P R O L I N E™ S E R I E S
MODEL
KPES100
ESPRESSO MACHINE
Introduction
Section Contents
Table of Contents ...............................3
Espresso Machine Safety.....................4
Important Safeguards.........................5
Proof of Purchase & Registration.........6
Electrical Requirements.......................7
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1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
TECHNIQUES OF A BARISTA
Introduction ....................................................................2
Espresso Machine Safety ..................................................4
Important Safeguards ......................................................5
Proof of Purchase & Product Registration............................6
Electrical Requirements ....................................................7
What is Espresso? ............................................................28
Overextraction & Underextraction ....................................29
Before Brewing: Elements of Great Espresso
Coffee Beans..............................................................29
Water........................................................................30
The Right Grind..........................................................30
Espresso Brewing Technique
FEATURES AND OPERATION
Espresso Machine Features ................................................10
Preparing the Espresso Machine for Use
Brewing Temperature..................................................30
Grinding....................................................................31
Dosing ......................................................................31
Leveling ....................................................................32
Tamping ....................................................................32
Shot Volume..............................................................34
Extraction Rate ..........................................................34
The Golden Crema......................................................35
Troubleshooting Espresso As It Brews ..........................35
A Glossary of Espresso Drinks ............................................36
Attaching the Cup Rail................................................13
Removing & Washing the Reservoir..............................13
Filling the Boilers........................................................13
Brewing Espresso..............................................................16
Frothing & Steaming Milk..................................................19
Preparing Cappuccino ................................................20
Preparing Café Latte ..................................................21
Dispensing Hot Water ......................................................22
Care & Cleaning
Before Cleaning the Espresso Machine ........................23
Cleaning the Frothing Arm & Nozzle ............................23
Cleaning the Housing, Filters, & Trays ..........................23
Cleaning the Shower Screen........................................24
Priming After Long Periods of Non-Use ........................25
Descaling ..................................................................25
Troubleshooting................................................................26
WARRANTY AND SERVICE INFORMATION
Warranty for the 50 United States & District of Columbia ....38
Warranty for Puerto Rico ..................................................39
Arranging for Hassle-Free Replacement ..............................39
Ordering Accessories and Replacement Parts ......................40
Arranging for Service After the Warranty Expires ................40
Arranging for Service Outside the 50 United States
& Puerto Rico ..................................................................41
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3
ESPRESSO MACHINE SAFETY
Your safety and the safety of others are very important.
We have provided many important safety messages in this manual and on your appliance. Always read
and obey all safety messages.
This is the safety alert symbol.
This symbol alerts you to potential hazards that can kill or hurt you and others.
All safety messages will follow the safety alert symbol and either the word “DANGER” or
“WARNING.” These words mean:
You can be killed or seriously injured if you don’t immediately follow instructions.
You can be killed or seriously injured if you don’t follow
instructions.
DANGER
All safety messages will tell you what the potential hazard is, tell
you how to reduce the chance of injury, and tell you what can
happen if the instructions are not followed.
WARNING
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4
IMPORTANT SAFEGUARDS
7. The use of accessory attachments not recommended by the
When using electrical appliances, basic safety precautions
should always be followed, including the following:
appliance manufacturer may result in fire, electric shock, or
personal injury.
8. Do not use outdoors.
1. Read all instructions.
9. Do not let cord hang over edge of table or counter, or
touch hot surfaces.
10. Do not place on or near a hot gas or electric burner, or in a
heated oven.
2. Do not touch hot surfaces. Use handles or knobs.
3. To protect against fire, electric shock and personal injury
do not immerse cord, plugs, or appliance in water or
other liquids.
11. Always switch the appliance off, then plug cord into the wall
outlet. To disconnect, turn the appliance off, then remove
plug from wall outlet.
12. Do not use appliance for other than intended household use.
13. Use extreme caution when using hot steam.
14. Save these instructions.
4. Close supervision is necessary when any appliance is used
by or near children.
5. Unplug from outlet when not in use and before cleaning.
Allow to cool before putting on or taking off parts, and
before cleaning.
6. Do not operate any appliance with a damaged cord or plug,
or after appliance malfunctions or has been damaged in any
manner. Return the appliance to the nearest authorized
service center for examination, repair or adjustment.
SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS
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5
PROOF OF PURCHASE
& PRODUCT REGISTRATION
Always keep a copy of the sales receipt showing the date of
purchase of your Espresso Machine. Proof of purchase will assure
you of in-warranty service.
Please complete the following for your personal records:
Model Number: KPES100
Serial Number___________________________________________
Date Purchased__________________________________________
Store Name _____________________________________________
Before you use your Espresso Machine, please fill out and mail
your product registration card packed with the unit. This card
will enable us to contact you in the unlikely event of a product
safety notification and assist us in complying with the provisions
of the Consumer Product Safety Act. This card does not verify
your warranty.
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6
ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS
Volts: 120 V.A.C. only.
Hertz: 60 Hz
WARNING
NOTE: This Espresso Machine has a
3 prong grounded plug. To reduce the
risk of electrical shock, this plug will fit
in an outlet only one way. If the plug
Electrical Shock Hazard
Plug into a grounded 3 prong outlet.
Do not remove ground prong.
Do not use an adapter.
does not fit in the outlet, contact a
qualified electrician. Do not modify the plug in any way.
A short power-supply cord is provided to reduce the risk
resulting from becoming entangled in or tripping over a longer
cord. Do not use an extension cord. If the power supply cord is
too short, have a qualified electrician or serviceman install an
outlet near the appliance.
Do not use an extension cord.
Failure to follow these instructions can result in death,
fire, or electrical shock.
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7
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P R O L I N E™ S E R I E S
FEATURES
OAPNEDRATION
Features and Operation
Section Contents
Espresso Machine Features ...............10
Preparing for Use .............................13
Brewing Espresso..............................16
Frothing & Steaming Milk.................19
Preparing Cappuccino.......................20
Preparing Café Latte .........................21
Dispensing Hot Water.......................22
Care & Cleaning................................23
Troubleshooting................................26
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9
MODEL KPES100
ESPRESSO MACHINE
FEATURES
On/Off Power Switch
Press once to turn the espresso machine on, press again
to turn off. When on, the dual boilers begin heating
and the espresso and hot water buttons will function.
