Meridian Data GPS Receiver Transplant CF LP GPS Receiver User Manual

Transplant  
CF LP  
GPS Receiver  
User’s Guide  
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Copyright © Transplant Computing LLC 2003. All rights reserved.  
Reproduction, transfer, distribution or storage of part or all of the contents in this  
document in any form without the prior written permission of Transplant Computing  
is prohibited.  
All other products and company names mentioned herein may be trademarks or  
tradenames of their respective owners. The software and map photos are belonged  
to respective owners.  
Transplant Computing reserves the right to make changes and improvements to  
any of the products described in this document without prior notice.  
Under no circumstances shall Transplant Computing be responsible for any loss of  
data or income or any special, incidental, consequential, or indirect damages  
howsoever caused.  
Remark:  
The synthetic screen displays on the PDA in this manual and on the package description are for  
demonstration purposes only. All trade names and all GPS software belong to their respective  
owners.  
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Warnings  
Care and Caution  
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is operated by the United States  
Government which is solely responsible for the accuracy and continued  
operation of the system. Accuracy of position fixes (longitude, latitude and  
altitude) can be affected by alterations made to the GPS satellites by the U.S.  
Government. Accuracy is subject to change in accordance with the U.S.  
Department of Defense civil GPS user policy and Federal Radionavigation Plan.  
Positional accuracy and time to fix time can also be affected by poor view of  
caused by obstructions such as  
tall buildings,  
heavy foliage,  
large cliffs and other obstructions  
where GPS satellite signals are blocked and poor satellites geometry  
conditions result.  
Judgment  
The CF LP GPS receiver is an excellent navigation and location awareness  
assist tool, but does not substitute the needs of careful steering and good  
judgment. Never only rely on one single tool or apparatus for positioning and  
navigation.  
Accessories  
There may have accessory supplied with the CF LP GPS receiver which are  
specifically designed for the CF LP GPS. Use of other accessories will severely  
degrade performance or even damage the receiver, and will void the warranty. Do  
not try to open or break the receiver. There are no user serviceable parts  
inside the receiver. Opening the receiver will void the warranty.  
Software  
Follow the operation guidance as stated and described in the user guide of  
the GPS application software.  
The software supplied with the CF LP GPS receiver is solely for personal  
usage. Making copies only for personal use, but may not copy, modify,  
reverse engineer or transfer the software unless expressively provided by  
written agreement. The software is the property of Transplant / EMTAC  
and/or its supplier and is protected by international treaty provisions.  
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Notice  
In order to help you fulfilling any warranty obligations, read comprehensively the  
“Warnings, Disclaimer and Limitation of Liability, Basic Guidelines, Care and  
Maintenance, and the whole User Guide.  
Remarks:  
1. The External Active Antenna is an optional accessory which is not included in the package.  
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Disclaimer and Limitation of Liability  
Transplant Computing and its subsidiaries assume no responsibility for any damage  
or loss resulting from the use of this product, software and user guide.  
Transplant Computing and its subsidiaries assume no responsibility for any loss or  
claims by third parties which may arise through the use of the software. Transplant  
Computing and its subsidiaries assume no responsibility for any damage or loss  
caused by deletion of data as a result of malfunction, dead battery, or repairs.  
Under no circumstances shall Transplant Computing and its subsidiaries are  
responsible for any loss of data or income or any special, incidental, consequential  
or indirect damages howsoever caused.  
The contents of this User Guide are provided “as is. Except as required by  
applicable laws, no warranties of any kind, either express or implied, including, but  
not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular  
purpose, are made in relation to the accuracy, reliability or contents of this user  
guide. Transplant Computing reserves the right to revise this user guide or  
withdraw it at any time without prior notice. Transplant Computing reserves the  
right to make changes and improvements to any of the products described in this  
user guide.  
