L i n n K l i m a x 5 0 0 S o l o
S i n g l e S p e a k e r P o w e r A m p l i f i e r
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Year 2000 Compliance
Linn has used all reasonable endeavours to ensure that the software in
the products manufactured by it is capable of normal operation before,
during and after 1 January 2000 and in respect of past,present and
future dates without replacement,alteration or upgrade (“Year 2000
Compliant”).Linn,however,gives no express warranties,representations
or undertakings and to the maximum extent permitted hereby excludes
any terms,warranties,representations or undertakings implied by law to
that effect. Linn cannot give any warranties, representations or
undertakings that non Linn software is or will beYear 2000 Compliant or
that Linn’s software will beYear 2000 Compliant if used in conjunction
withnonLinnproducts,systemsorsoftware.ThePurchaser,Installer,Retailer
or Distributor will be solely responsible for ensuring that Linn’s software will
beYear 2000 Compliant when used in conjunction with such non Linn
software,systems or products and for any failure if it is not Year 2000
Compliant in such circumstances.Except to the extent implied by law
and which by law cannot be excluded,Linn shall not be liable to any
party for any costs,claims,losses (including indirect and consequential
losses) or liabilities arising from the failure of Linn’s software to beYear
2000 Compliant if used in conjunction with non Linn products,systems
orsoftware.
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Important safety information
Explanation of symbols used in this manual and on the product.
This symbol is intended to alert the user to the presence of uninsulated dangerous voltages
within the enclosure of sufficient magnitude to cause electric shock.
This symbol is intended to alert the user to the presence of important maintenance and
servicing information in the instruction and service manuals.
CAUTION
TO REDUCETHE RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK,DO NOT REMOVETHE COVER.
NO USER SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE.
REFER SERVICINGTO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL.
WARNING:SHOCKHAZARD.DONOTOPEN.
AVIS: RISQUE DE CHOC ELECTRIQUE.NE PAS OUVRIR.
CAUTION:REPLACEFUSEWITHSAMETYPEANDRATING.
ATTENTION: UTILISER UN FUSIBLE DE RECHANGE DE MÊMETYPE.
DISCONNECTSUPPLYCORDBEFORECHANGINGFUSE.
ATTENTION: DEBRANCHERAVANT DE REMPLACER LE FUSIBLE.
WARNING
TO REDUCETHE RISK OF FIRE OR ELECTRIC SHOCK,DO NOT EXPOSE
THISAPPLIANCETORAINORMOISTURE.
MAINSPLUGS
This appliance is supplied with a non-rewireable mains plug for the
intended country.
Replacement mains leads can be obtained from your Linn retailer.
Should you need to change the plug,please dispose of it carefully.
A plug with bared conductors is dangerous if engaged in a live socket.
The Brown wire must be connected to the Live (Line) supply pin.
The Blue wire must be connected to the Neutral supply pin.
The Green/Yellow wire must be connected to the Earth (Ground) supply pin.
Please contact your retailer or a competent electrician if you are in any doubt.
i
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GENERALSAFETYINSTRUCTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Read instructions.Read the safety and operating instructions before operating the appliance.
Retain instructions.Retain the safety and operating instructions for future reference.
Heed warnings.Observe all warnings on the appliance and in the operating instructions.
Follow instructions.Follow all operating and use instructions.
Water and moisture.Do not use the appliance near water,for example near a bathtub,washbowl,
kitchen sink,laundry tub,in a wet basement,or near a swimming pool and the like.
6.
Carts and stands.Use only with a cart or stand that is recommended by the manufacturer
6a. An appliance and cart combination should be used with care.Quick stops,excessive force,and uneven
surfaces may cause the appliance and cart combination to overturn
7.
8.
Wall or ceiling mounting.Mount to a wall or ceiling only as recommended by the manufacturer.
Ventilation.Site the appliance so that its location or position does not interfere with its proper ventilation.For
example,the appliance should not be situated on a bed,sofa rug,or similar surface that may block the
ventilation openings,or placed in a built-in installation such as a bookcase or cabinet that may impede the flow
of air through the ventilation openings.
9.