On/Off
Power
Switch
Espresso Boiler
Temperature Gauge
Power-On Indicator
When the espresso machine is on, the indicator light
will be illuminated.
Hot Water Button
Steam Dial
Power-On
Indicator
Espresso Button
Press the espresso button to activate the water pump
for brewing espresso. To stop brewing, press the
espresso button a second time.
Espresso Button
Hot Water Button
When the steam dial is open, press and hold the hot
water button to activate the water pump and dispense
hot water from the frothing arm. Pump shuts off
automatically when the button is released.
Frothing Boiler
Temperature
Gauge
Steam Dial
To dispense steam or hot water through the frothing
arm, open the steam dial by turning it counter-clockwise.
The volume of steam is controlled by the dial position:
rotate the dial counter-clockwise for more steam,
clockwise for less. To turn off steam, close the steam dial
by rotating it clockwise until it stops.
Model KPES100
Espresso Machine
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10
Brew Head
Water Reservoir
Commercial-size brew head is chrome-plated brass
for exceptional durability and brew temperature
stability. Brewing boiler is bolted directly to group
head, so brew group heats quickly and thoroughly.
The removable 2 liter (67 oz.) water reservoir slides
left or right for easy filling, and features easy-to-
see “max” and “min” fill lines. Translucent reservoir
shows the water level at a glance. Reservoir can be
washed in the top rack of a dishwasher.
Frothing Arm & Nozzle
Dispense steam or hot water through
Cup Rail
the frothing arm. Arm pivots horizontally and
vertically to provide a convenient position. Nozzle
enhances frothing and is removable for cleaning.
Top of unit accommodates 4 to 6 espresso cups
for warming. Stainless steel cup rail helps
prevent breakage.
Drip Tray
Large, removable drip tray catches spills and is
dishwasher-safe if placed in the top rack. Tray
features a removable stainless steel drip plate.
Espresso Boiler Temperature Gauge
Dial gauge indicates when espresso boiler has
reached optimum brewing temperature.
Drip Tray Full Indicator
The indicator tip rises above the drip plate when the
drip tray is nearly full.
Frothing Boiler Temperature Gauge
Dial gauge indicates when frothing boiler has
reached optimum steaming temperature.
Continued…
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11
ESPMROEDSELSKPOES1M00ACHINE FEATURES
Portafilter
Coffee Scoop and Shower-Screen Brush
Commercial-size portafilter features chrome-plated
brass construction and an easy-to-grip flared
handle. Attaches to the brew head with a firm twist
to the right.
Use one level scoop of coffee for each shot (ounce)
of espresso. The shower-screen brush will help keep
the brew head and shower screen free of grounds.
Filter Baskets
Not Shown:
Stainless steel filter baskets snap into portafilter. Use
the small capacity basket for a single shot (1 oz.) of
espresso, and the large capacity basket for double
shots (2 oz.). The small basket also accommodates
paper coffee pods.
Dual Boilers
Separate boilers eliminate the wait single-boiler machines require
when switching between frothing and brewing. Boiler heating
elements never touch water: they are located on the outside of
the boiler for superb brew temperature consistency and burnout-
resistance. Quick heating boilers reach operating temperatures in
less than 6 minutes.
Frothing Pitcher
1
The 8 ⁄
2
oz. capacity stainless steel pitcher is
invaluable for frothing.
Drip-Free System with 3-Way Solenoid Valve
A 3-way solenoid valve virtually eliminates drips by instantly
reducing pressure in the brew group when the pump is switched
off. The portafilter can be removed immediately after brewing
without a messy spray of coffee grounds.
Tamper
Evenly tamps coffee into the filter basket.
15 Bar Pump
Self-priming water pump comfortably supplies the 9 bars
(130 psi) of pressure that perfect espresso demands.
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12
PREPARING THE
ESPRESSO MACHINE FOR USE
2. Wash the reservoir in hot, soapy water and rinse with clean
Attach the Cup Rail
water. The reservoir can also be washed in the top rack of
the dishwasher.
Align the three rail posts with the holes on top of the espresso
machine. Then press the rail posts firmly into the holes.
3. Place the reservoir back into the espresso machine, making
sure the water tubes are placed inside the reservoir. The ribs
on the bottom of the reservoir fit into the grooves on the
base of the housing.
Fill & Rinse the Boilers
The boilers need to be filled and rinsed before the espresso
machine is used for the first time. The boilers will also need to be
filled when:
• the espresso machine is not used for a prolonged period
Remove & Wash the Water Reservoir
1. Lift the reservoir slightly, then remove by pulling the bottom of
the reservoir from the espresso machine.
• the water reservoir runs dry during use (this can damage the
espresso machine)
• multiple beverages are steamed without brewing espresso or
dispensing hot water
1. Slide the water reservoir left or right to expose the top, and
fill with fresh cold water to the max fill line.
NOTE: Distilled water or mineral water can damage the espresso
machine. Do not use either to brew espresso.
Continued…
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13
PREPARING THE
ESPRESSO MACHINE FOR USE
4. Make certain the Steam Dial is closed by rotating it clockwise
WARNING
as far as possible.
Electrical Shock Hazard
Plug into a grounded 3 prong outlet.
Do not remove ground prong.
Do not use an adapter.
Do not use an extension cord.
5. Press the On/Off Power Switch to turn the espresso machine
on. When the espresso machine is on, the power-on indicator
will illuminate, the dual boilers will begin heating, and the
Espresso and Hot Water functions will operate.
Failure to follow these instructions can result in death,
fire, or electrical shock.
2. Insert the end of the electrical cord without prongs into the
cord receptacle in the back of the espresso machine.
3. Plug the other end of the cord into a grounded 3 prong outlet.
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14
6. Place a coffee cup underneath the brew head. Do not attach
the portafilter to the brew head.
