DAQ-16
Data Acquisition Adapter
for 16-bit ISA compatible machines
Users Manual
INTERFACE CARDS FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS
OMEGA ENGINEERING, INC.
One Omega Drive
P.O. Box 4047
Stamford, CT 06907-4047
TEL: (203) 359-1660
FAX: (203) 359-7700
Toll free: 1-800-826-6342
E-mail: [email protected]
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OMEGAnet On-line Service:
Internet e-mail:
info@omega.com
Servicing North America:
USA:
ISO 9001 Certified
One Omega Drive, Box 4047
Stamford, CT 06907-0047
Tel: (203) 359-1660
E-mail: info@omega.com
FAX: (203) 359-7700
Canada:
976 Bergar
Laval (Quebec) H7L 5A1
Tel: (514) 856-6928
E-mail: info@omega.com
FAX: (514) 856-6886
For immediate technical or application assistance:
USA and Canada:
Sales Service: 1-800-826-6342 / 1-800-TC-OMEGASM
Customer Service: 1-800-622-2378/ 1-800-622-BESTSM
Engineering Service: 1-800-872-9436 / 1-800-USA-WHEN SM
TELEX: 996404 EASYLINK: 62968934 CABLE: OMEGA
Mexico and Latin America: Tel: (001) 800-826-6342
En Espanol: (001) 203-359-7803
FAX: (001) 203-359-7807
E-mail: espanol@omega.com
Servicing Europe:
Benelux:
Postbus 8034, 1180 LA Amstelveen, The Netherlands
Tel: (31) 20 6418405
Toll Free in Benelux: 0800 0993344
E-mail: nl@omega.com
Czech Republic:
ul.Rude armady 1868, 733 01 Karvina-Hraniee
Tel: 42 (69) 6311899
FAX: 42 (69) 6311114
Toll Free: 0800-1-66342
E-mail: czech@omega.com
France:
9, rue Denis Papin, 78190 Trappes
Tel: (33) 130-621-400
Toll Free in France: 0800-4-06342
E-mail: france@omega.com
Germany/Austria:
Daimlerstrasse 26, D-75392 Deckenpfronn, Germany
Tel: 49 (07056) 3017
Toll Free in Germany: 0130 11 21 66
E-mail: germany@omega.com
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United Kingdom:
ISO 9002 Certified
One Omega Drive, River Bend Technology Drive
Northbank, Irlam, Manchester
M44 5EX, England
Tel: 44 (161) 777-6611
FAX: 44 (161) 777-6622
Toll Free in England: 0800-488-488
E-mail: info@omega.co.uk
It is the policy of OMEGA to comply with all worldwide safety and EMC/ EMI regulations that apply.
OMEGA is constantly pursuing certification of it’s products to the European New Approach
Directives. OMEGA will add the CE mark to every appropriate device upon certification.
The information contained in this document is believed to be correct but OMEGA Engineering, Inc.
accepts no liability for any errors it contains, and reserves the right to alter specifications without
notice. WARNING: These products are not designed for use in, and should not be used for, patient
connected applications.
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Declaration of Conformity
Manufacturer's Name:
Omega Engineering Inc.
Manufacturer's Address:
One Omega Drive
Stamford, CT 06907-0047
Application of Council Directive:
89/ 336/ EEC
Standards to which
Conformity is Declared:
* EN50081-2
(EN55022, EN60555-2, EN60555-3)
* EN50082-1
(IEC 801-2, IEC 801-3, & IEC 801-4)
Type of Equipment:
Equipment Class:
Product Name:
Information Technology Equipment
Light Industrial Equipment
ISA Data Acquisition Card
DAQ-16
Model Number :
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1 Installation
1.2 DAQ-16 Specifications
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2. Circuit Board Description and Configuration
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1 Analog to Digital Converter
2.2 Digital to Analog Converters
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Digital Input/ Output
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Base Address
2.5 Clock Selection
2.5.1 Internal Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.5.2 External Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.6 Trigger Selection
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.7 Direct Memory Access
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.8 Interrupts
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.8.1 External Interrupt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4. Register Description and Programming
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.1.1 Control Word Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.1.2 Start of Conversion Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1.3 DAC0 Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1.4 DAC1 Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1.5 Clock Rate Register (low word) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1.6 Clock Rate Register (high word) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1.7 Multi-Function Timer Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1.8 8254 Control Word/ Status Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2 Programming the 8254 Counter/ Timer
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
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List of Figures and Tables
Figure 2-1. Jumper J7 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 2-2. Jumper J6 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 2-3. Jumper J5 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Figure 2-4. Jumper J3 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 2-5. I/ O Base Address Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Figure 2-6. Jumper J2 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Figure 2-7. Sampling Rate External Clock Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 2-8. Pre-Divider External Clock Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Figure 2-9. Jumper J1 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Figure 2-10. Jumpers J8 and J9 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Figure 2-11. Jumpers J10 and J11 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Figure 3-1. 62 Pin Connector Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Table 2-1.