Heat.Site the appliance away from heat sources such as radiators,heaters,stoves,or other appliances
(including amplifiers) that produce heat.
10. Power sources.Connect the appliance to a power supply only of the type described in the operating instructions
or marked on the appliance.
11. Grounding or polarisation.Do not defeat the safety purpose of the polarised or grounding type plug.A polarised
plug has two blades with one wider than the other.A grounding type plug has two blades and a third grounding
prong.The wide blade or the third prong is provided for your safety.When the provided plug does not fit into
your outlet,consult an electrician for replacement of the obsolete outlet.
12. Power cord protection.Route power cords so that they are not likely to be walked on or pinched by items
placed upon or against them,paying particular attention to cords at plugs,power sockets,and at the point
where they exit from the appliance.
13. Protective attachment plug.As a safety feature the product is equipped with an attachment plug containing
overload protection.See the instruction manual about resetting or replacing the plug.Should the plug need
replacing,ensure that a replacement is used which has the same overload protection as the original.
14. Cleaning.The product should be cleaned only as recommended by the manufacturer.
15. Power lines.An outdoor antenna should be located away from power lines.
16. Outdoor antenna grounding.If an outdoor antenna is connected to the tuner/receiver,ensure that the antenna
system is grounded to provide some protection against voltage surges and static build up.In the USA see article
810 of the National Electrical CodeANSI/NFPA 70 concerning installation requirements.
17. Unplug this apparatus during lightning storms or when unused for long periods of time.
18. Objects and liquid entry.Take care not to let objects or liquids fall into the product.
19. Damage requiring service.The product should be serviced by qualified personnel if:
a) The power cord or plug has been damaged.
b) Objects or liquid have fallen into the product.
c) The product has been exposed to rain.
d) The product does not appear to operate normally or exhibits a marked change in operation.
e) The product has been dropped or the enclosure damaged.
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20. Servicing.Don’t attempt to service the product beyond that described in the operating instructions.All
other servicing should be referred to qualified service personnel.
UKUSERSPLEASEREADTHISIMPORTANTSAFETYINFORMATION
Fusereplacement
This appliance is fitted with a non-rewireable 13 Amp mains plug.The plug contains a 5 Amp fuse.If the fuse
has blown it can be replaced as follows:
a) Pull out the red fuse cover/carrier.
b) Remove and dispose of the blown fuse.
c) Fit a new 5Amp BS1362 approved fuse into the carrier and push the carrier back into the plug.
Always ensure the fuse cover is fitted.If the fuse cover is missing do not use the plug.Contact your Linn retailer
to obtain a replacement fuse cover.
Fuses are for fire protection and do not protect against electric shock.
Mainsplugreplacement
Should your mains plug need replacing and you are competent to do this,proceed as follows.If you are in
doubt,contact your Linn retailer or a competent electrician.
a) Disconnect the plug from the mains supply.
b) Cut off the plug and dispose of it safely.A plug with bared conductors is dangerous if engaged in
a live socket.
c) Only fit a 13 Amp BS1363A approved plug with a 5Amp fuse.
d) The cable wire colours or a letter will be marked at the connection points of most quality plugs.
Attach the wires securely to their respective points.The Brown wire must go to the Live pin,the Blue
wire must go to the Neutral pin and the Green/Yellow wire must go to the Earth pin.
e) Before replacing the plug top,ensure that the cable restraint is holding the outer sheath of the
cable firmly and that the wires are correctly connected.
WARNING
THISAPPLIANCEMUSTBEEARTHED.
Replacingthefuse
Should the mains fuse blow,replace it only with an equivalent part.The fuse holder is located just below the
mains inlet socket.To replace the fuse,disconnect the product from the mains supply.Using a flat blade
screwdriver remove and replace the fuse.If the fuse blows a second time there is a fault in the product.Contact
your local retailer.
Fuse ratings. See specifications section.
Mains voltage operating range. See specifications section.
Warning!!Thepowersupplymaybedestroyedifaunitdesignedfor115Visconnected
to230V.
iii
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CEDeclarationofConformity
Linn Products Ltd.declare that this product is in conformance with the LowVoltage Directive 73/23/EEC and
Electromagnetic Compatibility 89/336/ EEC as amended by 92/31/EEC and 93/68/EEC.