7. Press the Espresso Button – it is not necessary to wait for the
boiler to heat. This activates the water pump and fills the
brewing boiler with water. After a few seconds, water will flow
from the brew head. When the cup is full, press the Espresso
Button again to stop the water pump. The brewing boiler is
now ready for use.
10. When the pitcher is about half full, release the Hot Water
Button and close the Steam Dial by rotating it clockwise until
it stops. The frothing boiler is now ready for use.
11. If no espresso is desired at this time, press the On/Off Power
Switch to turn the espresso machine off.
NOTE: Do not press the Espresso or Hot Water Buttons without
water in the reservoir. Damage to the water pump may occur.
8. Place the frothing pitcher under the nozzle of the frothing arm.
9. Slowly open the Steam Dial by turning it counter-clockwise,
then press and hold the Hot Water Button. This activates the
water pump and fills the frothing boiler with water. After a few
seconds, water will start flowing from the nozzle.
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15
BREWING
ESPRESSO
For the finest results when brewing espresso, see “Techniques of A
Barista” on page 28.
4. Position the portafilter underneath the brew head and align the
portafilter handle with the arrow located on the left side of brew
group housing. Raise the portafilter into the brew head and
tighten it with a firm twist to the right. When in place, the
portafilter handle will point forward or slightly to the right.
1. Make certain the water reservoir has an adequate supply of
water (the water level should be between the “max” and “min”
fill lines).
2. Select the small or large capacity filter basket. Use the small
capacity basket for a single shot of espresso (1 oz.), and the
large capacity basket for a double shot (2 oz.). The small
capacity basket can be used with paper coffee pods.
3. Press the filter basket into the portafilter until it snaps into
place. Do not fill the portafilter with coffee at this time.
Start
Finish
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16
9. Sweep any excess grinds from the rim of the portafilter, and
insert the portafilter into the brew head.
5. Press the On/Off Power Switch to turn the espresso machine on.
10. Place one or two espresso cups on the drip plate under the
spouts of the portafilter. Press the Espresso Button, and
espresso will start to flow into cups. When the desired
amount of espresso has been brewed (usually 1 oz. using the
small filter basket and 2 oz. using the large filter basket),
press the Espresso Button to stop brewing.
6. Wait until the espresso machine has reached operating
temperature; this will take approximately 6 minutes. When the
espresso boiler temperature gauge needle climbs into the
“ready” zone, the espresso machine is ready to brew.
7. Remove the portafilter from the brew head by moving the
handle to the left. Place one level measure of ground coffee (or
a paper coffee pod) in the small filter basket, or two measures
of ground coffee in the large basket. Be sure to use a fine
espresso-style grind for your coffee.
NOTE: Do not remove the portafilter when brewing.
11. The espresso machine is equipped with a 3-way solenoid valve
that instantly releases pressure in the brew group when the
water pump is switched off, so the portafilter can be
8. Using the tamper, tamp the coffee down firmly with a twisting
motion. Make sure the surface of the coffee is as level as
possible. See “Leveling” and “Tamping” on page 32 and 33
for details.
removed immediately after brewing. Remove the portafilter by
moving the handle to the left. When knocking coffee grounds
from the filter basket, avoid striking the portafilter handle.
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17
BREWING
ESPRESSO
12. After removing the portafilter, place a cup under the brew
head and press the Espresso Button for a second or two. This
cleans the shower screen and flushes any coffee oils and
grounds that have migrated into the brew head.
Barista Tips
When brewing multiple shots:
1. Use a towel to clean and dry the filter basket before filling
with coffee. This will help insure even coffee extraction.
2. To maintain the proper brewing temperature, it is important to
keep the brew group warm, so:
• Do not rinse the portafilter with tap water – doing so will
cool the filter. It’s best to wipe leftover grounds from the
filter with a towel.
13. To brew more espresso, repeat steps 6 through 12, but see the
barista tips to the right.
• When you’re busy with other tasks, like grinding coffee or
frothing milk, keep the empty portafilter warm by attaching
it to the brew head.
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18
FROTHING &
STEAMING MILK
Frothing and steaming milk requires a bit of practice, but you’ll be
4. With the frothing arm pointed into an empty cup, open the
Steam Dial for a moment to purge excess water from the line.
To open the Steam Dial, turn it slowly counter-clockwise; to
close the Steam Dial, rotate it clockwise until it stops.
surprised how quickly your skills will develop. The PRO LINE™
Series Espresso Machine gives you all the tools you need: an 8 ⁄
1
2
ounce stainless steel pitcher shaped especially for frothing, a
frothing arm that adjusts horizontally and vertically for a
comfortable working position, a frothing nozzle designed to
enhance frothing, and a Steam Dial that lets you precisely control
the volume of frothing steam.
1. Press the On/Off Power Switch to turn the espresso machine on.
2. Wait until the espresso machine has reached operating
temperature; this will take approximately 6 minutes. When the
frothing boiler temperature gauge needle climbs into the
“ready” zone, the espresso machine is ready to froth.
5. With the Steam Dial closed, adjust the frothing arm so it’s in a
comfortable working position, and submerse the tip of the frothing
nozzle just below the surface of the milk in the frothing pitcher.
1
3. Fill the frothing pitcher ⁄
3
full with cold milk.
Continued…
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19
FROTHING &
STEAMING MILK
6. Slowly open the Steam Dial by turning it counter-clockwise.
The farther the Steam Dial is rotated, the greater the volume of
steam that will be released. Tilt the pitcher to one side to
Barista Tips
create a whirling motion in the milk, keeping the tip of the
• Clean the frothing arm and nozzle immediately after use. See
“Care and Cleaning” beginning on page 23.
1
frothing nozzle about ⁄
4
inch below the milk’s surface. If large
bubbles are being created or if the milk spatters, the nozzle is
being held too high.
• Lower fat milks are generally easier to froth. Skim milk can be
tricky because it froths very easily, with a tendency to form
large bubbles and dry peaks that mar its texture. Ultimately,
the choice of milk is a matter of experimentation and taste.