Table 2-2.
Table 2-3.
Table 4-1.
A/ D Converter Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
A/ D Conversion Format Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Jumper J4 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
DAQ-16 Address Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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1. Introduction
The DAQ-16 is a high speed data acquisition adapter for IBM AT compatible machines
offering eight differential analog input channels with 16-bit resolution, two analog output
channels with 12-bit resolution and four digital input/ output lines. Other features of the
DAQ-16 include:
Analog to Digital Converter
100 KHz maximum sampling rate
Bipolar input ranges of ±2.5, ±5, and ±10 volts
Unipolar input ranges of 0 to +2.5, 0 to +5 and 0 to +10 volts
Selectable gain of 1, 10, and 100
Two DMA channels for continuous acquisition
Internal or external clock and trigger
Digital to Analog Converters
Two independent analog output channels
Output ranges of 0 to +5 volts and ±5 volts
Internal or external voltage reference
Other Features
Interrupt on one of four sources including an external interrupt input
High density D-62 connector for reduced noise
1.1
Installation
1. Configure the DAQ-16 utilizing the instructions in Chapter 2: Circuit Board
Description and Configuration.
2. Ensure that power is not applied to the computer system.
3. Remove the cover according to the instructions provided by the system
manufacturer.
4. Insert the DAC-16 into any vacant ISA expansion slot. The board is secured to the
slot by installing the Option Retaining Bracket (ORB) screw.
5. Replace the system cover per manufacturer instructions.
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1.2
DAQ-16 Specifications
Bus Interface:
ISA 16-bit
I/ O Address Range:
Interrupt Levels:
DMA Levels:
0000H - FFFFH
IRQ 2, 3, 4. 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15
DRQ 5, 6, 7
DACK 5, 6, 7
Power Requirements:
Power Supply
-5 volts
I(t)
---
I(ms)
---
+5 volts
1069.0 mA
---
1204.9mA
---
-12 volts
+12 volts
374.9 mA
491.4mA
I(t) = Typical Current / I(ms) = Maximum Statisical Current
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2. Circuit Board Description and Configuration
The base address of the DAQ-16 is selected using switches SW1 and SW2. The operating
mode of the DAQ-16 is controlled by jumpers J1 through J7, while DMA and interrupt
selections are set with jumpers J8 through J11. Connections to external equipment are made
through the high density 62-pin connector CN1.
2.1
Analog to Digital Converter
The analog to digital (A/ D) section of the DAQ-16 accepts up to 8 differential inputs from the
D-62 connector. These inputs pass through a dual 8-to-1 multiplexer circuit which selects the
channel to be converted. The selected input is then amplified and presented to the A/ D
converter to be digitized. The digital output of the A/ D is latched into a buffer to be read by
the computer. The multiplexer circuit selects one of the 8 differential channels to be input to
the A/ D converter. The channel is software selected through the DAQ-16's control word
register. The typical characteristics of the multiplexer circuit are:
input resistance: 1.5 Kohm
switching time: 0.5 us
settling time: 3.5 us
The amplifier stage of the A/ D converter circuit performs two functions: (1) amplifies low
level input signals and (2) converts this input signal into a voltage range acceptable to the
A/ D converter. The amplifier circuit is controlled by jumpers J6 and J7. Table 2-1 below
shows the recommended jumper settings for various input voltage ranges, (* indicates factory
settings).
Maximum Input Voltage
Unipolar / Bipolar
+10/ ±10
Amplifier
A/D Range
---
J7
---
J6
---
1
---
3-4*
3-4
3-4
2-4
2-4
2-4
1-3
1-3
1-3
10 v
5 v
2-3, 5-6*
1-2, 4-5
2-3, 4-5
2-3, 5-6
1-2, 4-5
2-3, 4-5
2-3, 5-6
1-2, 4-5
2-3, 4-5
+5/ ±5
1
+2.5/ ±2.5
1
2.5 v
10 v
5 v
+1/ ±1
10
10
10
100
100
100
+0.5/ ±0.5
+0.25/ ±0.25
+0.1/ ±.1
2.5v
10 v
5 v
+0.05/ ±0.05
+0.025/ ±0.025
2.5 v
Table 2-1. A/ D Converter Configurations
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Figures 2-1 and 2-2 show the configuration options for jumpers J7 and J6.
