WAP SERVICE DEVELOPER'S GUIDE
FOR NOKIA SERIES 40
Version 1.0
13-02-02
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WAP Service Developer's Guide for Nokia Series 40
Version 1.0
Change history
13-03-02
Version 1.0
Document added into Forum Nokia
Disclaimer:
Nokia Corporation disclaims all liability, including liability for infringement of any proprietary rights,
relating to the implementation of information presented in this document. Nokia Corporation does not
warrant or represent that such use will not infringe such rights.
Nokia Corporation retains the right to make changes to this specification at any time without notice.
Licence:
A licence is hereby granted to download and print a copy of this specification for personal use only. No
other licence to any other intellectual property rights is granted herein.
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1
INTRODUCTION
This WAP Service Developer's Guide provides information and practical examples for
developers who want to optimise their existing WAP services for the Series 40 phones. Series
40 is a UI category for Nokia 128 x128 pixel screen resolution. It comprises a passive matrix
colour screen with two soft keys. The current Nokia handsets that belong to this category are
introduced in Chapter 3. This document highlights the possibilities, limitations, and
requirements of service development, and provides a good introduction to the Nokia style of
designing user interfaces.
The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) enhances the functionality of mobile handsets
through real-time interactive services. The protocol has been designed especially for small
screens and low bandwidths, and it offers a wide variety of wireless services over the
Internet for handsets. It was also designed to allow content to be delivered over any bearer
service, even when delivery of the services is enabled over GPRS, 3G or any other type of
network. WAP over GPRS opens up new possibilities for application development, and there
are also some optimizations in GPRS, that can be done by service developers.
Chapter 2 describes some general usability issues concerning WAP service development.
Chapter 3 introduces the browser user interfaces elements, keys, display and browsing
conventions. Chapter 4 outlines some general WML elements, which are mandatory features
on WAP 1.2.1, according to WAP Forum specifications. Chapter 5 introduces some optional
WAP 1.2.1 features that are supported in most of the WAP1.2.1 compliant phones.
This guide is not written for service developers only, but essentially for anyone
involved in creating the wireless information society and who needs to know more
about service creation on small mobile terminals. It can be used in conjunction with
the Nokia Mobile Internet Toolkit.
The Nokia Mobile Internet Toolkit offers developers an environment for creating,
testing, and demonstrating WAP applications. This allows service providers to
evaluate the usability of wireless applications and services together with their end-
user organization. In this guide, we have collected a lot of what we have learned to
help developers improve their services. We believe that good usability will increase
use and satisfaction, and thus increase revenues for service providers.
This guide does not purport to describe WAP in detail, and it is not meant to replace
any WAP specification.
1.1 References
User's guide for Nokia 7210
The Nokia Mobile Internet Toolkit can be downloaded from
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Wireless application protocol specifications can be found at
Information about Nokia products can be found at http://www.nokia.com/
1.2 Contact information
Developer support for WAP service development and GPRS bearer technology can be
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2
GENERAL USABILITY ISSUES – GUIDELINES FOR DESIGN
Nokia phones are renowned for their simple-to-use and intuitive user interface. In order to
create a service that will be perceived as usable and easy to understand, Nokia Mobile
Phones provides some general guidelines to help service providers develop their applications.
2.1 Mobile applications for mobile use
When deciding what information to include in the different applications on a mobile
terminal, think about what information might be relevant in the situations where the mobile
phone will be used. Mobile phone is primarily used when there is no access to the Internet
with a PC. We believe that users of mobile applications will be interested primarily in brief
and quick information. For instance, quick access to flight schedules from the mobile phone
might be relevant for users. Similarly, several short newsflashes are more relevant than
longer news articles. Quick access to weather information may also be of use in the mobile
situation to quickly check the temperature at the destination of the traveler. However, it is
less likely that users will surf using the application on the mobile terminal, but will prefer to
surf the Internet on a PC from the office or home.
2.2 Validate your WML
There are several XML validators available that validate your documents against WML
Document Type Definition. It is recommended that authors validate their WAP pages,
because invalid WML is always treated as an error and is discarded by the WAP gateway
(that is, it is not shown to the user).
2.3 GPRS usability
GPRS features efficient use of resources, instant access, fast delivery of information and
innovative charging models. Together, WAP and GPRS not only improve the user experience
of existing applications but also enable new services.
2.3.1 Not necessary for developers to make changes
GPRS enhances the end user experience of the mobile services currently being delivered over
circuit switched data (CSD). Since the WAP standard was designed to allow content to be
delivered over any bearer service, it is not necessary for developers to make changes to their
WAP-compliant services or applications, even when delivery of the services is enabled over
GPRS, 3G or any other type of network.
2.3.2 Cache utilization
It is recommended to use HTTP proxy to cache WML content whenever the content is
accessed through the Internet. The proxy should be placed close to the WAP gateway to
minimise the distance for data transfer between the two components. The home page (first
page) might alternatively be kept on a local server, close to the WAP gateway.
Most clients have a cache and using it is an important way to provide fast user experience.