The most important factors in producing a superior froth are
experience and good refrigeration: the colder the milk you
use, the better.
7. As the froth expands, it will be necessary to lower the pitcher.
This is called the stretching phase of frothing.
3
8. When the frothed milk has expanded to about ⁄
4
the volume of
the pitcher, lower the frothing nozzle into the pitcher to finish
steaming (heating) the milk. Keep the pitcher tilted to maintain a
whirling motion in the milk. Steam the milk until it’s between
140 and 165 degrees Fahrenheit. (At these temperatures, the
pitcher will be very warm to the touch.) Avoid scalding the milk,
which occurs at 175 degrees.
Preparing Cappuccino
The Italian word cappuccino is derived from Capuchin, an order of
monks who wear garments the color of this most popular espresso
drink. A standard cappuccino is a combination of steamed milk and
espresso that’s capped with a layer of frothed milk; it’s usually
served in a bowl-shaped cup of 6 to 7 ounce volume.
9. Before removing the frothing arm from the milk, close the
Steam Dial by turning it clockwise until it stops. This prevents
splattering.
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20
To prepare cappuccino, froth and steam the milk before brewing
the espresso. This allows the froth to jell slightly and fully separate
from the milk. Once the milk is prepared, brew a single shot
(1 oz.) of espresso into a cappuccino cup, then pour the frothed
and steamed milk into the cup with a gentle shaking motion. For
a show-stopping flourish, top your cappuccino with nutmeg,
cinnamon, chocolate powder, or chocolate shavings.
Preparing Café Latte
A basic Café Latte is a single shot (1 oz.) of espresso topped with
1
8 to 10 ounces of steamed milk and about ⁄4-inch of foamed milk.
Lattes are often flavored with 1 to 2 ounces of syrup, the most
popular being almond and hazelnut. If you use chocolate syrup
and garnish the drink with whipped cream and chocolate
shavings, you’ll have that chocolate and coffee lover’s dream, the
Café Mocha.
To prepare a Café Latte, you will need a pitcher larger than the
one supplied with the espresso machine. A 16 ounce capacity
1
pitcher is perfect. Fill the pitcher ⁄
2
full with cold milk. The
steaming technique for lattes is almost the same as cappuccino,
except the goal is to impart a velvety texture to the milk while
minimizing froth. Keep the frothing nozzle deeper in the milk so
the milk volume expands more slowly. No large bubbles or froth
should form.
Once the milk is prepared, brew the espresso into a latte mug,
add the syrup if any, and gently fill with steamed milk.
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21
DISPENSING
HOT WATER
Hot water can also be dispensed from the frothing arm. This
provides a convenient way to make Americanos, tea, or hot
chocolate. Filling a demitasse with hot water is also a great way
to warm it before brewing espresso.
3. With the frothing arm pointed into an empty cup, open the
Steam Dial by turning it slowly counter-clockwise. Then press
and hold the Hot Water Button to dispense water.
NOTE: Always dispense hot water into an empty container –
dispensing into a cup or pitcher containing other ingredients may
cause splattering.
1. Press the On/Off Power Switch to turn the espresso machine on.
2. Wait until the espresso machine has reached operating
temperature; this will take about 6 minutes. When the frothing
boiler temperature gauge needle climbs into the “ready” zone,
the espresso machine is ready to dispense hot water.
NOTE: Residual frothing steam may exit the nozzle before water
dispenses. It may take several seconds for water to begin flowing
from the nozzle.
4. When the desired amount of water has been dispensed, release
the Hot Water Button and close the Steam Dial by turning it
clockwise until it stops.
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22
CARE AND CLEANING
Keeping the PRO LINE™ Series Espresso Machine clean is vital to
brewing the best espresso possible. Stale coffee oils on the
portafilter, filter baskets, and shower screen will ruin the flavor of
the most expertly prepared coffee, and any milk left on the
frothing arm should be removed.
Before Cleaning the Espresso Machine
1. Turn off the espresso machine.
2. Unplug the espresso machine from the wall outlet, or
disconnect power.
2. Wipe the frothing arm and nozzle with a clean damp cloth.
Do not use an abrasive scouring pad.
3. Let the espresso machine, and any attached parts or
accessories, cool.
3. Plug into a grounded 3 prong outlet.
Cleaning the Frothing
Arm and Nozzle
4. Turn the espresso machine on, and let the boilers reach operating
temperature. Point the frothing arm into an empty cup and open
the steam dial momentarily to run steam through the frothing
nozzle. This will clean the nozzle tip.
The frothing arm and nozzle should always be cleaned after
milk is frothed.
Cleaning the Housing, Filters, Drip Tray, Drip
Plate, Reservoir, and Pitcher
1. Remove the frothing sleeve from the frothing nozzle by
pulling it downward. The frothing sleeve can be washed in
warm, soapy water. Make sure any openings in the sleeve
are free of residue.
Do not use abrasive cleansers or scouring pads when cleaning the
espresso machine, or any espresso machine part or accessory.
• Wipe the espresso machine housing with a clean damp cloth
and dry with a soft cloth.
Continued…
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23
CARE AND CLEANING
• Wash the portafilter in warm, soapy water and rinse with
clean water. Dry with a soft cloth. Do not wash the portafilter
in a dishwasher.
1. Using a short Phillips screwdriver, remove the screw at the
center of the shower screen by turning it counter-clockwise.
Once the screw is free, the shower screen should drop from
the brew head.
• The filter baskets, drip tray, drip plate, water reservoir, and
frothing pitcher can be washed in the top rack of a dishwasher,
or by hand in warm, soapy water. If washing by hand, be sure to
rinse with clean water and dry with a soft cloth.
• Use the shower screen brush or a damp cloth to brush or wipe
coffee grounds from the brew head gasket and shower screen.
2. Wash the shower screen in warm, soapy water, and rinse
with clean water.
3. Place the shower screen into the brew head with the smooth
side facing down, and attach with the shower screen screw. Turn
the screw clockwise until snug.
