty terms and conditions
above, which apply to this warranty. Responsibility for shipping charges is as described
above under our Basic Limited One (1) Year Warranty.
X-Ray Detector Limited One Year Warranty
Princeton Instruments warrants, with the exception of CCD imaging device and fiber
optic assembly damage due to X-rays (which carry NO WARRANTIES EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED), all X-ray products for one (1) year after shipment. See additional Basic
Limited One (1) year Warranty terms and conditions above, which apply to this
warranty. Responsibility for shipping charges is as described above under our Basic
Limited One (1) Year Warranty.
Software Limited Warranty
Princeton Instruments warrants all of our manufactured software discs to be free from
substantial defects in materials and / or workmanship under normal use for a period of
one (1) year from shipment. Princeton Instruments does not warrant that the function of
the software will meet your requirements or that operation will be uninterrupted or error
free. You assume responsibility for selecting the software to achieve your intended
results and for the use and results obtained from the software. In addition, during the one
(1) year limited warranty. The original purchaser is entitled to receive free version
upgrades. Version upgrades supplied free of charge will be in the form of a download
from the Internet. Those customers who do not have access to the Internet may obtain the
version upgrades on a CD-ROM from our factory for an incidental shipping and handling
charge. See Item 12 in the following section of this warranty ("Your Responsibility") for
more information.
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Warranty & Service
163
Owner's Manual and Troubleshooting
You should read the owner’s manual thoroughly before operating this product. In the
unlikely event that you should encounter difficulty operating this product, the owner’s
manual should be consulted before contacting the Princeton Instruments technical support
staff or authorized service representative for assistance. If you have consulted the owner's
manual and the problem still persists, please contact the Princeton Instruments technical
support staff or our authorized service representative. See Item 12 in the following section
of this warranty ("Your Responsibility") for more information.
Your Responsibility
The above Limited Warranties are subject to the following terms and conditions:
1. You must retain your bill of sale (invoice) and present it upon request for service
and repairs or provide other proof of purchase satisfactory to Princeton
Instruments.
2. You must notify the Princeton Instruments factory service center within (30)
days after you have taken delivery of a product or part that you believe to be
defective. With the exception of customers who claim a "technical issue" with the
operation of the product or part, all invoices must be paid in full in accordance
with the terms of sale. Failure to pay invoices when due may result in the
interruption and/or cancellation of your one (1) year limited warranty and/or any
other warranty, expressed or implied.
3. All warranty service must be made by the Princeton Instruments factory or, at our
option, an authorized service center.
4. Before products or parts can be returned for service you must contact the
Princeton Instruments factory and receive a return authorization number (RMA).
Products or parts returned for service without a return authorization evidenced by
an RMA will be sent back freight collect.
5. These warranties are effective only if purchased from the Princeton Instruments
factory or one of our authorized manufacturer's representatives or distributors.
6. Unless specified in the original purchase agreement, Princeton Instruments is not
responsible for installation, setup, or disassembly at the customer’s location.
7. Warranties extend only to defects in materials or workmanship as limited above
and do not extend to any product or part which has:
•
been lost or discarded by you;
•
been damaged as a result of misuse, improper installation, faulty or
inadequate maintenance or failure to follow instructions furnished by us;
•
•
•
had serial numbers removed, altered, defaced, or rendered illegible;
been subjected to improper or unauthorized repair; or
been damaged due to fire, flood, radiation, or other "acts of God" or other
contingencies beyond the control of Princeton Instruments.
8. After the warranty period has expired, you may contact the Princeton Instruments
factory or a Princeton Instruments-authorized representative for repair
information and/or extended warranty plans.
9. Physically damaged units or units that have been modified are not acceptable for
repair in or out of warranty and will be returned as received.
10. All warranties implied by state law or non-U.S. laws, including the implied
warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, are expressly
limited to the duration of the limited warranties set forth above. With the exception
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164
MicroMAX System User Manual
Version 6.C
of any warranties implied by state law or non-U.S. laws, as hereby limited, the
forgoing warranty is exclusive and in lieu of all other warranties, guarantees,
agreements, and similar obligations of manufacturer or seller with respect to the
repair or replacement of any parts. In no event shall Princeton Instruments' liability
exceed the cost of the repair or replacement of the defective product or part.