J7
J7
J7
3
1
3
1
4
2
4
2
4
2
3
1
Gain = 1
Gain = 10
Gain = 100
Figure 2-1. Jumper J7 Configuration
J6
J6
5
J6
5
4
1
5
6
3
4
1
6
3
4
1
6
3
2
2
2
2.5 volt range
5 volt range
10 volt range
Figure 2-2. Jumper J6 Configuration
WARNING: These settings are only suggestions, it is the user's responsibility to guarantee
that the maximum input voltage multiplied by the gain setting selected by jumper J7 does
not exceed the A/ D voltage range set by jumper J6.
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The final stage of the A/ D converter circuit is the A/ D converter IC. The converter must be
configured for unipolar or bipolar input voltages and for binary or 2's complement data
conversion. These options are selected using jumper J5 as shown in Figure 2-3 below.
J5
5
J5
5
4
6
4
6
1
4
2
3
1
2
3
Bipolar
Unipolar
J5
J5
5
6
4
5
6
1
2
3
1
2
3
2's complement
Binary
Figure 2-3. Jumper J5 Configuration
To simplify the following discussions, a new variable, Vmax, is introduced. Vmax is defined
as the maximum input voltage amplitude and is equal to the A/ D range selected by jumper J6
divided by the amplifier gain defined by jumper J7. In equation form:
A/ D range
Vmax =
---------------
amp. gain
When configured for unipolar operation, the input voltage may range from 0 volts (analog
ground) to Vmax volts as defined above. When configured for bipolar operation, the input
voltage may range from -Vmax volts to +Vmax volts.
The digital "code" generated for any specific voltage is dependent upon the operating mode:
unipolar or bipolar; and the data conversion format: binary or 2's complement. Binary
conversion will result in unsigned integers ranging from 0 to 65,535, while 2's complement
conversion will produce signed integers ranging from -32,768 to +32,767. Table 2-2 lists A/ D
conversion format examples. Unipolar entries marked “n/ a” are not applicable because the
voltage is outside of the unipolar voltage range.
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Voltage
Binary
Binary 2’s Complement 2’s Complement
unipolar bipolar
unipolar
n/ a
n/ a
-32,768
0
bipolar
-32,768
-16,384
0
+16,384
+32,767
-Vmax
-Vmax/ 2
0
+Vmax/ 2
+Vmax
n/ a
n/ a
0
+16,384
+32,768
+49,152
+65,535
0
+32,768
+65,535
+32,767
Table 2-2. A/ D Conversion Format Examples
In order to calculate the actual input voltage from the digital "code" provided by the DAQ-16,
the user must know the configuration used to acquire the data. Given this information, the
input voltage can be calculated using the equations below:
Unipolar, binary
CODE
65, 536
input =
* Vmax
Bipolar, binary
CODE
65, 536
1
2
input =
-
* 2 * Vmax
Unipolar, 2’s complement
input =
Bipolar, 2’s complement
input =
CODE
1
2
+
* Vmax
65, 536
CODE
65, 536
* 2 * Vmax
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2.2
Digital to Analog Converters
The digital to analog (D/ A) section of the DAQ-16 consists of two independent 12-bit
multiplying D/ A converters, and two independent two-stage output amplifiers. Digital data,
(output to the D/ A converter by the CPU), is converted to an analog voltage by the D/ A
converter, amplified by the output amplifiers and becomes output to the 62 pin connector at
CN1. The D/ A converters used on the DAQ-16 are 12-bit resolution converters. Of the 16 bits
written to the D/ A, only the 12 least significant bits (D0 - D11) are used for the conversion.
The 4 most significant bits (D12 - D15) are ignored.
The DAQ-16 implements multiplying D/ A converters which makes the analog output
proportional to a reference voltage applied to the D/ A. Under normal circumstances, the
reference voltage should be applied from the internal +5V reference source. An external
reference voltage may also be supplied to the D/ A. This input from the D-62 connector should
not exceed 5 volts and has a typical input impedance of 7.5Kohms. The D/ A reference voltage
source is selected using jumper J3 as illustrated in Figure 2-4.