The conformity of the designated product with the provisions of Directive number 73/23/EEC (LVD) is proved by full
compliance with the following standards.
St3and.aHrdonuwmbderoes DtahteeofKissluiemax work?
Testtype
General requirements
EN60065
1993
Marking
Ionizing
Heating under normal conditions
Shock hazards under normal operating conditions
Insulation requirements
Fault conditions
Mechanicalstrength
Parts connected to the mains supply
Components
Terminal devices
External flexible cords
Electrical connections and mechanical fixings
The conformity of the designated product with the provisions of Directive number 89/336/EEC (EMC) is proved by full
compliance with the following standards:
Standardnumber
EN55013
EN55013
EN60555-2
EN60555-3
EN55020
Dateofissue
1994
1994
1987
1987
Testtype
Conducted emissions
Absorbed emissions
Harmonics
Voltagefluctuations
Immunity
1987
FCCNOTICE
NOTE:This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device,pursuant to Part
15 of the FCC Rules.These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a
residential installation.This equipment generates,uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and,if not installed
and used in accordance with the instructions,may cause harmful interference to radio communications.However,
there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.
If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception,which can be determined by
turning the equipment off and on,the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the
following measures:
-
-
-
-
Adjust or relocate the receiving antenna.
Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
iv
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Copyright and acknowledgements
Copyright © Linn Products Limited.
Linn Products Limited, Floors Road, Waterfoot, Glasgow, G76 OEP, Scotland, United
Kingdom.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
publisher.
Printed in the United Kingdom.
Klimax is a registered trademark of Linn Products Limited.
British Registered Design Application Number 2080160
British Patent Application Number 9900032.5
British Patent Application Number 9812138.7
The information in this manual is furnished for informational use only, is subject to
change without notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by Linn
Products Limited. Linn Products Limited assumes no responsibility or liability for
any errors or inaccuracies that may appear in this manual.
Part no: PACK 181
This manual was produced by ROEVIN Management Services Ltd. Altrincham,
England.
v
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Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 2
2. What is it? .............................................................................................. 3
3. How does the Klimax work? ................................................................. 4
What is switch mode? ........................................................................ 5
So what’s the problem?..................................................................... 6
Some assorted facts ........................................................................ 7
Inside the Klimax.................................................................................. 8
The audio circuitry .............................................................................. 9
Output current and protection ..................................................... 11
4. Installation ........................................................................................... 13
Heat ......................................................................................................... 13
Mains supply ......................................................................................... 15
Signal sensing ...................................................................................... 17
Inputs and Outputs ........................................................................... 18
5. Operation .............................................................................................. 19
6. Specifications ...................................................................................... 20
7. Guarantee and service ....................................................................... 22
8. Index....................................................................................................... 24
1
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1. Introduction
Thank you for buying the best power amplifier we have ever made. The result
of years of experience, the Klimax uses the latest technology and exemplifies
our constant endeavour to make ever better sounding products. We are
confident that the compact, elegant design and the exceptional, accurate
performance of the Klimax amplifier will give you many years of pleasure. If
you wish to know more about this special product, read on. If you just want
to use it now, go to the ‘operation’ section.
2
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2. What is it?
The Klimax is a single speaker power amplifier designed for use in multi
amplifier and multi channel audio and audio/video systems. The case is
precision machined from two solid sections of aluminium alloy. The machining
is done on a computer controlled multi-axis machining centre, with the final
cut on the top face made by a Swiss SIP vertical jig borer, the stability and
accuracy of which is unequalled. This compact but massive case protects
and stabilises the internal electronics and forms the heat exchanger to
dissipate the power from the amplifier circuitry. Inside the case are two
circuit boards, one on each side of the central heat exchanger. One circuit
board constitutes the power supply, the other the audio circuitry.
The compact form of the Klimax case reflects our intention to keep the
audio signal path as short and simple as possible. This applies as much to
a turntable pickup arm as it does to a power amplifier. Applying this rule
rigorously results in high density circuitry which generates and receives the
absolute minimum level of electrical noise. All our previous power amplifiers
have been as compact as the available technology permitted, but in the
Klimax we have taken a significant step forward with the new power supply
that makes the Klimax possible.