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Table of contents  
Basic Guidelines  
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1. Getting Start  
9
9
Introduction  
Prepare to use your CF LP GPS  
GPS signal reception  
10  
10  
11  
Using optional external active antenna  
2. General Information  
General features  
12  
12  
14  
15  
16  
Embedded active antenna  
External antenna port  
External active antenna (Optional Accessory)  
3. Operation Guide  
17  
18  
19  
20  
21  
22  
Step 1 To install the GPS/MAP application software in the PPC  
Step 2 To operate the GPS/MAP application software  
Step 3 To connect with the external active antenna(optional)  
Use of the power jack  
Connect with external active antenna  
4. Troubleshooting  
5. Care and Maintenance  
Glossary  
24  
25  
26  
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Basic Guidelines  
SAFETY  
Read the User Guide and these basic guidelines comprehensively. Breaching the  
regulations and rules may be dangerous or illegal. Road safety is the first priority;  
do not use or operate the CF LP GPS receiver while driving. Keep the CRUX II / CF  
LP GPS receiver away from high temperatures and fire. Additional detailed  
information is given in this user guide. (Consult more details in “Warnings” section)  
PROPER HANDLING  
Operating the GPS receiver requires a clear and unobstructed view of sky with the  
antenna facade pointing upward to the sky. Do not bend the CF LP GPS receiver  
while connected to in the compactflash slot bending will damage the receiver.  
FIRST TIME OPERATION  
A longer than normal time-to-first-fix of position may result the first time you use  
the CF LP GPS. Follow this user guide and consult the instructions of the Pocket PC  
and the GPS application software. The CF LP GPS is designed for use in TYPE II  
compactflash slots, DO NOT TRY TO FIT OR TO CONNECT THE CF LP GPS WITH  
OTHER TYPES OF EXPANSION SLOTS or OTHER HOST DEVICE. The CF LP GPS may  
be used in a PC CARD slot using a type II compactflash to PC CARD adapter  
(optional).  
INTERFERENCE  
GPS receivers may receive interference near cellular base-stations and when in  
close proximity to mobile phone antennae. This interference may affect positioning  
and time-to-fix performance.  
CONNECTORS  
There is one external antenna port connector(MCX-female type),. Caution and care  
must be exercised when handling this parts. Bending or breaking these parts will  
severely degrade positioning performance as well as damage the receiver  
and this will void your warranty.  
ACCESSORIES  
There may have been accessories supplied with the CF LP GPS receiver which are  
specifically designed for the CF LP GPS. Use of other accessories will severely  
degrade performance or even damage the receiver, and will void the warranty.  
There are no end-user servicable parts inside the CF LP GPS receiver.  
DO NOT TRY TO OPEN THE CF LP GPS, OPENING THE CF LP GPS WILL VOID YOUR  
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WARRANTY.  
SERVICE  
Only qualified engineering service personnel must install or repair equipment.  
SWITCH OFF  
Obey all laws, regulations, rules and restrictions. Switch off the host platform and  
discontinue operation of the CF LP GPS receiver in hospital ICUs, aircraft, gasoline  
station, near fuel or chemicals, near blasting areas, or other restricted areas.  
NOTICE  
Read the “Warnings” section comprehensively before operation.  
Remarks:  
1. The External Active Antenna is an optional accessory which is not included in the package.  
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1. Getting Started  
Introduction  
Congratulations on purchasing the CF LP GPS GPS receiver(“CF LP GPS”). The CF LP  
GPS offers various location awareness applications for both consumer and corporate  
usages including  
Navigation and Positioning  
Find Street and Route  
Travel Route Planning  
Recreation  
Safety and Security  
Fleet Management  
Logistic  
Field-Force Management  
Location-Based Service (LBS)  
Figure 1  
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Prepare to use your CF LP GPS Receiver  
To help you begin to use your CF LP GPS, read this User Guide in the first step. The  
User Guide explains the detail how the CF LP GPS operates, functions, and common  
features of the CF LP GPS. A short glossary of GPS related terms and abbreviations  
at the back of the User Guide.  
Before you begin using your CF LP GPS, you must complete the GPS/MAP  
application software installation to your Pocket PC or Laptop. For information  
about Pocket PC operation and application software installation, please refer to the  
documentation that accompanies each product.  
For detailed operation information, please consult Chapter 3. In order to get more  
familiar with your CF LP GPS, please first read Chapter 2 before operating the CF LP  
GPS.  