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2.3.3 Usability tips for WAP over GPRS service development
Round-trips in a network always cause a minimum of a two 2-second delay to the response
time. Therefore, the number of round-trips should be minimised. For example, bitmaps cause
additional round-trips. The response time can also be minimised by keeping the size of a
WAP deck as compact as possible; this is especially important for pages that require an
instant response. The response time of the first deck has a strong impact to on the user
experience. Therefore, it is worthwhile to maximise Infrastructure optimisation.
Minimise latency between the WAP gateway and content server. Remember that each query
traverses this link twice, once as a request and once as a response.
Place the WAP gateway close to the GPRS gateway. (The GPRS gateway is technically called
a “Gateway GPRS Support Node”, or GGSN.) “Close” in this instance refers to both latency
and probability of packet loss. Lost messages cause additional delay due to HTTP-
retransmission.
2.4 Site organization
2.4.1 Avoid “doormat” pages
The user accesses your WAP site over a GSM data call, and pays per second. It is not
recommended to start your site using a “doormat” page, which serves no purpose other than
perhaps to greet the visitor and to display a logo. It is better if the user can go to your
service directly. If there is a need to use a timer, it should not be longer than ~1.5 seconds.
Otherwise, add a link incorporating the text “continue” to give the user the possibility to exit
the card.
2.4.2 Automatically detect the browser
If you are using a modern Web site hosting environment, it is possible to detect the browser
as well as the language mode and to supply correct content transparently without user
interaction.
Nokia WAP phones send a user agent field in the WSP header to the WAP Gateway when
they fetch content from the origin server. You can use this user agent field to define the
browser type and then build the logic on the origin server to serve suitable content. From the
WAP Gateway, it is then delivered inside the HTTP header.
The user agents for different Nokia phones can be found in the WAP Characteristics table on
2.4.3 Optimize for size
The size of the content is critical. If you have large decks (for example, lists and large tables),
consider splitting them into multiple parts for faster downloading.
As for the total downloading time, some studies place an upper limit for an acceptable delay
on a PC-based browser at 10 to 15 seconds, including all images. It is highly recommended
to have a response time (excluding connection time) in a mobile environment that is less
than 10 seconds.
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2.4.4 Choose descriptive card titles
It is very useful to give a descriptive name for the card. It might be a good idea to start the
title with your service’s name and to keep the total length of the title short.
It also pays to use meaningful URL addresses since the user sees the URL of the currently
selected link on the screen and can use it as a navigational help, especially when images
have not been loaded.
2.4.5 Pay attention to the first screen
The first (topmost) screen of any page is the most important one. All of the often-used
navigational links, search fields, login screens, and bulk of the information should reside
there. The user is then able to navigate forward before the rest of the card has been loaded,
and the user does not have to scroll the card.
Avoid wasting the top of the page for banner advertisements or non-informative graphics. It
is better to place the advertisements at the left or right edges rather than on the top.
2.4.6 Do not use absolute values for the screen size
When using images, the use of absolute values (in pixels) is not recommended. Sizes should
be specified as percentages of the total width or height.
2.4.7 Usage of do elements
Always use descriptive and short labels for all do elements. Favour local do elements instead
of anchored links that do not fit into their surrounding context. Global do elements should
be used only when especially needed at the end of the card. Always include a prev element
in every card to enable backward navigation.
2.5 Pictures and tables
2.5.1 Avoid useless images
Downloading images takes time, and many users may switch off the loading of images for
more speed. Try to optimise the size of images. If you have large pictures on your site,
consider using thumbnails for the image index.
Always give an alternative text (using the alt attribute of the <img> element) for images
that convey information. Always use a null alternative text (alt=””) for images that do not
convey information, or are used for page layout or decorative purposes only.
2.5.2 Use reasonable table sizes
If the table size exceeds the maximum width of the application screen due to the number of
columns, the table size will be scaled down to fit the screen. To keep the cell content
readable, special attention should be paid to table structuring.
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2.6 Take care of backward navigation
Due to the differences between WAP and the Web in regard to the processing of the history,
only the history processing described in the WML specifications is followed. This means that
the service provider must be responsible for navigation as a whole.
2.7 Use of card titles and element labels
Card titles describe the content of the display and their use is recommended. They help the
user to navigate in the application because they function as a reminder of where the user is
in the application. The item previously selected by the user should determine the header text.
For instance, the card title ‘Bookmarks’ tells the user that the display contains a list of
bookmarks in the application and that the options item previously selected was Bookmarks.
Proportional fonts are used in header texts, and if the header text is too long, it is
automatically truncated. Truncation is usually better than abbreviation, because the user
might be confused by unfamiliar abbreviations that can be difficult to understand.
2.8 Performing a usability test
It is always good to perform a usability test of new applications. People who have not been
involved in the design or development of the applications tend to notice potential usability
problems that are often not obvious to those who know the design by heart. Usability tests
should always be performed as early as possible in the development process. Any necessary
changes resulting from the tests can then be implemented within the development
timescale. Try to recruit users who are representative of the end users of the application, and
try to conduct the usability test on a smaller scale, if the schedule does not allow for
extensive testing.