If you just want to enjoy your Klimax system right now, jump past all the
technical material about to follow and go to the ‘operation’ section.
3
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3. How does the Klimax work?
In most power amplifiers the power supply comprises a large transformer, a
rectifier and reservoir capacitors, often as large as the transformer. The
highest performance amplifiers also have voltage regulators which maintain
the power supplied to the amplifier circuitry constant, regardless of the
input voltage or the output load. The bulk of these components dominates
the size of the amplifier and the ‘tightness’ of the audio path, and if voltage
regulators are present the power dissipation of the amplifier increases by
up to 50%, requiring a bigger heat exchanger. This conventional type of power
supply is simple, reliable, tolerant of overload and predictable. On the down
side it is very bulky, heavy, slow to respond, inefficient, causes high mains
power distortion, can cause electrical and acoustic noise and requires a
relatively long and exposed audio path.
In the Klimax we use a technology we have been developing and using in our
low power products for several years, called ‘switch mode’. This concept is
not new; it has been used in computers since the 1960’s, however applying it
to audio has always been considered, at best, inappropriate. The potential
benefits of switch mode power supply technology are compactness, high
efficiency, fast response, good mains input tolerance, good load tolerance,
low acoustic noise and with its low material use, environmental friendliness.
The potential downsides are electrical noise, high complexity and potentially
lower reliability, complex certification requirements, design difficulty and high
engineering cost. These have kept switch mode out of most audio equipment.
4
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What is switch mode?
In a switch mode power supply the incoming mains is filtered then rectified
to generate a very high voltage dc (direct current) supply. This is usually
about 300 to 350 Volts dc, which is far too high to operate audio circuitry
directly, and is still connected directly to the incoming mains supply. Such
a high voltage is very dangerous and is one reason why the Klimax case should
never be opened by a customer or a non Linn Products employee.
This high voltage is chopped up by very fast semiconductor switches and
applied to a small transformer which both transforms the voltage to the
value needed by the electronic circuitry and provides a safety isolation barrier
from the mains supply. The size of a transformer reduces as its operating
frequency increases, so a transformer operating at say 60,000 cycles per
second is far smaller than one operating at mains frequency of 50 or 60
cycles per second.
On the output of the transformer, very fast rectifiers, a small coil and small
capacitors filter and convert the high frequency waveform back to dc, ready
for the electronic circuitry to use. By controlling the timing of the switches
the output voltage can be held constant or varied, as required, without the
need for further inefficient voltage regulators. This processing all happens
well above the range of human hearing which, in principal, should be good for
audio circuitry.
5
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So what’s the problem?
The first problem is that this is a lot more complicated than a mains
transformer (a few kilos of copper and iron), a rectifier and some large
capacitors. A switch mode design optimised for minimum part count will
still have many tens of parts, most of which are quite delicate but still have
to operate reliably in a very electrically hostile environment. We have been
designing and building switch mode supplies for our CD players, tuners,
preamplifiers and multiroom components for several years and can now make
them more reliable than the conventional transformers they replaced. But
this takes persistence, thoroughness and a very consistent high quality
manufacturing process.
The second problem, which is what stops most manufacturers considering
switch mode for audio, is the potential high frequency electrical noise, or
more precisely, preventing the high frequency signals becoming electrical
noise. The scale of the problem is quite daunting. The high frequency signal
applied to the transformer if connected to an external antenna would
obliterate radio reception for miles around (please don’t try this at home!).
This must be controlled and reduced so that it not only meets international
legal regulations but it must also not cause any audible or measurable
interference with any of the audio circuitry. This does not happen by accident,
but takes experience, thorough precision engineering and diligent quality
control. Only when all of this is achieved can the potential audio benefits of
switch mode start to be revealed and exploited.
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Some assorted facts
The transformer in the Klimax is less than 40mm (1.5 inches) cube. At 50/
60 Hz it could deliver about 5 Watts. In the Klimax it can deliver 1000 Watts.
The reservoir capacitors in the Klimax are about the size of a thimble but
give better filtering than ones the size of a beer can used in other very
powerful amplifiers.