GPS signal reception  
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based radio-navigation system.  
This system consists of 24 satellites, which orbit the Earth at an altitude of  
approximately 17,500 kilometers, and ground control stations. Each of the 24  
satellites, deployed in 6 orbital planes, circles the earth twice a day. The system  
satellites continuously transmit signals contain the information of time and distance  
in a precise formation, 24 hours a day in any weather condition, everywhere around  
the world. By processing the signals received, CF LP GPS provides users with  
helpful information of position, velocity, and time for navigation and location  
awareness purposes anywhere anytime on the Earth.  
The CF LP GPS offers high position accuracy and fast Time-To-First-Fix (TTFF),  
which rely on environment circumstances where receiver located as well as initial  
states of the receiver. During attempting to a position fix, the receiver needs to lock  
on to at least 3 satellites and, uses the signal can be received as well as the data of  
latest position stored in the receiver’s digital memory in order to compute the  
location of the device.  
Environmental factors that influence the position accuracy and TTFF including such  
as  
tall buildings,  
narrow streets and passageways,  
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protection film on glass,  
heavy foliage,  
large cliffs,  
and other obstructions where the satellite signals may blocked, and, poor satellites  
geometry situation. Initial state of the receiver, means latest status in memory of  
the receiver, may mainly determine the time of TTFF. Position can be quickly fixed  
within only 10 seconds from a hot-start state and needs 80 seconds typically from a  
cold-start state. The receiver may need at least 3 to 5 minutes from a complete  
restart-state, for example, flying a distance over 500 miles the time it last had a  
position fix.  
The CF LP GPS uses the satellite signals to calculate an exact geodetic location  
through triangulation method, contained in 10 meters CEP accuracy without  
Selective Availability (SA), which is good enough for general location awareness  
purposes. The position data is then converted within the receiver to latitude and  
longitude coordinates, which is usually provided in the geodetic datum on which  
GPS is based (WGS 84). Position offsets of hundreds of meters or much more can  
result from using the wrong datum.  
In addition to datum used, there are number of positioning errors can occur,  
limiting accuracy. The major errors including satellites orbiting error, poor satellite  
geometry, multi-path signals, atmospheric delay, receiver clock timing, and poor  
satellite signal reception.  
Using optional external active antenna*  
An optional external active antenna is available for usage when operating under  
certain environmental situations, such inside vehicles where satellite signals are  
blocked. Detailed operation is described in the Operation chapter. Make sure to use  
only the optional external antenna supplied by Transplant. Use of any other  
antennas will severely degrade positioning performance or even damage the  
receiver. Read basic guidelines before using optional external active antenna.  
*External active antenna is an optional accessory which is not included in this package.  
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2. General Information  
This chapter describes your CF LP GPS in details.  
General features  
Your CF LP GPS is an excellent navigation and positioning aid tool when using with  
Pocket PCs and Laptop computers. The general features are  
Rugged Type II Compactflash design. Slim housing.  
Fully compatibility with Pocket PC 2000,2002, and 2003; Windows 98,ME,200  
and XP.  
No software driver required for Pocket PC, works with all GPS programs which  
accept industry standard NMEA GPS input.  
Ultra-low power consumption.  
Embedded high sensitivity GPS active antenna.  
Optimal antenna orientation design enhances reception both in the car and on  
foot.  
Optional external active antenna for in-vehicle and indoor usage.  
Outstanding performance even along tree-lined streets, urban canyons and  
in vehicles with coated windshields.  
Allows mounting the iPAQ Pocket PC anywhere you like in the vehicle.  
Embedded active antenna  
Your CF LP GPS is embedded with a high sensitivity 1575.42MHz GPS active antenna  
internally, which can offer good satellite signal reception for position fixes. The  
embedded active antenna is illustrated as “A’” in Figure 2 and 3, and the antenna  
facade area is indicated in Figure 3. Keep this facade area surface clean and clear  
view to the sky while operating the CF LP GPS. Do not let this surface area become  
covered fully or partially by any object especially one which contains metal and/or  
electromagnetic wave absorption materials such as screwdriver, pen, watch, floppy  
diskette, CD and metal wires, thin metal foil like aluminum foil and metal-coated  
plastic bag, water or liquid, and carbon paper.  