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3
INTRODUCTION TO THE USER INTERFACE
This chapter gives a short overview of the user interface type of Series 40 phones.
Main focus is on the WAP services element (WAP browser) of the phone. The WAP
browser user interface is designed to comply with the user interaction handling,
known from other applications in the phone.
The user interface is a combination of specific user interface hardware like keys and
display, user interaction conventions, which include input and output functions and
their relationships, and audio-visual appearance, that is used in user interaction
conventions. This chapter concentrates on the hardware element of the Series 40
user interface.
3.1 Nokia Series 40 phones
The Nokia browser in Series 40 phones has a WAP browser with enhanced features and
increased usability. The deck size is 2.8kbit (including WSP headers) and cache size in
terminal is 20kbit. Other WAP features include predictive text input in WAP (T9) and a
picture viewer. Three different image formats are supported over the WAP; WBMP, static GIF
and animated GIF. In addition, the June 2000 conformance (WAP1.2.1) phones support push
service indication, WTAI public library and cookies. See the WAP Characteristics table in
www.forum.nokia.com for more detailed information.
Nokia 7210
WAP version
Network
WAP1.2.1
GSM900/1800/1900
Bearers
Keys
CSD, HSCSD, GPRS
Two soft key UI
Figure 3-1
Nokia Series 40 phones launched at the moment
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3.2 User interface – display and keys
3.2.1 Two soft key display
The display is a high-resolution passive matrix colour display, 4096 colours, with a display
resolution of 128 pixels (horizontal) and 128 pixels (vertical). The display consists of the
application area, header area and the area used for the soft keys.
Figure 3-2
Structure of the browser screen
The application area is 122 pixels (horizontal) and 96 pixels (vertical), it includes 5
lines of main text and can also be used for displaying graphics, which is four ways
scrollable (picture viewer) until the maximum deck size.
3.2.2 Keys in two soft key user interface
The Send/Talk key works as a selection key.
The End key exits a data call/GRPS connection and goes into idle state when
pressed twice.
The two soft keys: The soft keys are assigned actions that enable the user to
manipulate the user interface by making selections and entering, editing, and
deleting text.
-The left soft key is used as a yes/positive key. It contains options that execute
commands and go deeper into the menu structure. Some example functions are
Select, OK, and Options.
-The right soft key is used as a no/negative key. It contains options that cancel
commands, delete text, and go backwards in the menu structure, such as Back, Exit,
and Clear.
The 4 way scrolling/navigation key
-Scrolling up/down allows the user to scroll the options, text and images in the current
display up and down (vertical direction).
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-Scrolling left/right allows the user to scroll the images in the current display in horizontal
direction.
3.3 Display fonts
All fonts are proportional fonts. Proportional fonts give a dynamic and minimised
width for each character, give improved readability of the display texts, and
generally allow more characters to be displayed per line. On the other hand, having
proportional fonts means that it is difficult to tell how many characters there can be
in each line, cf. Characters 'W' and 'i'.
Height (pixels)
One line
19
16
1
1
1
Font
Margin Top
Margin Bottom
Underlining
Figure 3-3
Information of one line
3.4 Accessing WAP browser
The Browser is accessed by selecting Services from the menu and entering a homepage
defined for the currently active settings or a bookmark. For quick access to the browser, the
user can make a long key press on the 0–key and the user is taken to the homepage that is
defined for the currently active settings set. The access point and home page can be set in
the Services -> Settings menu.
3.5 Navigation, labels and titles
The user should be provided with consistent card headers, element titles and do-
element labels. The title of a <select> element is used in the header of a
selection list or option groups list. The title of an <optgroup> element is used as
an option groups title and in the header of its selection list. The title of an input
element is used in the editor title. The label of a do element is used in the Service
options behind the Options soft key.
3.6 Scrolling
The user can move up and down in card view when it contains elements (hotlinks,
input elements, and selection list items) and static text areas between them. This is
done by ”jumping” from element to element. Scrolling through long static sections
(that is, text lines) is done line by line. The first element of a card is highlighted by
default if it is on the first display.
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3.7 Picture viewer
The picture viewer offers the user a possibility to perform horizontal and vertical scrolling of
pictures/animations that are too wide/high for the display. The picture viewer can only be
activated by selecting the options list item View Picture if the currently active page contains
at least one picture/animation. In the picture viewer, pictures/animations are displayed
similarly to the way pictures/animations are displayed in the browser display except that
only one picture/animation can be viewed at a time.
3.8 Cache
The browser places viewed cards in cache. Therefore, the previously visited cards can be
quickly accessed, as there is no need to reload them. The cards stay in cache until it is
manually cleared by the user or until the memory is full. See the WAP Characteristics table
for information on cache size in different Nokia WAP phones.
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4
WML ELEMENTS FOR THE NOKIA USER INTERFACE
This chapter is a guide for using WML 1.3 in designing services for Series 40 phones.