The semiconductor switches turn on and off in about 20nS (20 one
thousandth millionths of a second).
The overload protection for the switches can detect a potentially destructive
condition and protect the switches in less than half a microsecond (half of
one millionth of a second).
We have patent protection for one of the innovative noise control techniques
that are used.
7
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Inside the Klimax
8
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The audio circuitry
At Linn because we strive for continuous improvement in everything we do
we use appropriate technologies to achieve our goals. There have been many
fine amplifier designs over the history of audio. Some use valves (tubes),
some use bipolar transistors, some MOSFETs. Some manufacturers swear
by Class A, others by Class AB, one or two by Class D, and many others are
somewhere in between. Two designs can use the same components, but achieve
completely different results. We believe, and have evidence to support, that
what you do with the parts and technology is always much more important
than the name of the technology. To illustrate this, our current power
amplifier range contains MOSFET, monolithic, discrete and bipolar designs.
Our latest monolithic designs sound better than our previous discrete bipolar
designs. Our latest bipolar designs have more power and sound better than
our earlier monolithic and bipolar designs. So what did we choose for the
Klimax?
The Klimax audio design was developed from our previous best amplifier, the
Klout, which uses completely different circuitry from any of our other
amplifiers. Like the Klout, the Klimax also uses all surface mount technology
with eight, rather than two ultralinear bipolar output power transistors. There
are many other refinements and advances over the Klout design, the result
of many years of experience, analysis, experimentation and our simple,
consistent method of judging sound quality. We use bipolar output
transistors in this design because they are the most appropriate solution.
9
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The arguments about the relative merits of tubes, MOSFETS and bipolar
devices have filled many technical journals, and needless to say, most are
over stated and over simplified to try to win the argument! It’s possible to
design a good amplifier using any of the available technologies. Turning it
into a great amplifier takes more than just a good argument. In the Klimax
we chose bipolars running in Class AB and put in the essential circuitry to
take maximum advantage of the inherent linearity of bipolars (unlike
MOSFETS), and to manage their potentially slower switch off characteristic.
Many MOSFET designs neither adequately linearise the MOSFETs, and in
the assumption that ‘they are easy to drive’ don’t put in adequate circuitry
to take advantage of their potential switch off speed. However, if we ever
decide to make an amplifier above 500 Watts we would most probably use
MOSFETs.
To run a system of amplifiers of the Klimax power in Class A would heat a
house, very expensively, after laying in a high current three phase mains supply
to the house. So we chose to use Class AB with the circuitry necessary to
control precisely the handover from one power device to the other.
To avoid having capacitors in the audio path the Klimax is direct coupled
with a dc servo to minimise output offset voltage.
10
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Output current and protection
A commonly asked question about a power amplifier concerns its maximum
output current. There is some good reason behind this question. There is
always some trade off between output power, ‘specmanship’, protection and
cost in a power amplifier.
Output power specification (into 8 Ohms) can be increased simply by
increasing the amplifier power supply rails slightly. But what then happens
with a 4 Ohm load? Can the amplifier now supply the extra current a 4 Ohm
load needs or will the power supplies collapse, or will the amplifier need to
protect itself?
Short circuit protection can be achieved simply, but at the cost of accidental
operation when the loudspeaker load is reactive (almost always) rather than
purely resistive (almost never).
Output current and ruggedness can be increased with the cost of paralleled
output transistors, but can the driver circuitry cope?
Hence the interest in output current. However the implication that ‘more is
better’ is true only up to a very modest and calculable limit. An electrical
load, be it a resistor, capacitor, inductor, heater, a loudspeaker or a hairdryer
takes an amount of current dependent on the voltage applied to its terminals,
and its operating condition. Although it is not always entirely obvious how
much current a load will take with a non-sinusoidal signal (like music) its
maximum possible value is easy to calculate, and to monitor in real operation.
11
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If an amplifier can provide this amount of current into the specified load
while keeping safe and stable and not suddenly dropping its output voltage,
it is enough. The load cannot draw any more. The current draw is the result
of the voltage applied.