11. This limited warranty gives you specific legal rights and you may also have other
rights that may vary from state to state and from country to country. Some states
and countries do not allow limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts,
when an action may be brought, or the exclusion or limitation of incidental or
consequential damages, so the above provisions may not apply to you.
12. When contacting us for technical support or service assistance, please refer to the
Princeton Instruments factory of purchase, contact your authorized Princeton
Instruments representative or reseller, or visit our technical support page at
Contact Information
Roper Scientific's manufacturing facility for this product is located at the following
address:
Princeton Instruments
3660 Quakerbridge Road
Trenton, NJ 08619 (USA)
Tel: 800-874-9789 / 609-587-9797
Fax: 609-587-1970
Customer Support E-mail: [email protected]
For immediate support in your area, please call the following locations directly:
America
Benelux
France
1.877.4.PIACTON (877.474.2286)
+31 (347) 324989
+33 (1) 60.86.03.65
Germany
Japan
+49 (0) 89.660.7793
+81 (3) 5639.2741
UK & Ireland +44 (0) 28.3831.0171
addition, links on this page to support topics allow you to send e-mail based requests to
the Customer Support group.
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Index
#-B
C
64-pin DIN connector......................................18, 126
A/D converters ........................................................71
specifications.....................................................132
AC power requirements...........................................28
Accessories, alignment of........................................55
Acton adapter instructions.....................................146
Actual exposure time.........................................78, 81
Adapter instructions
Cables ......................................................................27
fiber optic............................................................23
PCI interface .......................................................23
TAXI...................................................................23
USB 2.0...............................................................23
Calibration, spectrometer
suitable light sources...........................................54
Camera
Acton.................................................................146
Chromex 250 IS ................................................147
ISA HR 320.......................................................148
ISA HR 640.......................................................149
JY TRIAX.........................................................150
SPEX 270M ......................................................151
SPEX 500M ......................................................152
SPEX TripleMate..............................................153
ADC offset ..............................................................59
Air-circulation requirement.....................................17
Analog gain control.................................................70
Analog/Control module...........................................18
Applications.............................................................11
AUX output.............................................................20
Back-filled.............................................................141
Background DC level ..............................................60
Background subtraction...........................................75
Back-plane...............................................................18
Baseline signal...................................................59, 60
excessive humidity..............................................60
ST-133 zero adjustment ......................................20
sudden change in.................................................60
Bias..........................................................................59
Bias adjustment .......................................................20
Binning
computer memory burden ...................................68
hardware........................................................68, 69
restrictions due to well capacity......................70
readout time.........................................................68
resolution loss .....................................................68
software...............................................................70
effect on S/N ratio...........................................70
high light level measurements ........................70
shot-noise limited measurements....................70
Blooming.................................................................60
Bottom clamps, table of...........................................37
back panel ...........................................................16
connector.............................................................16
fan .......................................................................16
introduction to.....................................................10
mounting considerations
1/4" x 20 UNC threaded holes........................34
orientation constraints.....................................34
use of mounting bracket for security ..............34
Camera Detection wizard ................................41, 112
Cautions
baseline signal shift.....................................60, 112
excessive humidity in CCD chamber ..................60
IR contamination.................................................38
need for trap in vacuum system.........................141
system verification ............................................141
zero adjustments..................................................20
CCD array
readout theory .....................................................61
shift register.........................................................61
CCD arrays
blooming .............................................................60
dark charge effects ..............................................60
functions performed ............................................56
maximum on-chip integration .............................60
readout of ............................................................64
shutter function ...................................................56
signal-to-noise ratio vs on chip integration time.60
theory of operation..............................................56
well capacity........................................................60
table of ............................................................70
CCIR........................................................................20
Chromex 250 IS adapter instructions ....................147
Cleaning
controller and camera..........................................14
optics...................................................................14
165
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MicroMAX System User Manual
Version 6.C
C-mount...................................................................36
assembly..............................................................36
lens installation and removal...............................35
support recommendations ...................................36
Cold finger...............................................................15
Collection area.........................................................56
Compensation time, shutter .....................................56
Composite video output...........................................20
Connectors
ST-133, AUX Output..........................................20
ST-133, Detector.................................................20
ST-133, External Sync ........................................20
ST-133, NOT READY........................................20
ST-133, NOT SCAN...........................................20
ST-133, Serial COM ...........................................21
ST-133, TTL In/Out......................................20, 87
ST-133, USB 2.0.................................................21
ST-133, Video Output.........................................20
Contact information...............................................164
Continuous Cleans...................................................77
Cooling ....................................................................16
Cooling and vacuum..............................................115
C-type lens mount....................................................35
DMA buffer...........................................................107
DMA buffer size......................................................53
Dual A/D converters................................................71
Dual Image Feature camera............... See DIF camera
Dynamic range.........................................................60