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Antennae Facade Area  
Figure 3  
External antenna port  
Your CF LP GPS is equipped with a RF connector port (MCX type) for connecting  
with external active antenna(optional accessory) when operating under certain  
environment situation, such as inside a vehicle and where satellite signals are  
blocked or obstructed. The external antenna port is indicated as in Figure 4. Make  
sure using the optional external antenna supplied by Transplant. Use of other active  
antennas will severely degrade positioning performance or even damage the  
receiver. Please read basic guidelines before using the external active antenna  
accessory.  
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External Antenna Port  
(MCX female-type)  
Figure 4 Top of CF LP GPS  
External active antenna (optional accessory)  
The external active antenna is an optional* accessory. Connecting the optional  
external active antenna to the external antenna port described in previous section  
“External Antenna Port” as indicated in Figure 4. This optional active antenna is  
embedded magnet in the bottom for easy mounting on metal surface, be caution  
not put near to materials are sensitive to magnetic field, such as magnetic storage  
media like floppy diskette. Figure 5 is the reference photo of the optional external  
active antenna. Make sure to use only the optional external antenna supplied by  
Transplant. Use of other any other active antenna will severely degrade positioning  
performance or even damage the receiver.  
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Figure 5*  
*The external active antenna is an optional accessory which is not included in the package.  
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3. Operation Guide  
Before using the CF LP GPS, first make sure to prepare following steps are ready for  
operation.  
The GPS software is correctly installed on the Pocket PC or Laptop Computer.  
The Pocket PC is fully power charged.  
The CF LP GPS is securely connected in a Type II Compactflash slot correctly.  
Identify the operation environment and determine whether an external antenna*  
is needed or not.  
For information about the operation of the Pocket PC and the GPS application  
software installation procedures, please refer to the documentation that  
accompanies each product, respectively.  
In this Chapter, a step-by-step operation procedure is described.  
Step-1 To install the GPS application software  
Step-2 To connect with the Pocket PC  
Step-3 To operate the GPS application software  
Connect with the external active antenna*  
*The external active antenna is an optional accessory which is not included in the package.  
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Step 1 To install the GPS/MAP application software  
Before operation the CF LP GPS, make sure the GPS application software is properly  
and completely installed in the iPAQ Pocket PC.  
To install the GPS/MAP application software, please consult and follow those  
operating procedures described in the user’s guide of the GPS application software  
and the iPAQ Pocket PC, respectively. Make sure the GPS application installed  
completely and correctly.  
In the included CD-ROM, there is the “Crux_View Test Program”(Evaluation version)  
for testing purposes. Please follow the step-by-step procedure indicated and  
described in the CRUX_VIEW(Evaluation) Manual file(in .pdf format). Figure 6 is a  
screen shot example of Crux_View Test Program (indicating the Satellites in view  
and Signal-Level View).  
Note:  
(a) The Crux_View Test Program is an evaluation version program and only for  
testing purpose.  
(b) The Crux_View program is only for the CF LP GPS to be used with the Pocket  
PC 2002 or 2003.  
(c)  
Crux_View supports ARM(StrongARM/X Scale) based Pocket PCs.  
Figure 6  
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Step 2 To connect with the iPAQ Pocket PC  
To connect your CF LP GPS with a Pocket PC, simply slide the CF LP GPS into the  
type II compactflash slot. Figure 7 illustrates the CF LP GPS being inserted into  
an iPaq Pocket PC with CF expansion sleeve. (Please also consult the operation  
procedures described in the user’s manual of your Pocket PC.)  
Figure 7  
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Step-3 To operate the GPS application software  
To open and use the GPS/MAP application in your iPAQ Pocket PC, first make sure  
the GPS/MAP software is correctly installed in the iPAQ Pocket PC which is fully  
charged.  
Your CF LP GPS is fitted with and connected with the Pocket PC.  
Open the GPS application in the iPAQ Pocket PC.  
Enter into the GPS application operation.  