D/A channel 0 reference
Internal Source
J3
External Source
External Source
4
5
6
1
2
3
Internal Source
D/A channel 1 reference
Figure 2-4. Jumper J3 Configuration
The D/ A converter channels may also be operated in unipolar mode: 0 to +5 volts, or bipolar
mode: -5 to +5 volts. The output mode is selected using jumper J4 as shown in Figure 2-5. In
addition, a gain selection jumper is provided to select an output gain of 1 or 2. When using
an external voltage reference, this gain can be used to amplify the D/ A output for small
reference voltages.
WARNING: When the internal voltage reference is used, the D/ A gain MUST be set to the
gain = 1 position.
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5
1
6
2
7
3
8
4
J4
Channel 0 select
Channel 0 gain
Channel 1 gain
Channel 1 select
Figure 2-5. Jumper J4 Configuration
Table 2-3 lists configuration options for jumper J4.
Channel 0
connect 1-5
open 1-5
connect 2-6
open 2-6
Channel 1
connect 3-7
open 3-7
connect 4-8
open 4-8
Bipolar
Unipolar
Gain = 1
Gain = 2
Table 2-3. Jumper J4 Configuration
When configured for unipolar operation, the output voltage can be calculated from the
equation:
CODE
4096
Aout = Vref
*
* gain
For bipolar operation, the equation becomes:
CODE
2048
Aout
=
- 1 * Vref * gain
2.3
Digital Input/Output
The DAQ-16 offers four bits of digital output and four bits of digital input for
control/ monitoring of external digital devices. The four digital output lines are LS TTL
compatible and will initialize low (0 volts) on power-up. The four digital inputs are also LS
TTL compatible. There is no termination provided on the digital input lines and a read of an
unused digital input will result in an indeterminate value.
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2.4
Base Address
The DAQ-16 uses 16 consecutive I/ O address locations in the range 0 to 0FFFFH. Two
six-position switches (SW1 and SW2) are used to select the base address. SW1 controls
address lines A15 - A10, and SW2 controls A9 - A4. Address lines A3 - A0 are used
internally by the DAQ-16 to select which register to access.
When selecting a base address for the DAQ-16, an address selection switch in the "OFF"
position corresponds to an address bit of "1" while a switch in the "ON" position corresponds
to an address bit of "0". The base address of the DAQ-16 must be set on a 16 byte boundary,
meaning A3 - A0 are "0". The address of the DAQ-16 as shipped from the factory is 0300H.
This setting and other examples are shown in the Figure 2-5.
xxxx Hex
x x x x x
x x x x x x
x
0000
SW1
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
0000 : 0
O
N
O
N
0001 : 1
0010 : 2
0011 : 3
0100 : 4
0101 : 5
0110 : 6
0111 : 7
1000 : 8
1001 : 9
1010 : A
1011 : B
1100 : C
1101 : D
1110 : E
1111 : F
Bit=0 Bit=1
SW2
A A A A A A
15 14 13 12 11 10
A A A A A A
8 7
9
6
5
4
0
3
0
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
O
N
O
N
Example1: Base I/O Address = 0300H
A
6
D
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
O
N
O
N
Example 2: Base I/O Address = 6AD0H
Figure 2-5. I/ O Base Address Selection
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2.5
Clock Selection
The DAQ-16 is equipped with a programmable clock circuit to produce data sampling rates
independent from the clock rate of the host computer. An onboard 8254 programmable
interval timer, with a 10 MHz clock input and either two or three cascaded 16-bit timers,
provides the sampling rate. This enables the sampling rate to be adjusted from 10 us between
samples to almost a year between samples, in as small as 100ns increments.
The DAQ-16's sampling rate can also be generated from an external clock input. This external
clock can be connected directly to the A/ D converter or through a 16-bit pre-divider, the
multi-function timer. Samples are taken on the low to high transition of the clock.
WARNING: For the DAQ-16, the maximum data sampling rate is 10 us. This restricts
clock frequency to a maximum of 100 KHz. Sampling rates in excess of 100 KHz may
result in erratic operation and unpredictable results.
The clock source, internal or external clock, is software selectable through the DAQ-16's
control word register. The configuration of the clock source itself is controlled by jumper
block J2 as shown in Figure 2-6, (* indicates factory default).