Cleaning the Shower Screen
Once every 75 to 100 shots of espresso, the shower screen
should be removed from the brew head to clean thoroughly.
NOTE: When the shower screen is attached, the center screw
should be flush with the surface of the screen. If it is not, remove
the screen, turn it over, and re-attach.
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24
4. Press the On/Off Power Switch to turn the espresso machine
on. It is not necessary for the boilers to heat before proceeding
to the next step.
Priming After Long Periods of Non-Use
For the best tasting espresso, prime the espresso machine with fresh
water after a long period of non-use. Priming will also ensure that
the boilers are filled and the espresso machine is ready to operate.
5. Press the Espresso Button and dispense cleaning agent
through brew head for 15 seconds; press the Espresso Button
again to shut off.
1. Remove the reservoir, empty any stale water, replace, and fill
the reservoir with fresh water to the max fill line.
6. Open the Steam Dial by turning it counterclockwise, then press
and hold the Hot Water Button for 15 seconds to dispense
cleaning agent through the frothing arm and nozzle.
2. Fill the boilers with the fresh water. For instructions, see “Fill and
Rinse the Boilers” on page 13.
Descaling
7. Press the On/Off Power Switch to turn the espresso machine off.
Calcium deposits (“scale”) from water will build up in the espresso
machine over time and may impair espresso quality. Scale should be
removed every four months; local hard-water conditions may require
more frequent descalings. Use a packaged descaling agent or
appropriate decalcification tablets to remove scale.
8. Wait 20 minutes, then repeat steps 4–7. Every 20 minutes,
keep repeating steps 4–7 until nearly all the solution in the
reservoir has been run through the espresso machine. Do not
allow the reservoir to run completely dry.
1. Remove the shower screen from the brew head. See “Cleaning
the Shower Screen” on page 24 for instructions.
9. Remove the water reservoir and rinse with fresh water, then
replace and fill with fresh water to the max fill line. Press the
On/Off Power Switch to turn the espresso machine on, and flush
the espresso machine by quickly dispensing the contents of the
reservoir, alternating between the brew head and frothing arm.
Do not allow the water reservoir to run completely dry.
2. Make certain the water reservoir is empty. Following the
directions on the descaling agent packet, mix the descaling
solution and add it to the reservoir.
3. To catch the cleaning solution, place a large cup under the
brew head (do not attach the portafilter), and another under
the frothing nozzle.
10. Attach the shower screen to the brew head. See “Cleaning the
Shower Screen” on page 24 for instructions. Be sure to add
additional fresh water to the reservoir for brewing.
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25
TROUBLESHOOTING
• If the power on indicator remains off and the boilers fail
• If water leaks from the portafilter…
to heat when the On/Off Power Switch is pressed:
– the portafilter may not be properly attached to the brew head
Check to see if the espresso machine is plugged in; if it is, unplug
the espresso machine, plug it back in, and press the On/Off Power
Switch again. If the espresso machine still does not operate, check
the fuse or circuit breaker on the electrical circuit the espresso
machine is connected to and make certain the circuit is closed.
– coffee grinds may be clinging to rim of portafilter or brew
head gasket
– the brew head gasket may be dirty or worn
• If little steam or froth is being produced, the…
• If coffee does not flow from the portafilter, the…
– frothing boiler may not be at operating temperature
– Steam Dial may not be completely open
– water reservoir may be empty, or the brewing boiler may
not be filled
– frothing nozzle may be need to be cleaned
– reservoir siphon hose may be kinked or improperly placed
– shower screen may require cleaning
– water reservoir may be empty, or the frothing boiler may
not be filled
– espresso machine may need to be descaled
– coffee may be too finely ground
If the problem cannot be fixed with the steps above, see the
KitchenAid Warranty and Service section on page 37.*
*DO NOT return the Espresso Machine to the retailer – they do not provide service.
– coffee may be too firmly tamped
• If the water pump is noisy, the…
– water reservoir may be empty
– reservoir siphon hoses may be kinked or improperly placed
– boilers may not be filled
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26
P R O L I N E™ S E R I E S
TECHNIQUES
BOAFRAISTA
Techniques of a Barista
Section Contents
What is Espresso?.............................28
Overextraction & Underextraction ....29
Elements of Great Espresso...............29
Espresso Brewing Technique ..............30
A Glossary of Espresso Drinks ...........36
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27
TECHNIQUES
OF A BARISTA
What is Espresso?
Espresso began as an attempt in the 1800s to quickly brew coffee
on demand, by the cup. The goal was to serve the freshest, most
flavorful coffee possible and avoid the burned, stale taste of coffee
kept warm on a stovetop. To speed the brewing process, coffee
pioneers struck upon the idea of forcing water through the grounds
under pressure. Steam was initially used to supply the pressure,
followed by compressed air, lever operated pistons, and finally, the
electric water pump.
Through the decades, the elements of espresso brewing were tested
and refined to produce the standards we have today: one ounce of
1
true espresso comes from exposing ⁄
4
ounce (7 grams) of finely
ground and packed coffee to 195–205º F water under 130 lbs.
(9 bars) of pressure. In a brief 25 seconds, most of the highly flavorful
coffee aromas and oils are extracted, while the more bitter
compounds and off-tastes are left behind.
When the ground coffee is fresh and the brewing is done well, the
pressurized brew water emulsifies the coffee oils into the golden
foam called crema, which crowns the espresso shot with ultimate
flavor and aroma.
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28
Overextraction and Underextraction
Before Brewing: The Elements of Great Espresso
Brewing great espresso takes an understanding of what actually
winds up in the cup when coffee is exposed to water. Roughly 30%
of a roasted coffee bean is made of water soluble compounds. 20%
of those compounds dissolve fairly easily, while the remaining 10%
take a little more work – which is a good thing, because that less-
soluble 10% is acidic, bitter, and generally unpleasant. The goal of
all coffee making is to extract the easily dissolved oils and
compounds while leaving the rest in the grounds.