EEC timing mode ....................................................98
EIA ..........................................................................20
Electronics enclosure...............................................16
EMF spike ...............................................................44
Environmental conditions........................................13
ESABI timing mode ................................................99
Excessive humidity..................................................60
Exposure..................................................................56
shutter..................................................................56
Exposure time....................................................56, 74
actual.............................................................78, 81
programmed ..................................................78, 81
External shutter........................................................21
External Sync
background subtraction.......................................75
dark charge accumulation ...................................76
frame-transfer......................................................78
input pulse...........................................................75
overlapped mode.................................................81
shutter synchronization .......................................75
timing ..................................................................75
External Sync connector..........................................20
External synchronization.........................................75
D-E
Dark charge .............................................................76
definition of.........................................................60
dynamic range.....................................................60
pattern..................................................................60
temperature dependence......................................60
typical values.......................................................60
Dark current.............................................................60
Data smearing..........................................................57
Declaration of Conformity
F
Fan
camera .................................................................16
ST-133 controller ................................................21
Fast mode
1MHz Rectangular Head (NTE) systems..........159
1MHz Round Head (RTE) systems...................158
Detector
data acquisition....................................................83
flowchart .............................................................84
image update lag .................................................83
Fiber optic cable (PCI optional) ..............................23
Field of view, formula for .......................................45
First image procedure..............................................47
First light procedure
imaging................................................................47
spectroscopy........................................................52
First spectra procedure ............................................52
Fluorescence microscopy ........................................35
F-mount
cooling.................................................................59
rotation of............................................................55
Detector connector (ST-133)...................................20
Diagnostic Instruments Bottom Clamp....................36
Diagnostic Instruments Relay Lens...................36, 51
DIF camera..............................................................93
background subtraction.....................................100
EEC timing mode................................................98
ESABI timing mode............................................99
Flatfield correction............................................101
Free Run timing mode.........................................94
IEC timing mode.................................................96
laboratory illumination......................................100
Mask Throughput correction.............................101
timing modes.......................................................94
Tips and Tricks..................................................100
Digitization..............................................................71
assembly of in microscopy..................................37
lensinstallation and removal................................35
nose-up operation................................................34
port selection.......................................................37
suitability for microscopy....................................37
support recommendations ...................................37
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Index
167
Focusing ..................................................................51
alignment.............................................................54
aperture adjustment .............................................35
composite video output .......................................45
Frame transfer
CCD requirements...............................................78
external sync .......................................................78
Free Run..............................................................78
mode....................................................................78
readout.................................................................63
smearing..............................................................57
timing ..................................................................78
Frames/Interrupt ....................................................107
Free Run
DIF camera..........................................................94
experiments best suited for..................................74
Frame transfer .....................................................78
Overlapped mode ................................................81
timing ..................................................................74
timing diagram ....................................................75
timing flow-chart.................................................74
Full frame readout ...................................................61
Fuse
ISA HR 640 adapter instructions...........................149
ISA interface card
driver installation ..............................................114
I/O address, DMA channel, and interrupt level 122
JY TRIAX adapter instructions.............................150
Latency ....................................................................77
Lens mount housing ................................................16
Lens mounting.........................................................34
Lenses, installation and removal .............................35
Line voltage selection
procedure...........................................................113
selector drum.......................................................29
M
Macintosh II support..............................................132
Memory allocation...................................................53
Mercury spectrum, fluorescent lights ......................54
MicroMAX system
applications .........................................................11
camera .................................................................10
camera cooling system ........................................10
CCD array ...........................................................10
components of.....................................................27
controller
replacement .......................................................113
requirements........................................................28
data conversion...............................................11
data transfer ....................................................11
modular design................................................11
readout flexibility............................................11
overview................................................................9
MicroMAX:1300YHS.............................................10
MicroMAX:1300YHS-DIF .....................................10
MicroMAX:782YHS...............................................10
Microscope
mounting .............................................................36
C-mount..........................................................36
F-mount...........................................................36
Microscopy..............................................................35
arc lamp EMF spike damage warning.................44
focusing...............................................................51
IR blockers..........................................................38
light throughput...................................................35
Light throughput .................................................35