Internal Timer: 2 timers cascaded
connect 1-2, 6-7*
J2
3 timers cascaded
connect 2-6, 7-8
5
1
6
7
3
8
4
External Timer: w/o pre-divider
connect 1-2, 3-4
2
with pre-divider
connect 2-3, 4-8
Figure 2-6. Jumper J2 Configuration
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2.5.1
Internal Clock
Sampling rates for the internal clock can be calculated using the following equation:
t = 100ns * [N1*N2] or
f = 10MHz / [N1*N2]
where N1 is the low 16-bits of the clock divider and N2 is the high 16-bits of the clock
divider. The following criteria must be met when selecting values for N1 and N2:
2 < N1 < 65,535
2 < N2 < 65,535
N1 * N2 > 100
Using the equations above, the minimum and maximum data sampling rates for the internal
clock can be calculated.
Maximum sampling rate:
N1 = 2, N2 = 50
Minimum Sampling Rate:
N1 = 65535, N2 = 65535
t = 100 x 10−9 * [(2)*(50)]
t = 100 x 10−9 * 100
t = 10 us
t = 100 x 10−9 * [(65535)*(65535)]
t = 100 x 10−9 * [4.295 x 109 ]
t = 429.5 sec
f = 10 x 106 / [(2)*(50)]
f = 10 x 106 / 100
f = 100 Khz
f = 10 x 106/ [(65535)*(65535)]
f = 10 x 106 / [4.295 x 109 ]
f = 2.328 mHz
If extremely slow data sampling rates are needed, the third 8254 timer, the multi-function
timer, can be cascaded with the other two to produce a 48-bit clock divider. The sampling
rates are then calculated as follows:
t = 100ns * [N1*N2*N3] or
f = 10MHz / [N1*N2*N3]
where N1 is the low 16-bits of the clock divider, N2 is the intermediate 16-bits of the clock
divider, and N3 is the high 16-bits of the divider. The following criteria must be met when
selecting values for N1, N2, and N3:
2 < N1 < 65,535
2 < N2 < 65,535
2 < N3 < 65,535
N1 * N2 * N3 > 100
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When configured for a 48-bit divider, the first sampling period will be slightly longer than
the others because the first clock period is required to load the initial value of the
multi-function timer. The following equation calculates the additional time of the first period:
tadd = 100ns * [N1 * N2]
To minimize the amount of additional time required for the first sample, select clock dividers
such that N1 and N2 are as small as possible and N3 is as large as possible. Using the
equations above, the minimum and maximum data sampling rates and the amount of
additional time required for the first sample can be calculated.
Maximum sampling rate:
N1 = 2, N2 = 2, N3 = 25
Minimum sampling rate:
N1 = 65535, N2 = 65535, N3 = 65535
t = 100 x 10−9 * [(2)*(2)*(25)]
t = 100 x 10−9 * 100
t = 10 us
t = 100 x 10−9 * [(65535)*(65535)*(65535)]
t = 100 x 10−9 * [2.815 x 1014 ]
t = 28.146 x 106 sec
f = 10 x 106 / [(2)*(2)*(25)]
t = 325 days, 18 hours, 23 minutes, 29 sec
f = 10 x 106 / 100
f = 100 Khz
f = 10 x 106 / [(65535)*(65535)*(65535 )]
f = 10 x 106 / [2.815 x 1014 ]
f = 35.529 nHz
tadd = 100 x 10−9 * [2 * 2]
tadd = 100 x 10−9 * 4
tadd = 400 ns
tadd = 100 x 10−9 * [65535 * 65535]
tadd = 100 x 10−9 * [4.295 x 109 ]
tadd = 429.5 sec
2.5.2
External Clock
The external clock input to the DAQ-16 is a TTL level (0 - 5 volt) signal. This input may be
used to control the sampling rate directly, or it may be fed through a pre-divider (the
multi-function timer) with the timer output controlling the A/ D sampling rate. When used to
control the sampling rate directly, the frequency of the external clock input may be varied
from DC to 100 KHz as long as the width of the low and high portions of the clock are a
minimum of 1 us each. The A/ D conversion cycle will begin on each rising edge of the
external clock input. (See Figure 2-7).
1 usec min 1 usec min
10 usec
min
Figure 2-7. Sampling Rate External Clock Pulses
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When the multi-function timer is used as a pre-divider, the frequency of the external clock
input may be varied from DC to 10 MHz as long as the high portion of the clock is at least
30ns and the low portion is at least 50ns. Except for the first period, the sampling rate of the
DAQ-16 will be the external clock frequency divided by the count value written to the
multi-function timer. Since one clock pulse is required to load the initial count value into the
timer, the first sampling interval will be one clock cycle longer than the rest. The valid range
of count values for the multi-function timer is 2 < count < 65,535 but the resulting sampling
rate must be less than 100KHz to assure proper operation of the A/ D converter circuitry.