Before the espresso machine is even plugged in, you’ll need several
elements to produce great coffee.
Fresh Coffee Beans
Great coffee can only come from fresh coffee beans, properly
roasted. Many baristas recommend buying beans roasted no darker
than a medium roast, the color of which appears as an even
chocolate brown. This roast preserves the natural sugars and flavor
of the bean, which sets the stage for excellent espresso. A medium
roast is the darkest a bean can be roasted without oils developing
on the surface.
If ground coffee steeps in water too long, all the soluble
compounds will be extracted, which makes for a very bitter brew.
This is called overextraction. The opposite of overextraction is
underextraction, which occurs when coffee is not exposed to the
brew water long enough, leaving the essential flavors and aromas
locked in the grounds. Underextraction results in coffee that is weak
in taste.
Darkly roasted beans – which appear dark brown or nearly black –
look great, but the extra roasting overwhelms the more delicate
coffee flavors and caramelizes any sugars. A heavy “roasted” coffee
flavor, often bitter and sharp, will predominate with a dark roast.
To preserve the freshness of coffee beans:
Whether brewed coffee is overextracted, underextracted, or just
right depends on several factors, including the ratio of coffee to
brew water, the fineness of the grind, the brewing temperature,
and the length of time the water is in contact with the coffee. All
these factors are either directly or indirectly affected by the
barista’s technique.
Keep beans in an opaque, air-tight container and store them in a
cool, dry place. Refrigeration is not recommended, as condensation
tends to form on the beans whenever the container is opened.
Freezing can help preserve beans stored for an extended period, but
it will also impair flavor.
Continued…
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29
TECHNIQUES
OF A BARISTA
Great Tasting Water
Espresso Brewing Technique
An often overlooked element of great espresso is the brew water. If you
don’t enjoy the flavor of your tap water, don’t use it to brew espresso –
use bottled, purified water instead. Since it doesn’t take long for fresh
water to acquire a “flat” quality and taste, it’s also a good idea to
change the water in the reservoir often and refill the boilers after a long
period of non-use.
Brewing Temperature
Water temperature and temperature consistency have a direct
impact on the flavor of espresso. Great espresso comes from
brewing at an optimum temperature, ideally between 195 and 205
degrees Fahrenheit. Modern boilers and thermostats excel at
producing and maintaining the right temperature, but there is a
complicating factor that is a major concern for baristas: maintaining
heat in the brew group.
Do not use mineral water or distilled water – they can damage the
espresso machine.
If water is pumped from the boiler at a near perfect 200° F, but flows
into a portafilter that’s at room temperature, the water will cool
dramatically – and the actual brewing temperature will be far less
than what the best espresso requires. If the water temperature drops
below 195º F, the espresso might still exhibit good crema, but it will
acquire a distinctly bitter or sour note.
The Right Grind – and Grinder
Espresso demands a very fine, very consistent grind. Blade grinders
and inexpensive burr grinders usually fall short when it comes to
producing the grinds needed for outstanding espresso.
The best espresso requires a quality burr grinder, like the
PRO LINE™ Series Burr Coffee Mill. A good burr grinder will
maximize the flavor and aroma of espresso by producing an
extremely consistent grind with very little frictional heating,
To Insure Proper Brewing Temperature:
• Always attach the portafilter (with filter basket) to the brew head
when the espresso machine is heating. This warms the filter.
• Always wait until the boilers are fully heated before brewing –
at least 6 minutes.
• Dose and tamp your coffee quickly, and brew immediately.
This prevents the portafilter from cooling significantly.
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30
• Never rinse the portafilter with cool water if you are brewing
additional shots. After knocking the old grounds from the filter,
wipe leftover grounds from the basket with a clean towel. Make
sure the filter basket is dry before adding more coffee.
Dosing
Dosing is the process of measuring ground coffee into the filter
basket. A single shot of espresso requires ⁄
coffee – a double shot, twice that. If filled level with finely ground
coffee, the scoop included with the PRO LINE™ Series Espresso
Machine is a near perfect measure for one shot of espresso.
1
4
ounce (7 grams) of
• Keep the empty portafilter attached to the brew head when
you’re engaged in other tasks, like grinding or frothing.
Accomplished baristas usually don’t bother making precise
measurements when dosing: they simply fill the basket nearly to
the brim and sweep any excess coffee from the filter with their
fingers, leaving exactly what they need. After you’ve had some
experience dosing, leveling, and tamping your coffee, you’ll be able
to consistently dose your coffee by sight, just like the pros.
• Warm a cup or demitasse by placing it on top of the espresso
machine before brewing. Cups can also be heated instantly with
a shot of steam from the frothing arm.
The PRO LINE™ Series Espresso Machine is designed to provide an
optimum brewing temperature. Dedicated dual boilers eliminate the
temperature fluctuations common with single boiler designs when
alternating between brewing and frothing. The chrome-plated brass
brew group heats quickly, and is commercial-size for a very good
reason: commercial-size groups retain heat better than smaller groups.
If you’re dosing coffee without the aid of a measuring scoop, it is
important not to overfill the filter basket. Coffee needs room to
expand when brewing. If the coffee is crushed against the shower
screen, it will prevent an even dispersion of water across the filter,
leading to uneven extraction and poor espresso.
The Espresso Machine does it’s part to provide the right brewing
temperature. The rest is up to the barista!
Here’s how to tell if you’re overfilling the filter basket:
Grinding
1. Fill the basket, level the coffee, and apply a good tamp (see the
next section, “Tamping”).
Great espresso demands the freshest coffee, and the freshest coffee
is always ground immediately before brewing. The most delicate
aromatic compounds in coffee go stale within a few minutes of
grinding, so grind only as much as you intend to brew immediately.
2. Attach the portafilter to the brew head, then remove
it immediately.
Continued…
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31
TECHNIQUES
OF A BARISTA
3. If the coffee in the portafilter has an imprint of the shower
Properly Leveled Coffee
screen or the shower screen screw, there is too much coffee in
the filter basket!