General Com Port settings are (your settings may vary depending on hardware and  
software configuration:  
IPaq 3600 – Com 4  
Ipaq 3700/3800 – Com 5  
IPaq 3900/ series – Com 6  
IPaq 5400/5500 series – Com 4  
Dell Axim – Com 5  
HP iPaq 2200 series – Com 7  
Baud rate should always be 4800.  
Consult and follow the details operation guidance described in the user guide of the  
GPS/MAP application software which you installed. Figure 8 illustrates the  
Crux_View Test Program is well in operation (the screen display is example of the  
Satellites in view and Signal-Level View) which indicating that the Crux_View  
software is completely installed.  
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Figure 8  
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Connect with external active antenna*  
When operating under the condition that satellite signals are obstructed or blocked  
such as inside vehicle. First, locate the external antenna port (MCX female) and  
then plug the connector (MCX male) of external active antenna(optional accessory)  
into the external antenna port, as indicated in Figure 10. Put the external active  
antenna on the roof metal surface of the car, or on the front top-surface of the dash  
board where are not affect driving safety and appropriated. Use only the active  
antenna(optional accessory) supplied with the BTGPS. Use of other antenna will  
severely degrade positioning performance or even damage the receiver. Read “Basic  
Guidelines” before using external active antenna accessory.  
External Antenna Port  
(MCX-type/female)  
Connector of optional External Active Antenna  
(MCX-type/male)  
Figure 10  
*The external active antenna is an optional accessory which is not included in the package.  
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Connect and install the external active antenna in position before driving. Do not  
operate the external antenna while steering on the road. The active antenna is  
embedded magnet in its bottom for easy mounting on metal surface, be caution not  
put near to materials are sensitive to magnetic field, such as magnetic storage  
media like floppy diskette and mechanical wrist watch.  
4. Troubleshooting  
1. Why does it take so long to find the satellites and have position fix?  
A longer than normal time-to-first-fix of position may result the first time you use  
the CF LP GPS. When the CF LP GPS is first initialized it can take several minutes  
the receiver to locate the satellites in the orbit. Be sure that the CF LP GPS has a  
clear and unobstructed view of sky. Buildings, heavy foliage, and other obstacles  
are capable of blocking the satellite signals.  
2. Why there is no satellite signal reading on my Pocket PC?  
Make sure the CF LP GPS is well fitted and firmly connected with the iPAQ Pocket PC.  
Second, ensure your Pocket PC is fully charged. Charge the Pocket PC before  
operating the CF LP GPS and the GPS/MAP software. Consult the operation steps  
described in Chapter 3 “Operation Guide.  
3. Why do I get a position fix faster some times than others?  
GPS satellites are not always over the same point on the Earth. The constellation of  
the GPS satellites is not geostationary. Based on satellite variation from to time,  
you could experience a position fix faster some times. Buildings obstruct any GPS  
signal, so setting up in a vertical window immediately blocks at least half of the sky  
view.  
4. Why I can’t open the MAP/GPS application in the iPAQ Pocket PC?  
Check the MAP/GPS application software is completely and correctly installed on  
your iPAQ Pocket PC. If necessary, re-install the GPS/MAP application. Consult and  
follow the installation and operation guidance come with the user guide of the  
GPS/MAP application software which you purchased.  
5. I can not find the driver for the CF LP GPS inside the package, do I need  
it?  
There is no software driver need for the CF LP GPS itself when used with Pocket PC.  
Consult and follow the installation and operation guidance come with the user guide  
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of the GPS/MAP application software which you purchased. When using the CF LP  
GPS with a Laptop (and optional PC CARD adapter), the appropriate drivers are  
located on your CD.  
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5. Care and Maintenance  
Your CF LP GPS is a sophisticated product of superior design and craftsmanship, it  
should be treated with care and proper maintenance. The suggestions below will  
help you to fulfill any warranty obligations.  
Keep CF LP GPS and all accessories out of small children’s reach.  
Keep CF LP GPS dry. Humidity, liquids and precipitation contain minerals that will  
corrode its connector, jack, switch and electronic circuit boards.  