(See Figure 2-8).
30 nsec min 50 nsec min
100 nsec
min
Figure 2-8. Pre-Divider External Clock Pulses
2.6
Trigger Selection
The DAQ-16 is capable of accepting an internal software trigger or an external hardware
trigger. The trigger selection and trigger level bits in the DAQ-16 control word register select
the trigger source and level. Upon reset, the trigger selection and trigger level bits default to
the internal software trigger. When the internal trigger is used, an output to the
start-of-conversion register will trigger the DAQ-16 to begin sampling the input. For
triggering off an external event, the DAQ-16 accepts a level sensitive, TTL compatible trigger
input from the D-62 connector. The trigger level bit in the DAQ-16 control word register
determines which TTL level is used to trigger the A/ D converter to begin sampling.
When an internal clock source is used, a delay of not more than 225ns will occur between the
trigger and the first data sample. When an external clock is used, the delay will be dependent
on the frequency and duty cycle of the clock input. If these delays are unacceptable, the clock
and trigger circuitry can be bypassed and a start of conversion pulse can be input directly into
the A/ D circuitry with a maximum delay of 25ns. If the user controls the start of conversion
pulse directly, the sample will be taken on the low to high transition of the pulse, the pulse
must have a duration of at least 10 us, and the duty cycle must be between 5 and 80 percent.
Jumper J1, shown in Figure 2-9, configures start of conversion control.
Start of Conversion:
(* indicates factory default)
J1
DAQ-16 controlled: connect 1-2*
User controlled: connect 2-3
1 2 3
Figure 2-9. Jumper J1 Configuration
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2.7
Direct Memory Access
Direct Memory Access (DMA) transfers provide a way of transferring data from the
DAQ-16's A/ D converter into the computer's memory without using the Central Processing
Unit (CPU). DMA capability enables other system software to be executed while data is being
input from the DAQ-16.
The DAQ-16 actually implements two DMA channels. The advantage of having two DMA
channels is that one channel can be transferring data while the second channel is being
programmed. When the first channel is finished, the second channel will automatically take
over and continue the data transfer. The first channel can then be re-programmed while the
second channel is transferring data. In this way, the DAQ-16 can acquire data continuously
until terminated by the user.
The DAQ-16 supports 16-bit DMA transfers on channels 5, 6, and 7. The DMA channel(s) are
selected by jumpers J8 and J9 as shown in Figure 2-10.
DMA Channel 1
DMA Channel 2
J9
J8
DRQ7
DACK7
DRQ7
DACK7
DRQ6
DRQ6
DACK6
DACK6
DRQ5
DRQ5
DACK5
DACK5
Figure 2-10. Jumpers J8 and J9 Configuration
WARNING: To properly implement the DMA capability, the DRQ and DACK of each
DMA channel must be jumpered to the same number, i.e. DRQ 5/ DACK 5. If both DMA
channels are to be used, each channel must be jumpered to a different number, i.e. channel
1 is jumpered to DRQ 5 / DACK 5 and channel 2 is jumpered to DRQ 7/ DACK 7.
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2.8
Interrupts
The DAQ-16 is capable of generating an interrupt from one of four sources:
1. End of conversion signal
2. DMA terminal count
3. Multi-function timer output
4. External interrupt input
The interrupt source is software selected through the DAQ-16 control word register. The
interrupt level is selected using the jumpers J10 and J11 as shown in Figure 2-11.
J11
J10
Factory default = IRQ 5
Figure 2-11. Jumpers J10 and J11 Configuration
2.8.1
External Interrupt
The external interrupt is a TTL compatible input from the D-62 connector. An interrupt
request is generated on a high to low transition of this input.
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3. External Connections
The DAQ-16 is equipped with a high density 62-pin connector as shown in Figure 3-1.