It is an overview of general graphical user interface elements, that is, the WML
elements that are critical from the point of view of rendering and the WML
capabilities supported by the browser. All the elements introduced here are
supported in every Series 40 Nokia phone introduced in this document. However, this
chapter does not include all possible WML elements and attributes. WAP service
developers should especially pay attention to sections 4.2 Table and 4.3 Images
when optimising their existing services.
The WML elements are shortly described and demonstrated with the use of
screenshots. The code examples include only the essential part in using the
elements. i.e. they are not valid WML documents in itself.
4.1 Text formatting
The contents of a WML card are displayed in the card view. The card is a container of
text, images, tables, and input elements. The order of elements in a card is
significant, as they appear on the screen in the same order.
4.1.1 Paragraph and content alignment
The paragraph element, <p>, enables word wrapping and content alignment. A
paragraph always starts on a new line. Normal static text information is always
wrapped on a display, unless word wrapping is set off in browser settings.
Insignificant white space is ignored. If more than one white space separates the
constituents of a text, these white spaces are ignored unless the <pre> element is
used. See section 4.1.4 for more information on the pre element.
Content inside a paragraph can be aligned to the left, centre, or right by option; left
alignment is displayed by default. Alignment is determined in paragraph attributes
(for example, <p align="right">). Word wrapping can be set to wrap or
nowrap by using the mode attribute in paragraph.
Example 4-1 Alignment <align>
<p align="center">
Align "center"
</p>
<p align="right">
Align "right"
</p>
<p align="right">
<img alt="8310" src="file://…/7210.wbmp" align="top"
hspace="0" vspace="0"/>
</p>
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4.1.2 Line break
New lines in text can be defined by a line break. The line break element, <br>, can
be used inside other elements as well, as long as it belongs to a paragraph. If a line
break is defined after an <a> element, the line break is ignored. If an empty line is
needed between two links, it is necessary to add two line breaks between the <a>
elements.
4.1.3 Fieldset element
The fieldset element allows the grouping of related fields and text. The basic idea of
grouping is to show the grouped items on the same display if possible. If the items
cannot be displayed on the same display, the user is not given any notification.
Fieldset always starts a new line and ends with a line break.
4.1.4 Pre element
The pre element is supported. When the pre element is used, the content shown is
rendered as “pre-formatted” to the extent that is possible. This implies that white
space is left intact when rendered, that the font in the cards remains the same as
for plain text in a card, and that word wrapping is enabled/disabled according to
how the browser is set.
4.2 Table
The <table> element is used together with the <tr> elements and <td>
elements to create sets of rows and columns of data, such as text, images, and so
on. It is possible to have text, images, and tables on the same card. The cells are
shown in bordered rows and columns.
The size of the cells is dynamic, according to the content of the cells. The widest
cells affect the width of the other cells in the same column. A minimum cell width
of 10 pixels is necessary in order for the columns to remain discernible. The width of
the rows will be adapted so that all can fit. Where more cells are defined than can
fit on the screen, the cells are all of the defined minimum width. Where the content
of the cells is too large to fit inside the cell, the content is truncated and three dots
are added.
A maximum of one text, image or link element can be shown in each cell when no
row in the table has been selected. Otherwise, text, image, as well as link elements,
can be shown in a cell. In a text element, if line breaks are defined, several lines can
be shown at a time. When no row has been selected, the longest line in a cell
defines the width of the cell if the cell can be shown in full width. Otherwise, lines
of excessive length are truncated and three dots are added. The full content of each
cell can be viewed by scrolling.
The title of the table is shown when a row is selected. If the table has no title, the
title of the card in which the table is situated is used as a title for the table.
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Example 4-2 table element
<table align="LCC" columns="3">
<tr>
<td>Date</td>
<td>F'cast</td>
<td>T °C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<anchor title="date">M 6/7
<go href="#date" method="get" sendreferer="false"/>
</anchor>
</td>
<td>
<anchor>
<img alt="rain"src="rainy.wbmp" align="bottom"/>
<go href="#descr" method="get" sendreferer="false"/>
</anchor>
</td>
<td>25°C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>T 6/8</td>
<td>
<img alt="part cldy" src="file://…/partcldy.wbmp"
align="bottom"/>
</td>
<td>27°C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>W 6/9</td>
<td>
<img alt="cloudy" src="file://…/cloudy.wbmp"
align="bottom"/>
</td>
<td>24°C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>T 6/10</td>
<td>
<img alt="rainy" src="file://…/rainy.wbmp"
align="bottom"/>
</td>
<td>28°C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>F 6/11</td>
<td>
<img alt="sunny" src="sunny.wbmp" align="bottom"/>
</td>
<td>29°C</td>
</tr>
</table>
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4.3 Images
The graphic formats Wireless Bitmap (WBMP), static GIF (*.gif 87a), animated GIF
(*.gif 89a) are supported. The static graphics area is a maximum of 122 pixels wide
and 96 pixels high, but vertically and horizontally scrollable up to the maximum
deck size (2.8kbit). The animated GIF graphics area is a same than static graphics
area. Images fitting in the graphics area are centred unless specified otherwise by
the service provider.