Use only the supplied and approved optional accessories. Unauthorized  
accessories, antenna, modifications or attachments could damage the CF LP GPS  
and may violate regulations governing radio devices.  
Only use the charger supplied with for charging purpose. Use other charger may  
damage the CF LP GPS and even dangerous at the risk of explosion.  
Use dry and clean soft cloth to clean the CF LP GPS. Do not use harsh cleaning  
solvents, chemicals or strong detergents.  
Do not drop, shake or knock the CF LP GPS. Rough handling can break the  
connector, jack, switch and internal electronic circuit boards. Dropping the CF LP  
GPS may break the connector, jack and switch which will cause non-recoverable  
and malfunction damages.  
Do not expose to rain or high humidity environment, or even pour water on it,  
which will cause malfunction or non-recoverable damage.  
Do not sore CF LP GPS in dusty, dirty areas. Its parts, like connector pin and jack,  
can be damaged.  
Do not store CF LP GPS in hot areas. High temperatures can shorten the life of  
electronic devices, and melt or drape certain plastics.  
Do not expose to high temperatures higher than 60°C (140°F) such in car under  
direct sunshine.  
Do not store CF LP GPS in cold areas. When the CF LP GPS warms up to its  
normal operation temperature, moisture can aggregate inside it, which may  
severely damage electronic circuit boards inside.  
Do not attempt to open the CF LP GPS. Unauthorized handling may damage the  
CF LP GPS.  
Do not paint on the CF LP GPS. Paint can clog the connector, jack, switch, and  
prevent proper normal operation of the CF LP GPS.  
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Glossary  
Almanac data  
A set of information that transmitted by each satellite on the orbits and state of  
every satellite in the GPS constellation. Each GPS satellite contains and transmits  
the almanac data set for the entire GPS satellite system network. Almanac data  
allows the GPS receiver to rapidly acquire satellites shortly after it is turned on.  
ACTIVE ANTENNA  
An antenna that amplifies the GPS signal before it sends it to the receiver.  
Altitude  
The distance between the current position and the nearest point on WGS 84  
reference ellipsoid, usually it is expressed in meters or feet and is positive outside  
the ellipsoid.  
Baud  
Bits per second. Also referred to as a baud rate.  
Channel  
Channel refers to a set of hardware in the receiver that detects locks on and  
continuously tracks the signal from a single GPS satellite. The more channels  
available, the greater number of GPS satellite’s signals a receiver can  
simultaneously lock and track. A receiver of 12 channels is the optimized design,  
considering the current consumption, chip-package size and cost.  
CEP - Circular Error Probable  
CEP is the radius of a circle, centered at a true location, within which fifty percent of  
positioning solutions fall. CEP is used to achieve horizontal accuracy.  
C/No  
Carrier-to-Noise density ratio. An indication of satellite signal strength received by  
the GPS receiver.  
COLD START  
A condition in which the GPS receiver can arrive at a navigation solution without  
initial position, time, current Ephemeris, and almanac data.  
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Constellation  
Constellation refers to the specific set of orbiting GPS satellites system, used in  
calculating positions or all the satellites visible to a GPS receiver at one time. The  
pattern created by the relative positioning of a GPS satellite network is designed to  
achieve a very high probability of global satellite coverage even in the event of  
satellite outages.  
dB  
Decibel. A notation of relative unit such as the satellite signal strength received.  
DATUM  
A math model which depicts a part of the surface of the earth. Latitude and  
longitude lines on a paper map are referenced to a specific map datum. The map  
datum selected on a GPS receiver needs to match the datum listed on the  
corresponding paper map in order for the position readings to match.  
Elevation mask  
Elevation mask is an adjustable feature of GPS receivers that specifies a satellite  
must be a certain number of degrees above the horizon before its signals are used  
for positioning. Satellites at low elevation angles (five degrees or less) have lower  
signal strengths and are more prone to loss of lock thus causing noisy solutions.  
Ellipsoid  
A geometric surface which all of whose plane sections are either ellipses or circles.  