22
1
2
43
44
45
46
23
24
25
26
2 - CH1+
4 - CH2-
6 - CH4+
8 - CH5-
10 - CH7+
12 - AOUT0
14 - DOUT0
6 - DOUT3
18 - EXT TRIG
20 - DIN1
22 - CH0+
24 - CH1-
26 - CH3+
28 - CH4-
30 - CH6+
32 - CH7-
34 - AOUT1
36 - DOUT1
38 - EXT INT
40 - DIN3
42 - DIN0
43 - CH0-
45 - CH2+
47 - CH3-
49 - CH5+
51 - CH6-
53 - VREF0
55 - VREF1
57 - DOUT2
59 - EXT CLK
61 - DIN2
3
4
47
5
6
27
28
29
48
49
7
50
51
8
30
31
9
10
52
53
54
32
11
12
13
14
33
34
55
56
57
35
36
37
15
16
17
18
19
58
59
38
39
40
41
60
61
62
20
21
42
Figure 3-1. 62 Pin Connector Diagram
Analog Ground - 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54
Digital Ground - 15, 17, 19, 21, 37, 39, 41, 56, 58, 60, 62
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CH0-,CH0+,...,CH7-,CH7+ : Analog inputs to the analog to digital converter. Amplitude and
polarity depend upon jumper settings. The input resistance of these lines is 1.5K ohms
typical.
AOUT0, AOUT1: Analog outputs from the digital to analog converters. Polarity and
maximum amplitude depend on the jumper settings and voltage references. Output
resistance of the analog outputs is typically 70 ohms.
VREF0, VREF1: External voltage references for the digital to analog converters. Input range
is 0 to 5.5 volts with a no-load input resistance of 7.5K ohms.
EXT CLK, EXT TRG, EXT INT: External clock, trigger, and interrupt inputs respectively.
Inputs are TTL compatible.
DOUT0, DOUT1, DOUT2, DOUT3: TTL compatible digital output lines.
DIN0, DIN1, DIN2, DIN3: TTL compatible input lines.
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4. Register Description and Programming
The DAQ-16 uses 16 consecutive I/ O address locations in the range 0 to FFFFH. The card
utilizes these addresses for the registers listed in Table 4-1. (* indicates registers located in
8254 counter).
Base + 0, 1
Base + 2, 3
Read/ Write 16-bit Control Word Register
Write only 16-bit Start Conversion Register
Read only
16-bit A/ D Data Register
Base + 4, 5
Base + 6, 7
Base + 8
Write only 16-bit D/ A Channel 0 Register
Write only 16-bit D/ A Channel 1 Register
Read/ Write 8-bit Digital Input/ Output Register
Reserved
Base 9, A, B
Base + C *
Base + D *
Base E *
Read/ Write 8-bit Clock Rate Register (low)
Read/ Write 8-bit Clock Rate Register (high)
Read/ Write 8-bit Multi-function Timer Register
Read/ Write 8-bit 8254 Control Word/ Status Register
Base F *
Table 4-1. DAQ-16 Address Map
4.1
Register Description
4.1.1
Control Word Register
The control word register defines and controls many of the DAQ-16's data conversion
functions. This register is 16-bit read/ write.
Write
Read
Write
Read
D15 INT2
D14 INT1
D13 INT0
D12 DMAEN
D11 DMACT
D10 LEVEL
INT2
INT1
INT0
DMAEN
DMACH
LEVEL
TRIG
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
RUN
0
0
0
RUN
EOC
VALID
0
0
0
CHSL2
CHSL1
CHSL0
CHSL2
CHSL1
CHSL0
D9
D8
TRIG
CLK
CLK
INT2, INT1 and INT0 control the DAQ-16 interrupt source.
INT2
INT1
INT0
DESCRIPTION
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
Interrupt disabled
Interrupt timer 2
Interrupt on terminal count
External interrupt
Interrupt on end of conversion
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DMAEN - enables / disables DMA. When set, logic 1, DMA transfers are enabled.
DMACT - enables the multi-channel DMA capability of the DAQ-16. When set, logic 1, a
terminal count on the active DMA channel causes DMA transfers to begin on the "stand-by"
channel. When cleared, logic 0, DMA transfers halt when the terminal count is reached on
the active channel.
DMACH - indicates which of the DAQ-16's DMA channels is currently active to transfer
data. Logic 0 indicates DMA channel 0, logic 1 indicates DMA channel 1.
LEVEL - selects the edge of the external trigger input. When set, logic 1, A/ D conversions
will begin on the falling edge of the external trigger input. When cleared, logic 0, conversions
will begin on the rising edge of the external trigger. IMPORTANT: LEVEL must be logic 0
when internal triggering is used.
TRIG - selects between internal and external triggers. When set, logic 1, the external trigger
is selected.
CLK - selects between internal and external clock sources. When set, logic 1, the external
clock source is selected.
RUN - when set, logic 1, the A/ D converter is placed in the 'run' mode and will begin
converting data when a trigger is received. RUN may be cleared at any time by writing a "0"
to it. When using DMA transfers, RUN is automatically cleared when a terminal count is
received with DMACT set to "0".