Leveling
Leveling the coffee after it has been dosed into the filter is a critical
technique for great espresso. If the coffee isn’t evenly distributed in
the filter, tamping the coffee will create areas of high and low
density. The high pressure brew water will inevitably follow the path
of least resistance, flowing heavily through the low density coffee –
overextracting the bitter coffee compounds – and flowing lightly
through the higher density coffee, underextracting the flavorful
essences. This uneven extraction results in thin, weak, bitter espresso.
Tamping
Tamping compresses the coffee into a level disc (also called a puck)
that provides uniform resistance to the high-pressure brew water.
Properly leveled and tamped coffee will produce an even extraction
of coffee compounds – and great espresso. Coffee that is tamped
too softly will be deformed by the brew water, resulting in uneven
extraction, a fast brewing time, and mediocre espresso. Coffee
tamped too firmly will slow the brewing time, making for a bitter,
overextracted beverage.
To Level Coffee In the Filter Basket:
• Make sure the filter basket is dry before adding coffee;
moisture in the basket will create a path of least resistance for
the brew water.
• After dosing the filter with coffee, level the coffee by sweeping
a finger back and forth over the filter. Do not sweep in one
direction only – this will cause the coffee to pile up on one side
of the basket and produce uneven extraction. Try to impart a slight
bowl shape to the coffee, with the center lower than the sides.
• Make certain there are no gaps between the coffee and the
sides of the filter.
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32
Proper Tamping Technique
4. Apply a second, finishing tamp (also called a polishing tamp).
Press straight down on the coffee with about 35 pounds of
pressure, then relax the force slightly (to about 20 pounds) and
polish the coffee by turning the tamper completely around twice.
1. The tamper handle should be grasped like a doorknob, with the
base of the handle firmly against the palm. When tamping, try to
keep the tamper, wrist, and elbow in a straight line.
2. With the bottom of the portafilter resting on a solid surface,
gently press the tamper into the coffee with the goal of creating
a level surface. Remove the tamper from the filter basket with a
slight twisting motion – this will help prevent the tamper from
pulling up chunks of coffee.
5. Inspect your tamp. The coffee disc should be smooth and level
with no gaps between the side of the filter basket and the coffee.
Measuring Tamping Pressure
20 pounds, 30 pounds – how do you know how much tamping
force you are actually using? Do what the baristas do: use a
bathroom scale! Place a scale on a table or countertop, and tamp
your coffee on top of it. Pretty soon, you will develop a feel for how
much twenty or thirty pounds of force is.
3. After removing the tamper, some grinds may stick to the side of
the filter basket. Tap the portafilter gently on the table to jostle
the grinds onto the tamped coffee disc. Do not tap too hard, or
the tamped coffee will dislodge or fracture.
Continued…
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33
TECHNIQUES
OF A BARISTA
Shot Volume
Extraction Rate
The brew group and boilers are heated. The fresh coffee has been
ground, dosed into the portafilter, expertly leveled, and precisely
tamped. Now comes the moment of truth: brewing!
Decades of experience have shown that the best espresso – whether
a single or a double shot – takes about 20–25 seconds to brew.
If your espresso is brewing much faster or slower than 20–25
seconds, and your tamping technique is good, adjust the grind!
Grind finer for a slower extraction rate, and coarser for a faster one.
Keep the dose and tamp the same.
For the best espresso, never extract more than a single shot (1 oz.)
using the small filter basket or a double shot (2 oz.) using the large
one. Brewing more will overextract the coffee and result in thin,
bitter espresso.
Coffee is sensitive to the ambient humidity and will absorb moisture
readily. This will affect the extraction rate. In a humid environment,
the extraction rate will slow down; in dry conditions, the extraction
rate will speed up. You may find yourself adjusting the grind
according to the season – or the day’s weather.
As it pours, perfect espresso is a deep reddish brown with a thick
texture like honey running off a spoon. It often forms what are
called mouse-tails, or thin syrupy streams. As increasingly bitter and
acidic compounds are extracted, the espresso pour will begin to
lighten; in some cases, the pour will become almost white. Expert
baristas will watch the pour carefully and quickly stop brewing if it
starts to lighten.
Some grinders do not allow the fine adjustments necessary to correct
the extraction rate. The best solution is to invest in the KitchenAid®
PRO LINE™ Series Coffee Mill. If this isn’t possible, experiment with
the tamping pressure. Tamp with less force for a faster pour, and
more force for a slower one.
Espresso Ristretto is espresso brewed with less than normal shot
volume. Prepare the espresso machine to brew a double shot, but
1
stop brewing when only 1 ⁄
2
ounces have been extracted. What
you’ve done is restrict the pour to include only the most flavorful
and least bitter coffee oils and essences.
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34
The Golden Crema
…is thin and fast-flowing:
A mark of fine espresso is crema, the dense golden foam of
emulsified coffee oils that captures the essence of coffee flavor.
Good crema should be thick and cling to the side of the cup when
it’s tilted; the best crema should be able to support a sprinkling of
sugar for nearly 30 seconds.
• review your tamping technique – the tamp may not be firm
enough to provide an even resistance to the brew water
• use a finer grind
• check coffee freshness
Troubleshooting Espresso As It Brews
As it pours, if your espresso…
…barely dribbles out the portafilter:
• review your tamping technique – the tamp could be too firm
• use a coarser grind
…has more of a cinnamon color, instead of being deep brown:
• make sure your brew group and boilers are fully heated
• use a less acidic blend of coffee
…is whitish with thin brown streaks:
• review your tamping technique – the tamped coffee has
fractured, or a gap has developed between the coffee and the
side of the filter basket
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35
A GLOSSARY OF
ESPRESSO DRINKS
Americano
Espresso Con Panna
6 to 8 ounces of hot water added to a single shot of espresso. This
makes a superb cup of coffee.
Espresso topped with a dollop of whipped cream.