Magnification......................................................35
Numerical Aperture (NA) ...................................35
parfocality ...........................................................51
Transmission efficiency ......................................35
Xenon or Hg lamp EMF spike ............................44
Module
G-L
Grounding and safety ..............................................13
Hardware binning..............................................68, 69
Hardware Setup wizard ...................................42, 112
Humidity, in vacuum enclosure.......................60, 112
I/O Address conflicts.............................................121
IEC timing mode .....................................................96
Imaging....................................................................47
Imaging field of view ..............................................45
Installation
PCI card driver....................................................31
PCI drivers ..........................................................30
software...............................................................30
USB 2.0 driver ....................................................33
Interface card
driver installation ................................................30
PCI
High Speed PCI ..............................................30
PCI(Timer)......................................................30
troubleshooting..................................................121
USB 2.0...............................................................32
Interface Control module.........................................18
Interline CCDs.........................................................80
smearing........................................................57, 58
Interrupt conflicts ..................................................121
IR blockers ..............................................................38
IR, CCD sensitivity to .............................................38
ISA HR 320 adapter instructions...........................148
installation.........................................................126
removal..............................................................125
Mounting to a microscope
C-mount ..............................................................36
F-mount...............................................................36
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MicroMAX System User Manual
Version 6.C
Quantum efficiency .................................................35
Readout
N-O
Noise, low-noise readout.........................................10
Non-Overlapped operation......................................80
example ...............................................................65
NOT READY
binning ....................................................67, 68, 69
hardware .........................................................69
frame transfer ......................................................63
subsection of array ..................................62, 66, 67
time......................................................................74
Readout rate
control of.............................................................71
precision vs speed tradeoff..................................71
Readout times (full frame) for several CCD types
table of...........................................................62, 67
Rectangular Head Camera
connector.............................................................20
signal.................................................94, 96, 98, 99
timing ....................................................97, 99, 100
NOT SCAN
signal...................................................................20
timing ..................................................................56
Outgassing.............................................................141
Outline drawing
dimensioned outline drawing ....133, 134, 135, 136
Relative humidity ....................................................13
Relay Lens...............................................................36
Requirements
host computer......................................................28
Requirements,power................................................28
Resolution
loss of with binning.............................................68
Response latency .....................................................77
ROI (Region of Interest)..........................................46
Roper Scientific USB2 driver installation...............33
Round Head Camera
dimensioned outline drawing ....................137, 138
RS-170 (EIA) ..........................................................20
RSConfig.exe ..................................................42, 112
rectangular head camera............133, 134, 135, 136
round head camera ....................................137, 138
ST-133A controller ...........................................140
ST-133B controller ...........................................139
Overlapped operation ..............................................80
example ...............................................................64
External Sync ......................................................81
Freerun ................................................................81
readout mode.......................................................80
P-R
Pan function.............................................................46
Parfocality................................................................51
PCI card driver installation......................................31
PCI serial interface card
diagnostics software..........................................123
driver installation ................................................30
fiber optic adapters..............................................23
installation...........................................................31
non-conforming peripheral cards ......................123
Peltier effect thermoelectric cooler..........................58
Peltier-effect cooler .................................................15
Photodamage ...........................................................36
Photodiodes .............................................................56
Plug-in modules, installation and removal ............125
Power cord...............................................................28
Power input module (ST-133).................................21
Power requirements.................................................28
Power switch and indicator .....................................18
Preopen Shutter mode..............................................75
Procedures
adapter installation ............................................145
familiarization and checkout.........................47, 52
First images.........................................................47
First spectra.........................................................52
line voltage selection and line fuse ...................113
plug-in module installation/removal .................126
vacuum pumpdown...........................................142
Programmable Interface connector..........................85
Programmable TTL interface connector..................20
PVCAM.INI ....................................................42, 112
S
S/N ratio ............................................................60, 70
Safe mode
as used for setting up...........................................83
fast image update.................................................83
flowchart .............................................................84
missed events ......................................................83
Saturation.................................................................60
Serial COM connector, ST-133...............................21
Shift register ............................................................61
Shutter
compensation time.......................................56, 131
drive selector.......................................................39
effect of physical limitations on exposure...........57
exposure ..............................................................56
external................................................................21
SHUTTER signal............................................21
synchronization...............................................20
lifetime ................................................................17
modes
Disable............................................................74
Normal............................................................74
Preopen .....................................................74, 75
replacement of.............................................17, 128
shutter setting selector (ST-133) ...................21, 39
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Index
169
Shutter (cont.)