Ephemeris  
Ephemeris is a set of parameters used by a global navigation satellite receiver to  
predict the location of a satellite and its clock behavior. Each satellite contains and  
transmits ephemeris data about its own orbit and clock. Ephemeris data is more  
accurate than the almanac data but is applicable over a short time frame from four  
to six hours. Ephemeris data is transmitted by the satellite every 30 seconds.  
The predictions of current satellite position are transmitted to the user in the data  
message.  
Geodetic coordinate  
A coordinate system whose elements are latitude, longitude and geodetic height.  
The latitude is an angle based on the perpendicular to the ellipsoid. Longitude is the  
angle measured in the XY plane.  
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GIS (Geographic Information System)  
a computer based system that is capable of collecting, managing and analyzing  
geographic spatial data. This capability includes storing and utilizing maps,  
displaying the results of data queries and conducting spatial analysis.  
Hot Start  
Start mode of the GPS receiver when current position, clock offset, approximate  
GPS time and current ephemeris data are all available.  
L1 frequency  
1575.42 MHz GPS carrier frequency which contains only encrypted P code, used  
primarily to calculate signal delays caused by the ionosphere.  
Latitude  
A north/south measurement of position perpendicular to the earth's polar axis.  
Longitude  
An east/west measurement of position in relation to the Prime Meridian, an  
imaginary circle that passes through the north and south poles.  
Multipath  
Multipath is the reception of a signal both along a direct path and along one or  
more reflected paths. Multipath signals result in an incorrect pseudorange  
measurement.  
NMEA (NATIONAL MARINE ELECTRONICS ASSOCIATION)  
A U.S. standards committee that defines data message structure, contents, and  
protocols to allow the GPS receiver to communicate with other pieces of electronic  
equipment aboard ships.  
Selective Availability (SA)  
Selective Availability is a process whereby the U.S. Department of Defense dithers  
the satellite clock and/or broadcasts erroneous orbital ephemeris data to create a  
pseudorange error to prevent adversaries from using the extremely accurate GPS  
positioning data.  
SPREAD SPECTRUM  
The received GPS signal is wide bandwidth and low power. The L-band signal is  
modulated with a pseudo random noise code to spread the signal energy over a  
much wider bandwidth than the signal information bandwidth. This provides the  
ability to receive all satellites unambiguously and to give some resistance to noise  
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and multipath.  
TIME TO FIRST FIX (TTFF)  
The time it takes to find the satellites is called the Time to First Fix (TTFF). If you  
have not used your GPS unit for several months, the almanac data for the satellites  
may be out of date. The unit is capable of recollecting this information on its own,  
but the process can take several minutes. The time it takes after the user first turns  
on the GPS receiver, when a GPS receiver has lost memory, or has been moved  
over 300 miles from its last location.  
TRIANGULATION  
A method of determining the location of an unknown point, as in GPS navigation, by  
using the laws of plane trigonometry.  
Universal Time Coordinated (UTC)  
UTC is the time as maintained by the U.S. Naval Observatory. Because of variations  
in the Earth's rotation, UTC is sometimes adjusted by an integer second. The  
accumulation of these adjustments compared to GPS time, which runs continuously,  
has resulted in an offset between GPS time and UTC. After accounting for leap  
seconds and using adjustments contained in the navigation message, GPS time can  
be related to UTC within 20 nanoseconds or better. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is  
still the standard time zone for the prime meridian (zero longitude).  
Warm Start  
Start mode of the GPS receiver when current position, clock offset and approximate  
GPA time are input by user or by the application software. Almanac is retained,  
but ephemeris data is clear.  
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)  
Developed by the United States government, WAAS is a Satellite-Based  
Augmentation System (SBAS) that calculates the errors in the GPS signal at several  
monitoring stations around the country, then transmits error correction messages  
from geostationary satellites to GPS receivers.  
World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84)  
The primary map datum used by GPS. Secondary datums are computed as  
differences from the WGS 84 standard. WGS 84 is a set of U.S. Defense Mapping  
Agency (DMA) parameters for determining global geometric and physical geodetic  
relationships. Parameters include a geocentric reference ellipsoid; a coordinate  
system; and a gravity field model. GPS satellite orbital information in the navigation  
message is referenced to WGS 84.  
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