Espresso Lungo
Café Latte
Espresso “pulled long” – that is, brewed with a greater than normal
shot volume. This technique produces caffeine-heavy espresso which is
thinner, lighter-colored, and less full-bodied than normal. To make
espresso lungo, brew 1.5 oz. using the small filter basket, or 3 oz.
using the large filter basket. Use a slightly coarser grind to keep the
brewing time between 20–25 seconds; extending the brewing time
beyond 30 seconds will make the espresso lungo excessively bitter.
8 to 10 ounces of steamed milk added to a single shot of espresso.
Lattes are often flavored with 1 to 2 ounces of syrup.
Café Mocha
A café latte with several ounces of chocolate syrup added, and
usually topped with whipped cream and chocolate flakes. It can also
be prepared without syrup using steamed chocolate milk.
Espresso lungo is often used to make stronger-tasting Americanos
or lattes.
Cappuccino
A standard cappuccino is a combination of steamed milk and
espresso that’s capped with a layer of frothed milk; it’s usually
served in a bowl-shaped cup of 6 to 7 ounce volume. Powdered
cocoa or cinnamon may be sprinkled on top as a garnish.
Espresso Macchiato
Espresso with a dab of steamed milk added to the top.
Espresso Ristretto
An espresso “pulled short” – that is, brewed with less than normal
Classic Cappuccino
Classic cappuccino is common in Italy, and is simply espresso topped
with frothed milk.
shot volume to maximize flavor and minimize bitterness. For
3
ristretto, simply brew about ⁄
4
oz. using the small filter basket or
1.5 oz. using the large basket.
Doppio
A double shot of espresso.
Espresso Breve
Espresso with steamed half & half poured on top.
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36
P R O L I N E™ S E R I E S
WARRANTY
AND SERVICE
INFORMATION
Warranty Information
Section Contents
Warranty for the U.S. .......................38
Warranty for Puerto Rico ..................39
Arranging for
Hassle-Free Replacement..................39
Ordering Accessories
and Replacement Parts .....................40
Arranging for Service
After the Warranty Expires................40
Arranging for Service Outside
the U.S. & Puerto Rico......................41
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37
ESPRESSO MACHINE WARRANTY
FOR THE 50 UNITED STATES
AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
This warranty extends to the purchaser and any succeeding owner for PRO LINE™ Series Espresso
Machines operated in the 50 United States and District of Columbia.
Length of
Warranty:
KitchenAid Will Pay For
Your Choice of:
KitchenAid Will
Not Pay For:
Two Year Full
Hassle-Free
A. Repairs when the Espresso
Machine is used in other
than normal single family
home use.
B. Damage resulting from
accident, alteration,
Warranty for
Household Use,
from date of
purchase.
Replacement of
your Espresso
Machine. See
“Arranging for Hassle-
Free Replacement” for details, or call
the KitchenAid Customer Satisfaction
Center toll-free at 1-800-541-6390.
OR
The replacement parts and repair labor
costs to correct defects in materials
and workmanship. Service must be
provided by an Authorized KitchenAid
Service Center. See the KitchenAid®
PRO LINE™ Series Espresso Machine
Warranty for Puerto Rico for details on
how to arrange for service.
misuse or abuse.
C. Any shipping or handling
costs to deliver your Espresso
Machine to an Authorized
Service Center.
D. Replacement parts or
repair labor costs for
Espresso Machines operated
outside the 50 United States
and District of Columbia.
KITCHENAID DOES NOT ASSUME ANY RESPONSIBILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages,
so this exclusion may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights and you may also have
other rights which vary from state to state.
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38
ESPRESWSOAMRACRHIANENTY FOR PUERTO RICO
A limited two year warranty extends to the purchaser and any
Please bring the Espresso Machine, or ship it prepaid and insured, to the
nearest Authorized Service Center. Call toll-free 1-800-541-6390
Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. (Eastern Time), or Saturday,
10 a.m. to 5 p.m. to learn the location of a Service Center near you. Your
repaired Espresso Machine will be returned to you prepaid and insured.
succeeding owner for PRO LINE™ Series Espresso Machines operated
in Puerto Rico. During the warranty period, all service must be handled
by an Authorized KitchenAid Service Center.
ARRANGING FOR
HASSLE-FREE REPLACEMENT
IF YOU RESIDE IN THE 50 UNITED STATES and your KitchenAid®
PRO LINE™ Series Espresso Machine should fail within two years of
ownership, simply call our toll-free Customer Satisfaction Center at
1-800-541-6390 Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.
(Eastern Time), or Saturday, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Give the consultant
your complete shipping address. (No P.O. Box Numbers, please.)
When you receive your replacement PRO LINE™ Series Espresso
Machine, use the carton and packing materials to pack-up your
“failed” Espresso Machine. In the carton, include your name and
address on a sheet of paper along with a copy of the proof of
purchase (register receipt, credit card charge slip, etc.).
KitchenAid will arrange to deliver an identical or comparable
replacement to your door free of charge and arrange to have your
“failed” Espresso Machine returned to us. Your replacement unit will
also be covered by our two year full warranty.
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39
ORDERING ACCESSORIES AND
REPLACEMENT PARTS
To order accessories or replacement parts for your Espresso Machine,
call toll-free 1-800-541-6390 Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to
Customer Satisfaction Center, KitchenAid Portable Appliances,
P.O. Box 218, St. Joseph, MI 49085-0218.
8 p.m. (Eastern Time), or Saturday, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., or write to:
ARRANGING FOR SERVICE AFTER
THE WARRANTY EXPIRES
Customer Satisfaction Center, KitchenAid Portable Appliances,
P.O. Box 218, St. Joseph, MI 49085-0218.
For service information, call toll-free 1-800-541-6390 Monday
through Friday, 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. (Eastern Time), or Saturday,
10 a.m. to 5 p.m., or write to:
WARNING
Electrical Shock Hazard
Unplug before servicing.
Failure to do so can result in
death or electrical shock.
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40
ARRANGING FOR SERVICE OUTSIDE
THE 50 UNITED STATES
AND PUERTO RICO
Consult your local KitchenAid dealer or the store where you
purchased your PRO LINE™ Series Espresso Machine for information
on how to obtain service.
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41
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