Termination of video output....................................45
Thermal cutout switch ...........................................115
Timing control.........................................................83
Timing modes
Continuous Cleans ..............................................77
DIF camera..........................................................94
Timing, table of modes............................................74
Trap, vacuum.........................................................141
Trinocular mount microscopes ................................35
TTL In/Out connector........................................20, 87
TTL In/Out pin assignments....................................87
signs of failure..................................................128
signs of failure.....................................................17
ST-133 connector................................................21
Shutter Power connector..........................................21
SHUTTER signal.....................................................20
Signal-to-noise ratio, on-chip integration................60
Slide latch operation..............................................127
Smearing..................................................................57
frame transfer cameras ........................................57
interline CCDs.....................................................58
Smearing in interline operation ...............................57
Software binning .....................................................70
Software Trigger....................................................108
Specifications
U-V
Upgrade Device Driver wizard................................33
USB 2.0
cable ....................................................................23
connector.............................................................21
data overrun.......................................................116
installation...........................................................33
interface card.......................................................23
UV scintillator .........................................................16
Vacuum
deterioration ......................................................115
level required.....................................................141
pumpdown connector..........................................27
Vacuum repumping
A/D converter....................................................132
cooling...............................................................130
inputs and outputs .............................................131
miscelaneous .....................................................132
mounting ...........................................................130
temperature control ...........................................130
Spectrometer
adapter instructions ...........................................145
mounting to camera.............................................39
SPEX 270M adapter instructions ..........................151
SPEX 500M adapter instructions ..........................152
SPEX TripleMate adapter instructions..................153
ST-133 Controller
fuse/voltage label ................................................21
modules ...............................................................18
power input module.............................................21
power requirements.............................................28
zero adjustment ...................................................20
ST-133A Controller
required equipment
lab-type vacuum pump..................................141
trap to prevent contaminant backstreaming ..141
VCR.........................................................................45
Video Focus mode...................................................46
Video output
constraints on during data acquisition.................46
focusing...............................................................45
Video Output connector ..........................................20
Virtual Chip mode
dimensioned outline drawing ............................140
ST-133B Controller
setup ..................................................................104
software option..................................................103
WXvchip.opt file...............................................103
dimensioned outline drawing ............................139
T
TAXI
W-Z
Warnings
cable ....................................................................23
interface card.......................................................23
Technical support ..................................................164
Temperature
cleaning ...............................................................14
Controller/Camera cable .....................................19
module installation/removal under power...........18
opening the ST-133 power module...................113
operation without evacuation or backfill.............14
operation without proper evacuation.................141
overtightening ST-133 module screws..............126
power cord polarity .............................................13
protective grounding ...........................................13
shutter connect or disconnect under power.........17
shutter drive setting.............................................22
ST-133 fuse type ...............................................113
ST-133 module installation/removal.................125
control
problems .......................................................114
specifications ................................................130
effect of vacuum deterioration ..........................115
operating environment ........................................13
storage.................................................................13
thermal cutout switch ........................................115
Temperature control ................................................58
Temperature lock.....................................................59
Temperature Lock LED (ST-133)...........................20
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170
MicroMAX System User Manual
Warranties (cont.)
Version 6.C
Warnings (cont.)
touching the CCD array ......................................14
UV scintillator.....................................................16
window removal..................................................14
Xenon and Hg arc lamps.....................................44
Warranties
x-ray detector ....................................................162
your responsibility.............................................163
Website..................................................................164
Well .........................................................................56
Well capacity...........................................................60
restrictions on hardware binning.........................70
table of.................................................................70
Wizard
Camera Detection........................................41, 112
Hardware Setup...........................................42, 112
Upgrade Device Driver .......................................33
Wxvchip.opt file....................................................103
Zero adjustment.......................................................20
Zoom function .........................................................46
image intensifier detector..................................162
normal wear item disclaimer .............................161
one year.............................................................161
one year on refurbished/discontinued products.161
owner's manual and troubleshooting.................163
sealed chamber..................................................162
software.............................................................162
vacuum integrity................................................162
XP vacuum chamber .........................................161
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