If an amplifier protects itself by ‘current limiting’ it will drop its output
voltage if too much current is demanded. This is a bad thing for an audio
amplifier, but not uncommon. If the current limiting never operates under
real conditions it is both a harmless and a good way to protect an audio
amplifier. The problem can then be to know if the protection ever triggers or
not. This nagging doubt, though often ill-founded, has resulted in some
concern (and boasts) about amplifier output current.
The Klimax, like all Linn amplifiers, is specified into a 4 Ohm load. We don’t
do this to claim a bigger output power, but to show that our amplifiers are
intended and fully specified for operation into 4 Ohm loudspeakers. Most
Linn loudspeakers have nominally 4 Ohms input impedance.
Like all our discrete amplifiers the Klimax has a simple decision making
protection circuit. Either the output current is safe or it’s not, in which
case the amplifier is shut down instantly for a few seconds. An unsafe output
current is defined as a particular level above a certain threshold for a
specified length of time, or an instantaneous current above an absolute
threshold. If neither of these conditions are violated the amplifier is delivering
all the current requested by the load. It’s very easy to tell when our protection
circuitry triggers; the amplifier stops.
12
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4. Installation
The compactness of the Klimax makes it very easy to install and makes
possible high power multi-amplifier systems which would be impractical with
conventionally designed amplifiers of similar power, because of their size
and weight. The unique wall mount system can be used to minimise the
intrusion of the audio system into the living space while providing good
ventilation, concealing the cabling and showing off the subtle beauty of the
Klimax.
Heat
The Klimax is a very powerful amplifier. Unfortunately, despite the efficiency
of the design, it must still dissipate considerable power. It has two methods
of cooling; natural convection and forced air convection. Both require an
ample supply of air for ventilation. Natural air convection cooling operates
for all normal listening conditions by the heated air rising vertically through
the central heat exchanger.
13
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Restricting the air flow by stacking the amplifiers or putting them in an
enclosure may increase the operating temperature until the internal fan is
switched on. This should only operate when the amplifier is being worked
enthusiastically, or has restricted ventilation. If the ventilation is very
restricted the amplifier will shut down until its touchable surface has
dropped to a safe value. This is to meet international safety regulations,
not to protect the circuitry which can operate reliably with the case very
uncomfortably hot to touch.
When operating, the fan draws cool air in through the back of the amplifier,
and blows it along the heat exchanger until it exits through the front, top
and bottom.
The amplifier is fully protected against over heating, but this is only for
protection and should never operate in normal use, whatever your ‘normal
use’ is. If you only ever listen at moderate level, you may never notice the
temperature rise above idling. The high thermal mass of the case absorbs
short periods of high power input with a slow and low temperature rise and
the natural convection through the heat exchanger transfers this to the
air. However, the last thing you want is for your audio system to shut down
if you are having a party. So always ensure the installation provides plenty
of ventilation.
14
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Mains supply
The Klimax has an automatic internal mains voltage switch. This allows it to
operate from 90 Vac to 260 Vac. With a mains supply below 140 Vac two
seconds after switching on the amplifier the power supply switches to low
range, with a just audible click, and remains there as long as power is applied.
For all normal music or AV system operation the actual ‘average’ output
power of the Klimax is much less than its maximum rated power. For example,
a reasonable listening level needs an average output of about 1 Watt. A very
enthusiastic listening level would average about 40 Watts output, per
channel. With most loudspeakers this would give an SPL of between 100dBA
and 110dBA, which is quite loud. Very few loudspeaker drive units (or
crossovers) can stand the maximum continuous output of the Klimax for
more than a few seconds. A tweeter can take it for about one tenth of a
second, then vapourises. All this means that even though the ‘on the
laboratory bench’ measurements could show an input power of almost 1000
Watts with a constant tone input and full rated power, in operation the
input power is never anywhere near this level. The Klimax is a high fidelity
music playing amplifier, not an industrial servo motor drive amplifier or an
arc welder (please contact us if you’re interested in industrial applications).