However, displaying images is optional and can be turned off in browser appearance
settings. Images can also be used inside a table and as a link (see example 4-2
above). An image that functions as a link is represented with a full-line frame
around it. There cannot be text next to an image; the image will always start its own
line.
Figure 4-1 Image and header text
If a requested image does not exist or could not be fetched, a small default picture
will be shown. It is also recommended to use the image alt attribute value as an
alternative textual representation for the image.
Example 4-3 img element
<img alt="part cldy" src="file://…/partcldy.wbmp"/>
4.3.1 Animated GIF
The most recent Nokia browsers1 support animated GIF (*.gif 89a) image format. The
maximum number of frames allowed is 13 (note that the maximum file size is 2.4
kb).
1 All phones that were introduced in this document support GIF image formats in WAP browser
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4.4 Links
The anchored link or <a> element specifies a hotlink. Links are underlined and
coloured as blue. When a user selects a link, an associated task is performed. When
the link is active, the options list of the browser display is extended with the option
"Open link". The user can also select a link by pressing the Send key.
The <a> element is a short form of the anchor element, and is bound to a go task
without variables. In general, it is recommended to use the <a> element instead of
<anchor> where possible, to allow more efficient compression.
A hotlink is automatically followed by a line break. In case a line break is defined
after an <a> element, the line break is ignored. If an empty line is needed between
two links, it is necessary to add two line breaks between the <a> elements. If a
hotlink does not have a title or label, the URL address of the link is displayed in its
full length, and functions as a normal hotlink.
Example 4-4 Image as a link
<anchor>text<go href="#card2"/>
</anchor>
<anchor>
<img alt="part cldy" src="file://…/partcldy.wbmp"/>
<go href="#card2"/>
</anchor>
4.5 Do element
The do element provides a general mechanism for the user to act upon the current
card. The do elements are mapped behind the browsers options list together with
the preloaded options. If a do element contains a prev task, the right soft key is
labelled "Back" and the options list is extended with "Back". Use of a prev task is
highly recommended in every card because it enables backward navigation. Do
elements have a label that is the text of the item in the browser’s options list. If the
label is available it is used as an option list item. If there is no label, a default text is
displayed, according to Table 4-1 below. However, it is highly recommended to use
the label attribute.
Type
Static text
OK
Accept
Prev
Back
Help
Help
Reset
Reset
Options
Delete
Unknown
Options
Delete
Unknown
Table 4-1 Do elements label default text
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4.5.1 Prev task
The author of the WAP service is always responsible for the working navigation
model within its own service. If there is a need for back functionality, it should be
explicitly defined with the <prev> type <do> element. The WAP browser does not
have any implicit back functionality.
4.5.2 Card-wide and deck-wide scope
The do element can be expressed in two ways: in card-wide scope or in deck-wide
scope in a template. Do elements will be stored in the browser’s options list
together with the preloaded options.
Example 4-5 Deck-wide backward navigation, prev
<template>
<do type="prev" label="Back">
<prev/>
</do>
</template>
Example 4-6 Card-wide backward navigation
<do type="prev" label="Back"
<prev/>
</do>
Example 4-7 Do element
<wml>
<template>
<do name="help-button" type="options" label="Ask Help">
</do>
<do type="options" label="Contact">
sendreferer="false"/>
</do>
<do type="prev" optional="false">
<prev/>
</do>
</template>
<card id="card1" title="Homepage" ordered="true">
<p align="left">
Please, register
<br/>
Username:
<input name="username" type="text" title="Username"
emptyok="false"/>
Password:
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<input name="password" type="password"
title="Password" emptyok="false"/>
<do type="accept" label="Enter">
<go href="#confirm" method="get"
sendreferer="false"/>
</do>
</p>
</card>
<card id="confirm" title="Confirmation"
ordered="true" newcontext="false">
<p align="left">
$(username), thank you for registering.
</p>
</card>
</wml>
4.6 WML input processing
Input processing enables the user to input requested information to the service.
There are two kinds of input element; text fields determined by an input element
and selection lists determined by a <select> element. <Option> elements are
used to specify a single choice option in a <select> element. <Option>
elements can be grouped by using an <optgroup> element (see example 4-9).
4.6.1 Input elements
The input element specifies a character entry object. The input element is
displayed with brackets. By selecting the input element, the user evokes the editor.
The editor is never displayed directly in card view. The editor layout is alphanumeric
data query layout. The options list of the browser display is then extended with the
"Edit" option. The T9 option is enabled in the browser. The user can select the input
element by pressing the Send key. The input element consists of a title, brackets, and
a value. There can be a default value inside the brackets. The title of the element is
only displayed when the editor box is displayed, which occurs after the input
element has been selected. The value with the brackets is always wrapped to the
next line. If the value cannot fit into one line, the end of the content is truncated
and three dots are added.
Direct input access
The user can also select the input element by pressing any number key when the edit
box appears and the pressed key is already placed in the edit box. In other words, the
user can just start inputting characters and the edit box appears automatically.