EOC - when set, indicates an end of conversion has taken place and the data is available in
the A/ D converter data register.
VALID - when set, logic 1, indicates at least one data sample was lost because it was read by
the computer before the next sample was converted. The data was lost because the sampling
rate was too fast for the computer to acquire data. VALID is reset by writing to the start
conversion register.
CHSL2, CHSL1, CHSL0 - select the multiplexer channel for the analog input signal.
CHSL2
CHSL1
CHSL0
MUX channel
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
channel 0
channel 1
channel 2
channel 3
channel 4
channel 5
channel 6
channel 7
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4.1.2
Start of Conversion Register
The start of conversion register is 16-bit write only and performs two functions:
1. When configured for internal triggering, writing a "0" to this register generates the
software trigger, starting the data conversion process.
2. Writing a "0" to this register at any time resets the VALID bit in the control word
register. This allows the VALID bit to be reset at any time during the conversion
process or before the event of an external trigger.
4.1.3
DAC0 Register
An output to this register causes the lower twelve bits of data to be converted to an analog
output on D/ A converter channel 0. The four most significant bits of data are ignored. This
register is 16-bit write only.
4.1.4
DAC1 Register
An output to this register causes the lower twelve bits of data to be converted to an analog
output on D/ A converter channel 1. The four most significant bits of data are ignored. This
register is 16-bit write only.
The remaining four registers are contained in an 8254 counter/ timer.
4.1.5
Clock Rate Register (low word)
The low word of the clock divider is contained in counter 0 of an 8254 counter/ timer. The
output of this counter is cascaded into the input of counter 1 to produce a 32-bit timer. Mode
2 must be selected for counter 0 with a minimum count of 2. This register is 8-bit read/ write.
4.1.6
Clock Rate Register (high word)
The high word of the clock divider is contained in counter 1 of the 8254 counter/ timer. Mode
2 must be selected for counter 1 with a minimum count of 2. This register is 8-bit read/ write.
4.1.7
Multi-Function Timer Register
The multi-function timer is implemented using counter 2 of the 8254 counter/ timer. Mode
2 must be selected for this timer with a minimum count of 2. This register is 8-bit read/ write.
4.1.8
8254 Control Word/Status Register
This register is used to program the mode and report the status of the 8254 counter/ timer.
This register is 8-bit read/ write.
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4.2
Programming the 8254 Counter/Timer
This section provides programming information for the 8254 counter/ timer as implemented
on the DAQ-16. For more details on the 8254, consult the Intel Micro-Processor and Peripheral
Handbook.
To program any of the counters contained in the 8254 counter/ timer, three steps are required:
1. Write the configuration byte to the 8254 mode select/ status register. This byte sets
the operating mode of the selected counter.
2. Write the least significant byte of the count value to the selected counter register.
3. Write the most significant byte of the count value to the selected counter register.
The following examples illustrate the programming sequence for each of the counters in the
8254. The variable 'base_address' is the base address of the DAQ-16 as defined by the address
selection switches.
Counter 0 - Clock rate register (low word)
operating mode:
2
minimum count value:
configuration byte:
2
0 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 = 34H
Example:
Example:
Program the value 2675H into the low word of the clock rate register.
output 34H to base_address + 0FH
output 75H to base_address + 0CH
output 26H to base_address + 0CH
Program the value 0008H into the low word of the clock rate register.
output 34H to base_address + 0FH
output 08H to base_address + 0CH
output 00H to base_address + 0CH
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Counter 1 - Clock rate register (high word)
operating mode:
2
minimum count value:
configuration byte:
2
0 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 = 74H
Example:
Example:
Program the value 13A4H into the high word of the clock rate register.
output 74H to base_address + 0FH
output A4H to base_address + 0DH
output 13H to base_address + 0DH
Program the value FFFFH into the high word of the clock rate register.
output 74H to base_address + 0FH
output FFH to base_address + 0DH
output FFH to base_address + 0DH
Counter 2 - Multi-function timer register
operating mode:
2
minimum count value:
configuration byte:
2
1 / 0 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 = B4H
Example:
Example:
Program the value 000AH into the multi-function timer register.
output B4H to base_address + 0FH
output 0AH to base_address + 0EH
output 00H to base_address + 0EH
Program the value 0100H into the multi-function timer register.
output B4H to base_address + 0FH
output 00H to base_address + 0EH
output 01H to base_address + 0EH
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DAQ-16 Users Manual
Version 2.20
January 28, 1999
Part No. 940-0032-220
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