Given adequate ventilation it will operate continuously in any music or AV
system at any realistic power level. But with a low mains supply, maximum
load and a signal generator on its input, the mains fuse will blow because
100 V and 115 V mains supplies cannot provide enough power to sustain
continuous maximum output power.
15
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If it really bothers you that you may not simultaneously be able to melt
every drive unit in your loudspeaker system, not to mention your ears, then
lay in a 230 V mains supply just to provide power to your Klimax system. You
may want to consider this for the quality of mains supply rather than only
for maximum theoretical power. If you are going to this effort, consider making
the new wiring operate at 200 V (Japan) or 230 V (USA). Obviously all mains
wiring must be professionally installed to satisfy the appropriate local
standards. One of the benefits of the Klimax switch mode power supply is
its tolerance to mains supply quality, and the much lower damage it does to
the incoming mains supply. Contrary to popular belief, a big audio amplifier
does a lot more damage to the mains supply than anything else in your
house, and the mains distortion from the power amplifier can cause other
audio components grief. Fitting in separate mains wiring spurs for the
sources and power amplifiers is not to isolate them from the mains distortion
present in the rest of the house; it’s to reduce how much of the mains
distortion from the power amplifiers gets into the other audio components
in the system! Linn switch mode powered components can actually help to
improve the sound of all the other components in the system.
16
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Signal sensing
The Klimax contains two power supplies. The small, auxiliary one runs as long
as the mains switch is on and power is present. It powers circuitry which
detects the presence of an audio input signal, and the blue front panel LED.
The signal detector is very sensitive but waits about one second before
powering up the amplifier to be certain the signal was real, not just noise.
When powered up the Klimax will stay on for twenty minutes after the last
signal was detected, then revert to standby. The detection threshold has
been found over many installations to be a good compromise between
sensitivity to low level signals and immunity to noise. However, the residual
hiss level from phono preamplifiers at moderate volume settings can be
enough to trigger the signal sensor. Mute the preamplifier or turn the volume
down after use to prevent this happening. If there is audible hum from the
loudspeakers then you may have enough noise present to trigger the signal
sensor. Always try to eliminate the source of the hum, as this is essential
for a system to sound its best.
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Inputs and Outputs
The Klimax has both single ended and balanced inputs, selected by a switch
on the back panel. Use the appropriate one to suit your choice of preamplifier
and cabling. LEDs indicate which input is selected. Both signals are echoed
out the single ended ‘line out’ socket to enable daisy chaining of amplifiers.
This switch does not directly pass the audio signal but instead sends a
control signal to distortionless solid state switches.The standard output
connectors are two Neutrik 4 contact speaker sockets. They each have two
‘hot’ and two ‘cold’ connections making it easy to connect two speaker cables
per connector. If you wish to run individual speaker cables to a four way
speaker, use all four connections. All connections are identical and connected
directly to the amplifier output. The Neutrik part was chosen for its high
quality and connection integrity, compactness and international safety
approvals. Please contact us if you wish an alternative type of loudspeaker
connection.
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5. Operation
This is the easiest bit. The blue light will flash for a few seconds when power
is first applied, then remain dimmed with the Klimax in standby mode. When
a signal is detected the light brightens up as the main power supply and
amplifier are enabled. If the amplifier needs to protect itself it will shut
down entirely for a few seconds and flash the light. There is no half way
current limiting; the amplifier can either do what is required of it or it will
shut down entirely. The amplifier will revert to standby 10 minutes after the
input signal is removed. To operate the Klimax, select a source on your preamp,
wait a couple of seconds for the Klimax to power up, then sit back and enjoy
it.
We wish you many happy years of listening pleasure.
From the Linn Klimax team.
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6. Specifications
General
Dimensions................................................................. V350mm W x 355mm L
x 60mm H.