When T9 (predictive text input) is activated, the soft keys are "Options" and "Back"
when the editor is empty. Otherwise, the soft keys are "Options" and "Clear". This
also applies if T9 is deactivated. Input fields can be specified by the input element
type and format attributes.
Example 4-8 Text input <input>
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<template>
<do type="previous" label="Back" optional="false">
<prev/>
</do>
</template>
<card id="card1" title="Homepage">
<p align="left">
Please, register
<br/>
Username:
<input name="username" type="text" title="Username"/>
Password:
<input name="password" type="password" title="Password"/>
<do type="accept" label="Enter" optional="false">
<go href="#confirm" method="get" sendreferer="false"/>
</do>
</p>
</card>
<card id="confirm" title="Confirmation" ordered="true">
<p align="left">
$(username), thank you for registering.
</p>
</card>
</wml>
4.6.2 Select element
Selection lists are elements that specify a list of options for the user to choose from.
Two kinds of selection list are supported; single choice and multiple-choice lists. The
user can select multiple choices, if the multiple attributes are set as true
(selected items are marked with a selection symbol). The user can highlight and
select the selection list item on a card. The options list of the browser display is
extended with "Select". The user can also select the selection list by pressing the
Send key. That same item will be highlighted and displayed with a selected icon in
front of it, once the user re-enters the list during the same browsing session.
A selection list item on a card looks similar to an input element item; it consists of
a title, brackets, and a value. There is always a default value inside the brackets in a
single selection list (in a multiple selection list there are, by default, three dots
between the brackets unless specified otherwise by the service provider). If there are
no options in the selection list, three dots are displayed between the brackets. The
title is not displayed in the card itself. The value with the brackets is always wrapped
to the next line, which means that there will never be text and a value with brackets
on the same line. If the value cannot fit onto one line, the remaining part of the
content is truncated and replaced with three dots. The title of the selection list is
the first item of the card containing the selection list. If the value is a multiple
selection value, commas separate the selections. If the value cannot fit into one line,
the end of the content is truncated and replaced with three dots. The user can view
the value between brackets in full by pressing the # key. Until the # key is released,
the content that can fit on the screen is viewed. The soft keys are hidden while the
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content is viewed in full. The layout in full view is the same as the one selected by
the user for browsing.
The <option> element specifies a single choice option in a select element.
Options can be grouped with an <optgroup> element, which specifies a group of
choice items in a select element. An <optgroup> element is displayed with an
icon in front of the title. An <optgroup> element can be used in single selection
lists as well as in multiple selection lists. Only in multiple selection lists is it possible
to have option groups that allow multiple selections.
Example 4-9 Select and optgroup
<wml>
<card id="phones" title="Information Request">
<p align="left">
Send me more information about:
<select name="models" title="Products" multiple="true">
<optgroup title="Phones">
<option value="Nokia 8310">
8310
</option>
<option value="Nokia 5510">
5510
</option>
<option value="Nokia 6310">
6310
</option>
</optgroup>
<optgroup title="Accessories">
<option value="Battery">
Battery
</option>
<option value="Desktop stand">
Desktop stand
</option>
<option value="Charger">
Charger
</option>
<option value="Headset">
Headset
</option>
</optgroup>
</ >
Please, provide your
<br/>
Name:
<input name="name" type="text" title="Name"
emptyok="false"/>
</p>
<do type="accept" label="Confirm" optional="false">
<go href="#confirm" method="get" sendreferer="false"/>
</do>
<do type="prev" optional="false">
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<prev/>
</do>
</card>
</wml>
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5
OPTIONAL WAP 1.2.1 FEATURES
This chapter is an introduction to the optional WAP 1.2.1 features specified by WAP Forum.
These features are supported in most WAP 1.2.1 compliant phones.
5.1 Push Service Indication
Push service indications are an ideal way to activate users. They can be used to notify users
of updated content or alert in their areas of interest. The service provider can push a service
indication content type to the phone display, which is then saved to the Service Inbox in
Service menu. The user can view indicated content afterwards by using the Service Inbox.
The service indication should contain at least a text with a URL address indicating a service.
5.1.1 Push indication structure
Service indication contains text that is displayed to the user, and a URL of content which
may be dynamically generated for each push message in the application server.
Messages that have already been sent can be replaced and deleted. Messages with the same
message id can also be put into the correct order by creating time. Service providers can also
determine the user attention priority level (none, low, medium, high).
5.1.2 Service Inbox
Push service indications are saved in the Service Inbox. The Service Inbox can be
accessed through the options list under Services and under the options list belonging
to the browser display. In Service Inbox, the received service indications can be
viewed, deleted or downloaded. Note that receiving push services is set to off by
default; it can be set to on in Service inbox settings.
5.2 WTAI public library – Wireless Telephony Applications Interface public library
Three WTAI (Wireless Telephony Applications Interface) public library functions are
supported. You can make a call while browsing, send DTMF tones, and save numbers
and names to the phone book. These functions, MakeCall, SendDTMF and
AddPBEntry, can be used anywhere in the WML code in the same way as when URI
or script references are used for normal non-WTAI references.