Weight .......................................................................... 9 Kg
Protection:
Fuse rating .................................................................. T6.3A
Mains input range ..................................................... 90Vac - 126Vac
200Vac - 253Vac
@50/60Hz
900W
Maximum input power
Typical operating input power ................................ 39W
Standby power ........................................................... 3W
Amplifier specification
Input connectors:
Single ended (switch position in) ......................... WBTphono socket
Balanced (switch position out) ............................ XLR socket
Pin connections:
Phono...................... Inner: Hot
Outer: Cold
XLR .......................... Pin 1: 0V
Pin 2: Hot
Pin 3: Cold
Gain:
Single ended................................................................ 28.6dB
Balanced ...................................................................... 22.6dB
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Input impedance:
Single ended................................................................ 7k6 Ohms
Balanced ...................................................................... 7k6 Ohms
Input level for clipping:
Balanced ...................................................................... 3.34 Vrms
Single ended................................................................ 1.67 Vrms
Signal sensing threshold ........................................ >150uV
Output connectors:
Standard ..................................................................... Neutrik
Optional........................................................................ Binding posts
Output power ............................................................ 500W rms into 4 Ohms
290W rms into 8 Ohms
Load tolerance .......................................................... Unconditionally stable
into all loudspeaker
loads
Harmonic distortion .................................................... <0.02%
Frequency response ................................................ 2Hz - 60KHz (-3dB)
Peak output voltage ...................................................... 70V
Options and accessories:
Wall mount system
Active crossover system
Binding post output terminals
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7. Guarantee and service
This product is guaranteed under the conditions which apply in the Country of
purchase.
In addition to any statutory rights the customer may have, we undertake to
replace any parts which have failed due to faulty manufacture. To help us, please
ask your Linn retailer about the Linn warranty scheme in operation in your
country.
In the UK and other markets, extended warranty is offered to customers who
register their purchase with Linn. A registration card can be obtained from your
Linn retailer and should be stamped by them. This will also enable you to receive
the Linn RECORD newsletter and details of hi-fi and music available from Linn.
Warning
Refer all enquiries to authorised Linn retailers only. Unauthorised servicing
or dismantling of the product invalidates the manufacturer’s warranty.
If you are in any doubt, please contact your nearest Linn retailer. For
information on your nearest Linn retailer, contact the Linn factory in
Scotland or your national distributor.
Important
1 Please keep a copy of the sales receipt to establish the purchase date of
the product.
2 Please ensure that your equipment is insured by you during any transit or
shipment for repair.
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For technical support and product queries/information:
Our address is:
LINN Products Limited
Floors Road
Waterfoot
Eaglesham
Glasgow G76 OEP
Scotland
Telephone:
UK Helpline:
E-mail:
44-(0)-141 307 7777
0500-888909
Facsimile:
Website:
44-(0)-141-644-4262
America:
LINN Inc.
4540 Southside Blvd.
Jacksonville
Florida
FL 32216
Telephone :
00 19 04645 5254
Germany:
LINN Deutschland GmbH
Albert Einstein Ring 19,
Hambourg, 22761
Telephone :
00 49 40890 6600
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8. Index
M
A
Mains plug replacement .........................................iii
Mains plugs ................................................................. i
Mains supply............................................................ 15
Acknowledgements ...................................................v
Assorted facts......................................................... 7
Audio circuitry...........................................................9
O
C
Operation .................................................................. 19
Options and accessories ..................................... 21
Output connectors ................................................ 21
Output current .........................................................11
Output power........................................................... 21
Outputs..................................................................... 18
Copyright .....................................................................v
Current limiting ....................................................... 12
D
Dimensions .............................................................. 20
F
Fuse replacement .....................................................iii
P
Part number ................................................................v
Peak output voltage............................................... 21
Protection...........................................................11, 20
G
Gain ........................................................................... 20
General description .................................................3
General safety instructions ..................................ii
Guarantee ............................................................... 22
S
Safety information ................................................... i
Signal sensing ..........................................................17
Specifications ........................................................ 20
Switch mode ..............................................................5
Symbols........................................................................ i
H
Heat ........................................................................... 13
How the Klimax works .............................................4
I
T
Input connectors ................................................... 20
Input impedance .................................................... 20
Input level for clipping ........................................... 21
Inputs......................................................................... 18
Inside the Klimax ..................................................... 8
Installation............................................................... 13
Introduction ............................................................... 2
Technical support .................................................. 23
W
Weight ....................................................................... 20
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L i n n K l i m a x 5 0 0 S o l o
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