5.2.1 Making a phone call
The MakeCall function is used for making a phone call directly from the WML
browser application. A typical example of the usage of MakeCall is when the user
selects an anchored link, which initiates a phone call. When a MakeCall function is
executed, the user is asked to confirm that the dial-up is to be made. If the phone
number that is about to be called does not exist in the phone book, a confirmation
query with the phone number is displayed. If the number to be called exists in the
phone book, a confirmation query is displayed with the name fetched from the
phone book. If the user accepts to make the phone call, another confirmation query
is displayed with the text "Quit browsing and make the call?"
If the user accepts both queries, the browser session will be terminated and the
browser application will be closed down. The call will then be initiated. When the
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call is terminated, the phone is in idle state. If the user rejects the latter
confirmation query, the call will be initiated from within the browser display and the
user can browse cached content during the call. No in-call options such as Mute,
Hold etc. are accessible from within the browser application. The options list
belonging to the browser display remains unaffected by the fact that a call is active.
5.2.2 Send DTMF tone
The user can send DTMF tones through the network by executing a WTAI function
called SendDTMF. Just like MakeCall, a typical way of using SendDTMF is to assign
the SendDTMF function to an anchored link. The user must have a voice call active.
When the DTMF tone has been sent, the user returns to the card/deck where s/he
initiated the sending. The voice call remains active.
5.2.3 Add a phone book entry
AddPBEntry–function offers an easy way of storing a phone number and a
corresponding name onto the phone book application from a WML card. The service
provider provides the name and number. When the user activates an AddPBEntry
function and the service provider has declared a name and a number, the phone
displays a confirmation query with the text "Save name." When the user accepts the
confirmation query, another confirmation query with the text "With number +44
123 123 4567" is displayed and the number is stored in the phone book application.
When saving is done, the currently active card is displayed again. Note that the user
does not have to be online or have any voice calls active in order to use the
AddPBEntry function.
5.3 Accesskey
Service providers have the possibility of using the accesskey attribute of the a
element and of the anchor element. This permits the user to open links with a long
press of the associated access keys. The allowed keys for access key use are the 0-9
number keys. The service provider should indicate to the user which keys to press in
order to open the desired links. The key can be indicated to the user by adding the
label of the key to the link concerned, e.g. if the service provider associates the “2”
key to a link, the service provider should add the number “2” to the label of the link.
Example 5-1 Using accesskey "2"
<a accesskey="2" href="phone.wml">(2)a </a>
Only one link can be associated with each accesskey. A key will also open its corresponding
link if the service provider has assigned it as an accesskey but does not indicate this to the
user. If the user tries to open a link by using a key that the service provider has not
associated to any link, the key used does not react to the action of the user. An accesskey
has an effect on a link even if the link is not highlighted. The link chosen by the user is
highlighted after the corresponding accesskey has been given a long press. This is visible
while the terminal is fetching the content of the link. A long press of an accesskey also has
an effect when a card contains both accesskeys and a highlighted input element. An input
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element can be activated by an associated accesskey through a long press in the same way
as anchored links as described above.
5.4 Cookies
Cookies enable the storage of data like user information to ease the browsing process for the
user, by reducing the amount of information input required. For example, login can be
configured dynamically so that it is displayed only if the application cannot identify the user.
5.5 Content download over WAP
Content download is a technology that is used to deliver digital content such as
entertainment and business applications to mobile terminals. Another important application
is for personalizing terminals according to a user’s preferences and lifestyle. Content
downloading can be initiated by an end user or by a network application.
The content download mechanism between the mobile terminal and content source is based
on open technologies such as HTTP (and WSP) and Java Community Process technology. This
technology allows the creation of an open, multivendor market for terminal vendors as well
as for network server and broker vendors.
For more information about the Content Download, please go to
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A.
WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL WAP
Introduction
The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a set of protocols that allow the
development of applications and services for use with mobile phones and other
mobile devices. The WAP Forum maintains these protocols and their related
standards and specifications.
The WAP Forum consists of a number of high-tech companies from the information
technology, software, and telecommunication industries. The objectives of the WAP
Forum are to:
•
•
Bring Internet content and advanced data applications to digital mobile phones
Create a global wireless protocol specification that works across different
wireless network technologies
•
•
Enable the creation of content and applications that scale across a wide range
of bearer networks and device types
Embrace existing standards and technology wherever possible
WAP architecture
WAP and Internet architecture
In order to apply as much leverage on the existing Internet standard as possible, the
WAP stack closely follows the Internet model. This is illustrated in Figure 1.
Wireless Application
Internet
HTML
Other Services
and
Applications
Wireless Application
Environment (WAE)
TM
JavaScript
HTTP
Wireless Session Layer (WSP)
Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP)
Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)
WirelessDatagramProtocol (WDP)
TLS - SSL
TCP/IP
UDP/IP
Bearers:
SMS USSD CSD
IS-136
CDMA CDPD PDC-P Etc..
Figure 1
Comparison of Internet and WAP Architecture
This layered architecture allows applications to utilise the features of the WAP stack
through well-defined interfaces. This close link to the Internet architecture allows
developers to utilise their existing knowledge and expertise when developing
applications for mobile terminals.
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Wireless Application Environment (WAE)
The Wireless Application Environment (WAE) is a general-purpose application
environment that uses a combination of Internet and mobile terminal technology. It
provides a framework for the development of applications on a mobile terminal. WAE
contains support for the following functionality:
•
Wireless Markup Language (WML) - a lightweight presentation language, similar
to HyperText Markup Language (HTML) but optimised for use with mobile
terminals.
•
•
•
Wireless Markup Language Script (WMLS) - a lightweight script language,
similar to Java ScriptTM.
Wireless Telephony Application / Interface (WTA / WTAI) - telephony services and
programming interfaces.
Content formats - defined data formats, such as vCard and vCalendar.
Wireless Session Protocol (WSP)
The Wireless Session Protocol (WSP) provides the application layer of WAP with an
interface for two session services. The first is a connection-oriented service that
operates above the transaction layer protocol. The second is a connectionless service
that operates above a secure or non-secure datagram service. The WSP is optimised
for low bandwidth bearer networks with long latency.
Wireless Transport Protocol (WTP)
The Wireless Transport Protocol (WTP) runs on top of the datagram service and
provides a lightweight transaction-oriented protocol, suitable for use in mobile
terminals. WTP operates over secure or non-secure wireless datagram networks.
Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)
Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS) is based on the industry standard Transport
Layer Security (TLS) and is optimised for use over narrowband communication
channels. WTLS may be used for secure communication between terminals, and
applications can selectively enable WTLS features.
Developing applications with WAP
Application developers can use the principles of WAP to develop new services or
adapt existing Internet applications for use with mobile terminals. Applications are
written in Wireless Markup Language (WML) and WMLScript, and stored on either a
normal Web server (origin server) or directly on the WAP gateway. The content
stored on the Web server is accessible from mobile terminals via the cellular network
and a WAP gateway or proxy.
The proxy server acts as a gateway between the cellular network and the Internet or
Intranet. The data sent between the origin server and the handset is binary encoded
to optimise transmission over the narrow bandwidth of the cellular network. Note
that the content stored on the Web server might be in either textual or binary
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format. When the WAP gateway fetches textual content, it automatically compiles
this to the encoded format to minimise network load.
Figure 2 shows the network-related elements required for developing and offering
services to mobile users.
WML
Binary
WAP
Proxy
Web
Server
WML
HTML
HTML
Filter
Wireless
Network
WTA
Server
Binary
WML
Figure 2
Web server
The Web server stores the applications written in WML. Alternatively, existing HTML
applications can be used.
HTML filter
Any applications written in HTML will have to be converted to WML before they are
sent to the mobile terminal. This HTML filter may form part of the Web server or the
WAP proxy.
WAP proxy
The WAP proxy acts as the gateway between the cellular network and the Internet
or Intranet. It encodes the information which is to be sent to the mobile terminal in
binary format and decodes information sent from the mobile terminal.
WTA server
The WTA server handles network-specific applications. These applications are not
discussed in this document.
Further information
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B.
LIST OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Term or abbreviation
Description
Card
Deck
A single WML unit of navigation and user interface.
A collection of WML cards that is the smallest downloadable unit. You
cannot download a single card in a deck; you must download the entire
deck. Service developers should be aware of this, and not create large
applications in a single deck.
Do element
DTMF tone
A way of defining the binding between events (such as a user selection)
and a task (for example, to go somewhere).
Standard tone used to transmit numeric data via telephone. Generated
when number keys are pressed.
GPRS (General Packet
Radio
Mobile service, which gives a packet switched access over GSM to
external data networks with high-peak transfer capacity.
Service)
Hyperlink
A link within a document or card that allows quick navigation to another
document (card).
Input element
A markup element that allows for interaction with the user, that is, letting
the user input textual values. These can be used for inputs to locally
stored scripts, or for parsing to origin servers.
Multiple selection list
A selection list, which allows the user to scroll and select several (or none)
options to be active.
Navigation
The concept of moving between menu items, decks, and cards.
Proportional font
A font in which different letter widths do not necessarily have the same
number of pixels. ‘W’ and ‘I’ are good examples.
Selection list
Soft key
List of user-selectable options.
The phone has one or more function keys whose function depends on the
state of the phone. These keys are called soft keys because there is an
associated text on the display.
T9 in WAP
Predictive text input in browser input fields.
Word wrapping
Formatting rule for text appearance. Specified in Editing (UI components).
WML (Wireless Markup Markup language based on Extensible Markup Language (XML), which is
Language)
WTAI
intended for use in specifying content and user interface for narrowband
devices, including mobile phones and pagers.
Feature that provides the means to create telephony applications by using
a WAE user-agent with the appropriate WTAI function libraries.
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